Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| preclinical safety assessment of a combined vaccine against hepatitis a virus and enterovirus 71. | since 2007, hepatitis a (hav) vaccination has been a part of the national immunization program of china. recognizing enterovirus 71 (ev71) as the most important pathogen in severe hand, foot and mouth disease, an inactivated ev71 vaccine was successfully marketed in 2015. based on the concept of one vaccine preventing two diseases and owing to similarities in vaccine preparation and the overlap of the eligible population, a combination of the inactivated hav vaccine and inactivated ev71 vaccine ... | 2021 | 34088510 |
| foodborne transmission of hepatitis a and hepatitis e viruses: a literature review. | foodborne viruses have been recognized as a growing concern to the food industry and a serious public health problem. hepatitis a virus (hav) is responsible for the majority of viral outbreaks of food origin worldwide, while hepatitis e virus (hev) has also been gaining prominence as a foodborne viral agent in the last years, due to its zoonotic transmission through the consumption of uncooked or undercooked infected meat or derivatives. however, there is a lack of scientific reports that gather ... | 2020 | 33257099 |
| one year variations of viruses in influent and effluent water at a wastewater plant - assessed by qpcr and metagenomics. | influent and effluent wastewater at the rya treatment plant in gothenburg, sweden, were continuously monitored for enteric viruses by qpcr during one year. viruses in effluent wastewater were also identified by next generation sequencing (ngs) in samples collected during spring, early summer and winter. samples of incoming wastewater were collected every second week. seasonal variations in viral concentrations in incoming wastewater were found for noroviruses gii, sapovirus, rotavirus, parechovi ... | 2020 | 33036988 |
| comparative pathogenicity of duck hepatitis a virus-1 isolates in experimentally infected pekin and muscovy ducklings. | duck hepatitis virus (dhv) has always been considered one of the threats endangering duck farming in egypt since the 1960s. in the current study, suspected dhv samples (n = 30) were obtained from commercial pekin, mulard (hybrid), and muscovy duck farms and backyards in beheira, alexandria, gharbia, kafr el-sheikh, and giza provinces between 2012 and 2017. diseased 3-21-day-old ducklings showed a clinical history of high mortality rates and nervous signs. samples were screened by rt-pcr targetin ... | 2020 | 32671102 |
| application of median lethal concentration (lc50) of pathogenic microorganisms and their antigens in vaccine development. | lack of ideal mathematical models to qualify and quantify both pathogenicity, and virulence is a dreadful setback in development of new antimicrobials and vaccines against resistance pathogenic microorganisms. hence, the modified arithmetical formula of reed and muench has been integrated with other formulas and used to determine bacterial colony forming unit/viral concentration, virulence and immunogenicity. | 2020 | 32539814 |
| identification and genome characterization of a novel picornavirus from ducks in china. | a novel picornavirus, referred to as duck/fc22/china/2017, was isolated from breeding ducks in china and genetically characterized by conducting metagenomics studies. the complete genome consists of a single-stranded, positive-sense rna made up of 7448 nucleotides (nt) and follows the common picornavirus genome layout: 5' utr-vp0-vp3-vp1-2a-2b-2c-3a-3b-3c-3d-3' utr. a typical type-iv internal ribosomal entry site and a conserved 'barbell-like' structure were identified in the 5' utr and 3' utr, ... | 2020 | 32524264 |
| development and evaluation of an indirect elisa based on recombinant structural protein vp2 to detect antibodies against duck hepatitis a virus. | an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-elisa) based on the vp2 protein of duck hepatitis a virus type 3 (dhav-3) was established in this study. the optimal dilutions of antigen, serum and goat anti-duck igg conjugate were 1:1600 (2.23 μg/ml), 1:160 and 1:2000, respectively. the optimal blocking buffer was 1% skim milk. the cut-off value for the method was 0.25, and the analytical sensitivity of the method was 1:5120. the results of specific evaluation showed that except for dhav-1, dha ... | 2020 | 32485472 |
| development of a live attenuated duck hepatitis a virus type 3 vaccine (strain sd70). | duck hepatitis a virus type 3 (dhav-3) is an important pathogen that causes substantial losses in the chinese duck industry. dhav-3 is highly fatal to ducklings and there is no licensed vaccine in china available to reduce dhav-3 infection. our goal was to develop a live attenuated vaccine candidate against dhav-3. a field isolated strain, sd, was attenuated by serially passaging in specific-pathogen-free (spf) chicken embryos, and it lost its pathogenicity after 40 passages. the 70th passaged s ... | 2020 | 32446833 |
| enzootic hepatitis a infection in cynomolgus monkeys (macaca fascicularis). | during a toxicology study in cynomolgus (long-tailed or crab-eating) monkeys (macaca fascicularis), a randomly distributed incidence of significantly increased hepatic enzyme activity was observed. premedication hepatic enzyme activity in all monkeys of this study was normal, but increased alanine aminotransferase (alt) activity was found in 4 of the 24 animals 2 weeks after initiation of the study and in 10 of 24 at 4 weeks. a drug-related effect was considered unlikely initially because the in ... | 1988 | 32093430 |
| fetal calf serum exerts an inhibitory effect on replication of duck hepatitis a virus genotype 1 in duck embryo fibroblast cells. | among the causative agents of duck viral hepatitis, duck hepatitis a virus genotype 1 (dhav-1) is the most common virus reported in most outbreaks worldwide. how to propagate dhav-1 in cell cultures efficiently remains a problem to be explored. here, we aimed to test the effect of serum type on dhav-1 replication in duck embryo fibroblast (def) cells. comparative studies involved virus culture and passage, observation of cytopathic effect (cpe), virus quantification, and plaque formation assay. ... | 2020 | 31936491 |
