Publications

identification of cellular genes affecting the infectivity of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) produces one of the most infectious of all livestock diseases, causing extensive economic loss in areas of breakout. like other viral pathogens, fmdv recruits proteins encoded by host cell genes to accomplish the entry, replication, and release of infectious viral particles. to identify such host-encoded proteins, we employed an antisense rna strategy and a lentivirus-based library containing approximately 40,000 human expressed sequence tags (ests) to randoml ...	2009	19369337
in vivo retargeting of adenovirus type 5 to alphavbeta6 integrin results in reduced hepatotoxicity and improved tumor uptake following systemic delivery.	a key impediment to successful cancer therapy with adenoviral vectors is the inefficient transduction of malignant tissue in vivo. compounding this problem is the lack of cancer-specific targets, coupled with a shortage of corresponding high-efficiency ligands, permitting selective retargeting. the epithelial cell-specific integrin alphavbeta6 represents an attractive target for directed therapy since it is generally not expressed on normal epithelium but is upregulated in numerous carcinomas, w ...	2009	19369326
passive immunization with llama single-domain antibody fragments reduces foot-and-mouth disease transmission between pigs.	we aim to develop a method that confers rapid protection against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) by passive immunization with recombinant llama single-domain antibody fragments (vhhs). previously constructed genetic fusions of two vhhs (vhh2s) that either neutralizes fmdv or binds to porcine immunoglobulin to increase the serum half-life, conferred only limited protection to pigs. we therefore now generated vhh3s containing an additional fmdv binding vhh. two vhh3s neutralized fmdv more potently th ...	2009	19368770
a dominant-negative mutant of rab5 inhibits infection of cells by foot-and-mouth disease virus: implications for virus entry.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) can use a number of different integrins (alphavbeta1, alphavbeta3, alphavbeta6, and alphavbeta8) as receptors to initiate infection. infection mediated by alphavbeta6 is known to occur by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and is dependent on the acidic ph within endosomes. on internalization, virus is detected rapidly in early endosomes (ee) and subsequently in perinuclear recycling endosomes (pnre), but not in late endosomal compartments. due to the extreme sensi ...	2009	19357169
enhancement of the immune responses to vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease in mice by oral administration of an extract made from rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae (ram).	this study was designed to evaluate the effects of oral administration of a water extract made from the rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae (ram) on the immune responses in mice immunized with fmdv type o vaccine. thirty-five icr mice were randomly divided into five groups with seven animals in each group, and orally administered daily for 4 days at a dose equivalent to 0, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25 or 0.5 g of dried ram, respectively. after that, the animals were subcutaneously immunized twice with fmd ...	2009	19356611
expression and purification of an anti-foot-and-mouth disease virus single chain variable antibody fragment in tobacco plants.	low-cost recombinant antibodies could provide a new strategy to control foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) outbreaks by passive immunization of susceptible animals. in this study, a single chain variable antibody fragment (scfv) recognizing fmdv coat protein vp1 was expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. to enhance the accumulation of scfv protein, the codon-usage of a murine hybridoma-derived scfv gene was adjusted to mimic highly expressed tobacco genes and fused to an elastin-like polypepti ...	2009	19343526
construction of a recombinant bhv-1 expressing the vp1 gene of foot and mouth disease virus and its immunogenicity in a rabbit model.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) are two important infectious diseases of cattle. using bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1) as a gene delivery vector for development of live-viral vaccines has gained widespread interest. in this study, a recombinant bhv-1 was constructed by inserting the synthetic fmdv (o/china/99) vp1 gene in the the ge locus of bhv-1 genome under the control of immediately early gene promoter of human cytomegalovirus (phie cmv) and bovine ...	2009	19343503
analytical epidemiology of genomic variation among pan asia strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	genetic data from field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) have been used to trace the source of recent outbreaks of fmd, to design better vaccines and diagnostic tests for fmdv, and to make conclusions regarding the general variability in the fmdv genome. though epidemiologic data associated with fmdv isolates are available, these data have been used rarely to explore possible associations of epidemiologic factors with evolution or variation of the fmdv genome. in this study, facto ...	2009	19341389
pynttttgt prototype oligonucleotide imt504, a novel effective adjuvant of the fmdv dna vaccine.	synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (odns) such as cpg can stimulate b and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in vertebrate immune systems. several studies showed that non-cpg odns could also induce strong stimulation of b and t cells. pynttttgt odns, non-cpg odns, can activate and cause immunoglobulin secretion by b cells and proliferation of t cells in vivo. by using pynttttgt odns as an adjuvant for a fmdv dna vaccine, we found that levels of antibody production, t-cell proliferation, and ctl activity ...	2009	19327000
quantification of foot-and-mouth disease virus transmission rates using published data.	foot-and-mouth disease is an extremely infectious and devastating disease affecting all species of cloven-hoofed animals. to understand the epidemiology of the causative virus and predict viral transmission dynamics, quantified transmission parameters are essential to decision makers and modellers alike. however, such quantified parameters are scarcely available, and recently a series of animal experiments was set up to obtain such data experimentally. in this communication, however, we report o ...	2009	19326033
molecular characterization of sat-2 foot-and-mouth disease virus isolates obtained from cattle during a four-month period in 2001 in limpopo province, south africa.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is an acute, highly contagious viral infection of domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals. the virus is a single-stranded rna virus that has a high rate of nucleotide mutation and amino acid substitution. in southern africa the south african territories (sat) 1-3 serotypes of fmd virus are maintained by large numbers of african buffaloes (syncerus caffer), which provide a potential source of infection for domestic livestock and wild animals. during february 2001, an ...	2008	19294983
