Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| complete genome sequence analysis of seneca valley virus-001, a novel oncolytic picornavirus. | the complete genome sequence of seneca valley virus-001 (svv-001), a small rna virus, was determined and was shown to have typical picornavirus features. the 7280 nt long genome was predicted to contain a 5' untranslated region (utr) of 666 nt, followed by a single long open reading frame consisting of 6543 nt, which encodes a 2181 aa polyprotein. this polyprotein could potentially be cleaved into 12 polypeptides in the standard picornavirus l-4-3-4 layout. a 3' utr of 71 nt was followed by a po ... | 2008 | 18420805 |
| hypoxia-mediated selective mrna translation by an internal ribosome entry site-independent mechanism. | although it is advantageous for hypoxic cells to inhibit protein synthesis and conserve energy, it is also important to translate mrnas critical for adaptive responses to hypoxic stress. because internal ribosome entry sites (ires) have been postulated to mediate this preferential synthesis, we analyzed the 5 '-untranslated regions from a panel of stress-regulated mrnas for m(7)gtp cap-independent translation and identified putative ires elements in encephalomyocarditis virus, vascular endotheli ... | 2008 | 18430730 |
| measurement of antiviral activity induced by interferons alpha, beta, and gamma. | the basic protocol in this unit describes an assay for murine ifn-induced antiviral activity and employs vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and ifn-sensitive fibroblasts. support protocol describes the preparation of vsv cultures and the calculation of multiplicity of infection (moi; i.e., concentration of viral particles required to infect cells). support protocol describes the antibody neutralization assay, which can be used to identify the bioactive species of ifn in a sample, or to test the po ... | 2001 | 18432822 |
| the significance of t cells, b cells, antibodies and macrophages against encephalomyocarditis (emc)-d virus-induced diabetes in mice. | in order to clarify the significance of protective mechanisms against encephalomyocarditis (emc) virus-induced diabetes in mice, we studied the relative importance of t cells, b cells, antibodies and macrophages in the prevention of virus-induced diabetes. neither t cell-deficient athymic nude mice nor b cell-deficient micromt/micromt mice showed an enhanced clinical course of emc-d virus-induced diabetes, indicating that neither t cells nor b cells played a major role in the protection against ... | 2008 | 18500429 |
| ires-dependent replication of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus makes it highly attenuated and incapable of replicating in mosquito cells. | the development of infectious cdna for different alphaviruses opened an opportunity to explore their attenuation by extensively modifying the viral genomes, an approach that might minimize or exclude the reversion to the wild-type, pathogenic phenotype. moreover, the genomes of such alphaviruses can be engineered to contain rna elements that would be functional only in cells of vertebrate, but not insect, origin. in the present study, we developed a recombinant veev that is more attenuated than ... | 2008 | 18501401 |
| validating parameters of a luciferase reporter gene assay to measure neutralizing antibodies to ifnbeta in multiple sclerosis patients. | neutralizing antibodies (nabs) can occur in some multiple sclerosis (ms) patients receiving interferon beta (ifnbeta) therapy. nabs reduce drug bioavailabity and high nab titers reduce drug efficacy. we describe the validation of the r. farrell and g. giovannoni luciferase reporter gene assay to measure nabs to infbeta. we assayed 163 sera from ifnbeta treated ms patients with an optimized luciferase method and compared the results to those obtained with the reference cytopathic effect (cpe) met ... | 2008 | 18511063 |
| mast cells play a critical role in the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis. | mast cells are powerful producers of multiple cytokines and chemical mediators playing a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases. we examined the role of mast cells in murine models of heart failure due to viral myocarditis, using 2 strains of mast cell-deficient mice. | 2008 | 18606918 |
| dry-heat treatment process for enhancing viral safety of an antihemophilic factor viii concentrate prepared from human plasma. | viral safety is a prerequisite for manufacturing clinical antihemophilic factor viii concentrates from human plasma. with particular regard to the hepatitis a virus (hav), a terminal dry-heat treatment (100 degrees for 30 min) process, following lyophilization, was developed to improve the virus safety of a solvent/detergent-treated antihemophilic factor viii concentrate. the loss of factor viii activity during dry-heat treatment was of about 5%. no substantial changes were observed in the physi ... | 2008 | 18633304 |
| qrs voltages are transiently increased at the superacute stage of experimental myocarditis. | there are few reports on the precise electrocardiographic characteristics of acute myocarditis. the present study was focused on qrs voltage changes at the superacute stage of murine myocarditis. | 2008 | 18650967 |
| improvement of virus safety of an antihemophilc factor ix by virus filtration process. | viral safety is an important prerequisite for clinical preparations of plasma-derived pharmaceuticals. one potential way to increase the safety of therapeutic biological products is the use of a virus-retentive filter. in order to increase the viral safety of human antihemophilic factor ix, particularly in regard to non-enveloped viruses, virus removal process using a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane filter (viresolve nfp) has been optimized. the most critical factor affecting the filtration eff ... | 2008 | 18667862 |
| susceptibility to viral infection is enhanced by stable expression of 3a or 3ab proteins from foot-and-mouth disease virus. | the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) 3a protein is involved in virulence and host range. a distinguishing feature of fmdv 3b among picornaviruses is that three non-identical copies are encoded in the viral rna and required for optimal replication in cell culture. here, we have studied the involvement of the 3ab region on viral infection using constitutive and transient expression systems. bhk-21 stably transformed clones expressed low levels of fmdv 3a or 3a(b) proteins in the cell cytoplasm. ... | 2008 | 18694581 |
| detection and characterization of altered conformations of protein pharmaceuticals using complementary mass spectrometry-based approaches. | unlike small-molecule drugs, the conformational properties of protein biopharmaceuticals in solution are influenced by a variety of factors that are not solely defined by their covalent chemical structure. since the conformation (or higher order structure) of a protein is a major modulator of its biological activity, the ability to detect changes in both the higher order structure and conformational dynamics of a protein, induced by an array of extrinsic factors, is of central importance in prod ... | 2008 | 18729476 |