| outbreaks of duck hepatitis a virus in egyptian duckling flocks. | during 2015, duck farms (n = 27) in sharkia province, egypt, experienced several disease outbreaks leading to mortality and nervous manifestations. upon necropsy, the affected ducklings showed liver lesions, such as hemorrhage or necrosis, suggestive of duck virus hepatitis (dvh). reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr), on the basis of the 3d gene, found duck livers from 21 farms to be positive for duck hepatitis a virus serotype 1 (dhav-1). all duck breeds (pekin, mallard, and muscovy) were infecte ... | 2019 | 31251521 |
| dhav-1 inhibits type i interferon signaling to assist viral adaption by increasing the expression of socs3. | duck hepatitis a virus type 1 (dhav-1) is one of the most lethal pathogens in the duck industry. the attenuated vaccine (the ch60 strain) is cultivated through serial passage in chicken embryos and is widely used for the prevention and control of the disease. however, the specific mechanism underlying its adaptation in chicken embryos has not been fully elucidated. in this study, we first infected chicken embryo fibroblasts (cefs) with the dhav-1 ch60 strain. the peak of viral proliferation occu ... | 2019 | 31024559 |
| molecular cloning and mrna expression of ifit5 in tissues of ducklings infected with virulent duck hepatitis a virus type 3. | interferon-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats (ifits) are a family of proteins strongly induced downstream of type i interferon signaling. the function of ifits has been investigated extensively in mammals. ifit5 is the sole protein in this family found in birds and little information is available about the function of avian ifit5. in this study, duck ifit5 was cloned from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. multiple amino acid sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed tha ... | 2019 | 30999161 |
| studies on transmission of hepatitis a virus to squirrel monkeys. | non-human primates have been playing an essential role in the study of hepatitis a virus (hav) biology, pathogenesis and for testing candidate hav vaccines. this study was to determine the suitability of squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) as animal model for hav infection. animals were inoculated, either intragastrically or intravenously, with a brazilian hav isolate (haf-203). alanine aminotransferase (alt) and anti-hav antibodies (igm and total) were monitored. feces were daily collected for ... | 2000 | 30545165 |
| transcriptomic characterization of a chicken embryo model infected with duck hepatitis a virus type 1. | duck hepatitis a virus type 1 (dhav-1) is one of the most common and lethal pathogens in young ducklings. live-attenuated dhav vaccine (ch60 strain) developed by passaging in chicken embryos provided effective immune protection for ducklings. however, the accurate mechanism for such adaption in chicken embryos is not fully revealed. here, we utilize rna-sequencing to perform global transcriptional analysis of dhav-1-innoculated embryonated livers along with histopathological and ultrastructural ... | 2018 | 30197639 |
| incompatible translation drives a convergent evolution and viral attenuation during the development of live attenuated vaccine. | live attenuated vaccines are widely used to protect humans or animals from pathogen infections. we have previously developed a chicken embryo-attenuated duck hepatitis a virus genotype 1 (dhav-1) vaccine (ch60 strain). this study aims to understand the mechanisms that drive a virulent strain to an attenuated virus. here, we systematically compared five dhav-1 chicken embryo attenuated strains and 68 virulent strains. phylogenetic analysis indicated that duck virulent strains isolated from differ ... | 2018 | 30073153 |
| a novel marsupial hepatitis a virus corroborates complex evolutionary patterns shaping the genus hepatovirus. | the discovery of highly diverse nonprimate hepatoviruses illuminated the evolutionary origins of hepatitis a virus (hav) ancestors in mammals other than primates. marsupials are ancient mammals that diverged from other eutheria during the jurassic. viruses from marsupials may thus provide important insight into virus evolution. to investigate hepatovirus macroevolutionary patterns, we sampled 112 opossums in northeastern brazil. a novel marsupial hav (mhav) in the brazilian common opossum (didel ... | 2018 | 29695421 |
| havcr1 (cd365) and its mouse ortholog are functional hepatitis a virus (hav) cellular receptors that mediate hav infection. | the hepatitis a virus (hav) cellular receptor 1 (havcr1), classified as cd365, was initially discovered as a hav cellular receptor using an expression cloning strategy. due to the lack of hav receptor-negative replication-competent cells, it was not possible to fully prove that havcr1 was a functional hav receptor. however, biochemistry, classical virology, and epidemiology studies further supported the functional role of havcr1 as a hav receptor. here, we show that an anti-havcr1 monoclonal ant ... | 2018 | 29437974 |
| protective efficacy of a bivalent live attenuated vaccine against duck hepatitis a virus types 1 and 3 in ducklings. | duck hepatitis a virus (dhav) infection is characterized by an acute, rapidly spreading that affects young ducklings. dhav-1 or dhav-3 infection is prevalent, and simultaneous co-infection with both viruses has recently become increasingly frequent in the domestic duck farms. in this study, we developed a bivalent live attenuated vaccine (dhv-hsbp100 and ap-04203p100) for dhav-1 and dhav-3 and reported the protective efficacy and safety of the vaccine. at 1-day-old, the ducklings received a biva ... | 2018 | 29408021 |
| microbiological identification and analysis of waterfowl livers collected from backyard farms in southern china. | in total, 985 livers were collected from 275 backyard waterfowl farms distributed in seven provinces of southern china. the virus that was most commonly isolated was avian influenza virus, with a 12.1% positivity rate. of the other positive samples, 10.6% tested positive for avian tembusu virus, 6.8% for duck hepatitis a virus, 3.8% for duck plague virus, 3.4% for muscovy duck parvovirus, 3.1% for goose parvovirus, 1.0% for mycoplasma, and 0.9% for respiratory enteric orphan virus. the bacterium ... | 2018 | 29398671 |