the effect of vaccination on undetected persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle herds and sheep flocks.	the importance of carrier animals (those in whom virus persists after recovery from disease or acute infection) and their potential role in the spread of disease remain open questions within foot-and-mouth disease epidemiology. using simple probabilistic models we attempt to quantify the effect of emergency vaccination--and especially the time of application--on the likely number of such animals, using data from challenge experiments on both cattle and sheep to determine the probability of persi ...	2009	19288960
molecular characterization of a foot-and-mouth disease virus containing a 57-nucleotide insertion in the 3'untranslated region.	a foot-and-mouth disease virus containing a 57-nucleotide (nt) insertion in the 3'untranslated region (3'utr) was generated by transposon (tn)-mediated mutagenesis. characterization of the mutant virus (a24-3'utr8110) revealed no significant differences in virus growth, translation efficiency or virulence in cattle compared to the a24 wild-type virus. rna modeling showed that the structures predicted in the 3'utr were not affected by the tn insertion. these results revealed that the 3'utr can to ...	2009	19288053
foot and mouth disease in the lao people's democratic republic: ii. seroprevalence estimates, using structured surveillance and surveys of abattoirs.	an examination of the seroprevalence of foot and mouth disease (fmd) virus was conducted in the lao people's democratic republic (lao pdr) from 1996 to 2005, using structured surveillance and abattoir-based studies. under structured surveillance, seropositivity ranged from 65.7% (vientiane capital, 1996) to 3% (houaphan, 2005) for cattle and buffalo; and from 2.8% (vientiane capital, 1998) to 0% in separate studies of pigs. in each study, species composition was significantly associated with ser ...	2008	19284052
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using glycoprotein and monoclonal antibody for detecting antibodies to vesicular stomatitis virus serotype new jersey.	in this study, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using glycoprotein and a monoclonal antibody (mab) was developed for the detection of antibodies to vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) serotype new jersey (nj). the glycoprotein to be used as a diagnostic antigen was extracted from partially purified vsv-nj, and a neutralizing mab specific to vsv-nj was incorporated to compete with antibodies in a blocking elisa using glycoprotein (gp elisa). the cutoff of the gp elisa was set at 40% inhi ...	2009	19279165
engineering infectious foot-and-mouth disease virus in vivo from a full-length genomic cdna clone of the a/akt/58 strain.	two full-length genomic cdna clones, pta/fmdv and pca/fmdv, were constructed that contained three point-mutants [a174g and a308g (not present in pta/fmdv); t1029g] in the genome compared with the wild type a/akt/58 strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus. these two viruses were rescued by co-transfection of pca/fmdv with pct7rnap, which can express t7 rna polymerase in bhk-21 cell-lines, or by transfection of the in vitro transcribed rna. their biological properties were analyzed for their antige ...	2009	19277527
[virulence comparison of genetic engineering virus containing different length poly(c) tract of foot-and-mouth disease virus].	study the association of the length of poly(c) tract with virulence of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	2008	19274849
vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus: strategies and effectiveness.	although present conventional foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccines can prevent clinical disease, protection is short lived ( approximately 6 months), often requiring frequent revaccination for prophylactic control, and vaccination does not induce rapid protection against challenge or prevent the development of the carrier state. furthermore, it is clear that the clinical protection depends upon the length of immunization and the duration of exposure/challenge methods. this review summarizes the ...	2009	19249976
endosperm-specific expression of tyramine n-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase and tyrosine decarboxylase from a single self-processing polypeptide produces high levels of tyramine derivatives in rice seeds.	the plant-specific tyramine derivatives, feruloyltyramine (ft) and 4-coumaroyltyramine (ct), represent bioactive compounds found at low levels in many plant species. we generated transgenic rice seeds that produce high levels of ct (14 microg g(-1) seeds) and ft (2.7 microg g(-1) seeds) through the dual expression of tyramine n-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase and tyrosine decarboxylase, using the self-processing foot-and-mouth disease virus 2a sequence and the endosperm-specific prolamin promoter.	2009	19229478
internalization of swine vesicular disease virus into cultured cells: a comparative study with foot-and-mouth disease virus.	we performed a comparative analysis of the internalization mechanisms used by three viruses causing important vesicular diseases in animals. swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) internalization was inhibited by treatments that affected clathrin-mediated endocytosis and required traffic through an endosomal compartment. svdv particles were found in clathrin-coated pits by electron microscopy and colocalized with markers of early endosomes by confocal microscopy. svdv infectivity was significantly ...	2009	19225001
influence of exposure intensity on the efficiency and speed of transmission of foot-and-mouth disease.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) can be spread by direct animal-to-animal contact, indirect contact facilitated by contaminated materials or by airborne spread. the rate of spread and the incubation period, as well as the severity of disease, depends on many variables including the dose received, the route of introduction, the virus strain, the animal species and the conditions under which the animals are kept. quantitative data related to these variables are needed if model predictions are t ...	2009	19215941
attenuated foot-and-mouth disease virus rna carrying a deletion in the 3' noncoding region can elicit immunity in swine.	we constructed foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) mutants bearing independent deletions of the two stem-loop structures predicted in the 3' noncoding region of viral rna, sl1 and sl2, respectively. deletion of sl2 was lethal for viral infectivity in cultured cells, while deletion of sl1 resulted in viruses with slower growth kinetics and downregulated replication associated with impaired negative-strand rna synthesis. with the aim of exploring the potential of an rna-based vaccine against foot- ...	2009	19211755