| [production of human recombinant beta-interferon in the avian cell culture]. | the avian recombinant adenovirus of serotype 1 (celo) was obtained. the recombinant adenovirus of serotype 1 (celo) induces expression of human beta-interferon (ib). the expression cassette containing ib gene was placed at the right end of the celo genome under control of hybrid promoter hef-1alpha/htlv. the resulting recombinant adenovirus celo-ib transduced the avian cell culture lmh. the level of production of the recombinant ib was 0.15 micro/ml. the ib protein yield after affine chromatogra ... | 2008 | 18756823 |
| novel characteristics of the function and induction of murine p56 family proteins. | the interferon-stimulated gene 56 (isg56) family is induced strongly in response to virus infection, interferons (ifns) and double-stranded rna (dsrna). in the mouse, this family comprises three members, isg56, isg54, and isg49, which are clustered on chromosome 19 and encode the corresponding proteins p56, p54, and p49. here, we report differential properties of these proteins and their distinct induction patterns in different cell types. all three murine proteins bound to the c-subunit of the ... | 2008 | 18768971 |
| a human cell-derived in vitro coupled transcription/translation system optimized for production of recombinant proteins. | the aim of this study was to develop an efficient cell-free protein expression system derived from mammalian cells. we established a hela cell-based in vitro coupled transcription/translation system with t7 rna polymerase and a plasmid that harbored a t7 promoter/terminator unit. to enhance protein synthesis in the coupled system, we placed the encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) internal ribosome entry site (ires) or the hepatitis c virus (hcv) ires between the t7 promoter and the coding region o ... | 2008 | 18814849 |
| phylogenetic analysis of the species theilovirus: emerging murine and human pathogens. | the cardiovirus genus of the family picornaviridae includes two distinct species, encephalomyocarditis virus and theilovirus. we now report the complete nucleotide sequences of three theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (tmev) strains (to yale, tob15, and vie 415htr) and of vilyuisk human encephalomyelitis virus (vhev). this information, together with the recently reported sequences of divergent theiloviruses (theiler's-like rat virus [trv] and saffold viruses 1 and 2 [safv-1 and safv-2]), e ... | 2008 | 18815294 |
| new organoselenium compounds active against pathogenic bacteria, fungi and viruses. | different n-substituted benzisoselenazol-3(2h)-ones, analogues of ebselen were designed as new antiviral and antimicrobial agents. we report their synthesis, chemical properties as well as study on biological activity against broad spectrum of pathogenic microorganisms (staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus simulans, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae, candida albicans, aspergillus niger) and viruses (herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), encephalomyocarditis virus (e ... | 2008 | 18827382 |
| the p59 oligoadenylate synthetase-like protein possesses antiviral activity that requires the c-terminal ubiquitin-like domain. | viral infection of mammalian cells prompts the innate immune system to initiate an antiviral response. the recognition of the virus triggers several antiviral signalling pathways, which among others include the family of 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase (oas) proteins. the p59 protein encoded by the oas-like (oasl) gene is an atypical member of the oas family in the sense that it lacks the characteristic 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase activity. we decided to investigate the putative antiviral ac ... | 2008 | 18931074 |
| activation of an immunoregulatory and antiviral gene expression program in poly(i:c)-transfected human neutrophils. | neutrophils, historically known for their involvement in acute inflammation, are also targets for infection by many different dna and rna viruses. however, the mechanisms by which they recognize and respond to viral components are poorly understood. polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(i:c)) is a synthetic mimetic of viral dsrna that is known to interact either with endosomal tlr3 (not expressed by human neutrophils) or with cytoplasmic rna helicases such as melanoma differentiation-associated ... | 2008 | 18941247 |
| amantadine as a regulator of internal ribosome entry site. | studies of eukaryotes have yielded 2 translation initiation mechanisms: a classical cap-dependent mechanism and a cap-independent mechanism proceeding through the internal ribosomal entry site (ires). we hypothesized that it might be possible to identify compounds that may distinguish between cap-dependent translation and cap-independent ires-mediated translation. | 2008 | 18954527 |
| poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) for protein conjugation. | the water-soluble, biocompatible polymer poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (pmpc) was evaluated for protein conjugation. pmpc is a zwitterionic polymer that is able to form a more compact conformation in aqueous solution than poly(ethylene glycol) (peg). while a terminally functionalized n-hydroxysuccinimide derivative of pmpc was not efficient for conjugation to an amine moiety on interferon-alpha2a (ifn), we found that a bis-thiol specific derivative of pmpc could be conjugated af ... | 2008 | 18973286 |
| co-expression of human complement regulatory proteins daf and mcp with an ires-mediated dicistronic mammalian vector enhances their cell protective effects. | c3 convertase regulatory proteins, decay accelerating factor (daf, cd55) and membrane cofactor protein (mcp, cd46), have complementary function and transfected into non-human cells might confer protection against human complement. this may be an effective strategy to alleviate c-mediated cell damage by combining the two activities. in this study, we constructed a dicistronic mammalian expression vector pcdna3-mcpiresdaf using the internal ribosomal entry sites (ires) of the encephalomyocarditis ... | 2008 | 18976220 |
| genomic determinants of the efficiency of internal ribosomal entry sites of viral and cellular origin. | variation in cellular gene expression levels has been shown to be inherited. expression is controlled at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. internal ribosome entry sites (ires) are used by viruses to bypass inhibition of cap-dependent translation, and by eukaryotic cells to control translation under conditions when protein synthesis is inhibited. we aimed at identifying genomic determinants of variability in ires-mediated translation of viral [encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv)] and ... | 2008 | 18978018 |
| dual regulatory roles of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in ifn signaling. | pi3k is activated by the type i and ii ifn receptors, but its precise role in the generation of ifn responses is not well understood. in the present study we used embryonic fibroblasts from mice with targeted disruption of the genes encoding for both the p85alpha and p85beta regulatory subunits of pi3'-kinase (p85alpha(-/-)beta(-/-)) to precisely define the role of pi3k in the control of ifn-induced biological responses. our data demonstrate that pi3k plays dual regulatory roles in the induction ... | 2008 | 18981154 |
