Publications

a comparative study of cyclization strategies applied to the synthesis of head-to-tail cyclic analogs of a viral epitope.	a family of head-to-tail cyclic peptide models of the antigenic site a (g-h loop of viral protein 1) of foot-and-mouth disease virus has been designed on the basis of the three-dimensional structure adopted by the linear peptide ytasargdlahlttt upon binding to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. three different methods of cyclization have been examined to access the peptides. solution cyclization of a minimally protected linear precursor provided the expected products but required several purifi ...	1999	10195442
production of interleukin-12 as a self-processing 2a polypeptide.	interleukin-12 (il-12) is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of two disulfide-linked subunits (p40 and p35) encoded by separate genes. we used the apparent autocleavage property of a 2a peptide from the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) to express bovine (bo) il-12 as a self-processing polypeptide (p402ap35). we demonstrate that 2a will mediate the cleavage of p402ap35 into two separate subunits in a manner similar to that observed during the processing of the fmdv polypeptide. furthermore, thi ...	1999	10213462
emergency vaccination of sheep against foot-and-mouth disease: protection against disease and reduction in contact transmission.	the ability of several emergency fmd vaccine formulations to elicit early protective immunity in sheep was examined. all vaccine formulations were shown to protect sheep against airborne challenge with homologous fmdv within 4 days of vaccination. protection was associated in part with the induction of serum antibody responses but was also demonstrated in the absence of any detectable antibody response at the time of challenge. aqueous al(oh)3/saponin vaccine formulations and oil emulsion vaccin ...	1999	10217583
evidence for the persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in pigs.		1999	10328832
protection of mice against challenge with foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) by immunization with foliar extracts from plants infected with recombinant tobacco mosaic virus expressing the fmdv structural protein vp1.	a tobacco mosaic virus (tmv)-based vector has been used to express in plants the complete open reading frame coding for vp1, the major immunogenic protein of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv). in vitro rna transcripts were inoculated into nicotiana benthamiana plants and detectable amounts of recombinant vp1 were identified by western blot as soon as 4 days postinfection. foliar extracts prepared from infected leaves were injected intraperitoneally into mice and all of the immunized animals de ...	1999	10544132
recombinant viruses expressing the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid precursor polypeptide (p1) induce cellular but not humoral antiviral immunity and partial protection in pigs.	the importance of the induction of virus neutralizing antibodies to provide protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection is well established. however, recent studies with recombinant adenovirus expressing the precursor polypeptide of the viral capsid (p1) indicate that cattle inoculated with this recombinant vector developed partial protection against fmdv infection, in the absence of a detectable specific humoral response. other viral vectors have been widely used to induce ...	1999	10364496
serotyping of foot-and-mouth disease virus by antigen capture reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction.	the technique of capturing of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) from clinical material in microcentrifuge tubes coated with type-specific antibodies and amplifying the viral sequences by rt/pcr in the same tube, promoted the detection and serotyping of fmdv with high sensitivity and specificity. the efficiency of antigen capturing and shelf life of the coated tubes was improved by glutaraldehyde fixation of antibodies to the tubes. virus in infected tissues, even after storage for 25-30 years ...	1999	10403675
efficient inactivation of viruses and mycoplasma in animal sera using uvc irradiation.	transmission of viruses by animal sera represents a considerable risk for humans and animals particularly when the serum is used for the production of pharmaceutical products such as vaccines. procedures applicable for inactivating large numbers of different viruses, both enveloped and non-enveloped, are therefore mandatory. for this purpose we have developed and validated uvc irradiation as the virus-inactivation procedure of choice for serum to be used in an industrial setting. spiking experim ...	1999	10404882
long-range rna interactions between structural domains of the aphthovirus internal ribosome entry site (ires).	internal initiation of translation is promoted by internal ribosome entry site (ires) cis-acting elements. using transcripts that correspond to the structural domains of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) ires, we have identified rna-rna interactions between separated domains (1-2, 3, 4-5, or hh) of the ires structure. all the assayed domains were able to interact with the full-length ires as well as with domain 3, although to a different extent, with the most efficient interactions being t ...	1999	10573128
use of the 2a sequence from foot-and-mouth disease virus in the generation of retroviral vectors for gene therapy.	we describe the construction of retroviral plasmid vectors in which two genes are linked by a minimum of 96 nucleotides encoding the 2a sequence from the picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). transcription and translation gives rise to a bicistronic mrna and two independent protein products. the system offers advantages to other alternative ways to create polycistronic mrnas and can be used in gene therapy delivery vectors.	1999	10435104
protection of swine from foot-and-mouth disease with one dose of an all-d retro peptide.	nine pigs were given a single inoculum of 100 microg of the all-d retro peptide corresponding to the immunodominant gh loop encompassing residues 141-159 of capsid protein vp1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a, sub-type 12. the peptide was conjugated to activated keyhole limpet haemocyanin and oil-adjuvanted before inoculation. the animals were challenged eleven weeks post-vaccination by exposing them to a pig which had been infected with the virus by inoculation. two naive animals were ...	1999	10438060
translation initiation factor eif4b interacts with a picornavirus internal ribosome entry site in both 48s and 80s initiation complexes independently of initiator aug location.	most eukaryotic initiation factors (eifs) are required for internal translation initiation at the internal ribosome entry site (ires) of picornaviruses. eif4b is incorporated into ribosomal 48s initiation complexes with the ires rna of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). in contrast to the weak interaction of eif4b with capped cellular mrnas and its release upon entry of the ribosomal 60s subunit, eif4b remains tightly associated with the fmdv ires during formation of complete 80s ribosomes. bi ...	1999	10438840
differential utilization of poly(rc) binding protein 2 in translation directed by picornavirus ires elements.	the translation of picornavirus genomic rnas occurs by a cap-independent mechanism that requires the formation of specific ribonucleoprotein complexes involving host cell factors and highly structured regions of picornavirus 5' noncoding regions known as internal ribosome entry sites (ires). although a number of cellular proteins have been shown to be involved in picornavirus rna translation, the precise role of these factors in picornavirus internal ribosome entry is not understood. in this rep ...	1999	10606268
