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control of the deliberate spread of foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is one of the most feared of transboundary animal diseases. accidental or deliberate release of the causative agent can have both direct and indirect effects that result in massive economic losses and disruption. the direct effects of an fmd outbreak include immediate losses to agricultural production and disruption of local economies, while the indirect effects are mainly related to disease control measures such as restriction of market access at local and global le ...201323971796
novel immunogenic baculovirus expressed virus-like particles of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus protect guinea pigs against challenge.vaccination is a well accepted strategy for control of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in endemic countries. currently, chemically inactivated virus antigens are used for preparation of fmd vaccine. to develop a non-infectious and safe recombinant vaccine, we expressed structural polypeptide of fmdv (o/ind/r2/75) using baculovirus expression system. we show that inclusion of mutated viral 3c protease in frame with the polypeptide (p1-2a), enhanced the yield of structural proteins. the structural pr ...201323969204
optimisation of the foot-and-mouth disease virus 2a co-expression system for biomedical applications.many biomedical applications require the expression or production of therapeutic hetero-multimeric proteins/protein complexes: in most cases only accomplished by co-ordinated co-expression within the same cell. foot-and-mouth disease virus 2a (f2a) and '2a-like' sequences are now widely used for this purpose. since 2a mediates a co-translational 'cleavage' at its own c-terminus, sequences encoding multiple proteins (linked via 2as) can be concatenated into a single orf: a single transgene. it ha ...201323968294
processing of the vp1/2a junction is not necessary for production of foot-and-mouth disease virus empty capsids and infectious viruses: characterization of "self-tagged" particles.the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid protein precursor, p1-2a, is cleaved by 3c(pro) to generate vp0, vp3, vp1, and the peptide 2a. the capsid proteins self-assemble into empty capsid particles or viruses which do not contain 2a. in a cell culture-adapted strain of fmdv (o1 manisa [lindholm]), three different amino acid substitutions (e83k, s134c, and k210e) were identified within the vp1 region of the p1-2a precursor compared to the field strain (wild type [wt]). expression of the o1 ...201323966400
a role for endoplasmic reticulum exit sites in foot-and-mouth disease virus infection.picornaviruses replicate their genomes in association with cellular membranes. while enteroviruses are believed to utilize membranes of the early secretory pathway, the origin of the membranes used by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) for replication are unknown. secretory-vesicle traffic through the early secretory pathway is mediated by the sequential acquisition of two distinct membrane coat complexes, copii and copi, and requires the coordinated actions of sar1, arf1 and rab proteins. sar1 ...201323963534
development of a luminex assay for the detection of swine antibodies to non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and mouth disease (fmd), swine vesicular disease (svd), and vesicular stomatitis (vs) are highly contagious vesicular diseases of swine but are not easy to differentiate clinically. for the purpose of instant detecting of fmd and differentiating it from the other vesicular diseases, a luminex assay was developed. sera from 64 infected, 307 vaccinated, and 280 naïve pigs were tested by the luminex assay. diagnostic sensitivity of the assay was 100%. diagnostic specificity of the assay was 98 ...201323962586
two new flavonol glycosides and biological activities of diplotaxis harra (forssk.) boiss.two new flavonol glycosides, isorhamnetin 3-o-β-glucopyranoside-4'-o-β-xylopyranoside (1) and kaempferol 3-o-β-glucopyranoside -4'-o-β-xylopyranoside (2), were isolated from the defatted aqueous methanol extract of the whole plant diplotaxis harra along with 12 known flavonols (3-14). they were characterised by chemical and spectral methods. the 70% aqueous methanol, chloroform and defatted aqueous methanol plant extracts exhibited significant antioxidant effects (nitroblue tetrazolium reduction ...201323962320
co-administration of flagellin augments immune responses to inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) antigen.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is one of the most contagious animal virus known that affects livestock health and production. this study aimed to investigate the effect of flagellin, a toll-like receptor 5 agonist, on the immune responses to inactivated fmdv antigen in guinea pig model. our results showed that the co-administration of flagellin with fmdv antigen through intradermal route induces earlier and higher anti-fmdv neutralizing antibody responses as compared to fmdv antigen alone. ...201323941960
display of the vp1 epitope of foot-and-mouth disease virus on bacteriophage t7 and its application in diagnosis.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious epidemic disease threatening the cattle industry since the sixteenth century. in recent years, the development of diagnostic assays for fmd has benefited considerably from the advances of recombinant dna technology. in this study, the immunodominant region of the capsid protein vp1 of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was fused to the t7 bacteriophage and expressed on the surface of the bacteriophage capsid protein. the recombinant protei ...201323933075
analysis of recent serotype o foot-and-mouth disease viruses from livestock in kenya: evidence of four independently evolving lineages.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in kenya where four serotypes (o, a, sat 1 and sat 2) of the virus are currently in circulation. within 2010 and 2011, the national laboratory recorded an increase in the number of fmd outbreaks caused by serotype o virus. the characteristics of these viruses were determined to ascertain whether these were independent outbreaks or one single strain spreading throughout the country. the sequences of the complete vp1-coding region were analysed from viruses ...201523931583
development of a peptide based latex agglutination assay for serotype identification of foot and mouth disease virus.out of 200 serum samples collected from cattle (142) and buffaloes (58) of various ages and sexand subjected to latex agglutination test (lat) using serotype specific peptides (o, a, asia 1) and also with peptide for non-structural protein 2b (nsp-2b), 114 (70%) samples were positive against fmdv type 'o', 102 (51%) against serotype 'a' and 104 (52%) against serotype 'asia 1'. with nsp-2b peptide a total of 71 (35.5%) samples were positive. the results suggest that lat could be used for the diag ...201323923605
heterogeneity in the antibody response to foot-and-mouth disease primo-vaccinated calves.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccines are routinely used as effective control tools in large regions worldwide and to limit outbreaks during epidemics. vaccine-induced protection in cattle has been largely correlated with the fmd virus (fmdv)-specific antibodies. genetic control of cattle immune adaptive responses has been demonstrated only for peptide antigens derived from fmdv structural proteins. here, we quantify the heterogeneity in the antibody response of cattle primo-vaccinated against f ...201523895140
