Publications

characterization of ribosomal frameshifting in theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus.	theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (tmev) is a member of the genus cardiovirus in the picornaviridae, a family of positive-sense single-stranded rna viruses. previously, we demonstrated that in the related cardiovirus, encephalomyocarditis virus, a programmed-1 ribosomal frameshift (1 prf) occurs at a conserved g_guu_uuu sequence within the 2b-encoding region of the polyprotein open reading frame (orf). here we show that-1 prf occurs at a similar site during translation of the tmev genome. ...	2015	26063423
recombinant encephalomyocarditis viruses elicit neutralizing antibodies against prrsv and csfv in mice.	encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) is capable of infecting a wide range of species and the infection can cause myocarditis and reproductive failure in pigs as well as febrile illness in human beings. in this study, we introduced the entire orf5 of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) or the neutralization epitope regions in the e2 gene of the classical swine fever virus (csfv), into the genome of a stably attenuated emcv strain, t1100i. the resultant viable recombinant ...	2015	26076449
optimized replicating renilla luciferase reporter hiv-1 utilizing novel internal ribosome entry site elements for native nef expression and function.	we previously developed replication-competent reporter hiv-1 (referred to herein as lucr.t2a reporter viruses), utilizing a "ribosome skipping" t2a peptide strategy to link renilla luciferase (lucr) with nef expression. the demonstrated utility for hiv-1 vaccine and transmission study applications included measurement of neutralizing antibody (nab) activity in vaccine sera, improved cell-mediated virus inhibition assays, such as t cell-mediated virus inhibition and antibody-dependent cell-mediat ...	2015	26101895
three cardiovirus leader proteins equivalently inhibit four different nucleocytoplasmic trafficking pathways.	cardiovirus infections inhibit nucleocytoplasmic trafficking by leader protein-induced phosphorylation of phe/gly-containing nucleoporins (nups). recombinant leader from encephalomyocarditis virus, theiler׳s murine encephalomyelitis virus and saffold virus target the same subset of nups, including nup62 and nup98, but not nup50. reporter cell lines with fluorescence mcherry markers for m9, rs and classical sv40 import pathways, as well as the crm1-mediated export pathway, all responded to transf ...	2015	26115166
acute death associated with citrobacter freundii infection in an african elephant (loxodonta africana).	a 21-year-old male african elephant (loxodonta africana) died suddenly with no previous medical history. grossly, there were severe multifocal epicardial and endocardial hemorrhages of the atria and ventricles, hydropericardium, multifocal pleural hemorrhages, and severe pulmonary congestion and edema. histologically, there was fibrinoid vasculitis and thrombosis in the heart and lung and myocardial necrosis. citrobacter freundii was isolated in abundance in pure culture from liver and heart sam ...	2015	26179092
national serosurvey of encephalomyocarditis virus in healthy people and pigs in china.	encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) is a zoonotic pathogen that has a wide spectrum of host range. the virus has been discovered on swine farms worldwide and can cause acute fatal myocarditis in piglets and reproductive disorders in sows. although emcv infection has been documented in farmed pigs in china, seroprevalence in humans has not been reported. in this study, we conducted nationwide serological surveys for emcv in humans and farmed pigs in china in 2013, by the use of a double antigen san ...	2015	26347283
encephalomyocarditis virus 3c protease relieves traf family member-associated nf-κb activator (tank) inhibitory effect on traf6-mediated nf-κb signaling through cleavage of tank.	traf family member-associated nf-κb activator (tank) is a negative regulator of canonical nf-κb signaling in the toll-like receptor- and b-cell receptor-mediated signaling pathways. however, functions of tank in viral infection-mediated nf-κb activation remain unclear. here, we reported that tank was cleaved by encephalomyocarditis virus 3c at the 197 and 291 glutamine residues, which depends on its cysteine protease activity. in addition, encephalomyocarditis virus 3c impaired the ability of ta ...	2015	26363073
modulation of the host lipid landscape to promote rna virus replication: the picornavirus encephalomyocarditis virus converges on the pathway used by hepatitis c virus.	cardioviruses, including encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) and the human saffold virus, are small non-enveloped viruses belonging to the picornaviridae, a large family of positive-sense rna [(+)rna] viruses. all (+)rna viruses remodel intracellular membranes into unique structures for viral genome replication. accumulating evidence suggests that picornaviruses from different genera use different strategies to generate viral replication organelles (ros). for instance, enteroviruses (e.g. poliovir ...	2015	26406250