rapidity of specific antibody-antigen interactions.	analysis of humoral immune responses against viruses has concentrated on studies with serum dilutions, which reflect characteristics pertaining to the diluent buffer but not the serum environment. the majority of virus-specific antibody in serum from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv)-vaccinated cattle bound to antigen within 10-60 s, whereas aspecific reactions evolved more slowly. upon dilution of sera, the reaction characteristics no longer related to those obtained with the serum, particula ...	1999	10447921
highly sensitive detection of swine vesicular disease virus based on a single tube rt-pcr system and dig-elisa detection.	a highly sensitive detection of swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) based on a single tube rt-pcr system and digoxigenin (dig)-pcr-elisa detection was developed. using a one tube rt-pcr system, optimisation of the pcr conditions and optimisation of the microwell hybridisation and colourimetric detection of the amplicons resulted in a method that could detect viral rna in infected tissue culture fluid with a titre as low as 0.1 tcid50/100 microl. the same sensitivity was obtained with svdv-spike ...	1999	10029329
flexibility of the major antigenic loop of foot-and-mouth disease virus bound to a fab fragment of a neutralising antibody: structure and neutralisation.	the interaction of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype c (clone c-s8c1) with a strongly neutralising monoclonal antibody (mab) 4c4 has been studied by combining data from cryoelectron microscopy and x-ray crystallography. the mab 4c4 binds to the exposed flexible gh-loop of viral protein 1 (vp1), which appears to retain its flexibility, allowing movement of the bound fab. this is in striking contrast to mab sd6, which binds to the same gh-loop of vp1 but exhibits no movement of the boun ...	1999	10069951
induction of a protective antibody response to foot and mouth disease virus in mice following oral or parenteral immunization with alfalfa transgenic plants expressing the viral structural protein vp1.	the utilization of transgenic plants expressing recombinant antigens to be used in the formulation of experimental immunogens has been recently communicated. we report here the development of transgenic plants of alfalfa expressing the structural protein vp1 of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv). the presence of the transgenes in the plants was confirmed by pcr and their specific transcription was demonstrated by rt-pcr. mice parenterally immunized using leaf extracts or receiving in their diet ...	1999	10069960
noncytopathic flavivirus replicon rna-based system for expression and delivery of heterologous genes.	noncytopathic replicons of the flavivirus kunjin (kun) were employed for expression and delivery of heterologous genes. replicon vector c20dx2arep, containing a unique cloning site followed by the sequence of 2a autoprotease of foot-and-mouth disease virus, was constructed and used for expression of a number of heterologous genes including chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat), green fluorescent protein (gfp), beta-galactosidase, glycoprotein g of vesicular stomatitis virus, and the core and n ...	1999	10069962
chaperonin 10 of mycobacterium tuberculosis induces a protective immune response to foot-and-mouth disease virus.	chaperonin 10 of m. tuberculosis conferred partial or total protection against generalized foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in guinea-pigs challenged with o1 lausanne fmd virus. chaperonin 10-immunized animals mounted an antibody response to the protein, one epitope of which was found in the c-terminal half. a similar recognition pattern was observed in fmd-convalescent guinea-pigs, swine and cattle. anti-chaperonin 10 sera showed antiviral activity against fmdv-infected bhk-21 cells. there was stro ...	1999	10416374
recombinant fusion protein and dna vaccines against foot and mouth disease virus infection in guinea pig and swine.	in this study, we provide evidence that a recombinant fusion protein containing beta-galactosidase and a tandem repeat peptide of immunogenic dominant epitope of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vp1 protein elicits high levels of neutralizing antibody and protects both guinea pigs and swine against infection. vaccination with this fusion protein induced a fmdv-specific proliferative t-cell response and a neutralizing antibody response. the immunized guinea pigs and swine were protected agains ...	1999	10333237
serological survey of viral antibodies in llamas (lama glama) in argentina.	this study analysed sera from 390 llamas (lama glama) from nine farms located in three different argentine provinces: buenos aires, cordoba and jujuy. the samples were tested for antibodies against 8 virus known to infect cattle: bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), bovine adenovirus (badv iii), bovine enterovirus (bev), bovine rotavirus (brv), bluetongue virus (btv), bovine leukaemia virus (blv), and foot-and-mouth virus (fmdv) by conventional methods such as s ...	1999	10337237
interaction of eukaryotic initiation factor eif4b with the internal ribosome entry site of foot-and-mouth disease virus is independent of the polypyrimidine tract-binding protein.	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4b (eif4b) binds directly to the internal ribosome entry site (ires) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). mutations in all three subdomains of the ires stem-loop 4 reduce binding of eif4b and translation efficiency in parallel, indicating that eif4b is functionally involved in fmdv translation initiation. in reticulocyte lysate devoid of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (ptb), eif4b still bound well to the wild-type ires, even after removal of the ...	1999	10364367
self-processing 2a-polyproteins--a system for co-ordinate expression of multiple proteins in transgenic plants.	achieving co-ordinate, high-level and stable expression of multiple transgenes in plants is currently difficult. expression levels are notoriously variable and influenced by factors that act independently on transgenes at different genetic loci. instability of expression due to loss, re-arrangement or silencing of transgenes may occur, and is exacerbated by increasing numbers of transgenic loci and repeated use of homologous sequences. even linking two or more genes within a t-dna does not neces ...	1999	10205902
effect of mycobacterium sp. wall and avridine on the antibody response, igg isotype profile and proliferative response induced by foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) vaccination in cattle.	different immunomodulators have been previously tested in our laboratory as enhancers of the specific immune response to fmdv vaccines in a murine model [2-4]. here, we present results of two of these immunomodulators, a water-soluble fraction of the cell wall of mycobacterium sp. (wsf) and a synthetic lipoamide, avridine (av), which were tested in bovines included in fmdv oil vaccines. two different concentrations of inactivated viral antigen were employed and the effect of different concentrat ...	1999	9987173
characterization of an internal ribosomal entry segment in the 5' leader of murine leukemia virus env rna.	the 5' untranslated region, also called the leader, of oncoretroviruses and lentiviruses is long and is formed of several structured domains critically important in virus replication. the 5' leader of murine leukemia virus (mlv) rna contains an internal ribosomal entry segment (ires) which promotes synthesis of gag and glyco-gag polyprotein precursors. in the present study we investigated the translational features of the 5' leader of mlv subgenomic rna (env rna) encoding the env polyprotein pre ...	2000	10623747