characterization of a nuclear localization signal in the foot-and-mouth disease virus polymerase.we have experimentally tested whether the mrktklapt sequence in fmdv 3d protein (residues 16 to 24) can act as a nuclear localization signal (nls). mutants with substitutions in two basic residues within this sequence, k18e and k20e, were generated. a decreased nuclear localization was observed in transiently expressed 3d and its precursor 3cd, suggesting a role of k18 and k20 in nuclear targeting. fusion of mrktklapt to the green fluorescence protein (gfp) increased the nuclear localization of ...201323886493
an increased replication fidelity mutant of foot-and-mouth disease virus retains fitness in vitro and virulence in vivo.in a screen for rna mutagen-resistant foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) strains, we isolated an fmdv mutant with rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) r84h substitution. this mutant, selected under the mutagenic pressure of 5-fluorouracil (5-fu), is resistant not only to 5-fu but also to other two rna mutagens, 5-azacytidine and ribavirin, suggesting that the rdrp r84h mutant is a high fidelity variant. subsequently, the increased fidelity of this mutant was verified through analysis of mutation ...201323880348
protein coexpression using fmdv 2a: effect of "linker" residues.many biomedical applications absolutely require, or are substantially enhanced by, coexpression of multiple proteins from a single vector. foot-and-mouth disease virus 2a (f2a) and "2a-like" sequences (e.g., thosea asigna virus 2a; t2a) are used widely for this purpose since multiple proteins can be coexpressed by linking open reading frames (orfs) to form a single cistron. the activity of f2a "cleavage" may, however, be compromised by both the use of shorter versions of f2a and the sequences (d ...201323878801
immunogenicity of two fmdv nonameric peptides encapsulated in liposomes in mice and the protective efficacy in guinea pigs.it has been predicted that nonameric peptides i (vp1(26-34), rrqhtdvsf), ii (vp1(157-165), rtlptsfny) and iii (vp1(45-53), keqvnvldl) from the vp1 capsid protein of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) are t cell epitopes. to investigate whether these peptides have immunological activity, balb/c mice were immunized with peptide i, ii or iii conjugated with immunostimulating complexes (iscoms). a cytotoxic t lymphocyte assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxic activity induced by peptides along ...201323874709
delivery of synthetic rna can enhance the immunogenicity of vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in mice.we have recently described the antiviral effect in mice of in vitro-transcribed rnas mimicking structural domains in the non-coding regions of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) genome rna. these small, synthetic and non-infectious rna molecules (ncrnas) are potent type-i interferon (ifn) inducers in vivo. in this work, the immunomodulatory effect of the ncrna corresponding to the internal ribosome entry site (ires) on immunization with two different fmd vaccine formulations, both based on ...201323859841
antigenic site variation in foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o grown under vaccinal serum antibodies in vitro.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is constantly evolving under neutralizing antibody pressure in either naturally infected or vaccinated animals. this study was carried out to understand the dynamics of evolution of antigenic sites. neutralizing antibody-resistant populations of three strains of fmdv serotype o (indr2/1975, ind120/2002 and ind271/2001) were isolated by serial propagation in bhk-21 cells in the presence of sub-neutralizing level of bovine vaccinal sera (bvs). in the partial neu ...201323850868
truncated recombinant non-structural protein 2c-based indirect elisa for fmd sero-surveillance.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a transboundary animal disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus. in india, systematic preventive vaccination using inactivated trivalent (o, a and asia 1) vaccine is the strategy being adopted to control fmd. the use of non-structural protein (nsp)-contaminated inactivated vaccine raises concerns over differentiation of infected and vaccinated animals (diva) by nsp based immunoassays. however, 2c being a membrane associated protein usually remain absent in v ...201323850716
characterization of cytotoxic t lymphocyte function after foot-and-mouth disease virus infection and vaccination.the induction of neutralizing antibodies specific for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has been the central goal of vaccination efforts against this economically important disease of cloven-hoofed animals. although these efforts have yielded much success, challenges remain, including little cross-serotype protection and inadequate duration of immunity. commonly, viral infections are characterized by induction of cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl), yet the function of ctl in fmdv immunity is poorly ...201323829779
foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particles produced by a sumo fusion protein system in escherichia coli induce potent protective immune responses in guinea pigs, swine and cattle.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a highly contagious infection in cloven-hoofed animals. the format of fmd virus-like particles (vlp) as a non-replicating particulate vaccine candidate is a promising alternative to conventional inactivated fmdv vaccines. in this study, we explored a prokaryotic system to express and assemble the fmd vlp and validated the potential of vlp as an fmdv vaccine candidate. vlp composed entirely of fmdv (asia1/jiangsu/china/2005) capsid proteins (vp0, vp1 and ...201323826638
transgenically mediated shrnas targeting conserved regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus provide heritable resistance in porcine cell lines and suckling mice.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is responsible for substantial economic losses in livestock breeding each year, and the development of new strategies is needed to overcome the limitations of existing vaccines and antiviral drugs. in this study, we evaluated the antiviral potential of transgenic porcine cells and suckling mice that simultaneously expressed two short-hairpin rnas (shrnas) targeting the conserved regions of the viral polymerase protein 3d and the non-structural protein 2b. firs ...201323822604
understanding foot-and-mouth disease virus transmission biology: identification of the indicators of infectiousness.the control of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) outbreaks in non-endemic countries relies on the rapid detection and removal of infected animals. in this paper we use the observed relationship between the onset of clinical signs and direct contact transmission of fmdv to identify predictors for the onset of clinical signs and identify possible approaches to preclinical screening in the field. threshold levels for various virological and immunological variables were determined using receiver o ...201323822567
construction of self-replicating subgenomic west nile virus replicons for screening antiviral compounds.mosquito-borne flavivirus rna genomes encode one long open reading frame flanking 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions (5'- and 3'-utrs) which contain cis-acting rna elements playing important roles for viral rna translation and replication. the viral rna encodes a single polyprotein, which is processed into three structural proteins and seven nonstructural (ns) proteins. the regions coding for the seven ns proteins are sufficient for replication of the rna. the sequences encoding the structural gene ...201323821276