| leader-induced phosphorylation of nucleoporins correlates with nuclear trafficking inhibition by cardioviruses. | picornaviruses disrupt nucleocytoplasmic trafficking pathways during infection. poliovirus and rhinovirus inhibit nuclear protein import/export through a series of 2a protease-dependent cleavages within nuclear pore proteins (nucleoporins [nups]), including nup62, nup98, and nup153. cardioviruses lack the same protease and instead affect trafficking inhibition through an activity mapped to their leader (l) protein, a 67- to 76-amino acid (aa) polypeptide with no known enzymatic activity. we have ... | 2009 | 19073724 |
| efficient infection of buffalo rat liver-resistant cells by encephalomyocarditis virus requires binding to cell surface sialic acids. | in contrast to the production of virus and cell lysis seen in baby hamster kidney cells (bhk-21) infected with the strain 1086c of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), in buffalo rat liver cells (brl) neither virus replication nor cytopathic effects were observed. after 29 passages in brl cells, each alternating with boosts of the recovered virus in bhk-21 cells, the virus acquired the ability to replicate effectively in brl cells, attaining virus titres comparable to those in bhk-21 cells and pro ... | 2009 | 19088288 |
| hepatitis b virus suppresses toll-like receptor-mediated innate immune responses in murine parenchymal and nonparenchymal liver cells. | we have previously shown that toll-like receptor (tlr)-activated murine nonparenchymal liver cells [(npc); kupffer cells (kc), liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (lsec)] can suppress hepatitis b virus (hbv) replication. therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether hbv has the ability to counteract the tlr-mediated control of its replication. freshly purified murine hepatocytes and npcs obtained from c57bl6 mice were stimulated by tlr 1-9 ligands in the presence or absence of hepat ... | 2009 | 19140219 |
| the vegf ireses are differentially susceptible to translation inhibition by mir-16. | experiments with emcv (encephalomyocarditis virus) internal ribosome entry sites (ireses) have shown that micrornas (mirs) are unable to inhibit ires driven translation. however, it is accepted that mirs can inhibit translation through multiple mechanisms, only some of which require interaction with the 5' cap structure. in this report, we first validate the targeting of mir-16 to a predicted binding site in the vegf 3'utr. we developed a series of experiments to ascertain whether or not mir-16 ... | 2009 | 19144909 |
| synthesis of 5-isoxazol-5-yl-2'-deoxyuridines exhibiting antiviral activity against hsv and several rna viruses. | this paper describes a simple method for synthesizing a small library of 5-isoxazol-5-yl-2'-deoxyuridines from 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine. nitrile oxides were generated in situ from oximes using a commercial bleaching agent; their cycloaddition with 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine yielded isoxazoles possessing activity against herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, encephalomyocarditis virus, coxsackie b3, and vesicular stomatitis virus; these isoxazoles were, however, inactive against corona virus, influenza vi ... | 2009 | 19147352 |
| role of the innate immune system in acute viral myocarditis. | although the adaptive immune system is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis, the role of the innate immune system has not been well defined. to address this deficiency, we employed a unique line of mice that harbor a genomic "knock in" of a mutated tnf gene lacking the au rich element (tnf(are/are)) that is critical for tnf mrna stability and translation, in order to examine the contribution of the innate immune system in encephalomyocarditis-induced myocard ... | 2009 | 19159057 |
| cardioviruses are genetically diverse and cause common enteric infections in south asian children. | cardioviruses cause enteric infections in mice and rats which when disseminated have been associated with myocarditis, type 1 diabetes, encephalitis, and multiple sclerosis-like symptoms. cardioviruses have also been detected at lower frequencies in other mammals. the cardiovirus genus within the picornaviridae family is currently made up of two viral species, theilovirus and encephalomyocarditis virus. until recently, only a single strain of cardioviruses (vilyuisk virus within the theilovirus ... | 2009 | 19193786 |
| encephalomyocarditis in korea: serological survey in pigs and phylogenetic analysis of two historical isolates. | serum samples from 3315 pigs from 363 farms located throughout all nine korean provinces were tested for the presence of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) antibodies using the virus neutralization test. the seroprevalence of emcv in the total pig population was 9.1%, whereas in the herd the prevalence was 43.5%. the first two emcvs isolated were k3 and k11; these strains were isolated in 1990 from a mummy and a stillborn fetus, respectively, suspected of having emcv. phylogenetic analyses of the ... | 2009 | 19200668 |
| proteinase 2apro is essential for enterovirus replication in type i interferon-treated cells. | the picornaviridae family comprises a diverse group of small rna viruses that cause a variety of human and animal diseases. some of these viruses are known to induce cleavage of components of the innate immune system and to inhibit steps in the interferon pathway that lead to the production of type i interferon. there has been no study of the effect of picornaviral infection on the events that occur after interferons have been produced. to determine whether members of the enterovirus genus can a ... | 2009 | 19211759 |
| anti-inflammatory effects of eplerenone on viral myocarditis. | inflammation contributes to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. the aim of this study was to investigate whether eplerenone, a selective aldosterone receptor antagonist, has anti-inflammatory effects on viral myocarditis. | 2009 | 19213804 |
| trim22 e3 ubiquitin ligase activity is required to mediate antiviral activity against encephalomyocarditis virus. | the interferon (ifn) system is a major effector of the innate immunity that allows time for the subsequent establishment of an adaptive immune response against a wide-range of pathogens. their diverse biological actions are thought to be mediated by the products of specific but usually overlapping sets of cellular genes induced in the target cells. ubiquitin ligase members of the tripartite motif (trim) protein family have emerged as ifn-induced proteins involved in both innate and adaptive immu ... | 2009 | 19218198 |
| human febrile illness caused by encephalomyocarditis virus infection, peru. | etiologic studies of acute febrile disease were conducted in sites across south america, including cusco and iquitos, peru. patients' clinical signs and symptoms were recorded, and acute- and convalescent-phase serum samples were obtained for serologic examination and virus isolation in vero e6 and c6/36 cells. virus isolated in vero e6 cells was identified as encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) by electron microscopy and by subsequent molecular diagnostic testing of samples from 2 febrile patient ... | 2009 | 19331761 |