engineering cowpea mosaic virus rna-2 into a vector to express heterologous proteins in plants.	a series of new cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) rna-2-based expression vectors were designed. the jellyfish green fluorescent protein (gfp) was introduced between the movement protein (mp) and the large (l) coat protein or downstream of the small (s) coat protein. release of the gfp inserted between the mp and l proteins was achieved by creating artificial processing sites each side of the insert, either by duplicating the mp-l cleavage site or by introducing a sequence encoding the foot-and-mouth di ...	2000	10662612
inhibitors of rt-pcr in serum.	amplification by rt-pcr of the rna present in foot-and-mouth disease virus particles is inhibited by substances present in the sera of several species. this inhibition appears to be caused by a direct interaction of the substances with the rna and not the enzymes used for its amplification.	2000	10644091
cell recognition by foot-and-mouth disease virus that lacks the rgd integrin-binding motif: flexibility in aphthovirus receptor usage.	cell surface molecules that can act as virus receptors may exert an important selective pressure on rna viral quasispecies. large population passages of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in cell culture select for mutant viruses that render dispensable a highly conserved arg-gly-asp (rgd) motif responsible for integrin receptor recognition. here, we provide evidence that viability of recombinant fmdvs including a asp-143-->gly change at the rgd motif was conditioned by a number of capsid subst ...	2000	10644333
characteristics of foot and mouth disease virus in taiwan.	since march 1997 two strains of foot and mouth disease (fmd) virus have found their way into taiwan, causing severe outbreaks in pigs and in chinese yellow cattle. outbreaks occurred in march 1997 were caused by a pig-adapted virus strain (o/taiwan/97) which did not infect other species of cloven-hoofed animals by natural route. the epidemic spread over the whole region of taiwan within two months and the aftermath was 6,147 pig farms infected and 3,850,746 pigs destroyed. in june 1999, the seco ...	2000	10945282
application of latex beads agglutination test for the detection of the antibody against virus-infection-associated (via) antigen of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus.	latex beads agglutination (la) for the detection of the antibody against virus infection-associated (via) antigen of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus was estimated using experimentally infected animals. the via antibody titer by the la test were compared with the neutralization titer and the titer by agarose gel diffusion (agd) test, which has been used as a standard method for via antibody titration. the latex beads were coated with via antigen in carbonate buffer solution (0.5 m, ph 9.6) for ...	2000	10945307
nucleotide sequence of the structural protein-encoding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus a22-india.	nucleotide sequence of the structural protein-encoding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) a22-india 17/77 was determined using non-radioisotopic technique. comparison of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence with a22-iraq 24/64 revealed 175 synonymous (silent) and 42 non-synonymous nucleotide changes resulting in 34 amino acid substitutions along the capsid proteins (vp1-vp4). out of the 4 structural proteins vp4 is highly conserved. the highly variable and immunodominant protein ...	2000	10949956
genetic and antigenic variance of foot-and-mouth disease virus type asia1.	the capsid protein encoding genes of five recent type asia1 foot-and-mouth disease virus isolates, representative of three genotypes, were sequenced. the deduced amino acid sequences were aligned to each other and to two published sequences. the sequence differences suggested different antigenic properties of the isolates. one isolate was used to generate monoclonal antibodies (mabs) which were analyzed for neutralizing activity and reactivity with trypsinized virus. trypsin removes the major an ...	2000	10664412
comparison of bicistronic retroviral vectors containing internal ribosome entry sites (ires) using expression of human interleukin-12 (il-12) as a readout.	many gene therapy applications require the co-ordinated delivery of more than one reading frame. we wished to systematically compare ires in the context of a retroviral vector to determine which was the most effective for protein production and viral titre. to do this we monitored expression of il-12, as co-ordinated expression of both p35 and p40 subunits is required for production of the active heterodimer.	2000	10953915
response of foot-and-mouth disease virus to increased mutagenesis: influence of viral load and fitness in loss of infectivity.	passage of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in cell culture in the presence of the mutagenic base analog 5-fluorouracil or 5-azacytidine resulted in decreases of infectivity and occasional extinction of the virus. low viral loads and low viral fitness enhanced the frequency of extinction events; this finding was shown with a number of closely related fmdv clones and populations differing by up to 10(6)-fold in relative fitness in infections involving either single or multiple passages in the ...	2000	10954530
validation of the specific isotype assay to detect antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus in bovine milk.	the specific isotype assay (sia) detects igg1 against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus in bovine milk. a strong correlation was demonstrated between milk antibody titres, and those in serum as measured by the liquid phase blocking elisa. thus the sia would be useful on a herd basis to monitor the milk of vaccinated cattle to determine when re-immunisation is advisable. the sia titration elisa was then simplified to a single dilution test and optimised to differentiate the reactions in the milk ...	2000	10716352
memory in viral quasispecies.	biological adaptive systems share some common features: variation among their constituent elements and continuity of core information. some of them, such as the immune system, are endowed with memory of past events. in this study we provide direct evidence that evolving viral quasispecies possess a molecular memory in the form of minority components that populate their mutant spectra. the experiments have involved foot-and-mouth disease virus populations with known evolutionary histories. the co ...	2000	10729128
genetic determinants of altered virulence of taiwanese foot-and-mouth disease virus.	in 1997, a devastating outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in taiwan was caused by a serotype o virus (referred to here as otai) with atypical virulence. it produced high morbidity and mortality in swine but did not affect cattle. we have defined the genetic basis of the species specificity of otai by evaluating the properties of genetically engineered chimeric viruses created from otai and a bovine-virulent fmd virus. these studies have shown that an altered nonstructural protein, 3a, is a ...	2000	10623761
foot-and-mouth disease virus 3c protease induces cleavage of translation initiation factors eif4a and eif4g within infected cells.	infection of cells by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) results in the rapid inhibition of host cell protein synthesis. this process is accompanied by the early cleavage of the translation initiation factor eif4g, a component of the cap-binding complex eif4f. this cleavage is mediated by the leader (l) protease. subsequently, as the virus proteins accumulate, secondary cleavages of eif4g occur. furthermore, eif4a (46 kda), a second component of eif4f, is also cleaved in these later stages of t ...	2000	10590115