equine picornaviruses: well known but poorly understood.of the many members that comprise the family picornaviridae, only two species are known to infect horses: equine rhinitis a virus (erav) and equine rhinitis b virus (erbv). each species now occupies a distinct phylogenetic branch within the family, with the single serotype of erav grouping with the aphthoviruses, such as foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), and the three serotypes of erbv as the sole members of the genus erbovirus. the high seroprevalence of equine picornaviruses in horse popula ...201323820049
potential roles of synonymous codon usage and trna concentration in hosts on the two initiation regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna.the open reading frame of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) contains two authentic initiation codons and the second initiation codon is often selected in high frequency. in the study, we analyzed the effects of the host-cell synonymous codon usage and the overall trna concentration in the hosts on the region flanked by the two initiation codons (termed as the region 1) and the same length starting from the second initiation codon (defined as the region 2). we find that low-usage codons of host ...201323806792
engagement of soluble resistance-related calcium binding protein (sorcin) with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vp1 inhibits type i interferon response in cells.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is an acute, highly contagious animal disease caused by fmd virus (fmdv). although fmdv-induced immunosuppression in host has been well established, the exact molecular mechanism for such induction is not very clear. we report here the identification of fmdv vp1 as an interferon-suppressor by interacting with soluble resistance-related calcium binding protein (sorcin). we found that vp1 suppressed tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-α or sendai virus (sev)-induced type i int ...201323764275
comparison of self-processing of foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus leader proteinase nsp1α.the foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase (lb(pro)) cleaves itself off the nascent viral polyprotein. nmr studies on the monomeric variant lb(pro) l200f provide structural evidence for intramolecular self-processing. (15)n-hsqc measurements of lb(pro) l200f showed specifically shifted backbone signals in the active and substrate binding sites compared to the monomeric variant slb(pro), lacking six c-terminal residues. this indicates transient intramolecular interactions between the c-te ...201323756127
sequence analysis of the foot and mouth disease virus type o/irn/2007 vp1 gene from iranian isolate.the foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a vesicular and contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. in this study, the virus was isolated from vesicles of the infected cattle using cell culture and serotyped by elisa test. the extracted rna from the infected cells was reverse transcribed and amplified using vp1 gene-specific primer pairs by means of one-step rt-pcr. the purified vp1 gene was sub-cloned into the uniqe kpni and bamhi cloning sites of the pcdna3.1+ vector. the dh5α strain o ...201323746175
positively charged residues at the five-fold symmetry axis of cell culture-adapted foot-and-mouth disease virus permit novel receptor interactions.field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) have a restricted cell tropism which is limited by the need for certain rgd-dependent integrin receptors. in contrast, cell culture-adapted viruses use heparan sulfate (hs) or other unidentified molecules as receptors to initiate infection. here, we report several novel findings resulting from cell culture adaptation of fmdv. in cell culture, a virus with the capsid of the a/turkey/2/2006 field isolate gained the ability to infect cho and hs- ...201323740982
assembly and characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus empty capsid particles expressed within mammalian cells.the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) structural protein precursor, p1-2a, is cleaved by the virus-encoded 3c protease (3c(pro)) into the capsid proteins vp0, vp1 and vp3 (and 2a). in some systems, it is difficult to produce large amounts of these processed capsid proteins since 3c(pro) can be toxic for cells. the expression level of 3c(pro) activity has now been reduced relative to the p1-2a, and the effect on the yield of processed capsid proteins and their assembly into empty capsid particl ...201323740480
characterization of asia 1 sdab from camels bactrianus (c. bactrianus) and conjugation with quantum dots for imaging fmdv in bhk-21 cells.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), caused by fmd virus (fmdv), is a highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals. camelids have a unique immunoglobulin profile, with the smallest functional heavy-chain antibodies (sdab or vhh) naturally devoid of light chains with antigen-binding capacity. we screened and characterized five sdabs against fmdv by immunized library from c. bactrianus with asia 1 virus-like particles (vlps). three of five recombinant sdabs were stably expressed in e.c ...201323737944
montanide isa™ 201 adjuvanted fmd vaccine induces improved immune responses and protection in cattle.despite significant advancements in modern vaccinology, inactivated whole virus vaccines for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) remain the mainstay for prophylactic and emergency uses. many efforts are currently devoted to improve the immune responses and protective efficacy of these vaccines. adjuvants, which are often used to potentiate immune responses, provide an excellent mean to improve the efficacy of fmd vaccines. this study aimed to evaluate three oil adjuvants namely: montanide isa-201, isa- ...201323735678
identification of a new dengue virus inhibitor that targets the viral ns4b protein and restricts genomic rna replication.dengue virus (denv) is an important human arthropod-borne virus with a major impact on public health. nevertheless, a licensed vaccine or specific treatment is still lacking. we therefore screened the nih clinical collection (ncc), a library of drug-like small molecules, for inhibitors of denv replication using a cell line that contains a stably replicating denv serotype 2 (denv2) subgenomic replicon. the most potent denv inhibitor in the ncc was δ opioid receptor antagonist sdm25n. this compoun ...201323735301
emergence and distribution of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a and o in bangladesh.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in bangladesh and is predominantly due to fmdv serotype o. in 2012, fmd outbreaks were identified in five different districts of bangladesh. of 56 symptomatic cattle epithelial tissue samples, diagnostic pcr assay based on 5'-urt detected 38 fmdv infections. viral genotyping targeting vp1-encoding region confirmed emergence of two distinct serotypes, a and o with an abundance of serotype a in chittagong and gazipur districts and serotype o in pabna and far ...201523734722
cell mediated innate responses of cattle and swine are diverse during foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection: a unique landscape of innate immunity.pathogens in general and pathogenic viruses in particular have evolved a myriad of mechanisms to escape the immune response of mammalian species. viruses that cause acute disease tend to bear characteristics that make them very contagious, as survival does not derive from chronicity of infection, but spread of disease throughout the herd. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is one of the most contagious viruses known. upon infection of susceptible species, cloven-hoofed animals, the virus prolif ...201323727070