| production of multicistronic hiv-1 based lentiviral vectors. | in the last decade lentiviral gene transfer vectors have gained significant place both in basic science and gene therapy applications. a number of gene transfer applications would benefit from vectors capable of expressing multiple genes. this chapter focuses on production of bicistronic and tricistronic lentiviral vectors based on the internal ribosomal entry site (ires) sequence of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) and/or foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) cleavage factor 2a. multigene vector ... | 2009 | 19378113 |
| encephalomyocarditis virus infection in wildlife species in greece. | the objective of this work was to search for potential wildlife reservoir hosts of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) in wildlife species. from 1994 to 2006, 317 blood and tissue samples were collected from 17 wildlife species in greece. encephalomyocarditis virus was isolated only from two rattus rattus. in addition, antibody to emcv were detected in sera from 39 rattus rattus, one apodemus sylvaticus, one microtus arvalis, and 13 sus scrofa. | 2009 | 19395765 |
| chloroplast-derived vaccine antigens and biopharmaceuticals: expression, folding, assembly and functionality. | chloroplast genetic engineering offers several advantages, including high levels of transgene expression, transgene containment via maternal inheritance, and multi-gene expression in a single transformation event. oral delivery is facilitated by hyperexpression of vaccine antigens against cholera, tetanus, anthrax, plague, or canine parvovirus (4%-31% of total soluble protein, tsp) in transgenic chloroplasts (leaves) or non-green plastids (carrots, tomato) as well as the availability of antibiot ... | 2009 | 19401820 |
| japanese encephalitis virus-based replicon rnas/particles as an expression system for hiv-1 pr55 gag that is capable of producing virus-like particles. | ectopic expression of the structural protein pr55(gag) of hiv-1 has been limited by the presence of inhibitory sequences in the gag coding region that must normally be counteracted by hiv-1 rev and rre. here, we describe a cytoplasmic rna replicon based on the rna genome of japanese encephalitis virus (jev) that is capable of expressing hiv-1 gag without requiring rev/rre. this replicon system was constructed by deleting all three jev structural protein-coding regions (c, prm, and e) from the 5' ... | 2009 | 19406175 |
| saffold virus, a human theiler's-like cardiovirus, is ubiquitous and causes infection early in life. | the family picornaviridae contains well-known human pathogens (e.g., poliovirus, coxsackievirus, rhinovirus, and parechovirus). in addition, this family contains a number of viruses that infect animals, including members of the genus cardiovirus such as encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) and theiler's murine encephalomyelits virus (tmev). the latter are important murine pathogens that cause myocarditis, type 1 diabetes and chronic inflammation in the brains, mimicking multiple sclerosis. recently ... | 2009 | 19412527 |
| highly efficient multicistronic lentiviral vectors with peptide 2a sequences. | gene discovery and gene therapy call for advanced technologies to reliably assess gene expression; efficient coupling of gene expression to the expression of reporter genes is critical. various noninvasive molecular imaging modalities have emerged to track biological processes in animal models. here, we evaluate various strategies to link transgene expression with that of an (imaging) reporter gene. using lentiviral vectors containing internal ribosomal entry sites (ires), 2a-like peptides, or a ... | 2009 | 19419274 |
| antiapoptotic activity of the cardiovirus leader protein, a viral "security" protein. | apoptosis is a common antiviral defensive mechanism that potentially limits viral reproduction and spread. many viruses possess apoptosis-suppressing tools. here, we show that the productive infection of hela cells with encephalomyocarditis virus (a cardiovirus) was not accompanied by full-fledged apoptosis (although the activation of caspases was detected late in infection) but rather elicited a strong antiapoptotic state, as evidenced by the resistance of infected cells to viral and nonviral a ... | 2009 | 19420082 |
| substance p is required for the pathogenesis of emcv infection in mice. | myocarditis is an important cause of heart failure in adolescents and young adults and is caused, most commonly, by viral infections. viral myocarditis is characterized by cardiac inflammation and cardiomyocyte necrosis. the molecular pathogenesis of viral myocarditis is incomplete and specific therapies are not available. proinflammatory cytokines such as il-1beta, tnf-alpha and il-6 have been implicated in the pathogenesis of myocarditis caused by encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) infection, a ... | 2009 | 19436834 |
| sars-coronavirus modulation of myocardial ace2 expression and inflammation in patients with sars. | angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ace2), a monocarboxylase that degrades angiotensin ii to angiotensin 1-7, is also the functional receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (sars-cov) and is highly expressed in the lungs and heart. patients with sars also suffered from cardiac disease including arrhythmias, sudden cardiac death, and systolic and diastolic dysfunction. | 2009 | 19453650 |
| direct functional interaction of initiation factor eif4g with type 1 internal ribosomal entry sites. | viral internal ribosomal entry sites (iress) mediate end-independent translation initiation. there are 4 major structurally-distinct ires groups: type 1 (e.g., poliovirus) and type 2 (e.g., encephalomyocarditis virus), which are dissimilar except for a yn-xm-aug motif at their 3' borders, type 3 (e.g., hepatitis c virus), and type 4 (dicistroviruses). type 2-4 iress mediate initiation by distinct mechanisms that are nevertheless all based on specific noncanonical interactions with canonical comp ... | 2009 | 19470487 |
| nifedipine inhibits the activation of inflammatory and immune reactions in viral myocarditis. | the aim of study is to investigate the effect of nifedipine on viral myocarditis in an animal model. | 2009 | 19520090 |
| polypyrimidine tract binding protein stabilizes the encephalomyocarditis virus ires structure via binding multiple sites in a unique orientation. | polypyrimidine tract binding (ptb) protein is a regulator of alternative pre-mrna splicing, and also stimulates the initiation of translation dependent on many viral internal ribosome entry segments/sites (iress). it has four rna-binding domains (rbds), but although the contacts with many iress have been mapped, the orientation of binding (i.e., which rbd binds to which site in the ires) is unknown. to answer this question, 16 derivatives of ptb1, each with a single cysteine flanking the rna-bin ... | 2009 | 19524536 |
| role of nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of encephalomyocarditis virus-induced diabetes in mice. | the d variant of encephalomyocarditis virus (emc-d virus) causes diabetes in mice by destroying pancreatic beta cells. in mice infected with a low dose of emc-d virus, macrophages play an important role in beta-cell destruction by producing soluble mediators such as interleukin-1beta (il-1beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha), and nitric oxide (no). to investigate the role of no and inducible no synthase (inos) in the development of diabetes in emc-d virus-infected mice, we infected ino ... | 2009 | 19535454 |