direct single-step surface plasmon resonance analysis of interactions between small peptides and immobilized monoclonal antibodies.	surface plasmon resonance (spr) methods have been optimized to permit direct kinetic analysis of the antigenic peptide analytes interacting with immobilized monoclonal antibodies (mabs). high reproducibility and a significant correlation between spr and previous elisa data on the same set of antibodies and peptides were observed. the kinetic data obtained provide further insight into the structure of the main antigenic site of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv).	2000	10675762
a comparison of methods for measuring the antibody response in mice and cattle following vaccination against foot and mouth disease.	we present a comparison of methods for evaluating the potency of foot and mouth disease vaccine in the laboratory. the anti-fmdv antibodies (ab) in vaccinated mice were tested by liquid phase (lp) elisa, solid phase (sp) elisa and virus neutralization (vn), and were compared with the ab titres detected by lpelisa, which is the official test in argentina for testing the potency of fmd vaccines and protection against a virulent challenge in cattle. the results demonstrated that it is possible to r ...	2000	10836271
structural differences between foot-and-mouth disease and poliomyelitis viruses influence their inactivation by aziridines.	inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and poliovirus by ethyleneimine (ei) and n-acetylethyleneimine (aei) has been studied at 25 degrees and at 37 degrees c and in different ionic conditions. fmdv is inactivated rapidly in 100 mm tris ph 7.6 by each reagent at both temperatures. poliovirus is also inactivated rapidly in 100 mm tris by ei at both temperatures and by aei at 37 degrees c. however, it is inactivated much more slowly by aei at 25 degrees c; but if the virus is first in ...	2000	10738103
a simple purification and fluorescent assay method of the poliovirus 3c protease searching for specific inhibitors.	picornaviruses such as poliovirus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, and encephalomyocarditis virus produce their proteins by translating their genomic rna, injected within the host cell, into a precursor polyprotein, which is then subjected to precise processing. the polyprotein is cleaved into mature proteins predominantly by the viral 3c protease. a simple purification and assay method for poliovirus 3c protease for use for screening for inhibitors of the 3c protease is described. a poliovirus cd ...	2000	10680961
interspecies major histocompatibility complex-restricted th cell epitope on foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid protein vp4.	t-cell epitopes within viral polypeptide vp4 of the capsid protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus were analyzed using 15-mer peptides and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from vaccinated outbred pigs. an immunodominant region between vp4 residues 16 and 35 was identified, with peptide residues 20 to 34 (vp4-0) and 21 to 35 (vp4-5) particularly immunostimulatory for pbmc from all of the vaccinated pigs. cd25 upregulation on peptide-stimulated cd4(+) cd8(+) cells-dominated by th memory c ...	2000	10775633
improvement of a serodiagnostic strategy for foot-and-mouth disease virus surveillance in cattle under systematic vaccination: a combined system of an indirect elisa-3abc with an enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) recombinant non-capsideal viral antigens 3a, 3b, 2c, 3d and 3abc were assessed individually in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-elisa) for their ability to screen for persistent infection-specific antibodies in cattle, regardless of vaccination condition. results of sequential serum samples from non-vaccinated animals with experimentally induced persistent infection, and their correlation with virus isolation, indicated that the polypeptides 3a, 3b an ...	2000	10795516
the epithelial integrin alphavbeta6 is a receptor for foot-and-mouth disease virus.	field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) have been shown to use the rgd-dependent integrin alphavbeta3 as a cellular receptor on cultured cells. however, several other rgd-dependent integrins may have the potential to act as receptors for fmdv in vivo. of these, alphavbeta6 is a likely candidate for use as a receptor by fmdv as it is expressed on epithelial cells, which correlates with the tissue tropism of the virus. in this report, we show that human colon carcinoma cells (sw480) ...	2000	10799568
native-like cyclic peptide models of a viral antigenic site: finding a balance between rigidity and flexibility.	antigenic site a of foot-and-mouth disease virus (serotype c) has been reproduced by means of cyclic versions of peptide a15, ytasargdlahlttt, corresponding to residues 136-150 of envelope protein vp1. a structural basis for the design of the cyclic peptides is provided by crystallographic data from complexes between the fab fragments of anti-site a monoclonal antibodies and a15, in which the bound peptide is folded into a quasi-cyclic pattern. head-to-tail cyclizations of a15 do not provide pep ...	2000	10679891
the inactivation of foot and mouth disease, aujeszky's disease and classical swine fever viruses in pig slurry.	the aim of the study was to investigate the decontamination of pig slurry containing exotic viruses of pigs, foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv) and classical swine fever virus (csfv). laboratory-scale decontamination experiments showed that fmdv, adv and csfv were heat inactivated in slurry within 3 min at 67 degrees c, 3 min at 62 degrees c and 3 min at 60 degrees c and in glasgow eagles medium within 5 min at 67 degrees c, 4 min at 65 degrees c and 2 min at 65 ...	2000	11119149
porcine alveolar macrophages: poor accessory or effective suppressor cells for t-lymphocytes.	porcine alv-mphi from bronchoalveolar lavages were tested for their function in an in vitro foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv)-specific lymphoproliferative recall response. the alv-mphi were seen to be poor accessory cells when compared with peripheral blood monocytes. this poor capacity was evident despite an efficient expression of sla-dr region antigens, and other co-stimulatory adhesion molecules. it was noted that alv-mphi secrete relatively little interleukin 1 (il-1beta), with or without ...	2000	11137117
association of bovine drb3 alleles with immune response to fmdv peptides and protection against viral challenge.	we have analysed the influence of bovine mhc (bola) polymorphism on the immune response and degree of protection induced by peptide vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in cattle. the peptides used for animal immunisation were: a (vp1(138-156)), at (peptide a linked to vp1(21-40)) and act (peptide a, linked to vp1(196-209) and vp1(21-40)). sixteen different drb3 types were found among the 46 cattle analysed by pcr-rflp typing. no absolute correlation was observed, for any type, with the ...	2000	11137253
interaction of the eif4g initiation factor with the aphthovirus ires is essential for internal translation initiation in vivo.	the strategies developed by internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements to recruit the translational machinery are poorly understood. in this study we show that protein-rna interaction of the eif4g translation initiation factor with sequences of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) ires is a key determinant of internal translation initiation in living cells. moreover, we have identified the nucleotides required for eif4g-rna functional interaction, using native proteins from fmdv-susceptible ...	2000	11073214
carriers of foot-and-mouth disease virus: a review.	this review describes current knowledge about persistent foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infections, the available methods to detect carrier animals, the properties of persisting virus, the immunological mechanisms, and the risk of transmission. in particular, knowledge about the carrier state, the period in which virus can be isolated from animals 28 days or longer post infection, is important, because the risk that animals may carry the virus will influence the diagnostic and preventive me ...	2000	11087128