ccr5-dependent activation of mtorc1 regulates translation of inducible no synthase and cox-2 during encephalomyocarditis virus infection.	encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) infection of macrophages results in the expression of a number of inflammatory and antiviral genes, including inducible no synthase (inos) and cyclooxygenase (cox)-2. emcv-induced macrophage activation has been shown to require the presence of ccr5 and the activation of pi3k-dependent signaling cascades. the purpose of this study was to determine the role of pi3k in regulating the macrophage responses to emcv. we show that pi3k regulates emcv-stimulated inos and ...	2015	26408666
porcine encephalomyocarditis virus strain bd2 isolated from northern china is highly virulent for balb/c mice.	encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) can cause acute myocarditis in young pigs or reproductive failure in sows. the bd2 strain was isolated from the suspected piglets with emcv in china. in order to establish an experimental animal model of emcv, eight-weeks-old male balb/c mice were intraperitonealy inoculated with 0.1 ml of 4×10(5) tcid50 suspension of the emcv. infected mice demonstrated hind limb paralysis, and movement disorder. the mortality rate of the infected group was 100% during the one- ...	2015	26435154
ring finger protein 166 potentiates rna virus-induced interferon-β production via enhancing the ubiquitination of traf3 and traf6.	host cells orchestrate the production of ifn-β upon detecting invading viral pathogens. here, we report that ring finger protein 166 (rnf166) potentiates rna virus-triggered ifn-β production. overexpression of rnf166 rather than its homologous proteins rnf114, rnf125, and rnf138, enhanced sendai virus (sev)-induced activation of the ifn-β promoter. knockdown of endogenous rnf166, but not other rnfs, inhibited the ifn-β production induced by sev and encephalomyocarditis virus. rnf166 interacted w ...	2015	26456228
mouse superkiller-2-like helicase ddx60 is dispensable for type i ifn induction and immunity to multiple viruses.	ifn-α/β allow cells to fight virus infection by inducing the expression of many genes that encode effectors of antiviral defense. one of these, the ski2-like dexh-box helicase ddx60, was recently implicated in resistance of human cells to hepatitis c virus, as well as in induction of ifn-α/β by retinoic acid inducible gene 1-like receptors (rlrs) that detect the presence of rna viruses in a cell-intrinsic manner. here, we sought to investigate the role of ddx60 in ifn-α/β induction and in resist ...	2015	26457795
cardiovirus leader proteins bind exportins: implications for virus replication and nucleocytoplasmic trafficking inhibition.	cardiovirus leader proteins (lx) inhibit cellular nucleocytoplasmic trafficking by directing host kinases to phosphorylate phe/gly-containing nuclear pore proteins (nups). resolution of the mengovirus lm structure bound to ran gtpase, suggested this complex would further recruit specific exportins (karyopherins), which in turn mediate kinase selection. pull-down experiments and recombinant complex reconstitution now confirm that crm1 and cas exportins form stable dimeric complexes with encephalo ...	2016	26492198
nlrp6 regulates intestinal antiviral innate immunity.	the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (nlrp) 6 maintains gut microbiota homeostasis and regulates antibacterial immunity. we now report a role for nlrp6 in the control of enteric virus infection. nlrp6(-/-) and control mice systemically challenged with encephalomyocarditis virus had similar mortality; however, the gastrointestinal tract of nlrp6(-/-) mice exhibited increased viral loads. nlrp6(-/-) mice orally infected with encephalomyocarditis virus had increased mortality ...	2015	26494172
comparative study of non-enveloped icosahedral viruses size.	now, as before, transmission electron microscopy (tem) is a widely used technique for the determination of virions size. in some studies, dynamic light scattering (dls) has also been applied for this purpose. data obtained by different authors and using different methods could vary significantly. the process of tem sample preparation involves drying on the substrate, which can cause virions to undergo morphology changes. therefore, other techniques should be used for measurements of virions size ...	2015	26545232
internal ribosome entry site (ires) from encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) as a tool for shuttle expression plasmids.	in eukaryotes, ires sequences aid the recruitment of factors needed for translation to occur, enabling protein production independent of 5' capped mrna. many patents and commercially available plasmids exploit their properties for polycistronic expression of recombinant proteins. however, these applications have been restricted to eukaryotic organisms, since it was thought that elements of this origin were essential for their activity. here, using two tricistronic vectors designed for expression ...	2015	26546818