mechanisms of foot-and-mouth disease virus tropism inferred from differential tissue gene expression.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) targets specific tissues for primary infection, secondary high-titer replication (e.g. foot and mouth where it causes typical vesicular lesions) and long-term persistence at some primary replication sites. although integrin αvβ6 receptor has been identified as primary fmdv receptors in animals, their tissue distribution alone fails to explain these highly selective tropism-driven events. thus, other molecular mechanisms must play roles in determining this tiss ...201323724025
recombinant adenovirus expression of fmdv p1-2a and 3c protein and its immune response in mice.the purpose of this research was to develop a new type of recombinant adenovirus vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus and confirm whether both 2a and 3c proteases can fully process fmdv p1 polyprotein into vp1 protein. we constructed and characterized recombinant adenoviruses, designated as rad-p1, rad-p1-2a, rad-l-p1, rad-l-2a, and rad-3c. the construct was further confirmed by the enzyme digestion, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) testing, sequencing, and transfection. the infecti ...201323722010
immunity of foot-and-mouth disease serotype asia 1 by sublingual vaccination.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals, with severe agricultural and economic losses. here we present study using a sublingual (sl) route with the killed serotype asia 1 fmdv vaccine. guinea pigs were vaccinated using a commercially available vaccine formulation at the manufacturer's recommended full, 1/4, and 1/16 antigen doses. animals were challenged with homologous fmdv asia1 strain at various times following vaccination. all control guinea pigs ...201323717497
analysis of sat type foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid proteins and the identification of putative amino acid residues affecting virus stability.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) initiates infection by adhering to integrin receptors on target cells, followed by cell entry and disassembly of the virion through acidification within endosomes. mild heating of the virions also leads to irreversible dissociation into pentamers, a characteristic linked to reduced vaccine efficacy. in this study, the structural stability of intra- and inter-serotype chimeric sat2 and sat3 virus particles to various conditions including low ph, mild temperatur ...201323717387
the effects of the codon usage and translation speed on protein folding of 3d(pol) of foot-and-mouth disease virus. 201323715863
rogue taxa phenomenon: a biological companion to simulation analysis.to provide a baseline biological comparison to simulation study predictions about the frequency of rogue taxa effects, we evaluated the frequency of a rogue taxa effect using viral data sets which differed in diversity. using a quartet-tree framework, we measured the frequency of a rogue taxa effect in three data sets of increasing genetic variability (within viral serotype, between viral serotype, and between viral family) to test whether the rogue taxa was correlated with the mean sequence div ...201323707704
rapid detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus, influenza a virus and classical swine fever virus by high-speed real-time rt-pcr.high sensitivity, minor risk of cross-contamination and in particular the rapid reaction time make quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) assays well suited for outbreak investigations as well as for monitoring epidemics of pathogens. in this study qpcr assays for three highly contagious animal diseases, namely foot-and-mouth-disease (fmd), influenza a (ia) and classical swine fever (csf) have been developed. furthermore, an amplification control targeting 18s ribosomal rna was ...201323702025
diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) exists as multiple serotypes and strains that infect a range of cloven-hoofed animals with variable severity. clinical diagnosis reinforced by diagnostic tests support timely intervention, whilst virus characterisation helps trace routes of spread and select appropriate vaccine strains. to speed up and simplify diagnosis, penside tests have recently been developed. serology is used to identify undisclosed infection and substantiate freedom from infection and s ...201323689889
evaluation of the immune response elicited by vaccination with viral vectors encoding fmdv capsid proteins and boosted with inactivated virus.the aim of the present study was to assess the effect of introducing a priming step with replication-defective viral vectors encoding the capsid proteins of fmdv, followed by a boost with killed virus vaccines, using a suitable balb/c mice model. additionally, the immune response to other combined vector immunization regimens was studied. for this purpose, we analyzed different prime-boost immunizations with recombinant adenovirus (ad), herpesvirus amplicons (hs) and/or killed virus (kv) vaccine ...201323683999
evaluation and use of in-silico structure-based epitope prediction with foot-and-mouth disease virus.understanding virus antigenicity is of fundamental importance for the development of better, more cross-reactive vaccines. however, as far as we are aware, no systematic work has yet been conducted using the 3d structure of a virus to identify novel epitopes. therefore we have extended several existing structural prediction algorithms to build a method for identifying epitopes on the appropriate outer surface of intact virus capsids (which are structurally different from globular proteins in bot ...201323667434
antigen targeting to apc: from mice to veterinary species.antigen delivery to receptors expressed on antigen presenting cells (apc) has shown to improve immunogenicity of vaccines in mice. an enhancement of cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl), helper t cell or humoral responses was obtained depending on the type of apc and the surface molecule targeted. although this strategy is being also evaluated in livestock animals with promising results, some discrepancies have been found between species and pathogens. the genetic diversity of livestock animals, the dif ...201323648645
emergence of a novel lineage genetically divergent from the predominant ind2001 lineage of serotype o foot-and-mouth disease virus in india.in india, emergence of ind2001 lineage of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype o was recorded in the year 2001. after causing sporadic incidences, the ind2001 lineage that re-surged in 2008 out-competed panasia from the field during 2009 and continued its dominance during 2010 and 2011 as well. the lineage has diversified in due course of time, leading to two sub-lineages (ind2001a and ind2001b). the sub-lineage ind2001a include isolates collected during 2001-2002 and sub-lineage ind2001 ...201323643555
self replicating gene vaccine carrying p1-2a gene of fmdv serotype o and its effects on the immune responses of cattle.dna vaccines are considered as alternatives to live attenuated ones for those diseases like foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) where the production and application of live vaccines have been found unsuccessful. however, stability of dna and the quantity of antigen expressed are the major limitation with naked dna vaccines. to address these issues self replicating gene vaccine construct was made for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type 'o' and studied. the vector for vaccine construct, designated a ...201123637502
comparison of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification for orf virus with quantitative real-time pcr.orf virus (orfv) causes orf (also known as contagious ecthyma or contagious papular dermatitis), a severe infectious skin disease in goats, sheep and other ruminants. therefore, a rapid, highly specific and accurate method for the diagnosis of orfv infections is essential to ensure that the appropriate treatments are administered and to reduce economic losses.201323634981