internal ribosomal entry site-mediated translation initiation in equine rhinitis a virus: similarities to and differences from that of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	equine rhinitis a virus (erav) has recently been classified as an aphthovirus, a genus otherwise comprised of the different serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). fmdv initiates translation via a type ii internal ribosomal entry site (ires) and utilizes two in-frame aug codons to produce the leader proteinases lab and lb. here we show that the erav 5' nontranslated region also possesses the core structures of a type ii ires. the functional activity of this region was characterized by ...	2000	11090170
development of reverse transcription-pcr (oligonucleotide probing) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for diagnosis and preliminary typing of foot-and-mouth disease: a new system using simple and aqueous-phase hybridization.	a reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr)-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system that detects a relatively conserved region within the rna genome of all seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has been developed. the high specificity of the assay is achieved by including a rapid hybridization step with a biotin-labeled internal oligonucleotide. the assay is highly sensitive, fast, and easy to perform. a similar assay, based on a highly variable region of the fmdv genome and employing ...	2000	11101603
identification of antigenic epitopes on the foot and mouth disease virus isolate o1/manisa/turkey/69 using monoclonal antibodies.	a panel of mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs) was produced against a strain of type o foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) from the middle east, o1/manisa/turkey/69. seven neutralising mabs were fully characterised and all were found to react with conformational epitopes. monoclonal antibody neutralisation-resistant mutants (marms) were generated from the parental virus stock and the complete capsid sequences of these marms were determined. sequence analysis revealed that five of the marms had am ...	2000	11107617
plasmids encoding foot-and-mouth disease virus vp1 epitopes elicited immune responses in mice and swine and protected swine against viral infection.	vp1 is a capsid protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and contains epitopes of the virus. plasmids encoding two vp1 epitopes (amino acid residues 141-160 and 200-213) and a host-self immunoglobulin molecule were constructed to produce a new type of fmd dna vaccine. two plasmids, namely, pceim and pceis, containing mouse immunoglobulin (igg) or swine igg were subjected to immunogenicity testing in mice and swine, respectively. in mice administrated pceim in the abdomen using a genegun, b ...	2000	11112477
expression of a foreign epitope by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.	the potential of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) as a viral vector was explored by the insertion of a sequence encoding a foreign antigen into the infectious cdna clone of the lelystad virus isolate. an epitope of the hemagglutinin (ha) protein of human influenza a virus was introduced at the 5' end and at the 3' end of orf7, in each case resulting in a fusion protein between the ha epitope and the nucleocapsid (n) protein. furthermore, in the construct carrying the h ...	2000	11118361
molecular analysis of peptides from the gh loop of foot-and-mouth disease virus c-s30 using surface plasmon resonance: a role for kinetic rate constants.	a foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) field variant, isolate c-s30 (also named c(1)-barcelona), is known to contain four changes within the main antigenic site a (gh loop of capsid protein vp1, residues 136-150), at least one of which (leu147-->val) involves a highly conserved position, critical for antibody recognition in the reference strain c-s8c1. however, immunoenzymatic analysis of fmdv c-s30 showed it was recognised by 4c4, a monoclonal antibody that specifically targets site a. this rema ...	2000	11395136
structural and biochemical features distinguish the foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase from other papain-like enzymes.	the structures of the two leader protease (lpro) variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus known to date were solved using crystals in which molecules were organized as molecular fibers. such crystals diffract to a resolution of only approximately 3 a. this singular, pseudo-polymeric organization is present in a new lpro crystal form showing a cubic packing. as molecular fiber formation appeared unrelated to crystallization conditions, we mutated the reactive cysteine 133 residue, which makes a d ...	2000	11183785
[synthetic peptide designs based on immunoactive fragments of the vp1 protein of the foot-and-mouth disease virus strain a22].	peptide constructs consisting of 44-53 aa were synthesized on the basis of sequences 135-159, 170-190 and 197-213 of vp1 from the foot-and-mouth disease a22 strain. immunogenic and protective properties of the peptide constructs were studied in guinea pigs and mice of three lines. the constructs were shown to induce higher levels of antibodies and exhibit higher protective effects than the separate peptides. the most active among the peptides studied was the construct involving the vp1 fragments ...	2000	11195591
genetic analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus type o isolates responsible for field outbreaks in india between 1993 and 1999.	partial nucleotide sequence at the 3' end of id (vp1-encoding) gene of 90 foot-and-mouth disease virus type o isolates recovered from field outbreaks in india between 1993-9 were determined. the sequences were compared with each other and reference viruses. the published sequences of 15 type o isolates recovered from different parts of asia and one isolate (o1bfs) from europe and one from egypt (o1/sharquia/egypt/72) were also included in the analysis for comparison. on the basis of phylogenetic ...	2000	11218224
swine vesicular disease virus. pathology of the disease and molecular characteristics of the virion.	swine vesicular disease is a highly contagious disease of pigs that is caused by an enterovirus of the family picornaviridae. the virus is a relatively recent derivative of the human coxsackievirus b5, with which it has high molecular and antigenic homology. the disease is not severe, and affected animals usually show moderate general weakening and slight weight loss that is recovered in few days, as well as vesicular lesions in the mucosa of the mouth and nose and in the interdigital spaces of ...	2000	11708597
foot-and-mouth disease virus is a ligand for the high-affinity binding conformation of integrin alpha5beta1: influence of the leucine residue within the rgdl motif on selectivity of integrin binding.	field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) use rgd-dependent integrins as receptors for internalization, whereas strains that are adapted for growth in cultured cell lines appear to be able to use alternative receptors like heparan sulphate proteoglycans (hspg). the ligand-binding potential of integrins is regulated by changes in the conformation of their ectodomains and the ligand-binding state would be expected to be an important determinant of tropism for viruses that use integrins ...	2000	10769082
inactivation of viruses by aziridines.	ethyleneimine (ei) and n-acetylethyleneimine (aei) have been shown to inactivate viruses belonging to most of the families described by the international committee for the taxonomy of viruses. the mechanism by which they inactivate the viruses has not been established. in this paper, experiments with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and poliovirus are described which indicate that the inactivating lesion is on the rna.	2000	10794100