the pseudorabies virus vhs protein cleaves rna containing an ires sequence.	the virion host shutoff protein (vhs), encoded by the gene ul41, has rnase activity and is the key regulator of the early host shutoff response induced by type 1 herpes simplex virus. despite low amino acid similarity, the vhs protein of the swine herpesvirus, pseudorabies virus (prv), also exhibits rnase activity. however, the mechanism underlying the action of vhs remains undefined. here, we report that the rna degradation profile of prv vhs is similar, but not identical, to that of type 1 her ...	2016	26744129
vaccinia virus-free rescue of fluorescent replication-defective vesicular stomatitis virus and pseudotyping with puumala virus glycoproteins for use in neutralization tests.	puumala virus (puuv) grows slowly in cell culture. to study antigenic properties of puuv, an amenable method for their expression would be beneficial. to achieve this, a replication-defective recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus, rvsvδg*egfp, was rescued using bsrt7/5 and encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) internal ribosomal entry site (ires)-enabled rescue plasmids. using these particles, pseudotypes bearing puuv sotkamo strain glycoproteins were produced, with titres in the range 105-108, and ...	2016	26916544
isolation and molecular and phylogenetic analyses of encephalomyocarditis virus from wild boar in central china.	encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) can infect many host species and cause acute myocarditis and respiratory failure in piglets, reproductive failure in pregnant sows. in this study, an emcv strain, designated jz1202, was isolated from semi-captive wild boars that presented with acute myocarditis and sudden death in central china. it was identified by hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and genome sequencing. the subsequent results showe ...	2016	26917364
extensive replication of a retroviral replicating vector can expand the a bulge in the encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosome entry site and change translation efficiency of the downstream transgene.	we have developed retroviral replicating vectors (rrv) derived from moloney murine gammaretrovirus with an amphotropic envelope and an encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) internal ribosome entry site (ires)-transgene cassette downstream of the env gene. during long-term (180 days) replication of the vector in animals, a bulge of 7 adenosine residues (a's) in the j-k bifurcation domain sometimes serially added a's. therefore, vectors with 4-12 a's in the a bulge in the j-k bifurcation domain were g ...	2016	26918465
pkr transduces mda5-dependent signals for type i ifn induction.	sensing invading pathogens early in infection is critical for establishing host defense. two cytosolic rig-like rna helicases, rig-i and mda5, are key to type i interferon (ifn) induction in response to viral infection. mounting evidence suggests that another viral rna sensor, protein kinase r (pkr), may also be critical for ifn induction during infection, although its exact contribution and mechanism of action are not completely understood. using pkr-deficient cells, we found that pkr was requi ...	2016	26939124
activation of type i interferon signaling in the parotid and exorbital lachrymal glands during the acute phase of encephalomyocarditis (emc) virus infection in mice.	the present study was carried out to clarify the mechanisms of emc virus-induced sialodacryoadenitis in mice during the acute phase infection focusing on the activation of type i interferon (ifn) signaling in the parotid and exorbital lachrymal glands. in the parotid gland, a few apoptotic acinar cells were detected at 2days post inoculation (dpi). the ratio of apoptotic acinar cells increased at 3 and 4dpi. on the other hand, in the exorbital lachrymal gland, apoptosis of acinar cells and infil ...	2016	27079771
heat shock increases lifetime of a small rna and induces its accumulation in cells.	4.5sh and 4.5si rna are two abundant small non-coding rnas specific for several related rodent families including muridae. these rnas have a number of common characteristics such as the short length (about 100nt), transcription by rna polymerase iii, and origin from short interspersed elements (sines). however, their stabilities in cells substantially differ: the half-life of 4.5sh rna is about 20min, while that of 4.5si rna is 22h. here we studied the influence of cell stress such as heat shock ...	2016	27085482
the impact of compartmentalised housing on direct encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) transmission among pigs; insight from a model.	although generally considered a rodent virus, pigs sometimes were suggested a potential reservoir host for encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), implying pig-to-pig transmission can cause major outbreaks in a pig population (basic reproduction ratio, r0>1). an earlier experimental study on emcv transmission among pigs was inconclusive in this respect (r0≈1.24; ci 0.4-4.4). in this study we used a simulation model to extrapolate the experimental results to commercial, compartmentalised pig housings ...	2016	27094148