identification of major histocompatibility complex restriction and anchor residues of foot-and-mouth disease virus-derived bovine t-cell epitopes.	despite intensive research on the identification of t-cell epitopes in cattle after foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection during the last 20 years, knowledge of major histocompatibility complex (mhc) restriction and anchor residues of such epitopes is still sparse. therefore, as a first step, we tested lymphocytes from two experimentally fmdv serotype a24-vaccinated and -challenged cattle for recognition of fmdv-derived pentadecapeptides in proliferation assays. two epitopes were identif ...	2009	19211750
immune response in goats to two commercial foot-and-mouth disease vaccines and the assessment of maternal immunity in their kids.	in this investigation, the immune response of goats to two commercial foot-and-mouth disease vaccines (fmdv) was compared. highest mean antibody titre was observed on days 60 and 21 in goats vaccinated with two doses of algel (group 1) and oil adjuvant (group 2) quadrivalent vaccines, respectively. there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in mean antibody titre between the two vaccine groups. however, the antibody titres for type o fell below the protective titres by day 180 and 270 for gr ...	2009	19200298
longitudinal study to investigate the role of impala (aepyceros melampus) in foot-and-mouth disease maintenance in the kruger national park, south africa.	a longitudinal study was performed in the kruger national park, south africa to investigate the role of impala (aepyceros melampus) in maintaining sat serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus. three sampling sites with different histories of fmd outbreaks in impala and also of varying ecology were chosen. at three monthly intervals approximately 40 impala were bled and examined for clinical fmd at each of these sites for a period of 6 years, followed by 4 years of less frequent sampling. ...	2009	19200295
activation of porcine natural killer cells and lysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus infected cells.	natural killer (nk) cells play a vital role in innate response against viral infections and cellular transformation. in vivo modulation of their response may enhance their antiviral function. here we describe the phenotype of porcine nk cells, test potential proinflammatory cytokines for activation of these cells and assess the capability of porcine nk cells to kill virus-infected or tumor cells in vitro. the cd2+/cd8+/cd3(-) cell compartment contained porcine nk cells, which at the resting stag ...	2009	19196070
thermostable foot-and-mouth disease virus as a vaccine candidate for endemic countries: a perspective.		2009	19189856
molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease viruses from south east asia 1998-2006: the lao perspective.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) causes sporadic disease outbreaks in the lao people's democratic republic (lao pdr) and appears to be endemic within a livestock population largely susceptible to infection. as lao pdr is a major thoroughfare for transboundary animal movement, regular fmd outbreaks occur causing economic hardship for farmers and their families. the dominant serotype causing outbreaks between 1998 and 2006 was type o. using phylogenetic analysis, type o isolated viruses were divided i ...	2009	19181459
protection of guinea pigs and swine by a recombinant adenovirus expressing o serotype of foot-and-mouth disease virus whole capsid and 3c protease.	two recombinant adenoviruses were constructed expressing foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid and 3c/3cd proteins in replicative deficient human adenovirus type 5 vector. guinea pigs vaccinated with 1-3 x 10(8)tcid(50) ad-p12x3c recombinant adenovirus were completely protected against 10,000gid(50) homologous virulent fmdv challenge 25 days post vaccination (dpv). ad-p12x3cd vaccinated guinea pigs were only partially protected. swine were vaccinated once with 1x10(9)tcid(50) ad-p12x3c hybr ...	2008	19178894
foot-and-mouth disease virus can induce a specific and rapid cd4+ t-cell-independent neutralizing and isotype class-switched antibody response in naïve cattle.	the role of t-lymphocyte subsets in recovery from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection in calves was investigated by administering subset-specific monoclonal antibodies. the depletion of circulating cd4(+) or wc1(+) gammadelta t cells was achieved for a period extending from before challenge to after resolution of viremia and peak clinical signs, whereas cd8(+) cell depletion was only partial. the depletion of cd4(+) cells was also confirmed by analysis of lymph node biopsy specimens 5 ...	2009	19176618
synthesis of empty capsid-like particles of asia i foot-and-mouth disease virus in insect cells and their immunogenicity in guinea pigs.	the assembly of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) requires the cleavage of the p12a polyprotein into individual structural proteins by protease 3c. in this study, we constructed a recombinant baculovirus that simultaneously expressed the genes for the p12a and 3c proteins of asia i fmdv from individual promoters. the capsid proteins expressed in high five insect cells were processed by viral 3c protease, as shown by western blotting, and were antigenic, as revealed by their reactivity in an in ...	2009	19167843
analysis of the leader proteinase (l(pro)) region of type a foot-and-mouth disease virus with due emphasis on phylogeny and evolution of the emerging vp3(59)-deletion lineage from india.	genotype inclusive grouping of indian type a isolates as observed in 1d region based phylogeny was distorted at complete l(pro) region, where the vp3(59)-deletion group lineages of genotype vii clustered away from both genotypes vii and vi, confirming its uniqueness and independent evolution of l(pro) and 1d region. akin to the 1d region, this deletion group is gradually diverging genetically even at l region forming more number of lineages and inter-lineage distance at l region is considerably ...	2009	19167441
[preparation of monoclonal antibodies against vp2 protein of asia i type foot-and-mouth disease virus and establishment of a competitive elisa for the detection of antibodies].	monoclonal antibodies against fmdv vp2 protein were prepared and a competitive elisa based on the monoclonal antibodies and vp2 protein was established. balb/c mice were immunized with escherichia coli expressed fusion protein. the splenocytes from immunized mice were fused with myeloma cells sp2/0. the hybridism cells were screened by indirect elisa and limited dilution method. two hybndoma cell iines secreting mabs against asia i type foot-and-mouth disease were obtained. the titer and relativ ...	2008	19160854
[screening and stability of madin-darby bovine kidney cell strain co-expressing the capsid precursor protein p1-2a gene and the protease 3c gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus].	to screen the madin-darby bovine kidney [co1] cell strains for stable expression of capsid protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv [co2]).	2008	19149169
airborne spread of foot-and-mouth disease--model intercomparison.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) spreads by direct contact between animals, by animal products (milk, meat and semen), by mechanical transfer on people or fomites and by the airborne route, with the relative importance of each mechanism depending on the particular outbreak characteristics. atmospheric dispersion models have been developed to assess airborne spread of fmdv in a number of countries, including the uk, denmark, australia, new zealand, usa and canada. these models were compared at ...	2010	19138867