| experimental infection of marmota monax with a novel hepatitis a virus. | to establish an animal model for the newly identified marmota himalayana hepatovirus, mhhav, so as to develop a better understanding of the infection of hepatitis a viruses. five experimental woodchucks (marmota monax) were inoculated intravenously with the purified mhhav from wild woodchuck feces. one animal injected with pbs was defined as a control. feces and blood were routinely collected. after the animals were subjected to necropsy, different tissues were collected. the presence of viral r ... | 2018 | 29387970 |
| molecular genetic identification of isolates of the hepatitis a virus (hav) from monkeys at adler primate center. | the aim of this study was to assess prevalence and genetic variability of hepatitis a virus (hav) isolates in monkeys born and kept at adler primate center, as well as in imported animals. | 2018 | 29380396 |
| acute hepatitis a infection after hepatitis a immunity in a hiv-positive individual. | hepatitis a is a self-limiting infection caused by the hepatitis a virus (hav), transmitted predominantly by the faecal-oral route including some sexual practices. outbreaks are commonly reported in the men who have sex with men (population. previous exposure is thought to provide life-long immunity against subsequent infections with the development of an hav igg response. this paper reports a case of acute hepatitis a infection, despite evidence of a previously positive hepatitis a igg results ... | 2017 | 28860200 |
| fatal acute hepatic failure in a family infected with the hepatitis a virus subgenotype ib: a case report. | hepatitis a viral infection is a well-known cause of subclinical or acute self-limited hepatitis. few cases of hepatitis a virus (hav)-associated acute liver failure (alf) have been reported in low hav endemic countries annually. | 2017 | 28858094 |
| viral hepatitis screening in transgender patients undergoing gender identity hormonal therapy. | viral hepatitis is a global health issue and can lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. guidelines for viral hepatitis screening in the transgender population do not exist. transgender patients may be at higher risk for contracting viral hepatitis due to socioeconomic and behavioral factors. the aim of this study was to measure the quality of screening, prevalence, and susceptibility of viral hepatitis, and to identify barriers to screening in transgender patients underg ... | 2017 | 28857896 |
| acute hepatitis a virus infection in patients hospitalised at the department of infectious diseases, medical university of lublin (eastern poland) in the years 2009-2015. | the aim of our study was to analyse all medical records from the years 2009-2015 for adult patients with acute hepatitis a virus (hav) infection who were hospitalised at the department of infectious diseases, medical university of lublin (eastern poland). during this 7-year study, there were only 5 hospitalised patients with confirmed hav infection. in the study group 4 out of 5 patients had travelled to hav-endemic areas (egypt, ukraine), and 3 of the hepatitis a cases were imported from egypt. ... | 2016 | 28856273 |
| enzymatic and viability rt-qpcr assays for evaluation of enterovirus, hepatitis a virus and norovirus inactivation. implications for public health risk assessment. | to assess the potential of a viability dye and an enzymatic rt-qpcr pretreatment to discriminate between infectious and non-infectious enteric viruses. | 2017 | 28833965 |
| cellular cap-binding protein, eif4e, promotes picornavirus genome restructuring and translation. | picornaviruses use internal ribosome entry sites (iress) to translate their genomes into protein. a typical feature of these iress is their ability to bind directly to the eukaryotic initiation factor (eif) 4g component of the eif4f cap-binding complex. remarkably, the hepatitis a virus (hav) ires requires eif4e for its translation, but no mechanism has been proposed to explain this. here we demonstrate that eif4e regulates hav ires-mediated translation by two distinct mechanisms. first, eif4e b ... | 2017 | 28827335 |
| genotypes of hepatitis a virus in turkey: first report and clinical profile of children infected with sub-genotypes ia and iiia. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is a food and water-borne virus causing clinical (mainly hepatitis) and subclinical disease in humans. it is important to characterize circulating strains of hav in order to prevent hav infections using efficacious vaccines. the aim of this study was the detection and characterization of the circulating strains of hav in turkey by performing serology, rt-pcr, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. | 2017 | 28800730 |
| structures and corresponding functions of five types of picornaviral 2a proteins. | among the few non-structural proteins encoded by the picornaviral genome, the 2a protein is particularly special, irrespective of structure or function. during the evolution of the picornaviridae family, the 2a protein has been highly non-conserved. we believe that the 2a protein in this family can be classified into at least five distinct types according to previous studies. these five types are (a) chymotrypsin-like 2a, (b) parechovirus-like 2a, (c) hepatitis-a-virus-like 2a, (d) aphthovirus-l ... | 2017 | 28785248 |
| distinct changing profiles of hepatitis a and e virus infection among patients with acute hepatitis in mongolia: the first report of the full genome sequence of a novel genotype 1 hepatitis e virus strain. | in january 2012, mongolia started a hepatitis a vaccination program, which has not yet been evaluated. the first occurrence of autochthonous acute hepatitis e in 2013, caused by genotype 4 hepatitis e virus (hev), suggests the need for a routine study to monitor its prevalence. one hundred fifty-four consecutive patients who were clinically diagnosed with acute hepatitis between 2014 and 2015 in ulaanbaatar, mongolia were studied. by serological and molecular testing followed by sequencing and p ... | 2017 | 28776712 |