mutations in encephalomyocarditis virus 3a protein uncouple the dependency of genome replication on host factors phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase iiiα and oxysterol-binding protein.	positive-strand rna [(+)rna] viruses are true masters of reprogramming host lipid trafficking and synthesis to support virus genome replication. via their membrane-associated 3a protein, picornaviruses of the genus enterovirus (e.g., poliovirus, coxsackievirus, and rhinovirus) subvert golgi complex-localized phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase iiiβ (pi4kb) to generate "replication organelles" (ros) enriched in phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (pi4p). pi4p lipids serve to accumulate oxysterol-binding p ...	2017	27303747
inactivation of viruses during a new manufacturing process of α2-macroglobulin from cohn fraction iv by dry-heat treatment.	α2-macroglobulin (α2-m) has a curative effect on radiation injury. virus transmission through plasma derivatives is still not risk-free. effect of dry heat on α2-m activity and virus inactivation by dry heat in a new manufacturing process of α2-m were studied.	2016	27383449
an attenuated emcv-hb10 strain acts as a live viral vector delivering a foreign gene.	we successfully constructed a full-length cdna infectious clone of the encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) hb10 strain and obtained a partially attenuated remcv-c9 virus with a shorter poly(c) tract. our results showed that the length of the emcv-hb10 poly(c) tract was related to the pathogenicity of the emcv-hb10 strain in vivo. using pemcv-c9 as the backbone, we constructed the novel viral vector pc9-mcs-∆2a by inserting a cdna fragment containing a 127 amino acid deletion in the 2a protein, a p ...	2016	27392429
infectious agents identified in aborted swine fetuses in a high-density breeding area: a three-year study.	reproductive failure in sows is one of the most important factors affecting pig breeding. many reproductive disorders are linked to both environmental factors and infectious agents. the goal of our study was to determine the presence of pathogens that are known to cause abortion, considering a set of conditioning factors, such as seasonality and pregnancy period. a large number of aborted fetuses (1,625 fetuses from 140 farms) from a high-density breeding area in northern italy was analyzed for ...	2016	27400956
hydrogen peroxide induces la cytoplasmic shuttling and increases hepatitis c virus internal ribosome entry site-dependent translation.	we have previously shown that physio/pathological levels of hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) stimulate translation from the hepatitis c virus (hcv) internal ribosome entry site (ires) element in tissue-cultured cells. here, using in vitro translation, we further show that h2o2 upregulates hcv ires-dependent mrna translation and correlates with an increase in intracellular oxidant level. using western blotting, immunocytochemistry, microscopy and affinity pulldown, we show that h2o2 stimulates hcv ires-d ...	2016	27436793
hepatitis e virus derived from different sources exhibits different behaviour in virus inactivation and/or removal studies with plasma derivatives.	hepatitis e virus (hev) causes viral hepatitis, and is considered a risk factor for blood products. although some hev inactivation/removal studies have been reported, detailed investigations of different manufacturing steps as heat treatment, partitioning during cold ethanol fractionation, low ph treatment, and virus filtration have yet to be reported for plasma-derived medicinal products. in this study, human serum- and swine faeces-derived hevs, with and without detergent treatment, were used. ...	2016	27461242
tyrphostin ag1478 inhibits encephalomyocarditis virus and hepatitis c virus by targeting phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase iiiα.	encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), like hepatitis c virus (hcv), requires phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase iiiα (pi4ka) for genome replication. here, we demonstrate that tyrphostin ag1478, a known epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) inhibitor, also inhibits pi4ka activity, both in vitro and in cells. ag1478 impaired replication of emcv and hcv but not that of an emcv mutant previously shown to escape pi4ka inhibition. this work uncovers novel cellular and antiviral properties of ag1478, a compo ...	2016	27480860
an accurately preorganized ires rna structure enables eif4g capture for initiation of viral translation.	many viruses bypass canonical cap-dependent translation in host cells by using internal ribosomal entry sites (iress) in their transcripts; iress hijack initiation factors for the assembly of initiation complexes. however, it is currently unknown how ires rnas recognize initiation factors that have no endogenous rna binding partners; in a prominent example, the ires of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) interacts with the heat-1 domain of eukaryotic initiation factor 4g (eif4g). here we report th ...	2016	27525590