control of foot-and-mouth disease during 2010-2011 epidemic, south korea.an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease caused by serotype o virus occurred in cattle and pigs in south korea during november 2010-april 2011. the highest rates of case and virus detection were observed 44 days after the first case was detected. detection rates declined rapidly after culling and completion of a national vaccination program.201323632094
comparative analysis of cloned cdnas encoding chinese yellow cattle and gansu black swine integrin receptors for foot-and-mouth disease virus.to analyze foot-and-mouth disease virus tropism and host range with respect to the integrin receptor, we cloned cdnas encoding the integrin αν, β1, β3, β6 and β8 subunits from chinese yellow cattle and gansu black swine and carried out comparative analysis of their molecular characteristics. the lengths of the mature proteins and the functional domains of the four integrin β subunits were the same between bovine and swine; however, the number of putative n-linked glycosylation sites and cysteine ...201323620003
high-yield production of the vp1 structural protein epitope from serotype o foot-and-mouth disease virus in escherichia coli.for effective control of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), the development of rapid diagnostic systems and vaccines are required against its etiological agent, fmd virus (fmdv). to accomplish this, efficient large-scale expression of the fmdv vp1 protein, with high solubility, needs to be optimized. we attempted to produce high levels of a serotype o fmdv vp1 epitope in escherichia coli. we identified the subtype-independent serotype o fmdv vp1 epitope sequence and used it to construct a glutathione ...201323619971
nucleotide mismatches of foot-and-mouth disease virus during replication.as there is a lack of error correction mechanisms during rna replication, foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has a very high mismatch rate, which leads to a high mutation rate, in the range of 10(-3) to 10(-5) per nucleotide site per genome replication. we examined the nucleotide mismatch of fmdv during replication, based on the whole genomes of the 7 serotypes retrieved from ncbi. with the mega bio-software, spss, and microsoft excel, we studied the nucleotide differences compared to the seque ...201323613248
development of a quick and simple detection methodology for foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes o, a and asia 1 using a generic rapidassay device.outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) have resulted in tremendous economic losses. thus, the development of a rapid and easily performed test for fmd detection is important for controlling a fmd outbreak and containing its spread. the purpose of this project is to develop a lateral flow immunochromatographic (lfi) strip test for rapid detection of fmd virus serotypes o, a and asia 1.201323607273
induction of partial protection against foot and mouth disease virus in guinea pigs by neutralization with the integrin β6-1 subunit.the mechanism by which the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) initiates infection of cells is thought to involve the attachment of the viral capsid to host integrins on the surface of target cells. however, the role of integrins in fmdv infection still needs to be fully understood, although it has been demonstrated that integrin αvβ6 interferes with fmdv in vitro and results in neutralization of its infectivity. in the present study, we describe the cloning and sequencing of suckling mouse inte ...201323604096
enhancement of the immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease vaccination in mice by oral administration of a novel polysaccharide from the roots of radix cyathulae officinalis kuan (rc).foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a kind of the important animal infectious disease caused by the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of the polysaccharide from the radix cyathulae officinalis kuan (rcps) for its adjuvant potential on the fmdv-specific cellular and humoral immune responses in mice. in this study, our findings shows that oral administration of rcps significantly enhanced the phagocytic capacity of peritoneal macrophage, sple ...201323603047
detection of foot-and-mouth disease serotype o by elisa using a monoclonal antibody.an elisa assay with monoclonal antibody (melisa) was used to type serotype o of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). all fmdv serotype o reference strains were positive by melisa, while other viruses such as fmdv serotypes asia 1, c, and a and classical swine fever virus, swine vesicular disease virus, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus remained negative. furthermore, fmdv serotype o positive samples were able to be detected by melisa. this assay may be particularly suitable ...201323600506
[construction and identification of a recombinant prrsv expressing protective antigens of type o foot-and-mouth disease virus].using mutation pcr, we cloned the target gene containing 421-480nt (141-160aa) and 598-639nt (200-213aa) of vp1 gene of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) into the deleted region (508-532aa) of nsp2 gene of a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus derived vaccine strain (hun4-f112) that was used as vector. the recombinant cdna was in vitro transcribed followed by transfection of bhk-21 cells for 36 h. then, the supernatant of the cell culture was continuously seed ...201223593867
foot and mouth disease virus-loaded fungal chitosan nanoparticles for intranasal administration: impact of formulation on physicochemical and immunological characteristics.nasal vaccination is a promising, needle-free alternative route for parenteral vaccination. this study introduces a simple, scalable nasal vaccine delivery formulation for foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) using chitosan (cs) nanoparticles and assesses the potential of fungal cs for use as nanocarriers for mucosal vaccines. fungal cs was extracted from fungal biomass and physiochemically characterized. fmdv-loaded cs nanoparticles, prepared using an ionic gelation technique, were characterized ...201423590209
co-inoculation of baculovirus and fmdv vaccine in mice, elicits very early protection against foot and mouth disease virus without interfering with long lasting immunity.baculoviruses (bvs) potentiate the immune response against soluble antigens. we investigated whether bv could be used as immunoactivator in foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccines using the balb/c mouse model. mice were vaccinated with a single dose of inactivated fmdv (ifmdv), ifmdv+bv, bv, or culture medium. humoral and cellular immune responses were higher in animals immunized with ifmdv+bv than in mice vaccinated with ifmdv alone. animals receiving ifmdv+bv had significantly lower viremia at 2 ...201323588086
development and evaluation of multiplex rt-lamp assays for rapid and sensitive detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus.this paper describes the evaluation of four novel real-time multiplex reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assays for rapid and sensitive diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). in order to overcome the genetic diversity of fmd viruses (fmdv), these multiplex rt-lamp assay pairs were established by combining four newly designed primer sets with two primer sets that had been previously published. using a real-time turbidimeter to detect amplification products ...201323583488