| a waterborne outbreak involving hepatitis a virus genotype ia at a residential facility in the republic of korea in 2015. | hepatitis a virus (hav), a major cause of acute hepatitis, has had the highest occurrence among group 1 nationally notifiable infectious diseases in korea since 2010.recently,the annual increase in the hav infection rate among young adults has become a public health concern. | 2017 | 28759774 |
| ongoing hepatitis a among men who have sex with men (msm) linked to outbreaks in europe in tel aviv area, israel, december 2016 - june 2017. | between december 2016 and june 2017, 19 hepatitis a virus (hav)-positive cases, 17 of which were among men who have sex with men (msm) were identified in the tel aviv area. seven of the 15 sewage samples collected between january and june 2017 were also hav-positive. all sequences clustered with two of the three strains identified in the current european hav outbreak. we demonstrate that despite an efficient vaccination programme, hav can still be transmitted to an unvaccinated high-risk populat ... | 2017 | 28749336 |
| cytotoxic effect of co-expression of human hepatitis a virus 3c protease and bifunctional suicide protein fcu1 genes in a bicistronic vector. | recent reports on various cancer models demonstrate a great potential of cytosine deaminase/5-fluorocytosine suicide system in cancer therapy. however, this approach has limited success and its application to patients has not reached the desirable clinical significance. accordingly, the improvement of this suicide system is an actively developing trend in gene therapy. the purpose of this study was to explore the cytotoxic effect observed after co-expression of hepatitis a virus 3c protease (3c) ... | 2017 | 28748410 |
| cxcl10 is produced in hepatitis a virus-infected cells in an irf3-dependent but ifn-independent manner. | acute hepatitis a caused by hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is accompanied by severe liver injury in adult patients, and the liver injury is associated with the production of chemokines. herein, we investigated the mechanism of how hav infection induces the production of cxcr3 and ccr5 chemokines, such as cxcl10, ccl4 and ccl5. the production of cxcl10, ccl4 and ccl5 was markedly increased by hav (hm-175/18f) infection in the culture of primary human hepatocytes and hepg2 cells. in particular, ... | 2017 | 28744018 |
| development of a chemiluminescent dna fibre optic genosensor to hepatitis a virus (hav). | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection has caused substantial morbidity and economic losses to human society, presenting a major public health problem in many parts of the world. despite the capability for low-concentration detection, current pcr-based techniques are limited by the requirement of specialized lab equipment, trained personnel and a relatively large time-commitment. the need for a prompt in-field quantitative identification of hav in real samples has led us to develop a chemiluminescent ... | 2017 | 28738599 |
| compliance with vaccination against hepatitis a virus in germany: a retrospective analysis . | to analyze compliance with vaccination against hepatitis a virus (hav) in patients followed in general and pediatric practices in germany. | 2017 | 28737126 |
| thermal processing of live bivalve molluscs for controlling viruses: on the need for a risk-based design. | norovirus (nov) and hepatitis a virus (hav) are the most important viral hazards associated with human illness following consumption of contaminated bivalve molluscs. the effectiveness of the current eu criteria for heat processing of bivalve molluscs (i.e. raising the temperature of the internal mollusc flesh to at least 90°c for a minimum of 90 seconds) was evaluated using predictive microbiology. a hav thermal inactivation model was developed based on literature data in mollusc matrices durin ... | 2017 | 28723228 |
| immunogenicity and safety of the inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis on methotrexate treatment: a matched case-control study. | to describe the immunogenicity and side effects of immunisation against hepatitis a virus (hav) in jia patients on methotrexate treatment, who have not been previously exposed to hav. | 2017 | 28721859 |
| hepatitis a virus genotypes and strains from an endemic area of europe, bulgaria 2012-2014. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is endemic in eastern european and balkan region countries. in 2012, bulgaria showed the highest rate (67.13 cases per 100,000) in europe. nevertheless, hav genotypes and strains circulating in this country have never been described. the present study reports the molecular characterization of hav from 105 patients from bulgaria. | 2017 | 28705178 |
| programmed cell death 1 (pd-1) and cytotoxic t lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (ctla-4) in viral hepatitis. | virus-specific cluster of differentiation 8 (cd8+) cytotoxic t cells (ctl) recognize viral antigens presented on major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i chains on infected hepatocytes, with help from cd4+ t cells. however, this ctl response is frequently weak or undetectable in patients with chronic hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection. programmed cell death 1 (pd-1) and cytotoxic t lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (ctla-4) are receptors in the cd28 family of costi ... | 2017 | 28703774 |
| spatial and temporal distribution of norovirus and e. coli in sydney rock oysters following a sewage overflow into an estuary. | this paper reports a study of norovirus (nov) gii distribution and persistence in sydney rock oysters (sro) (saccostrea glomerata) located in an estuary after a pump station sewage overflow. sro were strategically placed at six sites spanning the length of the estuary from the pump station to the sea. the spatial and temporal distribution of nov, hepatitis a virus (hav) and escherichia coli (e. coli) in oysters was mapped after the contamination event. nov gi and gii, hav and e. coli were quanti ... | 2017 | 28685229 |