long noncoding rna #32 contributes to antiviral responses by controlling interferon-stimulated gene expression.	despite the breadth of knowledge that exists regarding the function of long noncoding rnas (lncrnas) in biological phenomena, the role of lncrnas in host antiviral responses is poorly understood. here, we report that lncrna#32 is associated with type i ifn signaling. the silencing of lncrna#32 dramatically reduced the level of ifn-stimulated gene (isg) expression, resulting in sensitivity to encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) infection. in contrast, the ectopic expression of lncrna#32 significant ...	2016	27582466
role of invariant nkt cells in lipopolysaccharide-induced lethal shock during encephalomyocarditis virus infection.	viral infections can give rise to secondary bacterial infections. in the present study, we examined the role of invariant natural killer t (inkt) cells in lipopolysaccharide (lps)-induced lethal shock during encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) infection. wild-type (wt) mice and jα18 gene knockout (jα18 ko) mice were inoculated with emcv, 5days prior to challenging with lps. the survival rate of jα18 ko mice subjected to emcv and lps was significantly higher than that of wt mice. tnf-α and nitric o ...	2017	27665995
foot-and-mouth disease virus viroporin 2b antagonizes rig-i-mediated antiviral effects by inhibition of its protein expression.	the role of retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i) in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv)-infected cells remains unknown. here, we showed that rig-i inhibits fmdv replication in host cells. fmdv infection increased the transcription of rig-i, while it decreased rig-i protein expression. a detailed analysis revealed that fmdv leader proteinase (l(pro)), as well as 3c proteinase (3c(pro)) and 2b protein, decreased rig-i protein expression. l(pro) and 3c(pro) are viral proteinases that can cleave v ...	2016	27707918
a retrospective analysis of mortality in captive pygmy hippopotamus (choeropsis liberiensis) from 1912 to 2014.	the pygmy hippopotamus (choeropsis liberiensis) is an iucn red list endangered species (cites appendix ii) that has been housed in zoological collections since 1912. as wild populations continue to decline throughout the species' range, successful ex situ breeding and management, including an understanding of morbidity and mortality, are of utmost importance. this study is the first comprehensive review of mortality data from the captive population since 1982 and significantly expands on previou ...	2016	27862246
absence of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase reduces mortality of acute viral myocarditis in mice.	infection of the encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) in mice is an established model for viral myocarditis. previously, we have demonstrated that indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (ido), an l-tryptophan - kynurenine pathway (kp) enzyme, affects acute viral myocarditis. however, the roles of kp metabolites in emcv infection remain unclear. kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (kmo) is one of the key regulatory enzymes, which metabolizes kynurenine to 3-hydroxykynurenine in the kp. therefore, we examined the role o ...	2017	27889626
encephalomyocarditis virus infection in macaca sylvanus and hystrix cristata from an italian rescue centre for wild and exotic animals.	the encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) is a small, non enveloped, positive sense single-stranded rna virus in the genus cardiovirus, family picornaviridae, with two known serotypes. it is spread worldwide and infects a huge range of vertebrate hosts with zoonotic potential for humans. the pig is the mammal most likely to be impacted on with the disease, but emcv occurrence has also been reported in non-human primates and in a variety of domestic, captive and wild animals. until now, human cases h ...	2016	27894321
trim65-catalized ubiquitination is essential for mda5-mediated antiviral innate immunity.	mda5 plays a critical role in antiviral innate immunity by functioning as a cytoplasmic double-stranded rna sensor that can activate type i interferon signaling pathways, but the mechanism for the activation of mda5 is poorly understood. here, we show that trim65 specifically interacts with mda5 and promotes k63-linked ubiquitination of mda5 at lysine 743, which is critical for mda5 oligomerization and activation. trim65 deficiency abolishes mda5 agonist or encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv)-indu ...	2017	28031478
uncovering oxysterol-binding protein (osbp) as a target of the anti-enteroviral compound ttp-8307.	the genus enterovirus (e.g. poliovirus, coxsackievirus, rhinovirus) of the picornaviridae family of positive-strand rna viruses includes many important pathogens linked to a range of acute and chronic diseases for which no approved antiviral therapy is available. targeting a step in the life cycle that is highly conserved provides an attractive strategy for developing broad-range inhibitors of enterovirus infection. a step that is currently explored as a target for the development of antivirals ...	2017	28088354