| interactions between viral and prokaryotic pathogens in a mixed infection with cardiovirus and mycoplasma. | in the natural environment, animal and plant viruses often share ecological niches with microorganisms, but the interactions between these pathogens, although potentially having important implications, are poorly investigated. the present report demonstrates, in a model system, profound mutual effects of mycoplasma and cardioviruses in animal cell cultures. in contrast to mycoplasma-free cells, cultures contaminated with mycoplasma hyorhinis responded to infection with encephalomyocarditis virus ... | 2009 | 19605479 |
| rig-i is cleaved during picornavirus infection. | the innate immune system senses rna virus infections through membrane-bound toll-like receptors or the cytoplasmic proteins rig-i and mda-5. rig-i is believed to recognize the 5'-triphosphate present on many viral rnas, and hence is important for sensing infections by paramyxoviruses, influenza viruses, rhabdoviruses, and flaviviruses. mda-5 recognizes dsrna, and senses infection with picornaviruses, whose rna 5'-ends are linked to a viral protein, vpg, not a 5'-triphosphate. we previously showe ... | 2009 | 19628239 |
| structural and functional diversity of viral ireses. | some 20 years ago, the study of picornaviral rna translation led to the characterization of an alternative mechanism of initiation by direct ribosome binding to the 5' utr. by using a bicistronic vector, it was shown that the 5' utr of the poliovirus (pv) or the encephalomyelitis virus (emcv) had the ability to bind the 43s preinitiation complex in a 5' and cap-independent manner. this is rendered possible by an rna domain called ires for internal ribosome entry site which enables efficient tran ... | 2009 | 19632368 |
| activation of mda5 requires higher-order rna structures generated during virus infection. | recognition of virus presence via rig-i (retinoic acid inducible gene i) and/or mda5 (melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5) initiates a signaling cascade that culminates in transcription of innate response genes such as those encoding the alpha/beta interferon (ifn-alpha/beta) cytokines. it is generally assumed that mda5 is activated by long molecules of double-stranded rna (dsrna) produced by annealing of complementary rnas generated during viral infection. here, we used an antibody to ... | 2009 | 19656871 |
| mg2+ modulation of emcv ires key activity fragment equilibria and r(g*c) base-pair kinetics. | nmr magnetization transfer from water and ammonia-catalyzed exchange of the imino proton have been used to probe enhanced thermostability and conformational rearrangements induced by mg(2+) in two key activity fragments r(caccuggcgacaggug) and r(ggccaaaagcc) of the encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) picornavirus internal ribosome entry site (ires). we have measured some of their r(g*c) base-pair lifetimes and dissociation constants under different mgcl(2) conditions, and we compare them with thos ... | 2009 | 19669575 |
| random mutagenesis defines a domain of theiler's virus leader protein that is essential for antagonism of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking and cytokine gene expression. | the leader protein of cardioviruses, theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (tmev) and encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), is a multifunctional protein known to antagonize type i interferon expression and to interfere with nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of host proteins and mrna. this protein plays an important role in the capacity of tmev to establish persistent infection of the central nervous system. mutant forms of the tmev leader protein were generated by random mutagenesis and selected aft ... | 2009 | 19710133 |
| toll-like receptor activated human and murine hepatic stellate cells are potent regulators of hepatitis c virus replication. | while hepatic stellate cells (hsc) are known to be key mediators of liver fibrosis, only little is known about their functional role in the innate immune system of the liver. | 2009 | 19716616 |
| the viral rna recognition sensor rig-i is degraded during encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) infection. | rna helicase-like receptors mda-5 but not rig-i has been shown to be essential for triggering innate immune responses against picornaviruses. however, virus-host co-evolution has selected for viruses capable of replicating despite host cells antiviral defences. in this report, we demonstrate that rig-i is degraded during encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) infection. this effect is mediated by both the viral-encoded 3c protease and caspase proteinase. in addition, we show that rig-i overexpression ... | 2009 | 19733381 |
| neutralizing antibodies against ifn beta in patients with multiple sclerosis: a comparative study of two cytopathic effect tests (cpe) for their detection. | neutralizing antibodies (nabs) against ifn beta should be measured in specialized laboratories, using a test of inhibition of the cytopathic effect (bioassay or cpe test), based on the capacity of ifnss to block the infection of live monolayer-cultured cells by a virus, depending on the presence or absence of nabs. the european federation of neurological societies (efns) considers this assay to be the gold standard. however, the various different ways to perform this assay complicate comparison ... | 2009 | 19786034 |
| giardiavirus internal ribosome entry site has an apparently unique mechanism of initiating translation. | giardiavirus (glv) utilizes an internal ribosome entry site (ires) for translation initiation in the early branching eukaryote giardia lamblia. unlike most of the viral iress among higher eukaryotes, which localize primarily within the 5'-untranslated region (utr), the glv ires comprises 253 nts of 5'utr and the initial 264 nts in the open-reading-frame (orf). to test if glv ires also functions in higher eukaryotic systems, we examined it in rabbit reticulocyte lysate (rrl) and found that it fun ... | 2009 | 19826476 |
| a two-pronged strategy to suppress host protein synthesis by sars coronavirus nsp1 protein. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nsp1 protein suppresses host gene expression, including type i interferon production, by promoting host mrna degradation and inhibiting host translation, in infected cells. we present evidence that nsp1 uses a novel, two-pronged strategy to inhibit host translation and gene expression. nsp1 bound to the 40s ribosomal subunit and inactivated the translational activity of the 40s subunits. furthermore, the nsp1-40s ribosome complex induced the modifica ... | 2009 | 19838190 |
| differential ifn-alpha/beta production suppressing capacities of the leader proteins of mengovirus and foot-and-mouth disease virus. | picornaviruses encompass a large family of rna viruses. some picornaviruses possess a leader (l) protein at the n-terminus of their polyprotein. the l proteins of encephalomyocarditis virus, a cardiovirus, and foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), an aphthovirus, are both dispensable for replication and their major function seems to be the suppression of antiviral host cell responses. previously, we showed that the l protein of mengovirus, a strain of encephalomyocarditis virus, inhibits antivira ... | 2010 | 19863558 |