| host differences affecting resistance and susceptibility of the second generation of a pekin duck flock to duck hepatitis a virus genotype 3. | earlier work suggested the possibility to anti duck hepatitis a virus genotype 3 (dhav-3) using the resistance breeding strategy. here, we report the creation of the second generations of a resistant pekin duck flock (designated z8r2) and a highly susceptible pekin duck flock (designated z8s2) and the investigation of their responses to dhav-3. experimental infection with dhav-3 at 7 days of age resulted in a high mortality (66.3%) in 11 susceptible z8s2 families and an extremely low mortality r ... | 2017 | 28674528 |
| pityriasis rosea in a patient with retrovirus infection and a history of syphilis and positive results of infection with hepatitis a virus, hepatitis b virus and hepatitis c virus. | 2017 | 28670260 | |
| inactivation of viruses and bacteria on strawberries using a levulinic acid plus sodium dodecyl sulfate based sanitizer, taking sensorial and chemical food safety aspects into account. | the efficacy of levulinic acid (lva) in combination with sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) in removal of foodborne viruses, enteric bacterial pathogens and their surrogates on fresh strawberries was investigated. inoculated strawberries were treated with potable water, sodium hypochlorite solution (50ppm), 0.5% lva plus 0.5% sds solution, and 5% lva plus 2% sds solution respectively for 2min, followed by spray-rinsing with potable water. water washing removed at least 1.0-log of the tested viral and ... | 2017 | 28668727 |
| hepatitis e virus induced acute liver failure with scrub typhus coinfection in a pregnant woman. | coinfections contribute significantly to diagnostic challenges of acute febrile illnesses, especially in endemic areas. the confusion caused by overlapping clinical features impedes timely management. herein, we report an unusual, previously unreported case of a pregnant woman suffering from a coinfection of scrub typhus and hepatitis e virus. a 25-year-old, 31-week pregnant woman presented with jaundice for 5 days and altered sensorium for 2 days. she had features of both viral acute liver fail ... | 2017 | 28663682 |
| [immune response to one booster dose of inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in college students]. | objective: to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of one booster dose of inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in young adults. methods: the subjects were selected from participants in the clinical trial of immunogenicity of inactivated and attenuated live hepatitis a vaccine in young adults. eligible subjects were those who had received one dose of inactivated or attenuated hepatitis a vaccine, could be contacted and were sero-negative before primary vaccination. all qualified subjects were immuni ... | 2017 | 28651399 |
| improving efficiency of viability-qpcr for selective detection of infectious hav in food and water samples. | to improve the efficacy of intercalating dyes to distinguishing between infectious and inactivated hepatitis a virus (hav) in food. | 2017 | 28649706 |
| antibodies against immune checkpoint molecules restore functions of tumor-infiltrating t cells in hepatocellular carcinomas. | ligand binding to inhibitory receptors on immune cells, such as programmed cell death 1 (pd-1) and cytotoxic t-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (ctla4), downregulates the t-cell-mediated immune response (called immune checkpoints). antibodies that block these receptors increase anti-tumor immunity in patients with melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and renal cell cancer. tumor-infiltrating cd4(+) and cd8(+) t cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) have been found to be functiona ... | 2017 | 28648905 |
| seroprevalence and susceptibility to hepatitis a in the european union and european economic area: a systematic review. | most of the european union (eu) and european economic area (eea) is considered a region of very low hepatitis a virus (hav) endemicity; however, geographical differences exist. we did a systematic review with the aim of describing seroprevalence and susceptibility in the general population or special groups in the eu and eea. we searched databases and public health national institutes websites for hav seroprevalence records published between jan 1, 1975, and june 30, 2014, with no language restr ... | 2017 | 28645862 |
| raw rehmannia radix polysaccharide can effectively release peroxidative injury induced by duck hepatitis a virus. | duck viral hepatitis (dvh), caused by duck hepatitis a virus (dhav), is a fatal contagious infectious disease which spreads rapidly with high morbidity and high mortality, and there is no effective clinical drug against dvh. | 2017 | 28638862 |
| development of a peptide elisa to discriminate vaccine-induced immunity from natural infection of hepatitis a virus in a phase iv study. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is a highly infectious agent that causes acute liver disease. the infection can trigger the production of antibodies against the structural and non-structural proteins of hav. nonetheless, vaccination with an hav vaccine leads to the production of a primary antibody against the structural proteins. because the non-structural proteins are only produced during active virus replication, there is no or very little antibody production against the non-structural proteins. howev ... | 2017 | 28631170 |
| hepatitis a virus strains circulating during 1997-2015 in campania, a southern italy region with periodic outbreaks. | in italy, the incidence of hepatitis a has progressively declined over the last 30 years, though not homogeneously throughout the country. in campania, southern italy, high annual incidence rates have been reported and several periodic outbreaks have occurred. to investigate the phylogenetic and epidemiologic relationships among hav strains circulating in campania over the period 1997-2015, 87 hepatitis a cases were investigated. the most frequent risk factor was the consumption of raw/undercook ... | 2017 | 28621437 |
| hepatitis a virus epidemiology in turkey as universal childhood vaccination begins: seroprevalence and endemicity by region. | this paper presents the results of a comprehensive examination of current distribution of hepatitis a virus (hav) seroprevalence and endemicity in turkey and the possible links between hav endemicity and socioeconomic development. we performed a systematic search in online resources published between january 2000 and august 2015. the 22 provinces were able to be assigned a hepatitis a endemicity level based on this systematic review. the incidence rates for symptomatic hepatitis a infection are ... | 2016 | 28621088 |