development of dna aptamers to a foot-and-mouth disease peptide for competitive fret-based detection.	we sought to develop a novel competitive fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret)-aptamer-based strategy for detection of foot-and-mouth (fmd) disease within minutes. a 14-amino-acid peptide from the vp1 structural protein, which is conserved among 16 strains of o-serotype fmd virus, was synthesized and labeled with black hole quencher-2 (bhq-2) dye. polyclonal fmd dna aptamers were labeled with alexa fluor 546-14-dutp by polymerase chain reaction and allowed to bind the bhq-2-peptide conju ...	2008	19137093
journal club. a crystallographer takes a jaunt into immunology.		2009	19129809
serotyping of foot-and-mouth disease virus by antigen capture-elisa using monoclonal antibodies and chicken igy.	laboratory detection of specific foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is routinely carried out by elisa and rt-pcr. identification and serotyping of fmdv by elisa requires polyclonal antibodies raised in rabbits and guinea pigs. the polyclonal antibodies have certain disadvantages such as batch to batch variation, inconsistent yields of antibodies and limited quantity of serum obtained from individual animals. this paper describes a method wherein monoclonal antibodies and chicken igy were used i ...	2008	19123312
differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected pigs from vaccinated pigs using a western blotting assay based on baculovirus-expressed nonstructural proteins 2c and 3d.	baculovirus-expressed foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) nonstructural proteins 2c and 3d were used as the antigens in a western blotting assay. this assay allowed for differentiation of fmdv-infected pigs from vaccinated pigs. serial studies were performed using sera collected from experimentally infected and vaccinated pigs. positive reactions were found in the sera derived from the experimentally infected pigs. there was, however, no positive reaction in the vaccinated pigs. these results su ...	2008	19122405
diagnosis of foot-and mouth disease by real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction under field conditions in brazil.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is an economically important and highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed domestic and wild animals. virus isolation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) are the gold standard tests for diagnosis of fmd. as these methods are time consuming, assays based on viral nucleic acid amplification have been developed.	2008	19117507
intradermal vaccination of pigs against fmd with 1/10 dose results in comparable vaccine efficacy as intramuscular vaccination with a full dose.	the aim of this study was to investigate whether intradermal (id) vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is suitable as an alternative for the usually used intramuscular (im) route. we compared vaccine efficacy in groups of pigs in which vaccine administration differed with respect to antigen payload of the vaccine, administrated volume and administration route. when compared with pigs that were im vaccinated with a full dose vaccine with a standard antigen payload, pigs vaccinated id ...	2009	19114077
antibody response against three widespread bovine viruses is not impaired in holstein cattle carrying bovine leukocyte antigen drb3.2 alleles associated with bovine leukemia virus resistance.	due to the wide dissemination of bovine leukemia virus (blv) infection among dairy cattle, control and eradication programs based on serological detection of infected cattle and subsequent culling face a major economic task. in argentina, genetic selection of cattle carrying alleles of the bovine leukocyte antigen (bola) drb3.2 gene associated with blv-infection resistance, like *0902, emerges as the best additional tool toward controlling virus spread. a potential risk in expanding or segregati ...	2009	19109295
genetic diversity of enterovirus 71 isolated from cases of hand, foot and mouth disease in the 1997, 2000 and 2005 outbreaks, peninsular malaysia.	all known field isolates of enterovirus 71 (ev71) can be divided into three distinct genogroups (a, b, c) and 10 subgenogroups (a, b1-5, c1-4) based on vp1 gene sequences. we examined vp1 gene sequences of 10, 12 and 11 ev71 strains isolated in peninsular malaysia during the outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease in 1997, 2000 and 2005 respectively. four ev71 strains isolated in the hand, foot and mouth disease outbreak of 2006 in sarawak (malaysian borneo) were included to describe their gen ...	2007	19108398
pseudorabies virus glycoprotein b can be used to carry foot and mouth disease antigens in dna vaccination of pigs.	to evaluate the feasibility of using pseudorabies virus (prv) glycoprotein b (gb) as a carrier of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) antigens in dna immunization, fmdv b- and t-cell epitopes were inserted either between the two b-cell epitopes of the n-term subunit of prv-gb (bt-prv-gb-n-term construct) or within the b-cell epitope of the c-term subunit of prv-gb (bt-prv-gb-c-term construct). two animal experiments were performed, each with three injections of plasmids 2 weeks apart, followed b ...	2009	19103226
understanding the molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth-disease virus.	the use of molecular epidemiology is an important tool in understanding and consequently controlling fmdv. in this review i will present basic information about the disease, needed to perform molecular epidemiology. i will give a short introduction to the history and impact of foot-and-mouth disease, clinical picture, infection route, subclinical and persistent infections, general aspects of the transmission of fmdv, serotype-specific epidemiological characteristics, field epidemiology of fmdv, ...	2009	19100342
pi3k-akt signaling and viral infection.	pi3k-akt pathway is an important mechanism through which viral infection influences various cell functions. activating pi3k-akt signaling is a strategy employed by viruses to slow down apoptosis and prolong viral replication in both acute and persistent infection. it is also probable that prevention of cell death facilitates virus-induced carcinogenesis. accumulating evidence suggests that the activity of pi3k or akt is critical for survival of a few viruses. adenovirus relies on pi3k-mediated o ...	2008	19097333
development of a hamster kidney cell line expressing stably t7 rna polymerase using retroviral gene transfer technology for efficient rescue of infectious foot-and-mouth disease virus.	reverse genetics systems, with the ability to manipulate viral genomes at the dna molecular level, are an important platform for study of the assembly and function of viruses. genome manipulation, such as gene recombination, mosaicism, and mutation may interfere with replication, assembly and release of viruses. an efficient, convenient and economical method of virus rescue is undoubtedly required for increasing the efficiency of rescuing recombinant viruses. to develop an efficient, helper viru ...	2009	19095010