repeated exposure to 5d9, an inhibitor of 3d polymerase, effectively limits the replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus in host cells.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease of livestock caused by a highly variable rna virus (fmdv) that has seven serotypes and more than sixty subtypes. both prophylactic and post-infection means of controlling the disease outbreak, including universally applicable vaccines and emergency response measures such as therapeutic treatments, are on high demand. in this study, we analyzed the long-term exposure outcome to a previously identified inhibitor of 3d polymerase (fmdv 3dp ...201323578728
regulation of porcine plasmacytoid dendritic cells by cytokines.plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdc) are the most potent producers of type-i interferon (ifn) and represent the main interferon (ifn)-α source in response to many viruses. considering the important roles played by type i ifn's, not only as antiviral effectors but also as potent alarming cytokine of the immune system, we investigated how such responses are regulated by various cytokines. to this end, we stimulated enriched pdc in the presence or absence of particular cytokines with a strong activat ...201323577175
foot-and-mouth disease virus modulates cellular vimentin for virus survival.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), the causative agent of foot-and-mouth disease, is an aphthovirus within the picornaviridae family. during infection with fmdv, several host cell membrane rearrangements occur to form sites of viral replication. fmdv protein 2c is part of the replication complex and thought to have multiple roles during virus replication. to better understand the role of 2c in the process of virus replication, we have been using a yeast two-hybrid approach to identify host pro ...201323576498
tissue culture independent transformation of the forage crop sunnhemp (crotalaria juncea l.): an easy method towards generation of transgenics.a transformation system which is free of in vitro plant regeneration following agrobacterium infection is established for the forage legume, sunnhemp (crotalaria juncea l.) where in the entire embryo axis of the germinating seed was used as the target tissue for transformation. after standardization of transformation conditions, the cotyledonary node of the embryo axis was infected with agrobacterium host lba 4404 harboring the recombinant vector pcambia 2301. the bivalent 1d gene of the two maj ...201123573040
epizootic hemorrhagic disease in yaks (bos grunniens).an epizootic of hemorrhagic disease associated with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 2 (ehdv-2) infections in yaks from 5 herds occurred in colorado between august 21 and october 3, 2012. affected yaks presented with fever, lethargy, anorexia, dyspnea, and swollen conjunctivae. ulcerated dental pads, mucoid sanguineous nasal discharge, petechial hemorrhages in multiple organs, pulmonary edema, and serosanguinous fluid in the thorax, abdomen, and pericardial sac were observed at necro ...201323572453
vp1 protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) impairs baculovirus surface display.the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes important economical losses in livestock farming. in order to develop a novel subunit vaccine against fmdv, we constructed recombinant baculoviruses that display the protein vp1 of fmdv on their surface, with either polar (fused to gp64) or nonpolar (fused to anchor membrane from vsv-g protein) distribution. insect cells infected with the different recombinant baculoviruses expressed vp1 fusion protein to high levels. however, the recombinant vp1 pr ...201323566950
an infectious recombinant foot-and-mouth disease virus expressing a fluorescent marker protein.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is one of the most extensively studied animal pathogens because it remains a major threat to livestock economies worldwide. however, the dynamics of fmdv infection are still poorly understood. the application of reverse genetics provides the opportunity to generate molecular tools to further dissect the fmdv life cycle. here, we have used reverse genetics to determine the capsid packaging limitations for a selected insertion site in the fmdv genome. we show th ...201323559477
association of bola drb3 alleles with variability in immune response among the crossbred cattle vaccinated for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd).polymorphism of bovine leukocyte antigen (bola) drb3 gene is being intensively investigated for potential association with economically important diseases of cattle. accordingly, we investigated the association of drb3 exon 2 polymorphism as evidenced by the variation in the binding pockets with variability in immune response to inactivated trivalent (o, a and asia1) foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) vaccine in a closed population of crossbred cattle. antibody titer of ≥ 1.8 was set as the cut ...201323541924
expanding the spectral palette of fluorescent proteins for the green microalga chlamydomonas reinhardtii.fluorescent proteins (fps) have become essential tools for a growing number of fields in biology. however, such tools have not been widely adopted for use in microalgal research. the aim of this study was to express and compare six fps (blue mtagbfp, cyan mcerulean, green crgfp, yellow venus, orange tdtomato and red mcherry) in the popular model microalga chlamydomonas reinhardtii. to circumvent the transgene silencing that often occurs in c. reinhardtii, the fps were expressed from the nuclear ...201323521393
probability of introducing foot and mouth disease into the united states via live animal importation.foot and mouth disease (fmd) continues to be a disease of major concern for the united states department of agriculture (usda) and livestock industries. foot and mouth disease virus is a high-consequence pathogen for the united states (usa). live animal trade is a major risk factor for introduction of fmd into a country. this research estimates the probability of fmd being introduced into the usa via the legal importation of livestock. this probability is calculated by considering the potential ...201223520732
a quantitative assessment of the risk of introducing foot and mouth disease virus into the united states via cloned bovine embryos.the trade of livestock or their products between nations requires information on the risk of introducing infectious agents such as foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv). although transmission pathways for fmdv vary, a recent concern in the united states (usa) is that it might enter via cloned embryos. a quantitative risk assessment model was developed to determine the scenarios (with mathematical probabilities) that could lead to the introduction and maintenance of fmdv via the importation of clon ...201223520731
a continuous bovine kidney cell line constitutively expressing bovine αvβ6 integrin has increased susceptibility to foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a worldwide problem limiting the trade of animals and their products from affected countries. the rapid isolation, serotyping, and vaccine matching of fmd virus from disease outbreaks is critical for enabling the implementation of effective vaccination programs and to stop the spread of infection during outbreaks. some primary cells have been shown to be highly susceptible to most strains of fmd virus (fmdv) but are difficult and expensive to prepare and maintain. ...201323515553
influence of the leader protein coding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus on virus replication.the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) leader (l) protein is produced in two forms, lab and lb, differing only at their amino-termini, due to the use of separate initiation codons, usually 84 nt apart. it has been shown previously, and confirmed here, that precise deletion of the lab coding sequence is lethal for the virus, whereas loss of the lb coding sequence results in a virus that is viable in bhk cells. in addition, it is now shown that deletion of the 'spacer' region between these two in ...201323515027