| comparative analysis of virus-host interactions caused by a virulent and an attenuated duck hepatitis a virus genotype 1. | because of their better immunogenicity and the improved protection they afford, live attenuated vaccines derived from serial passaging in an abnormal host are widely used to protect humans or animals from certain pathogens. here, we used a virulent and a chicken embryo-attenuated duck hepatitis a virus genotype 1 to compare the different regulated immune responses induced by viruses with differing virulence. in this study, the attenuated strains had lower protein expression levels than the virul ... | 2017 | 28614378 |
| hepatitis a virus infection and hepatitis a vaccination in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients: a review. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is one of the most common infectious etiologies of acute hepatitis worldwide. the virus is known to be transmitted fecal-orally, resulting in symptoms ranging from asymptomatic infection to fulminant hepatitis. hav can also be transmitted through oral-anal sex. residents from regions of low endemicity for hav infection often remain susceptible in their adulthood. therefore, clustered hav infections or outbreaks of acute hepatitis a among men who have sex with men and inje ... | 2017 | 28611512 |
| the financial burden of public health responses to hepatitis a cases among food handlers, 2012-2014. | when food handlers become ill with hepatitis a virus (hav) infection, state and local health departments must assess the risk of hav transmission through prepared food and recommend or provide postexposure prophylaxis (pep) for those at risk for hav infection. providing pep (eg, hepatitis a [hepa] vaccine or immunoglobulin), however, is costly. to describe the burden of these responses on state and local health departments, we determined the number of public health responses to hav infections am ... | 2017 | 28609202 |
| unconventional secretion of hepatitis a virus. | 2017 | 28607085 | |
| cytokine signatures discriminate highly frequent acute hepatitis a virus and hepatitis e virus coinfections from monoinfections in mexican pediatric patients. | the frequency of hepatitis a virus and hepatitis e virus infections and their cytokine profiles were analyzed in mexican pediatric patients with acute hepatitis. a high frequency of coinfections was found. significant overexpression of interleukin (il)-4, il-12, il-13 and interferon-gamma during hepatitis a virus monoinfections and limited secretion of cytokines in hepatitis e virus infections were observed. | 2017 | 28604562 |
| the 3d protein of duck hepatitis a virus type 1 binds to a viral genomic 3' utr and shows rna-dependent rna polymerase activity. | to explore the rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) function of the 3d protein of duck hepatitis a virus type 1 (dhav-1), the gene was cloned into the pet-32a(+) vector for prokaryotic expression. the 3' untranslated region (3' utr) of dhav-1 together with a t7 promoter was cloned into the pmd19-t vector for in vitro transcription of 3' utr rna, which was further used as a template in rna-dependent rna polymerization. in this study, three methods were applied to analyze the rdrp function of the 3 ... | 2017 | 28600723 |
| mortality from selected diseases that can be transmitted by water - united states, 2003-2009. | diseases spread by water are caused by fecal-oral, contact, inhalation, or other routes, resulting in illnesses affecting multiple body systems. we selected 13 pathogens or syndromes implicated in waterborne disease outbreaks or other well-documented waterborne transmission (acute otitis externa, campylobacter, cryptosporidium, escherichia coli (e. coli), free-living ameba, giardia, hepatitis a virus, legionella (legionnaires' disease), nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm), pseudomonas-related pneu ... | 2017 | 28598348 |
| [prevalence of hepatitis a antibody among population covered by different hepatitis a immunization strategies in shandong province, 2015, china]. | objective: to evaluate prevalence of hepatitis a antibody (anti-hav igg) among population covered by different hepatitis a vaccine immunization strategies in shandong province in 2015. methods: in october 2015, according to the geographical location of shandong province, the stratified random sampling method was used to stratify the 17 municipal distrcts, and the random number table method was used for sampling, first, two eastern cites (qingdao, rizhao), two western cities (liaocheng, zaozhuang ... | 2017 | 28592089 |
| detection of diverse viruses in alimentary specimens of bats in macau. | bats carry a variety of viruses, and some of them cause public health problems. macau, which is famous for its gambling industry, has a complex population structure. the globalization in such an international metropolis has enhanced the chance of disease transmission. therefore, surveillance of zoonotic viruses is necessary for the early warning of potential emerging infectious diseases. here, we report the first surveillance of bat viruses in macau. in this study, we collected 1004 samples invo ... | 2017 | 28589292 |
| glucose-regulated protein 78 is an antiviral against hepatitis a virus replication. | infection with hepatitis a virus (hav) is a major cause of acute hepatitis globally and it is important to identify the mechanisms of hav replication. glucose-regulated protein 78 (grp78) is an endoplasmic reticulum (er) chaperone and serves a role in unfolded protein response pathways. previous studies have demonstrated that grp78 functions as an endogenous antiviral factor. in the present study, two loss-of-function studies using grp78 were completed to elucidate the role of grp78 in hav infec ... | 2017 | 28587404 |