processing of multimer fmd virus vp1-2a protein expressed in e. coli into monomers.	expressions of several genes in bacteria were carried out by independent promoter. however, in case of eukaryotes ribosome skipping and introduction of ires are employed as alternative to multiple translation initiation. foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) 2a peptide has been widely used for co-expression of multiple genes in eukaryotic, plant and mammalian systems. the 18 amino acid 2a peptide of fmdv facilitates efficient co-translational dissociation of the polyprotein into discrete protein p ...	2008	19090346
temporal assessment of seroconversion in response to inactivated foot-and-mouth disease vaccine in arabian oryx (oryx leucoryx).	ten male arabian oryx (oryx leucoryx) were vaccinated with a commercially available standard aqueous foot-and-mouth-disease vaccine containing aluminium hydroxide as an adjuvant, and their antibody titres against serotypes o and a were measured using solid-phase blocking elisa and the virus neutralisation test. mean elisa antibody titres greater than 1.45 log(10) were recorded for serotype a, but low elisa titres were recorded for serotype 0; low titres were recorded by vnt for both serotypes.	2008	19074789
hsp70 fused with gp3 and gp5 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus enhanced the immune responses and protective efficacy against virulent prrsv challenge in pigs.	porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) has been mainly responsible for the heavy economic losses in pig industry all over the world. current vaccination strategies provide only a limited protection. in this study recombinant adenoviruses expressing gp3/gp5 of highly pathogenic prrsv and heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) gene of heamophilus parasuis were constructed, and the immune responses and protective efficacy against homologous challenge were examined in pigs. the results s ...	2009	19070639
a novel role for gemin5 in mrna translation.	in eukaryotic cells translation initiation occurs through two alternative mechanisms, a cap-dependent operating in the majority of mrnas, and a 5'-end-independent driven by internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements, specific for a subset of mrnas. ires elements recruit the translation machinery to an internal position in the mrna through a mechanism involving the ires structure and several trans-acting factors. here, we identified gemin5 protein bound to the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv ...	2009	19066202
transient inhibition of foot-and-mouth disease virus replication by sirnas silencing vp1 protein coding region.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the causative agent of foot-and-mouth disease, a severe, clinically acute, vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals. rna interference (rnai) is a mechanism for silencing gene expression post-transcriptionally that is being exploited as a rapid antiviral strategy. to identify efficacious small interfering rnas (sirnas) to inhibit the replication of fmdv, candidate sirnas corresponding to fmdv vp1 gene were designed and synthesized in vitro using t7 rna pol ...	2009	19062053
foot and mouth's achilles' heel?		2008	19060865
a conserved domain in the leader proteinase of foot-and-mouth disease virus is required for proper subcellular localization and function.	the leader proteinase (l(pro)) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is involved in antagonizing the innate immune response by blocking the expression of interferon (ifn) and by reducing the immediate-early induction of ifn-beta mrna and ifn-stimulated genes. in addition to its role in shutting off cap-dependent host mrna translation, l(pro) is associated with the degradation of the p65/rela subunit of nuclear factor kappab (nf-kappab). bioinformatics analysis suggests that l(pro) contains a sa ...	2009	19052079
some guidelines for determining foot-and-mouth disease vaccine strain matching by serology.	the selection of matching strains for use in outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus can be assessed in vivo or by serological r-value determination. sera from animals involved in vaccine potency and cross-protection trials performed using the "protection against podal generalization" (ppg) test for two serotype a strains were collected and analyzed by the virus neutralization test (vnt) and liquid-phase elisa (lpelisa) in three laboratories. the average vnt r-values for medium and high ...	2009	19041355
enhancing effects of the chemical adjuvant levamisole on the dna vaccine pvir-p12a-il18-3c.	dna-based vaccination is an attractive alternative for overcoming the disadvantages of inactivated virus vaccines; however, dna vaccines alone often generate only weak immune responses. in this study, the efficacy of lms as a chemical adjuvant on a dna vaccine (pvir-p12a-il18-3c) encoding the p1-2a and 3c genes of the fmdv and swine il-18, which provides protection against fmdv challenge, was tested. all test pigs were administered booster vaccinations 28 days after the initial inoculation, and ...	2008	19039952
analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus nucleotide sequence variation within naturally infected epithelium.	an important epidemiological tool in the control of epidemics of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is genetic tracing using complete virus genome sequence data. however to interpret these genetic data, it is important to quantify underlying variation present in fmdv populations from individual tissue samples. cloned complete capsid sequences from two virus populations from epithelium from a cow (n=26) and from a sheep (n=15) infected during the uk 2001 outbreaks were generated. genetic diversity of t ...	2009	19027805
innate immune responses against foot-and-mouth disease virus: current understanding and future directions.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) represents one of the most economically important diseases of farm animals. the basis for the threat caused by this virus is the high speed of replication, short incubation time, high contagiousness, and high mutation rate resulting in constant antigenic changes. thus, although protective immune responses against fmd virus (fmdv) can be efficacious, the rapidity of virus replication and spread can outpace immune defence development and overrun the immune system. fmdv ...	2009	19026453
effect of the initial dose of foot-and-mouth disease virus on the early viral dynamics within pigs.	this paper investigates the early viral dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) within infected pigs. using an existing within-host model, we investigate whether individual variation can be explained by the effect of the initial dose of fmd virus. to do this, we consider the experimental data on the concentration of fmd virus genomes in the blood (viral load). in this experiment, 12 pigs were inoculated with one of three different doses of fmd virus: low; medium; or high. measurements of the vi ...	2009	19019816