rescue of infectious classical swine fever and foot-and-mouth disease virus by rna transfection and virus detection by rt-pcr after extended storage of samples in trizol.	a method for storing samples containing classical swine fever virus (csfv) or foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), respectively, was developed, which abolishes the infectivity of both plus strand rna viruses, and allows storage of samples above 0 degrees c for an extended time, yet preserves the viral rna in a state which allows its detection by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), and even rescue of infectious virus after transfection of the extracted rna into susceptible c ...	2000	10856750
type i interferon production in cattle infected with 2 strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus, as determined by in situ hybridization.	four calves were exposed via aerosol to 1 of 2 strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus. two animals received virus derived from an infectious clone virus (a12-ic) and 2 received virus derived from the same clone but which lacked the leader coding region (a12-llv2) that codes for a protein responsible for turning off host protein synthesis. animals were euthanized at 24 and 72 h post exposure. cattle receiving a12-ic had a rapid course of disease with more virus in tissues while a12-llv2-infected ...	2000	10805253
an immunoglobulin g based chimeric protein induced foot-and-mouth disease specific immune response in swine.	epitopes containing the residues 141aa-160aa and 200aa-213aa from foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) serotype o1k hk type fmdv vp1 were joined to a swine immunoglobulin g single heavy chain constant region (scigg), creating a novel chimeric protein, named f1-scigg. in this study, inoculation with f1-scigg induced both fmd virus-neutralizing antibody response and t cell response in swine. antisera from these f1-scigg-inoculated swine protected suckling mice against 1000 lethal dose 50 (1000ld(50)) fmd ...	2000	11027819
protective immunity against foot-and-mouth disease virus induced by a recombinant vaccinia virus.	we report the construction of a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the precursor for the four structural proteins of fmd virus (fmdv) (p1) strain c3arg85 using a procedure for isolation of recombinant vaccinia viruses based solely on plaque formation. adult mice vaccinated with this recombinant vaccinia virus elicited high titers of neutralizing antibodies against both the homologous fmdv and vaccinia virus, measured by neutralization assays. liquid phase blocking sandwich enzyme-linked immun ...	2000	10717342
tricistronic and tetracistronic retroviral vectors for gene transfer.	we have combined the picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) 2a sequence and the internal ribosome entry sites (ireses) from encephalomyocarditis virus (ecmv) and avian reticuloendotheliosis virus type a (rev-a) to construct tricistronic and tetracistronic vectors. all the polycistronic constructs show high titers and expression of the genes inserted. clones have been obtained in which cells simultaneously express the three or four genes carried by the polycistronic vectors.	2000	10986564
comparison of amino acid sequences at the amino acid 130-160 region of vp1 polypeptide of indian field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia 1.	the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences in the amino acid (aa) 130-160 region of vp1 polypeptide of 65 field isolates of foot- and mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype asia 1 were determined and the consensus sequences were deduced. comparison of amino acid sequences revealed conservation of ngk (130-132), tyg (134-136), rgd (142-144), and lptsf (156-160) motifs and aa 148 (l) while variation was observed at the rest of the region (variability index (vi) of 2.06 to 16.85). synonymous and ...	2000	10989699
detection of porcine enteroviruses by nrt-pcr: differentiation of cpe groups i-iii with specific primer sets.	porcine enteroviruses (pev) comprising at least 13 serotypes grouped into three species are described as causative agents of neurological disorders, fertility disorders, and dermal lesions of swine. despite their well-documented acid stability, enteric infection route, and similarity of clinical symptoms, most of the porcine enterovirus (pev) serotypes are set apart from the genus enterovirus of the picornaviridae. hence, pcr procedures used commonly to detect enteroviruses are not applicable to ...	2000	10960708
extremely efficient cleavage of eif4g by picornaviral proteinases l and 2a in vitro.	certain picornaviruses encode proteinases which cleave the translation initiation factor eif4g, a member of the eif4f complex which recruits mrna to the 40s ribosomal subunit during initiation of protein synthesis in eukaryotes. we have compared the efficiency of eif4g cleavage in rabbit reticulocyte lysates during translation of mrnas encoding the foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase (lpro) or the human rhinovirus 2apro. under standard translation conditions, lpro cleaved 50% of eif4g ...	2000	11034318
an integrated model to predict the atmospheric spread of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the application of a computer model called rimpuff for simulating the airborne spread of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is described. rimpuff is more sophisticated and accurate than other fmd simulation models previously described. it can be run on a desktop computer and performs analyses very quickly. it can be linked to a geographical information system and so the information generated can be integrated with geographical and demographical data for display in a format that can be easily assimilat ...	2000	10982082
natural transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus between african buffalo (syncerus caffer) and impala (aepyceros melampus) in the kruger national park, south africa.	vp1 gene sequences of sat-2 type foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) viruses recovered from impala and african buffalo in the kruger national park (knp) were used to determine intra- and interspecies relationships of viruses circulating in these wildlife populations. on this basis five distinct lineages of sat-2 virus were identified in routine sampling of oesophageopharyngeal epithelium from buffalo between 1988 and 1996. different lineages were associated with discrete geographic sampling localities. ...	2000	10982083
antigenic variation among foot-and-mouth disease virus type a field isolates of 1997-1999 from iran.	the sequences of the antigenically relevant capsid proteins vp1-3 of 10 isolates obtained during an epizootic of serotype a foot-and-mouth disease virus in iran, and collected within two and a half years, were found to be highly similar. however, each isolate differed by at least one amino acid from all others. this prompted us to analyze the immunological reactivity of the isolates. to this end, monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against one isolate were generated and characterized with regard to neu ...	2000	10831859
a cell cycle-dependent protein serves as a template-specific translation initiation factor.	cap-independent translation initiation on picornavirus mrnas is mediated by an internal ribosomal entry site (ires) in the 5' untranslated region (5' utr) and requires both eukaryotic initiation factors (eifs) and ires-specific cellular trans-acting factors (itafs). we show here that the requirements for trans-acting factors differ between related picornavirus iress and can account for cell type-specific differences in ires function. the neurovirulence of theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus ...	2000	10950867