an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the identification of antibodies to senecavirus a in swine.	senecavirus a (sva), a member of the family picornaviridae, genus senecavirus, is a recently identified single-stranded rna virus closely related to members of the cardiovirus genus. sva was originally identified as a cell culture contaminant and was not associated with disease until 2007 when it was first observed in pigs with idiopathic vesicular disease (ivd). vesicular disease is sporadically observed in swine, is not debilitating, but is significant due to its resemblance to foreign animal ...	2017	28202026
inactivation of viruses by pasteurization at 60 °c for 10 h with and without 40% glucose as stabilizer during a new manufacturing process of α2-macroglobulin from cohn fraction iv.	pasteurization is regularly used to inactivate viruses for the safety of plasma derivatives. influence of pasteurization at 60 °c for 10 h on α2-macroglobulin activity and virus inactivation were studied. with 40% sugar as stabilizers more than 70% α2-macroglobulin activity was reserved after pasteurization compared with 20% in control. glucose presented a better activity protection effect than sucrose and maltose. by pasteurization without stabilizer the virus titers of pseudorabies virus, sind ...	2017	28215695
transcriptional profiling of host cell responses to encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv).	encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) has been discovered on pig farms worldwide and can cause myocarditis in piglets and reproductive failure in sows. however, little is known about the host transcriptional responses to infection and host-pathogen interactions.	2017	28259172
isolation and characterization of encephalomyocarditis virus from dogs in china.	encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) is as a potential zoonotic agent with a wide host range. here, we describe an emc virus isolate, identified as emcv c15, which was successfully obtained from the serum of dogs from animal hospitals. virus production in cell culture was confirmed by emcv-specific real-time rt-pcr, indirect immunofluorescence assays and electron microscopy. in addition, the open reading frame sequence (orf) of the emcv c15 virus was determined. from sequence comparison and phyloge ...	2017	28348405
clinical problems due to encephalomyocarditis virus infections in two pig herds.	infections with encephalomyocarditis virus may cause myocarditis and sudden death in young pigs and reproduction disorders in sows. the presence of encephalomyocarditis virus infected rodents is considered a major risk factor for transmission of the virus to pigs. there is currently no effective treatment. tightening up biosecurity, applying effective rodent control and reducing stress are the main control measures.	2016	28405445
encephalomyocarditis virus 3c protease attenuates type i interferon production through disrupting the tank-tbk1-ikkε-irf3 complex.	traf family member-associated nf-κb activator (tank) is a scaffold protein that assembles into the interferon (ifn) regulator factor 3 (irf3)-phosphorylating tank-binding kinase 1 (tbk1)-(iκb) kinase ε (ikkε) complex, where it is involved in regulating phosphorylation of the irf3 and ifn production. however, the functions of tank in encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) infection-induced type i ifn production are not fully understood. here, we demonstrated that, instead of stimulating type i ifn pro ...	2017	28487378
biological safety of a highly purified 10% liquid intravenous immunoglobulin preparation from human plasma.	a highly purified 10% liquid intravenous immunoglobulin, iqymune(®), has been developed using an innovative manufacturing process including an affinity chromatography step for the removal of anti-a and anti-b hemagglutinins.	2017	28508264
[translational efficiency of bvdv ires and emcv ires for t7 rna polymerase driven cytoplasmic expression in mammalian cell lines].	mammalian t7 polymerase-based cytoplasmic expression systems are common tool for molecular studies. the majority of these systems include the internal ribosome entry site (ires) of the encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv). to carry out a cap-independent translation process, this type of ires might require the expression of an extensive array of host factors, what is a disadvantage. other ireses might be less dependent on the host cell factors, but their biology is characterized to a lesser degree. ...	2017	28537239
protein-directed ribosomal frameshifting temporally regulates gene expression.	programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting is a mechanism of gene expression, whereby specific signals within messenger rnas direct a proportion of translating ribosomes to shift -1 nt and continue translating in the new reading frame. such frameshifting normally occurs at a set ratio and is utilized in the expression of many viral genes and a number of cellular genes. an open question is whether proteins might function as trans-acting switches to turn frameshifting on or off in response to cellular ...	2017	28593994