| recognition of rna virus by rig-i results in activation of card9 and inflammasome signaling for interleukin 1 beta production. | interleukin 1 beta (il-1 beta) is a potent proinflammatory factor during viral infection. its production is tightly controlled by transcription of il1b dependent on the transcription factor nf-kappab and subsequent processing of pro-il-1 beta by an inflammasome. however, the sensors and mechanisms that facilitate rna virus-induced production of il-1 beta are not well defined. here we report a dual role for the rna helicase rig-i in rna virus-induced proinflammatory responses. whereas rig-i-media ... | 2010 | 19915568 |
| toll-like receptor-induced innate immune responses in non-parenchymal liver cells are cell type-specific. | little is known of how the toll-like receptor (tlr) system can modulate the function of non-parenchymal liver cells (npc) as a major component of the innate and adaptive immune system of the liver. to investigate the diversification of tlr signalling pathways in npc, we isolated kupffer cells (kc) and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (lsec) from wild-type c57bl/6 mice and examined their responses to tlr1 to tlr9 agonists. the data show that kc respond to all tlr ligands by producing tumour nec ... | 2010 | 19922426 |
| hepatitis a virus (hav) packaging size limit. | hepatitis a virus (hav), an atypical picornaviridae that causes acute hepatitis in humans, grows poorly in cell culture and in general does not cause cytopathic effect. foreign sequences have been inserted into different parts of the hav genome. however, the packaging size limit of hav has not been determined. the purpose of the present study is to investigate the maximum size of additional sequences that the hav genome can tolerate without loosing infectivity. | 2009 | 19922643 |
| oxidative damage to neurons caused by the induction of microglial nadph oxidase in encephalomyocarditis virus infection. | reactive oxygen species (ros) play an important role in diverse vital functions including host defense via anti-viral and anti-bacterial effects, but ros also lead to peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radical production, which are powerful mediators of brain injury in brain inflammation. it is known that nadph oxidases (nox) are the major source of ros. in the present study, nox2 expression and distribution were examined after intracranial encephalomyocarditis virus b variant (emcv-b) infection, which ... | 2010 | 19945511 |
| direct cd1d-mediated stimulation of apc il-12 production and protective immune response to virus infection in vivo. | cd1d-restricted nkt cells rapidly stimulate innate and adaptive immunity through production of th1 and/or th2 cytokines and induction of cd1d(+) apc maturation. however, therapeutic exploitation of nkt cells has been hampered by their paucity and defects in human disease. nkt cell-apc interactions can be modeled by direct stimulation of human apcs through cd1d in vitro. we have now found that direct ligation with multiple cd1d mabs also stimulated bioactive il-12 release from cd1d(+) but not cd1 ... | 2010 | 19949077 |
| hiv- 1 protease inhibits cap- and poly(a)-dependent translation upon eif4gi and pabp cleavage. | a number of viral proteases are able to cleave translation initiation factors leading to the inhibition of cellular translation. this is the case of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease (hiv-1 pr), which hydrolyzes eif4gi and poly(a)-binding protein (pabp). here, the effect of hiv-1 pr on cellular and viral protein synthesis has been examined using cell-free systems. hiv-1 pr strongly hampers translation of pre-existing capped luc mrnas, particularly when these mrnas contain a poly(a) ta ... | 2009 | 19956697 |
| immunostimulatory rna blocks suppression by regulatory t cells. | the role of immune suppression by regulatory t (treg) cells in the maintenance of immune homeostasis is well established. however, little is known about how treg cell function is inhibited on viral infection to allow the development of a protective immune response. as viral rna is a crucial mediator for activation of antiviral immunity, we examined the effects of immunostimulatory rna and infection with rna viruses on treg cell function. we show that synthetic rna oligonucleotides potently inhib ... | 2010 | 19966212 |
| factors modifying host resistance to virus infection: ii. enhanced susceptibility of mice to encephalomyocarditis virus infection during pregnancy. | 1968 | 19971047 | |
| cytosolic rna recognition pathway activates 14-3-3 protein mediated signaling and caspase-dependent disruption of cytokeratin network in human keratinocytes. | the skin is the primary boundary between the body and the environment. in addition to its properties as a physical barrier, skin keratinocytes actively participate in many defense mechanisms. viral double-stranded rna (dsrna) is the most important viral structure involved in activation of immune response. intracellular detection of dsrna by cytoplasmic receptors activates well-characterized antiviral response, as well as pro-inflammatory response and apoptosis of virus-infected cells. here, we h ... | 2010 | 20070120 |
| influence of the hepatitis c virus 3'-untranslated region on ires-dependent and cap-dependent translation initiation. | translation of hepatitis c virus (hcv) genomic rna is directed by an internal ribosome entry site (ires) in the 5'-untranslated region (5'-utr), and the hcv 3'-utr enhances ires activity. since the hcv 3'-utr has a unique structure among 3'-utrs, we checked possible communication between the 5'- and the 3'-utr of hcv during translation using chimeric reporter rnas. we show that translation directed by the hcv ires and by the hcv-like ires of porcine teschovirus (ptv) which belongs to a quite dis ... | 2010 | 20079737 |
| lgp2 is a positive regulator of rig-i- and mda5-mediated antiviral responses. | rna virus infection is recognized by retinoic acid-inducible gene (rig)-i-like receptors (rlrs), rig-i, and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (mda5) in the cytoplasm. rlrs are comprised of n-terminal caspase-recruitment domains (cards) and a dexd/h-box helicase domain. the third member of the rlr family, lgp2, lacks any cards and was originally identified as a negative regulator of rlr signaling. in the present study, we generated mice lacking lgp2 and found that lgp2 was required for r ... | 2010 | 20080593 |
| difference in susceptibility to mxa protein between a coxsackievirus b1 isolate and prototype, impact of serial cell culture passage. | human enteroviruses (evs) cause a broad spectrum of acute and chronic diseases including meningitis and myocarditis. the type i interferon-induced mxa protein has been shown to inhibit the replication of an ev, coxsackievirus b4 (cvb4), but not cardioviruses such as encephalomyocarditis virus and mengo virus, members of the picornaviridae family. evs consist of more than 60 distinct serotypes against which the antiviral activity of mxa was not investigated yet. the main aim of this study was to ... | 2010 | 20087945 |
| seroprevalence of encephalomyocarditis virus in intensive pig farms in china. | 2010 | 20118474 | |
| lgp2: positive about viral sensing. | 2010 | 20133887 | |
| plakophilin 1 stimulates translation by promoting eif4a1 activity. | plakophilins 1-3 (pkp1-3) are desmosomal proteins of the p120(ctn) family of armadillo-related proteins that are essential for organizing the desmosomal plaque. recent findings identified pkps in stress granules, suggesting an association with the translational machinery. however, a role of pkps in controlling translation remained elusive so far. in this study, we show a direct association of pkp1 with the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4a1 (eif4a1). pkp1 stimulated eif4a1-dependent tr ... | 2010 | 20156963 |