a sensitive method for the detection of foot and mouth disease virus by in situ hybridisation using biotin-labelled oligodeoxynucleotides and tyramide signal amplification.	an in situ hybridisation technique, based on oligodeoxynucleotide probes and tyramide signal amplification, is described for the detection of foot and mouth disease virus rna in infected cells. biotinylated oligodeoxynucleotide probes, with and without tyramide signal amplification, were compared. the tyramide signal amplification detection enhances by at least 100-fold the sensitivity of in situ hybridisation.	2000	10960706
replication-competent foot-and-mouth disease virus rnas lacking capsid coding sequences.	rna transcripts were prepared from plasmids encoding an infectious cdna of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) or derivatives in which the leader (lab and lb) and capsid protein coding sequences were deleted or replaced by sequences encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat). the transcripts were electroporated into bhk cells and the expression of cat and the fmdv 3c protease was monitored. detection of cat and 3c was dependent on the ability of the transcript to replicate. all of the lb c ...	2000	10859374
presentation of antigenic sites from foot-and-mouth disease virus on the surface of baculovirus and in the membrane of infected cells.	we describe the construction of recombinant baculoviruses displaying on their surface and in the membrane of infected cells the small, immunodominant antigenic site (site a) or the large polyprotein (p1) coding for the four structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). the coding sequences were inserted in the amino-terminus of gp64, the major glycoprotein of the baculovirus autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv). following infection of insect cells with the reco ...	2000	11043943
the role of management segregations in controlling intra-herd foot-and-mouth disease.	transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) by aerosol spread can occur over considerable distances. however, this is less effective in hot, dry environmental conditions, and a detailed study of an outbreak within a large dairy herd in saudi arabia has shown that contact spread is the main mode of transmission within a herd: both physical and spatial barriers curtailed the course of disease across the farm. hence, the speed and path of an outbreak can be altered by changing the positioni ...	2000	11059037
a multiply substituted g-h loop from foot-and-mouth disease virus in complex with a neutralizing antibody: a role for water molecules.	the crystal structure of a 15 amino acid synthetic peptide, corresponding to the sequence of the major antigenic site a (g-h loop of vp1) from a multiple variant of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), has been determined at 2.3 a resolution. the variant peptide includes four amino acid substitutions in the loop relative to the previously studied peptide representing fmdv c-s8c1 and corresponds to the loop of a natural fmdv isolate of subtype c(1). the peptide was complexed with the fab fragment ...	2000	10811933
caspases are not involved in the cleavage of translation initiation factor eif4gi during picornavirus infection.	infection of cells by many picornaviruses results in the rapid inhibition of cellular protein synthesis due to cleavage of the translation initiation factor eif4g. the poliovirus (pv) 2a and foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) l proteases are each sufficient to mediate this cleavage, but the cleavage mechanism may be indirect, involving an unidentified cellular protease(s). eif4g is also targetted for cleavage by caspase-3 during apoptosis. here, it is shown that caspase inhibitors do not inhibi ...	2000	10859375
limitations on the use of fused green fluorescent protein to investigate structure-function relationships for the cauliflower mosaic virus movement protein.	to investigate the process of tubule formation for the cauliflower mosaic virus movement protein (camv mp), the green fluorescent protein (gfp) was fused to the mp to provide a vital marker for mp location after expression in insect cells. in contrast to the long tubular structures seen previously following baculovirus-based expression of the wild-type mp, the fusion protein produced only aggregates of fluorescing material in the cytoplasm. however, by co-expressing wild-type mp and gfp-mp, or b ...	2000	10859392
successful mimicry of a complex viral antigen by multiple peptide insertions in a carrier protein.	the antigenic properties of a viral peptide from the surface of foot-and-mouth disease virus particles have been successfully mimicked by multiple insertion in solvent-exposed regions of escherichia coli beta-galactosidase. by increasing the number of viral peptides per enzyme monomer, the average ic(50) of hybrid proteins in a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) have decreased to values close to that presented by natural virions. moreover, the antigenic diversity of these new recombi ...	2000	10828457
detection and characterization of functional t-cell epitopes on the structural proteins vp2, vp3, and vp4 of foot and mouth disease virus o1 campos.	foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the cause of a widespread infectious disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals. it is controlled by vaccination with immune-inactivated virus grown in tissue culture. however, peptide vaccines represent a safer alternative to the current virus-inactivated immunogens. their design requires the identification and evaluation of the sequences recognized by t- and b-lymphocytes. four structural proteins, vp1, vp2, vp3, and vp4, comprise the viral capsid of the fmd ...	2000	10860876
duplicated dq haplotypes increase the complexity of restriction element usage in cattle.	the mhc of cattle encodes two distinct isotypes of class ii molecules, dr and dq. unlike humans, cattle lack the dp locus and about half the common haplotypes express duplicated dq genes. the number and frequency of dqa and dqb alleles means that most cattle are heterozygous. if inter- and/or intrahaplotype pairing of dqa and dqb molecules occurs, cattle carrying dq-duplicated haplotypes may express more restriction elements than would be predicted by the number of expressed alleles. we are inve ...	2000	10861045
ovine interleukin-12: analysis of biologic function and species comparison.	interleukin-12 (il-12) is a heterodimeric cytokine produced mainly by phagocytic and antigen-presenting cells (apc). the cdna encoding the ovine il-12 (ovil-12) subunits, p40 and p35, were generated from concanavalin a (cona)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc). the ovine genes encoded proteins that had the highest amino acid identity to caprine p40 (99% amino acid identity) and p35 (97% amino acid identity) and also displayed a high degree of identity with human p40 (84%) and p ...	2000	10888112
cleavage of polypeptide chain initiation factor eif4gi during apoptosis in lymphoma cells: characterisation of an internal fragment generated by caspase-3-mediated cleavage.	polypeptide chain initiation factor eif4gi undergoes caspase-mediated degradation during apoptosis to give characteristic fragments. the most prominent of these has an estimated mass of approximately 76 kda (middle-fragment of apoptotic cleavage of eif4g; m-fag). subcellular fractionation of the bjab lymphoma cell line after induction of apoptosis indicates that m-fag occurs in both ribosome-bound and soluble forms. affinity chromatography on m7gtp-sepharose shows that m-fag retains the ability ...	2000	10889507
high-efficiency utilization of the bovine integrin alpha(v)beta(3) as a receptor for foot-and-mouth disease virus is dependent on the bovine beta(3) subunit.	we have previously reported that foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), which is virulent for cattle and swine, can utilize the integrin alpha(v)beta(3) as a receptor on cultured cells. since those studies were performed with the human integrin, we have molecularly cloned the bovine homolog of the integrin alpha(v)beta(3) and have compared the two receptors for utilization by fmdv. both the alpha(v) and beta(3) subunits of the bovine integrin have high degrees of amino acid sequence similarity to ...	2000	10906183