a novel single-cell quantitative real-time rt-pcr method for quantifying foot-and-mouth disease viral rna.	foot-and-mouth disease virus is a positive-sense, single-stranded rna virus with a negative strand as its replication intermediate, which can cause severe acute infection in sensitive cell lines. to investigate better the actual state of virus infection, there is a need to measure the amount of fmdv rna in a single acutely infected cell rather than in a large number of cells. therefore, in the present study, a strand-specific single-cell quantitative real-time rt-pcr was developed to analyze the ...	2009	19010355
shifts in the selection-drift balance drive the evolution and epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the causative agent of an acute vesicular disease affecting wild and domesticated animals. despite the economic burden of the disease and all efforts to eradicate it, fmd outbreaks continue to emerge unexpectedly in developed and developing countries. correlation of the mutational dynamics of the virus with its epidemiology remains unexplored. analysis of 103 complete genomes representing the seven serotypes shows the important role that selection plays in ...	2009	19004952
[analysis of the antigenicity of the expression product of fusion antigen epitope genes of fmdv].	from the different recombinants of fmdv antigen epitope, the highest antigenicity one was selected, and that provided research foundation for making researches on fmd plant-based vaccines which could effectively induce cell immune response and be characterized by high eurytopicity.	2008	18992188
infectious bursal disease subviral particles displaying the foot-and-mouth disease virus major antigenic site.	an antigen delivery system based on subviral particles formed by the self-assembly of the capsid protein of infectious bursal disease virus and carrying foreign peptides at the top of the projection domain was investigated. we report here the effective insertion of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) immunodominant epitope in one of the four external loops of the subviral particles. out of the two loops tested, one of them tolerated an insert of 12 amino acids without disrupting the subviral ...	2009	18983883
evidence of recombination in a new isolate of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia 1.	phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence of vp1 revealed that a new isolate of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype asia 1 identified in mongolia in 2005 was related to chinese and russian strains isolated during the same year. in this study, these strains were defined as east asian strains having a common geographical origin, and the complete genomic sequence of the mongolian strain (as1/mog/05) was determined and compared to other strains of serotype asia 1. as1/mog/05 showed 1 ...	2009	18977402
ginseng stem-leaf saponins (gsls) and mineral oil act synergistically to enhance the immune responses to vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease in mice.	saponins extracted from ginseng stems and leaves (gsls) as well as the synergistic effect between gsls and oil emulsion were investigated for their adjuvant effects on the immune responses of mice to vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype asia 1. in experiment a, icr mice were subcutaneously immunized twice with fmdv antigen with or without gsls (0, 1, 5, 10 and 20 microg) at 3 week intervals. highest fmdv-specific igg level was observed 2 weeks after the boosting in mi ...	2009	18973783
[establishment of bhk-21 cell lines stably expressing fmdv 3dpol gene by retroviral-mediated gene transfer technique].	the aim of the study is to establish in vitro cell line with stable and effective 3dpol gene expression, so as to study the biological function of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv ) 3dpol and foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) gene engineering vaccine.	2008	18972644
the tale of a modern animal plague: tracing the evolutionary history and determining the time-scale for foot and mouth disease virus.	despite significant advances made in the understanding of its epidemiology, foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) is among the most unexpected agricultural devastating plagues. while the disease manifests itself as seven immunologically distinct strains their origin, population dynamics, migration patterns and divergence times remain unknown. herein we have assembled a comprehensive data set of gene sequences representing the global diversity of the disease and inferred the time-scale and evolutio ...	2008	18945462
foot-and-mouth disease virus persists in the light zone of germinal centres.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is one of the most contagious viruses of animals and is recognised as the most important constraint to international trade in animals and animal products. two fundamental problems remain to be understood before more effective control measures can be put in place. these problems are the fmdv "carrier state" and the short duration of immunity after vaccination which contrasts with prolonged immunity after natural infection. here we show by laser capture microdis ...	2008	18941503
riboproteomic analysis of polypeptides interacting with the internal ribosome-entry site element of foot-and-mouth disease viral rna.	initiation of translation driven by internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements depends upon the structural organization of this mrna region. besides translation initiation factors (eifs), auxiliary proteins can also affect ires activity. with the aim to identify proteins interacting with two unrelated iress present in the genome of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) we have used a proteomic approach. this procedure allowed the identification of 21 rna-binding prote ...	2008	18937254
early events in the pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease in cattle after controlled aerosol exposure.	the goal of this study was to identify the primary sites of replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in cattle subsequent to aerogenous inoculation. a novel aerosol inoculation method was developed to simulate natural, airborne transmission and thereby allow the identification of early replication sites. virus distribution after aerosol inoculation was compared at 24h post inoculation with simple nasal instillation. aerosol inoculation of fmdv consistently resulted in virus detection b ...	2010	18930417
foot and mouth disease virus transmission during the incubation period of the disease in piglets, lambs, calves, and dairy cows.	transmission of foot and mouth disease (fmd) virus by infected animals may already occur before clinical signs are evident. quantitative data for fmd transmission rates during this so-called high-risk period are currently lacking and would provide useful information to develop surveillance systems in which the number of new outbreaks is an outcome variable. in order to address this, we used experimental data to quantify transmission in cattle, swine and sheep during the non-clinical phase of the ...	2009	18929417
strains of virus of foot-and-mouth disease recovered from outbreaks in mexico; serum neutralization tests.		1948	18889786