| effect of green tea extract on enteric viruses and its application as natural sanitizer. | in this work, the effect of green tea extract (gte) was assessed against murine norovirus (mnv) and hepatitis a virus (hav) at different temperatures, exposure times and ph conditions. initially, gte at 0.5 and 5 mg/ml were individually mixed with each virus at 5 log tcid50/ml and incubated 2 h at 37 °c at different phs (from 5.5 to 8.5). gte affected both viruses depending on ph with higher reductions observed in alkaline conditions. secondly, different concentrations of gte (0.5 and 5 mg/ml) w ... | 2017 | 28576363 |
| viral hepatitis a, active component, u.s. armed forces, 2007-2016. | during 2007-2016, there were 237 incident diagnoses of acute hepatitis a, with an overall incidence rate of 1.88 cases per 100,000 person-years (p-yrs). crude overall rates of hepatitis a were highest among service members in the youngest age group, those in healthcare occupations, and among air force and navy members. service members of "other" or unknown race/ethnicity and non-hispanic black service members had higher overall incidence rates of hepatitis a, compared to their non-hispanic white ... | 2017 | 28570087 |
| hepatitis e virus persists in the presence of a type iii interferon response. | the rig-i-like rna helicase (rlr)-mediated interferon (ifn) response plays a pivotal role in the hepatic antiviral immunity. the hepatitis a virus (hav) and the hepatitis c virus (hcv) counter this response by encoding a viral protease that cleaves the mitochondria antiviral signaling protein (mavs), a common signaling adaptor for rlrs. however, a third hepatotropic rna virus, the hepatitis e virus (hev), does not appear to encode a functional protease yet persists in infected cells. we investig ... | 2017 | 28558073 |
| enteric viruses and fecal bacteria indicators to assess groundwater quality and suitability for irrigation. | according to italian ministerial decree no. 185 of 12 june 2003, water is considered suitable for irrigation if levels of fecal bacteria (i.e., escherichia coli and salmonella) are within certain parameters. the detection of other microorganisms is not required. the aim of this study is to determine the bacteriological quality of groundwater used for irrigation and the occurrence of enteric viruses (norovirus, enterovirus, rotavirus, hepatovirus a), and to compare the presence of viruses with th ... | 2017 | 28538682 |
| acute hepatitis a, b and c but not d is still prevalent in mongolia: a time trend analysis. | mongolia has one of the highest hepatitis a, c, b and d infection incidences worldwide. we sought to investigate changes in the proportion of acute viral hepatitis types in mongolia over the last decade. | 2017 | 28535669 |
| hepatitis a outbreaks in european homosexual men. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is a small rna, non-enveloped agent predominantly transmitted via the fecal/oral route through person-to-person contact or contaminated food and water. the mean incubation period is 28 days (range: 15-50). acute hepatitis a is always self-limited and very rarely fatal. moreover, it never progresses to chronicity. acutely infected persons are most likely to transmit hav before the onset of jaundice, when viral particle concentration in stool is highest. | 2017 | 28534888 |
| immunoprevalence to six waterborne pathogens in beachgoers at boquerón beach, puerto rico: application of a microsphere-based salivary antibody multiplex immunoassay. | waterborne infectious diseases are a major public health concern worldwide. few methods have been established that are capable of measuring human exposure to multiple waterborne pathogens simultaneously using non-invasive samples such as saliva. most current methods measure exposure to only one pathogen at a time, require large volumes of individual samples collected using invasive procedures, and are very labor intensive. in this article, we applied a multiplex bead-based immunoassay capable of ... | 2017 | 28507984 |
| assessing activity of hepatitis a virus 3c protease using a cyclized luciferase-based biosensor. | hepatitis a is an acute infection caused by hepatitis a virus (hav), which is widely distributed throughout the world. the hav 3c cysteine protease (3c(pro)), an important nonstructural protein, is responsible for most cleavage within the viral polyprotein and is critical for the processes of viral replication. our group has previously demonstrated that hav 3c(pro) cleaves human nf-κb essential modulator (nemo), a kinase required in interferon signaling. based on this finding, we generated four ... | 2017 | 28501618 |
| seroprevalence of hepatitis a 12-years following the implementation of toddlers' vaccination: a population based study in israel. | in 1999, israel became the first country to introduce an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine into its national childhood vaccination program. the objective of the present study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) antibodies in the israeli population before and after the introduction of the program. | 2017 | 28498301 |
| protein composition of the hepatitis a virus quasi-envelope. | the picornaviridae are a diverse family of rna viruses including many pathogens of medical and veterinary importance. classically considered "nonenveloped," recent studies show that some picornaviruses, notably hepatitis a virus (hav; genus hepatovirus) and some members of the enterovirus genus, are released from cells nonlytically in membranous vesicles. to better understand the biogenesis of quasi-enveloped hav (ehav) virions, we conducted a quantitative proteomics analysis of ehav purified fr ... | 2017 | 28490497 |
| modeling the hepatitis a epidemiological transition in brazil and mexico. | many low- to middle-income countries have completed or are in the process of transitioning from high or intermediate to low endemicity for hepatitis a virus (hav). because the risk of severe hepatitis a disease increases with age at infection, decreased incidence that leaves older children and adults susceptible to hav infection may actually increase the population-level burden of disease from hav. mathematical models can be helpful for projecting future epidemiological profiles for hav. | 2017 | 28481680 |