selection of t-cell epitopes from foot-and-mouth disease virus reflects the binding affinity to different cattle mhc class ii molecules.	the major histocompatibility complex (mhc)-restricted selection of t-cell epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) by individual cattle mhc class ii dr (bola-dr) molecules was studied in a direct mhc-peptide binding assay. by in vitro priming of t lymphocytes derived from animals homozygous for both mhc class i and ii, five t-cell epitopes were analyzed in the context of three mhc class ii haplotypes. we found that the presentation of these t-cell epitopes was mediated by dr molecules, si ...	2000	10941845
evaluation of three 'ready to formulate' oil adjuvants for foot-and-mouth disease vaccine production.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type or(2)/75, grown on bhk 21 clone 13 cell monolayers, was inactivated with formalin. the virus was clarified and was either concentrated with 8% polyethylene glycol 6000 (peg) or used in its untreated form for the preparation of oil adjuvant vaccines. the oil adjuvants used in this study were montanide isa 206 (which renders a water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) type of emulsion), montanide isa 57 and montanide isa 50v (both of which render water-in-oil (w/o) typ ...	2000	11137244
recombinant aav vectors containing the foot and mouth disease virus 2a sequence confer efficient bicistronic gene expression in cultured cells and rat substantia nigra neurons.	recombinant adeno-associated viruses (raavs) are promising vectors for gene therapy since they efficiently and stably transduce a variety of tissues of immunocompetent animals. the major disadvantage of raavs is their limited capacity to package foreign dna (< or =5 kb). often, co-expression of two or more genes from a single viral vector is desirable to achieve maximal therapeutic efficacy or to track transduced cells in vivo by suitable reporter genes. the internal ribosome entry site (ires) s ...	2001	11423934
gene gun-mediate dna vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is one of the most dangerous diseases of cloven-hoofed animals and is a constant threat in the middle-east and other regions throughout the world despite intensive vaccination programs. in this work, we describe the ability of fmdv expression constructs to protect pigs from fmdv challenge when used as a vaccine. the construct consists of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) internal ribosome entry site (ires), the entire p1 and 2a together with 3cd sequences, all in the ...	2001	11427262
retroviral vector-mediated expression of hoxb4 in hematopoietic cells using a novel coexpression strategy.	retroviral vector-mediated expression of the homeoboxgene, hoxb4, in hematopoietic cells has been reported to mediate a benign expansion of gene-modified hematopoietic stem and precursor cells in vivo. in the present study, we used a novel coexpression strategy for coordinated expression of hoxb4 along with a cytoplasmic protein from a retroviral vector. the novel coexpression strategy, based on cotranslational protein separation mediated by the 2a sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) ...	2001	11420646
foot-and-mouth disease virus: a long known virus, but a current threat.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was the first animal virus identified. since then, fmdv has become a model system in animal virology and a considerable amount of information on its structure, biology and vaccinology has been obtained. however, the disease that this virus produces (fmd) still constitutes one of the main animal health concerns. in this review, we have attempted to summarise the state of the knowledge in different basic and applied areas of fmdv research, with emphasis on those ...	2001	11254174
identification of optimal regions for phylogenetic studies on vp1 gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus: analysis of types a and o argentinean viruses.	an analysis of the informative content of sequence stretches on the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vpi gene was applied to two important viral serotypes: a and o. several sequence regions were identified to allow the reconstruction of phylogenetic trees equivalent to those derived from the whole vpi gene. the optimal informative regions for sequence windows of 150 to 250 nt were predicted between positions 250 and 550 of the gene. the sequences spanning the 250 nt of the 3' end (positions 4 ...	2001	11254175
the non-structural leader protein gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus is highly variable between serotypes.	aphthoviruses are unique among picornaviruses in that they alone encode a functional l proteinase as the first component of the viral polyprotein. the l genes of a few indian foot-and-mouth disease viruses were sequenced and compared with those available to study the extent of variation in this gene. besides the two in-frame start codons present in all fmdv l genes, the asia-i vaccine virus had an additional in-frame aug (start) codon, at codon position 3. amino acid sequence comparison revealed ...	2001	11450945
residual foot-and-mouth disease virus antibodies in french cattle and sheep six years after the vaccination ban.	a serological survey was carried out on french cattle to establish a reference pattern of residual vaccine antibodies and non-specific reactions against the foot-and-mouth disease virus 6 years after the ban on vaccination and in the absence of any foot-and-mouth disease outbreak. most of the multi-vaccinated cattle still displayed high titres of antibodies and up to 50% of those which had received a single injection still had antibodies. non-specific reactors were also recorded among animals bo ...	2001	11254180
functional interaction of translation initiation factor eif4g with the foot-and-mouth disease virus internal ribosome entry site.	in the life-cycle of picornaviruses, the synthesis of the viral polyprotein is initiated cap-independently at the internal ribosome entry site (ires) far downstream from the 5' end of the viral plus-strand rna. the cis-acting ires rna elements serve as binding sites for translation initiation factors that guide the ribosomes to an internal site of the viral rna. in this study, we show that the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eif4g interacts directly with the ires of foot-and-mouth disea ...	2001	11257179
a single amino acid substitution in nonstructural protein 3a can mediate adaptation of foot-and-mouth disease virus to the guinea pig.	the genetic changes selected during the adaptation of a clonal population of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) to the guinea pig have been analyzed. fmdv clone c-s8c1 was adapted to the guinea pig by serial passage in the animals until secondary lesions were observed. analysis of the virus directly recovered from the lesions developed by the animals revealed the selection of variants with two amino acid substitutions in nonstructural proteins, i(248)-->t in 2c and q(44)-->r in 3a. on further p ...	2001	11264387
nucleotide sequence of genome segment 5 from bombyx mori cypovirus 1.	the complete nucleotide sequences of the double-stranded rna genome segments 5 (s5) from bombyx mori cypovirus 1 (bmcpv-1) strains i and h were determined. the segments consisted of 2,852 nucleotides encoding putative proteins of 881 amino acids with molecular masses of approximately 101 kda (p101). a homology search showed that p101 has high similarity (93%) to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) 2a protease (2apro) at amino acid position 219 to 235. these findings suggest the possibility that ...	2001	11266213