strains of virus of foot-and-mouth disease recovered from outbreaks in mexico; complement fixation tests.		1948	18889785
strains of virus of foot-and-mouth disease recovered from outbreaks in mexico; pathogenicity and invasiveness.		1948	18889784
strains of virus of foot-and-mouth disease recovered from outbreaks in mexico; identification.		1948	18889783
strains of the virus of foot-and-mouth disease recovered from outbreaks in mexico.		1948	18889782
[not available].		1948	18882494
deceptive imprinting and immune refocusing in vaccine design.	a large number of the world's most widespread and problematic pathogens evade host immune responses by inducing strain-specific immunity to immunodominant epitopes with high mutation rates capable of altering antigenic profiles. the immune system appears to be decoyed into reacting to these immunodominant epitopes that offer little cross protection between serotypes or subtypes. for example, during hiv-1 infection, the immune system reacts strongly to the v1, v2, and/or v3 loops of the surface e ...	2008	18852005
development and laboratory validation of a lateral flow device for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus in clinical samples.	a lateral flow device (lfd) for the detection of all seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was developed using a monoclonal antibody (mab 1f10) shown to be pan-reactive to fmdv strains of each serotype by elisa. the performance of the lfd was evaluated in the laboratory on suspensions of vesicular epithelia (304 positive and 1003 negative samples) from suspected cases of vesicular disease collected from 86 countries between 1965 and 2008 and negative samples collected from healt ...	2009	18848845
[preparation and characterization of the polyclonal antibody against pig integrin beta6 subunit lbd as fmdv receptor].	to induce the expression of fmdv receptor integrin beta6 subunit ligand-binding domain in e.coli and prepare the rabbit polyclonal antibody against it.	2008	18845083
immune evasion during foot-and-mouth disease virus infection of swine.	summary: the interface between successful pathogens and their hosts is often a tenuous balance. in acute viral infections, this balance involves induction and inhibition of innate responses. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is considered one of the most contagious viruses known and is characterized by rapid induction of clinical disease in cloven hoofed animals exposed to infection. viral shedding is extensive before the equally rapid resolution of acute disease. this positive strand rna viru ...	2008	18837777
specificity of non-structural protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of serum antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus in a target population in new zealand.	to determine the diagnostic specificities of two commercial screening elisa, the bommeli/idexx chekit fmd 3abc indirect elisa (elisa-1) and the ceditest fmdv ns blocking elisa (elisa-2), for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in cattle, sheep and pigs in new zealand, and to compare them with other published studies. to consider the implications for fmd surveillance of using two elisa in series, a consideration arising from the absence of a gold standard virus neutralisation test (vnt) in new zealand.	2008	18836503
updating of the correlation between lpelisa titers and protection from virus challenge for the assessment of the potency of polyvalent aphtovirus vaccines in argentina.	routine vaccination campaigns are carried out in argentina twice a year, involving more than 100 million doses of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccine. although the challenge test in cattle has not been totally replaced for the assessment of fmd vaccine potency, argentine animal health authorities have used an indirect alternative method based on specific correlation studies of protection against podal generalization (ppg) tests performed in cattle with a validated liquid phase blocking elisa (l ...	2008	18835312
engineering viable foot-and-mouth disease viruses with increased thermostability as a step in the development of improved vaccines.	we have rationally engineered foot-and-mouth disease virus to increase its stability against thermal dissociation into subunits without disrupting the many biological functions needed for its infectivity. amino acid side chains located near the capsid intersubunit interfaces and either predicted or found to be dispensable for infectivity were replaced by others that could establish new disulfide bonds or electrostatic interactions between subunits. two engineered viruses were normally infectious ...	2008	18829763
determinants of rna-dependent rna polymerase (in)fidelity revealed by kinetic analysis of the polymerase encoded by a foot-and-mouth disease virus mutant with reduced sensitivity to ribavirin.	a mutant poliovirus (pv) encoding a change in its polymerase (3dpol) at a site remote from the catalytic center (g64s) confers reduced sensitivity to ribavirin and forms a restricted quasispecies, because g64s 3dpol is a high-fidelity enzyme. a foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) mutant that encodes a change in the polymerase catalytic site (m296i) exhibits reduced sensitivity to ribavirin without restricting the viral quasispecies. in order to resolve this apparent paradox, we have established ...	2008	18829745
bovine viral diarrhea virus is a suitable viral vector for stable expression of heterologous gene when inserted in between n(pro) and c genes.	bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is a group of small enveloped viruses with a single-stranded, positive-oriented rna genome of approximately 12.3 kb. bvdv genome directs the production of a viral polyprotein that is subsequently cleaved to release the mature viral proteins. to explore the potential of using bvdv as viral vector for stable expression of heterologous genes, egfp2a was inserted in between n(pro) and c genes of a noncytopathic type-i bvdv strain sd1. egfp2a was designed with egfp ...	2008	18824056
expression of biologically active recombinant porcine interleukin-12 from escherichia coli.	the control of viral infections is of critical importance to livestock industries worldwide and is highlighted by costly infection outbreaks, such as that seen with foot and mouth disease virus. to ameliorate the impact of increasing problems with viral infections, new vaccine and anti-viral strategies are required and a greater understanding of the anti-viral response is essential. furthermore, in pigs, evidence is still being gathered on the components of a defined anti-viral immune response. ...	2008	18823664
foot-and-mouth disease vaccine potency testing: the influence of serotype, type of adjuvant, valency, fractionation method, and virus culture on the dose-response curve in cattle.	the aim of this study was to determine a relationship between vaccine potency (amount of pd50 per dose) and fraction of clinically protected cattle following homologous challenge with infectious foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus, and to determine the effect of method of fractionation, serotype, type of adjuvant, valency and type of virus culture on the dose-response curve. data from 297 potency tests of fmd vaccines, comprising 4004 vaccinated cattle, performed at the fmd vaccine production fac ...	2008	18822336