reaction of bis[(2-chlorocarbonyl)phenyl] diselenide with phenols, aminophenols, and other amines towards diphenyl diselenides with antimicrobial and antiviral properties.	a reaction of bis[(2-chlorocarbonyl)phenyl] diselenide with various mono and bisnucleophiles such as aminophenols, phenols, and amines have been studied as a convenient general route to a series of new antimicrobial and antiviral diphenyl diselenides. the compounds, particularly bis[2-(hydroxyphenylcarbamoyl)]phenyl diselenides and reference benzisoselenazol-3(2h)-ones, exhibited high antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacterial species (enterococcus spp., staphylococcus spp.), and som ...	2017	28604620
encephalomyocarditis virus in a captive malayan tapir (tapirus indicus).	a 5-month-old female captive malayan tapir (tapirus indicus) died suddenly without preceding symptoms. gross necropsy revealed numerous white circular and linear foci in the myocard. differential diagnosis all turned out negative, except for encephalomyocarditis virus. histopathology revealed mineralisation of myocardial cells and interstitial infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells and less neutrophils. encephalomyocarditis virus was detected by pcr. although encephalomyocarditis virus occurs ...	2017	28616390
antiviral activity of fridericia formosa (bureau) l. g. lohmann (bignoniaceae) extracts and constituents.	a phytochemical study of fridericia formosa (bignoniaceae) ethanol extracts of leaves, stems, and fruits was guided by in vitro assays against vaccinia virus western reserve (vacv-wr), human herpes virus 1 (hsv-1), murine encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), and dengue virus type 2 (denv-2) by the mtt method. all the ethanol extracts were active against denv-2, hsv-1, and vacv-wr with best results for the fruits extract against denv-2 (si > 38.2). for vacv-wr and hsv-1, ec50 values > 200 μg ml(-1) ...	2017	28634494
pact facilitates rna-induced activation of mda5 by promoting mda5 oligomerization.	mda5 is a rig-i-like cytoplasmic sensor of dsrna and certain rna viruses, such as encephalomyocarditis virus, for the initiation of the ifn signaling cascade in the innate antiviral response. the affinity of mda5 toward dsrna is low, and its activity becomes optimal in the presence of unknown cellular coactivators. in this article, we report an essential coactivator function of dsrna-binding protein pact in mediating the mda5-dependent type i ifn response. virus-induced and polyinosinic-polycyti ...	2017	28760879
an analysis by metabolic labelling of the encephalomyocarditis virus ribosomal frameshifting efficiency and stimulators.	programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting is a mechanism of gene expression whereby specific signals within messenger rnas direct a proportion of ribosomes to shift -1 nt and continue translating in the new reading frame. such frameshifting normally depends on an rna structure stimulator 3'-adjacent to a 'slippery' heptanucleotide shift site sequence. recently we identified an unusual frameshifting mechanism in encephalomyocarditis virus, where the stimulator involves a trans-acting virus protein. t ...	2017	28786807
complete genome sequences and phylogenetic analysis of encephalomyocarditis virus strains isolated from pigs and rats origin.	in order to evaluate the genetic variability of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), the whole genomes of six emcv field isolates originating from pigs and rats origin in different regions of central china, were phylogenetically and comparatively analyzed. phylogenetic analysis of whole genome sequences, open reading frame (orf), capsid coding region (ccr) and vp3/vp1 using neighbor-joining analysis revealed that these isolates belonged to lineage 1. nucleotide sequences of six isolates showed mor ...	2017	28964856
isolation and genetic characterization of encephalomyocarditis virus 1 from a deceased captive hamadryas baboon.	in 2007, numerous hamadryas baboons (papio hamadryas) died suddenly in an aviary of a primate institute in sochi, russia, in the absence of prior clinical signs. necropsies were suggestive of encephalomyocarditis virus infection, but rt-pcr assays with commonly used primers were negative. here we report the histopathological results obtained during necropsies and the isolation and genomic characterization of a divergent strain of encephalomyocarditis virus 1 (emcv-1) from heart tissue of one of ...	2018	29113825
encephalomyocarditis virus is potentially derived from eastern bent-wing bats living in east asian countries.	bats are reservoir hosts of many zoonotic viruses and identification of viruses that they carry is important. this study aimed to use high throughput screening to identify the viruses in fecal guano of taiwanese insectivorous bats caves in order to obtain more information on bat-derived pathogenic viruses in east asia. guano samples were collected from two caves in taiwan, pooled, and then subjected to multiplex pcr-based next generation sequencing for viral identification. subsequently, encepha ...	2019	30391400