| antiviral activity of solanum paniculatum extract and constituents. | solanum species are traditionally employed as antiherpes and anticancer agents in different countries. s. paniculatum has widespread ethnomedical uses in brazil, including the treatment of viral infections. this paper reports on the isolation of neotigogenin (1) and the new compound delta25(27)-tigogenin-3-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside (2), obtained as a mixture of r and s diastereoisomers at c22 from an ethanol extract of s. paniculatum leaves, along with the determination of their cytotoxicity agai ... | 2009 | 20158151 |
| encephalomyocarditis virus infection in an italian zoo. | a fatal encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) infection epidemic involving fifteen primates occurred between october 2006 and february 2007 at the natura viva zoo. this large open-field zoo park located near lake garda in northern italy hosts one thousand animals belonging to one hundred and fifty different species, including various lemur species. this lemur collection is the most relevant and rich in italy. a second outbreak between september and november 2008 involved three lemurs. in all cases, ... | 2010 | 20298561 |
| evidence for translational regulation by the herpes simplex virus virion host shutoff protein. | the herpes simplex virus (hsv) virion host shutoff protein (vhs) encoded by gene ul41 is an mrna-specific rnase that triggers accelerated degradation of host and viral mrnas in infected cells. we report here that vhs is also able to modulate reporter gene expression without greatly altering the levels of the target mrna in transient-transfection assays conducted in hela cells. we monitored the effects of vhs on a panel of bicistronic reporter constructs bearing a variety of internal ribosome ent ... | 2010 | 20357089 |
| effects of free immunoglobulin light chains on viral myocarditis. | in recent work, we have demonstrated a crucial role of mast cells in the development of viral myocarditis. viral infection could lead to increased synthesis of free immunoglobulin light chains (flc) and our earlier work showed that flc can trigger mast cell activation. | 2010 | 20360247 |
| rats as indicators of the presence and dispersal of pathogens in cyprus: ectoparasites, parasitic helminths, enteric bacteria, and encephalomyocarditis virus. | rodents play an active role in the transmission of a number of zoonoses by harboring and disseminating the pathogens involved, either through their biological materials or via their ectoparasites. hence, the spatial and seasonal distribution of potential agents of zoonoses may be studied by examining their distribution in the rodent vectors and their ectoparasites. a surveillance was conducted in wild rodents in 51 different areas of cyprus, an island ecosystem, to monitor the reemergence of ech ... | 2010 | 20370433 |
| phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulates macrophage responses to double-stranded rna and encephalomyocarditis virus. | virus infection of macrophages stimulates the expression of proinflammatory and antiviral genes interleukin-1 (il-1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) and cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2). in this study, we show that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (pi3k) is required for the inflammatory response of macrophages to virus infection. when macrophages are infected with encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) there is a rapid and transient activation of pi3k and phosphorylation of its downstream target akt. in ... | 2009 | 20375625 |
| immune responses and expression of the virus-like particle antigen of the porcine encephalomyocarditis virus. | virus-like particles (vlps) are particles that consist of viral capsid proteins and are structurally similar to authentic virus. to express vlps of the porcine encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) and investigate their efficacy and immuno response in vivo, a plasmid (p12a3c-pci) containing the p12a and 3c genes of the emcv-k3 viral strain was constructed. the vlps of emcv-k3 were successfully assembled in 293ft cells on 3 days after transfection with p12a3c-pci and were identified as particles of a ... | 2010 | 20378136 |
| protein kinase r contributes to immunity against specific viruses by regulating interferon mrna integrity. | cytosolic viral rna recognition by the helicases rig-i and mda5 is considered the major pathway for ifn-alpha/beta induction in response to rna viruses. however, other cytoplasmic rna sensors, including the double-stranded rna-binding protein kinase r (pkr), have been implicated in ifn-alpha/beta production, although their relative contribution and mechanism have been unclear. using cells expressing nonfunctional pkr or reduced levels of kinase, we show that pkr is required for production of ifn ... | 2010 | 20478537 |
| [sequencing and analysis of the complete genome of encephalomyocarditis virus strain gxlc isolated from swine]. | the complete genome of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv)strain gxlc isolated from swine was sequenced and analyzed. five overlapped gene fragments covering the entire open reading frame (orf) were amplified by rt-pcr, and the 3'-untranslated region (utr) and 5'-utr were amplified by the 3'-rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) and 5'-race method, respectively. the genome sequences of strain gxlc were obtained by assembling the sequences of rt-pcr-generated cdna fragments. the length of the com ... | 2010 | 20480643 |
| hepatitis c virus controls interferon production through pkr activation. | hepatitis c virus is a poor inducer of interferon (ifn), although its structured viral rna can bind the rna helicase rig-i, and activate the ifn-induction pathway. low ifn induction has been attributed to hcv ns3/4a protease-mediated cleavage of the mitochondria-adapter mavs. here, we have investigated the early events of ifn induction upon hcv infection, using the cell-cultured hcv jfh1 strain and the new hcv-permissive hepatoma-derived huh7.25.cd81 cell subclone. these cells depend on ectopic ... | 2010 | 20485506 |
| src family kinases participate in the regulation of encephalomyocarditis virus-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression by macrophages. | src family kinases (sfks) are non-receptor tyrosine kinases that have been implicated as regulators of the inflammatory response. in this study, the role of sfk activation in the inflammatory response of macrophages to encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) infection was examined. virus infection of macrophages stimulates the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2), interleukin (il)-1beta and inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos). inhibition of sfk attenuates emcv-induced cox-2 expression and prostag ... | 2010 | 20505008 |
| antiviral properties of structural fragments of the peptide selank. | 2010 | 20506839 | |