the plasmid constructs producing shrna corresponding to the conserved 3d polymerase of foot and mouth disease virus protects guinea pigs against challenge virus.	rna interference (rnai) has been used as an effective antiviral strategy for its specific silencing of viral gene expression in mammalian cells. in this study, shrna targeting two regions of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) i.e. 3d and 5'utr which are very essential in virus replication were evaluated. the constructs were made using h7k rna polymerase iii promoter. we investigated in vivo inhibitory effect of shrna on fmdv replication in bhk-21 cells and guinea pigs. the results showed that t ...	2009	18810649
tolerance to mutations in the foot-and-mouth disease virus integrin-binding rgd region is different in cultured cells and in vivo and depends on the capsid sequence context.	engineered rnas carrying substitutions in the integrin receptor-binding arg-gly-asp (rgd) region of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were constructed (aa 141-147 of vp1 capsid protein) and their infectivity was assayed in cultured cells and suckling mice. the effect of these changes was studied in the capsid proteins of two fmdvs, c-s8c1, which enters cells through integrins, and 213hs(-), a derivative highly adapted to cell culture whose ability to infect cells using the glycosaminoglycan he ...	2008	18796722
serotype-specific differences in antigenic regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv): a comprehensive statistical analysis.	although vaccines are available for prophylaxis of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), few cases of escape mutants have been reported. to develop serotype-specific fmdv vaccination strategies it is imperative to understand how host selection has influenced evolution of fmdv. this study identified several possible targets for serotype-specific fmdv vaccines using a novel statistical approach. pairs of closely related fmdv genomes identified in a phylogenetic analysis representing all seven serot ...	2008	18790086
dromedaries (camelus dromedarius) are of low susceptibility to inoculation with foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o.	two sheep and five dromedaries were inoculated with a highdose of a cattle-passaged type o strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). the sheep developed typical fmd. the inoculated camels, which were placed in contact with five further dromedaries and four sheep, showed no visible signs of illness or vesicular lesions. however, one of them had a raised body temperature at 3 days post-inoculation (pi) and a viraemia from days 2 to 10; probang samples from this animal were negative for infect ...	2008	18789453
foot-and-mouth disease vaccination in south sudan: benefit-cost analysis and livelihoods impact.	a benefit-cost analysis of vaccination for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) was conducted in an area of south sudan, which due to chronic conflict, had been subject to large-scale humanitarian assistance for many years. the study used participatory epidemiology (pe) methods to estimate the prevalence and mortality of acute and chronic fmd in different age groups of cattle, and the reduction in milk off-take in cows affected by fmd. the benefit-cost of fmd vaccination was 11.5. losses due to the chro ...	2008	18786073
rapid methodology for antigenic profiling of fmdv field strains and for the control of identity, purity and viral integrity in commercial virus vaccines using monoclonal antibodies.	monoclonal antibodies (mabs) developed against different foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vaccine strains were extensively used to study any possible antigenic variations during vaccine production in argentine facilities. additionally, a typing elisa using strain specific mabs was developed to detect potential cross contaminations among fmdv strains in master and working seeds with high specificity and sensitivity and to confirm strains identity in formulated vaccines. this assay was carried ...	2009	18774662
delivery of a foot-and-mouth disease virus empty capsid subunit antigen with nonstructural protein 2b improves protection of swine.	to develop a more efficacious human adenovirus (ad5)-vectored foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) subunit vaccine (ad5-a24) we have included coding regions for fmdv nonstructural proteins 2b and 2c. these proteins are involved in membrane re-arrangements resulting in the proliferation of cytoplasmic vesicles which serve as the sites of virus replication. cells infected with a vector containing full-length 2b (ad5-ci-a24-2b) had a significant increase in the number of cytoplasmic vesicles as comp ...	2008	18762225
probable route of infection for the second uk 2007 foot-and-mouth disease cluster.		2008	18757904
foot-and-mouth disease virus, but not bovine enterovirus, targets the host cell cytoskeleton via the nonstructural protein 3cpro.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), a member of the picornaviridae, is a pathogen of cloven-hoofed animals and causes a disease of major economic importance. picornavirus-infected cells show changes in cell morphology and rearrangement of cytoplasmic membranes, which are a consequence of virus replication. we show here, by confocal immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, that the changes in morphology of fmdv-infected cells involve changes in the distribution of microtubule and intermediate ...	2008	18753210
[cloning of foot-and-mouth disease virus integrin receptor beta1 subunit and antibody production to its ligand-binding domain].	we produced beta1 gene which is about 2400 bp by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) from bovine trachea, reclaimed and purified, then cloned the amplified fragment to pgem-t easy vector, confirmed by sequencing. the immune-dominant epitope of beta1 gene was chosen by computer analysis and then syncretized ligand-binding domain from 346 bp to 843 bp of ecytoplasm with six histidine, expressed lbd protein massly in e. coli bl21 (de3), and identified by sds-page. the fusion pr ...	2008	18724711
[construction of recombinant retroviral vector carrying lab gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus and its expression in bovine kidney (mdbk) cells].	in this study, foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) strain oa/58 rnas were used as templates for rt-pcr. by the molecular cloning, the lab gene encoding leader protease called lpro were cloned in retroviral vector pbpstr1 to obtain reconstruction retroviral vector termed pbpstr1-lab. at different concentrations of puromycin and tetracycline respectively in the cell culture mediums, the growth of bovine kidney cells (mdbk) showed that the optimal puromycin resistant selection concentration was 3 m ...	2008	18724691
[purification and reactivity of foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural protein 3a, 3b and 2c expressed in e. coli].	to purify and to detect reactivity of non-structural proteins 3a, 3b and 2c expressed in the escherichia coli.	2008	18724495