molecular identification and antiviral function of the guanylate-binding protein (gbp) genes in the chinese tree shrew (tupaia belangeri chinesis).	following viral detection and interferons (ifns) production, several hundreds of ifn-stimulated genes (isgs) are subsequently induced to act as direct antiviral effectors or regulators of the ifn signaling. the guanylate-binding protein (gbp) family belongs to ifn-inducible gtpases defending the host against a diverse group of invading pathogens such as parasites, bacteria and viruses. the chinese tree shrew (tupaia belangeri chinese) has been increasingly used as an alternative experimental ani ...	2019	30817937
high-level expression of biologically active human follicle stimulating hormone in the chinese hamster ovary cell line by a pair of tricistronic and monocistronic vectors.	recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone (fsh), produced in chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells, is widely used for treatment of fertility disorders and is subject to biosimilars development. cell lines with high specific productivities may simplify the fsh production process. here, we used our previously established expression system based on vector p1.1 to create new cell lines secreting heterodimeric fsh protein. to this end, we linked open reading frames of both fsh subunits by the wild- ...	2019	31276557
common vole (microtus arvalis) and bank vole (myodes glareolus) derived permanent cell lines differ in their susceptibility and replication kinetics of animal and zoonotic viruses.	pathogenesis and reservoir host adaptation of animal and zoonotic viruses are poorly understood due to missing adequate cell culture and animal models. the bank vole (myodes glareolus) and common vole (microtus arvalis) serve as hosts for a variety of zoonotic pathogens. for a better understanding of virus association to a putative animal host, we generated two novel cell lines from bank voles of different evolutionary lineages and two common vole cell lines and assayed their susceptibility, rep ...	2019	31513859
a fatal epizootic of undetermined etiology in new world monkeys.	a peracute epizootic disease, strikingly characterized by profuse terminal hemorrhaging from the lungs, caused the deaths of 104 squirrel monkeys and 3 capuchin monkeys over a 22-month period. the case fatality rate was 100%. the pulmonary hemorrhaging was often accompanied by pulmonary edema and congestion, interstitial pneumonia, and hydrothorax. additional histologic lesions included interstitial nephritis, hepatitis and hepatic necrosis, adrenalitis and adrenal necrosis, myocarditis, splenic ...	1982	31991987
role of pattern recognition receptors and interferon-beta in protecting bat cell lines from encephalomyocarditis virus and japanese encephalitis virus infection.	bats are potential natural hosts of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) and japanese encephalitis virus (jev). bats appear to have some unique features in their innate immune system that inhibit viral replication causing limited clinical symptoms, and thus, contributing to the virus spill over to humans. here, kidney epithelial cell lines derived from four bat species (pteropus dasymallus, rousettus leschenaultii, rhinolophus ferrumequinum, and miniopterus fuliginosus) and two non-bat species (hom ...	2020	32446351
encephalomyocarditis virus infection in alpacas.	encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) infection was detected by real-time reverse transcription pcr (qrt-pcr) in four adult alpacas (vicugna pacos) from two properties on the far north coast of new south wales (nsw) in april and may 2018 and in two adult alpacas from a third property on the central coast of nsw in october 2018. viral rna was detected in a range of samples, including blood, fresh body organs and mucosal swabs. emcv was isolated from the blood and body organs of five of these alpacas. ...	2020	32794196
molecular characterization of encephalomyocarditis virus strains isolated from an african elephant and rats in a french zoo.	in november 2013, a fatal encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) case in a captive african elephant (loxodonta africana) occurred at the réserve africaine de sigean, a zoo in the south of france. here we report the molecular characterization of the emcv strains isolated from samples collected from the dead elephant and from 3 rats (rattus rattus) captured in the zoo at the same time. the emcv infection was confirmed by reverse-transcription real-time pcr (rt-rtpcr) and genome sequencing. complete gen ...	2020	33292091
mastomys natalensis is a possible natural rodent reservoir for encephalomyocarditis virus.	encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) infects a wide range of hosts and can cause encephalitis, myocarditis, reproductive disorders and diabetes mellitus in selected mammalian species. as for humans, emcv infection seems to occur by the contact with animals and can cause febrile illnesses in some infected patients. here we isolated emcv strain zm12/14 from a natal multimammate mouse (mastomys natalensis: m. natalensis) in zambia. pairwise sequence similarity of the zm12/14 p1 region consisting of an ...	2021	33533710