evolutionary conserved motifs constrain the rna structure organization of picornavirus ires.picornavirus rnas initiate translation using a 5' end-independent mechanism based on internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements. despite performing similar functions, ires elements present in genetically distant rnas differ in primary sequence, rna secondary structure and trans-acting factors requirement. the lack of conserved features amongst iress represents obstacles for the understanding of the internal initiation process. rna structure is tightly linked to picornavirus ires activity, cons ...201323507141
the effects of the synonymous codon usage and trna abundance on protein folding of the 3c protease of foot-and-mouth disease virus.the 3c protease of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has a conserved amino acid sequence and is responsible for most cleavage in the viral polyprotein. the effects of the synonymous codon usage of fmdv 3c gene and trna abundance of the hosts on shaping different folding units (α-helix, β-strand and the coil) in the 3c protease were analyzed based on the structural information of the fmdv 3c protease from protein data bank (pdb: 2bhg) and 210 genes of 3c for all serotypes of fmdv. the strong co ...201323499709
an adenovirus vectored mucosal adjuvant augments protection of mice immunized intranasally with an adenovirus-vectored foot-and-mouth disease virus subunit vaccine.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a highly contagious pathogen that causes severe morbidity and economic losses to the livestock industry in many countries. the oral and respiratory mucosae are the main ports of entry of fmdv, so the stimulation of local immunity in these tissues may help prevent initial infection and viral spread. e. coli heat-labile enterotoxin (lt) has been described as one of the few molecules that have adjuvant activity at mucosal surfaces. the objective of this study ...201323499593
foot-and-mouth disease virus carrier status in bos grunniens yaks.the carrier status of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is complicated, and the role of carrier animals in virus transmission is controversial. to investigate the carrier status of fmdv in animals that live in high altitude, bos grunniens yaks were infected experimentally with fmdv o/akesu/58.201323497369
co-expression of the bcl-xl antiapoptotic protein enhances the induction of th1-like immune responses in mice immunized with dna vaccines encoding fmdv b and t cell epitopes.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is one of the most devastating animal diseases, affecting all cloven-hoofed domestic and wild animal species. previous studies from our group using dna vaccines encoding fmd virus (fmdv) b and t cell epitopes targeted to antigen presenting cells, allowed demonstrating total protection from fmdv homologous challenge in those animals efficiently primed for both humoral and cellular specific responses (borrego et al. antivir res 92:359-363, 2011). in this study, a new d ...201323483312
bovine fetal epithelium cells expressing shrna targeting viral vp1 gene resisted against foot-and-mouth disease virus.rnai could protect experimental animals from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), but pivotal issue is delivery of rnai. in this study, shrna recombinant lentiviral plasmid rnai-lt6 targeting vp1 of fmdv, which strongly suppressed the transient expression of a flag-tagged vp1 protein in 293t cells and significantly inhibited viral replication in bhk-21 cells, was screened and transfected into bovine fetal fibroblast cells. with subsequent somatic cell cloning, three 4-month-old transgenic fetuse ...201323481248
serological evidence indicates that foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o, c and sat1 are most dominant in eritrea.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in eritrea and in most parts of africa. to be able to control fmd using vaccination, information on the occurrence of various foot-and-mouth disease serotypes in eritrea is needed. in this cross-sectional study, 212 sera samples were collected from fmd infected and recovered animals in eritrea. these samples were tested for the presence of antibodies against fmd non-structural proteins (nsp) and neutralizing antibodies against six of the seven (all but sat ...201423480728
proof of concept for the inhibition of foot-and-mouth disease virus replication by the anti-viral drug 2'-c-methylcytidine in severe combined immunodeficient mice.recent european contingency plans envisage emergency vaccination as an animal-friendly control strategy for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). anti-viral drugs may be used as an alternative or complementary measure. we here demonstrate that the nucleoside analogue 2'-c-methylcytidine (2'cmc) protects severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mice against lethal fmd virus infection. in brief, scid mice were inoculated with serotype a fmd virus and treated for five consecutive days with 2'cmc. all 15 trea ...201423480064
venezuelan equine encephalitis replicon particles can induce rapid protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus.we have previously shown that delivery of the porcine type i interferon gene (poifn-α/β) with a replication-defective human adenovirus vector (adenovirus 5 [ad5]) can sterilely protect swine challenged with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) 1 day later. however, the need of relatively high doses of ad5 limits the applicability of such a control strategy in the livestock industry. venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (vee) empty replicon particles (vrps) can induce rapid protection of mice agai ...201323468490
rescue of infective virus from a genome-length cdna clone of the fmdv serotype o (ind-r2/75) vaccine strain and its characterization.we report here the construction and characterization of an infectious cdna clone of the indian vaccine strain of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype o, ind-r2/75. viral genome was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) in five fragments and subsequently assembled sequentially in a plasmid vector to generate a complete cdna clone, flanked by the t7 rna polymerase promoter and poly (a) tail at 5' and 3' ends, respectively. transfection of bhk-21 cells with t ...201323465777
influence of conjugation chemistry and b epitope orientation on the immune response of branched peptide antigens.multimeric presentation, a well-proven way of enhancing peptide immunogenicity, has found substantial application in synthetic vaccine design. we have reported that a combination of four copies of a b-cell epitope with one of a t-cell epitope in a single branched construct results in a peptide vaccine conferring total protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus in swine, a natural host (cubillos et al. (2008) j. virol. 82, 7223-7230). more recently, a downsized version of this prototype with ...201323458489
evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus intra-sample sequence diversity during serial transmission in bovine hosts.rna virus populations within samples are highly heterogeneous, containing a large number of minority sequence variants which can potentially be transmitted to other susceptible hosts. consequently, consensus genome sequences provide an incomplete picture of the within- and between-host viral evolutionary dynamics during transmission. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is an rna virus that can spread from primary sites of replication, via the systemic circulation, to found distinct sites of loca ...201323452550