| enhancement of antiviral immunity by small molecule antagonist of suppressor of cytokine signaling. | suppressors of cytokine signaling (socss) are negative regulators of both innate and adaptive immunity via inhibition of signaling by cytokines such as type i and type ii ifns. we have developed a small peptide antagonist of socs-1 that corresponds to the activation loop of jak2. socs-1 inhibits both type i and type ii ifn activities by binding to the kinase activation loop via the kinase inhibitory region of the socs. the antagonist, pjak2(1001-1013), inhibited the replication of vaccinia virus ... | 2010 | 20543109 |
| exacerbation of acute viral myocarditis by tobacco smoke is associated with increased viral load and cardiac apoptosis. | exposure to tobacco smoke is known to have deleterious cardiovascular effects. in this study, we tested whether exposure to tobacco smoke exacerbates the severity of viral myocarditis in mice. viral myocarditis was generated in 4-week-old male balb/c mice by injection of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv). four groups were studied: (1) control (c, no smoke and no virus); (2) smoke only (s, exposure to cigarette smoke for 90 min/day for 15 days); (3) virus only (v); and (4) exposure to smoke for 5 ... | 2010 | 20555426 |
| the effects of a pparalpha agonist on myocardial damage in obese diabetic mice with heart failure. | recent studies have confirmed that pparalpha agonists have not brought the anticipated benefits to patients with type 2 diabetes and potentially fatal heart disease. we hypothesized that such agonists may have a cardio-suppressive effect in treating such disorders, therefore, we inoculated diabetic kkay mice with encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) to induce a diabetic model with severe myocardial damage. wy14643, a potent pparalpha agonist, was administered intraperitoneally either simultaneously ... | 2010 | 20558911 |
| experimental encephalomyocarditis virus infection in small laboratory rodents. | encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) is a cardiovirus that belongs to the family picornaviridae. emcv is an important cause of acute myocarditis in piglets and of fetal death or abortion in pregnant sows. small rodents, especially rats, have been suspected to be reservoir hosts or carriers. this virus also induces type 1 diabetes mellitus, encephalomyelitis, myocarditis, orchitis and/or sialodacryoadenitis in small laboratory rodents. this paper reviews the pathology and pathogenesis of experimenta ... | 2011 | 20594559 |
| [the interferon-induced and antiviral activities of dipeptides]. | five phosphodipeptides were synthesized; two of them (h-lys-ala(p) and h-pro-ala(p) had interferon-induced activity. these dipeptides at millimolar concentrations (10(-4)) and 10(-5) m) induced the synthesis of late (40-hour) interferon in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. the dipeptides h-lys-ala(p) and h-pro-ala(p) showed a protective antiviral activity in in vivo studies when singly intraperitoneally administered to mice 2 hours before inoculation with murine encephalomyocarditis virus. | 2010 | 20608081 |
| oncolytic targeting of renal cell carcinoma via encephalomyocarditis virus. | apoptosis is a fundamental host defence mechanism against invading microbes. inactivation of nf-kappab attenuates encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) virulence by triggering rapid apoptosis of infected cells, thereby pre-emptively limiting viral replication. recent evidence has shown that hypoxia-inducible factor (hif) increases nf-kappab-mediated anti-apoptotic response in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccrcc) that commonly exhibit hyperactivation of hif due to the loss of its principal negativ ... | 2010 | 20623734 |
| inhibition of encephalomyocarditis virus and poliovirus replication by quinacrine: implications for the design and discovery of novel antiviral drugs. | the 9-aminoacridine (9aa) derivative quinacrine (qc) has a long history of safe human use as an antiprotozoal and antirheumatic agent. qc intercalates into dna and rna and can inhibit dna replication, rna transcription, and protein synthesis. the extent of qc intercalation into rna depends on the complexity of its secondary and tertiary structure. internal ribosome entry sites (iress) that are required for initiation of translation of some viral and cellular mrnas typically have complex structur ... | 2010 | 20631142 |
| efficacy and safety of a modified vaccinia ankara (mva) vectored plague vaccine in mice. | the efficacy and safety of plague vaccines based on the modified vaccinia ankara (mva) viral vector was evaluated. mva recombinants were constructed expressing yersinia pestis antigens under the translational control of the encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) internal ribosomal entry site (ires) and/or fused to the tissue plasminogen activator (tpa) secretory signal. a mva/y. pestis recombinant that expressed a truncated version of the low-calcium response v antigen (mva/ires/tpa/v(307)), conferre ... | 2010 | 20638759 |
| translation driven by picornavirus ires is hampered from sindbis virus replicons: rescue by poliovirus 2a protease. | alphavirus replicons are very useful for analyzing different aspects of viral molecular biology. they are also useful tools in the development of new vaccines and highly efficient expression of heterologous genes. we have investigated the translatability of sindbis virus (sv) subgenomic mrna bearing different 5'-untranslated regions, including several viral internal ribosome entry sites (iress) from picornaviruses, hepatitis c virus, and cricket paralysis virus. our findings indicate that all th ... | 2010 | 20643140 |
| role of substance p in viral myocarditis in mice. | substance p (sp) is widely expressed in the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues such as myocardial nerves. we examined sp in viral myocarditis in mice induced by encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv). localization of sp in the hearts was examined immunohistochemically, and concentrations of sp in hearts and sera were measured by enzyme immunoassay. substance p levels and density of sp-containing cells in murine hearts on day 6 after emcv inoculation were decreased compared with those in ... | 2010 | 20676845 |
| generation of stable cell lines expressing gfp-tubulin and photoactivatable-gfp-tubulin and characterization of clones. | a bicistronic expression vector can be used to generate stable cell lines expressing green fluorescent protein (gfp)-tubulin and photoactivatable (pa)-gfp-tubulin. this vector, pires (originally available from bd biosciences/clontech), expresses the gene of interest (gfp-tubulin) and a selection marker from the same promoter. the vector uses an internal ribosome entry site (ires) derived from the encephalomyocarditis virus and translates two open-reading frames from one mrna. the gene of interes ... | 2010 | 20810628 |
| synthesis of double-layered rotavirus-like particles using internal ribosome entry site vector system in stably-transformed drosophila melanogaster. | we established a bicistronic expression system using an encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv)-derived internal ribosomal entry site (ires) element to generate stably transformed drosophila melanogaster schneider 2 (s2) cells expressing human rotavirus wa capsid proteins, vp2 and vp6, for the synthesis of vp2/6 double-layered virus-like particle (dvlp). the emcv-derived ires permitted bicistronic translation of recombinant vp6. recombinant vp2 and vp6 were detected in extracellular fractions of stabl ... | 2011 | 20820877 |