biological activity of ovine il-23 expressed using a foot-and-mouth disease virus 2a self-cleaving peptide.hetero-dimeric cytokines often require equi-molar expression of both subunits to achieve biological activity. previously, we expressed ovine il-12 p40 and p35 linked using a self-cleaving 2a peptide from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). we now generated a new improved vector for the expression of hetero-dimeric cytokines and demonstrate the more general applicability of this strategy by cloning and expressing ovine il-23 using the 2a peptide to link il-12/il-23 p40 and p19. the resulting pro ...201323419450
virus-like particles produced in plants as potential vaccines.virus-like particles (vlps) have been produced as candidate vaccines in plants virtually since the introduction of biofarming. even today, vlps remain the best candidates for safe, immunogenic, efficacious and inexpensive vaccines. well-characterized human animal viruses such as hbv, hcv, hiv and hpv, rotaviruses, norovirus, foot and mouth disease viruses and even influenza virus proteins have all been successfully investigated for vlp formation. proteins have been produced in transgenic plants ...201323414411
developing country applications of molecular farming: case studies in south africa and argentina.molecular farming is a technology that is very well suited to being applied in developing countries, given the reasonably high level of expertise in recombinant plant development in many centers. in addition, there is an urgent need for products such as inexpensive vaccines and therapeutics for livestock and for some human diseases - and especially those that do not occur or are rare in developed regions. south africa and argentina have been at the fore in this area among developing nations, as ...201323394557
construction of a bovine enterovirus-based vector expressing a foot-and-mouth disease virus epitope.a recombinant infectious bovine enterovirus (bev) vector was constructed to express a foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid protein (vp1) epitope. sequences encoding the vp1 epitope (amino acid residues 141-160) of fmdv (vaccine strain o1/manisa/turkey/69) were inserted into pblubev at the vp1/2a junction. the growth characteristics of the parental virus and viruses derived from recombinant plasmids (pblubev, pblubev-manisa-epi) were determined by plaque assay and one-step growth curve anal ...201323391822
growth kinetics and immune response of chimeric foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype 'o' produced through replication competent mini genome of serotype asia 1, 63/72, in bhk cell lines.regular vaccinations with potent vaccine, in endemic countries and vaccination to live in non-endemic countries are the methods available to control foot-and-mouth disease. selection of candidate vaccine strain is not only cumbersome but the candidate should grow well for high potency vaccine preparation. alternative strategy is to generate an infectious cdna of a cell culture-adapted virus and use the replicon for development of tailor-made vaccines. we produced a chimeric 'o' virus in the back ...201323384973
observing micro-evolutionary processes of viral populations at multiple scales.advances in sequencing technology coupled with new integrative approaches to data analysis provide a potentially transformative opportunity to use pathogen genome data to advance our understanding of transmission. however, to maximize the insights such genetic data can provide, we need to understand more about how the microevolution of pathogens is observed at different scales of biological organization. here, we examine the evolutionary processes in foot-and-mouth disease virus observed at diff ...201323382425
development of a universal rt-pcr for amplifying and sequencing the leader and capsid-coding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly infectious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals with debilitating and devastating consequences for livestock industries throughout the world. key antigenic determinants of the causative agent, fmd virus (fmdv), reside within the surface-exposed proteins of the viral capsid. therefore, characterization of the sequence that encodes the capsid (p1) is important for tracking the emergence or spread of fmd and for selection and development of new vaccines. r ...201323380590
engineering foot-and-mouth disease viruses with improved growth properties for vaccine development.no licensed vaccine is currently available against serotype a foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in china, despite the isolation of a/wh/cha/09 in 2009, partly because this strain does not replicate well in baby hamster kidney (bhk) cells.201323372840
low levels of foot-and-mouth disease virus 3c protease expression are required to achieve optimal capsid protein expression and processing in mammalian cells.the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid protein precursor (p1-2a) is processed by the virus-encoded 3c protease (3c(pro)) to produce vp0, vp3, vp1 and 2a. within the virus-encoded polyprotein, the p1-2a and 3c(pro) can be expected to be produced at equivalent concentrations. however, using transient-expression assays, within mammalian cells, it is possible to modify the relative amounts of the substrate and protease. it has now been shown that optimal production of the processed capsid pr ...201323364188
epidemiological analysis, serological prevalence and genotypic analysis of foot-and-mouth disease in nigeria 2008-2009.the epidemiological situation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is uncertain in nigeria, where the disease is endemic, and the majority of outbreaks are unreported. control measures for fmd in nigeria are not being implemented due to the absence of locally produced vaccines and an official ban on vaccine importation. this study summarizes the findings of a 3-year study aimed at quantifying the seroprevalence of fmd, its distribution in susceptible species and the genetic diversity of fmdv i ...201423347819
comparative evaluation of three commercial elisa kits for detection of antibodies to a nonstructural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus.in this study, we validated three commercial elisa (nsp-elisa) kits that detect antibodies to a nonstructural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in terms of their specificities and sensitivities. although the specificities of the nsp-elisa kits were as high as that of liquid-phase blocking elisa (lpbe) in non-infected, non-vaccinated animals, the sensitivities of the nsp-elisa kits were significantly lower than those of the present lpbe and did not agree with the findings of a previo ...201323328606
infectious diseases of economic importance: molecular biological characteristics of foot-and-mouth disease viruses collected in tanzania from 1967 to 2009.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in tanzania. since the first reports in 1954, fmd has caused significant economic losses in the country due to mortality and morbidity of livestock and costs associated with controlling the disease. the aim of this study was to review the serotype and genetic relationships of the fmd virus (fmdv) recovered from outbreaks in tanzania, and compare them with viruses detected from elsewhere in the sub-saharan region. at the world reference laboratory for foot- ...201223327397
foot-and-mouth disease control in zambia: a review of the current situation.zambia has been experiencing low livestock productivity as well as trade restrictions owing to the occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) and contagious bovine pleura pneumonia (cbpp). foot-and-mouth disease was first recorded in zambia in 1933 in the western province and since then the country has experienced repeated outbreaks. bearing in mind the pressure that may be existing on the many risk factors for fmd including climate change, there is need to review our knowledge on fmd control. w ...201223327395
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