| phenolic profile of centaurea aegyptiaca l. growing in egypt and its cytotoxic and antiviral activities. | centaurea aegyptiaca l (asteraceae), is one of the most attractive plants growing wildly in sinai, and is not well investigated for its phytochemical constituents. this study represents the first in-depth characterization of the phenolic profile of the aerial parts of c. aegyptiaca methanolic extract utilizing liquid chromatography (lc) combined with electrospray ionization (esi) tandem mass spectrometry (ms/ms). | 2016 | 28480370 |
| hepatitis a virus cellular receptor 2 (havcr2) is decreased with viral infection and regulates pro-labour mediators oa. | intrauterine infection caused by viral infection has been implicated to contribute to preterm birth. hepatitis a virus cellular receptor 2 (havcr2) regulates inflammation in non-gestational tissues in response to viral infection. | 2017 | 28466996 |
| first report of hepatitis e virus viremia in healthy blood donors from nepal. | the aim of this study was to detect the prevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) in healthy blood donors so as to decipher the maintenance of (hev) reservoir if any. five hundred and eighty-one blood samples along with clinical information were collected from central blood bank, kathmandu between february and march 2014. samples were tested for hepatitis b virus surface antigen, anti-hepatitis c virus antibodies, anti-hepatitis a virus igm, hev antigen, hev viral load and anti-hev antibodies (igm a ... | 2016 | 28466048 |
| effects of chrysanthemum indicum polysaccharide and its phosphate on anti-duck hepatitis a virus and alleviating hepatic injury. | to explore new effective anti-duck hepatitis a virus drugs, chrysanthemum indicum polysaccharide (cips) was phosphorylation modified using stmp-stpp method, and phosphorylated chrysanthemum indicum polysaccharide (pcips) was obtained. characteristic absorption peaks were observed in pcips using ir spectrum, suggested that cips was successfully modified. in addition, field emission scanning electron micro-scope (fe-sem) was used to observe the polysaccharides' surface features. in vitro, we found ... | 2017 | 28455254 |
| inactivation of murine norovirus-1 and hepatitis a virus on fresh meats by atmospheric pressure plasma jets. | in the current study, inactivation effect of atmospheric pressure plasma (app) jets (10s-20min) was investigated against murine norovirus (mnv-1), as a norovirus (nov) surrogate and hepatitis a virus (hav) associated with three types of fresh meats (beef loin, pork shoulder and chicken breast). the quality characteristics of fresh meats, such as surface color, moisture content and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (tbars) were also examined. after 5-20min of treatment with app jets, the red ... | 2015 | 28455013 |
| occurrence and trend of hepatitis a virus in bivalve molluscs production areas following a contamination event. | the aim of this study was to assess the trend of hepatitis a virus (hav) in a coastal zone impacted by a contamination event, providing data for the development of management strategies. a total of 352 samples, including four bivalve mollusc species (mytilus galloprovincialis, solen vagina, venus gallina and donax trunculus), were taken over a period of 6 months from 27 production areas of the coast and analysis were performed according to iso/ts 15216-1:2013. hav presence was detected in 77 sam ... | 2017 | 28452010 |
| detection of potential infectious enteric viruses in fresh produce by (rt)-qpcr preceded by nuclease treatment. | foodborne illnesses associated with contaminated fresh produce are a common public health problem and there is an upward trend of outbreaks caused by enteric viruses, especially human noroviruses (hnovs) and hepatitis a virus (hav). this study aimed to assess the use of dnase and rnase coupled to qpcr and rt-qpcr, respectively, to detect intact particles of human adenoviruses (hadvs), hnov gi and gii and hav in fresh produce. different concentrations of dnase and rnase were tested to optimize th ... | 2017 | 28452009 |
| hepatitis a virus infections and outbreaks in asylum seekers arriving to germany, september 2015 to march 2016. | from september 2015 to march 2016, hepatitis a notifications in germany increased by 45% to 699 cases compared to 482 cases in the same period of the previous year. children aged five to nine years were predominantly affected (22% of all cases in this period). we hypothesized that this increase could be explained by the marked influx of asylum seekers in this time period. we analysed national surveillance data and estimated the number of imported and autochthonous hepatitis a cases in asylum see ... | 2017 | 28442750 |
| an outbreak of duck hepatitis a virus type 1 infection in japan. | in june 2015, a highly fatal and acute disease broke out in a duckling farm in hyogo prefecture, japan. the birds exhibited poor growth, reduced movement, lying in a dorsal recumbent position, depression, lethargy, ataxia and opisthotonus, with a high mortality rate of approximately 76%. by performing a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) using primers specific for duck hepatitis a virus type 1 (dhav-1), we obtained the pcr products of a predicted size. the nucleotide sequen ... | 2017 | 28413174 |
| improved detection of norovirus and hepatitis a virus in surface water by applying pre-pcr processing. | quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-qpcr) detection of waterborne rna viruses generally requires concentration of large water volumes due to low virus levels. a common approach is to use dead-end ultrafiltration followed by precipitation with polyethylene glycol. however, this procedure often leads to the co-concentration of pcr inhibitors that impairs the limit of detection and causes false-negative results. here, we applied the concept of pre-pcr processing to opti ... | 2017 | 28401478 |
| bacteriophages as enteric viral indicators in bivalve mollusc management. | human enteric viruses, such as norovirus and hepatitis a virus, are spread by a variety of routes including faecal-oral transmission. contaminated bivalve shellfish are regularly implicated in foodborne viral disease outbreaks internationally. traditionally indicator bacteria, the coliforms and escherichia coli, have been used to detect faecal pollution in growing waters and shellfish. however, studies have established that they are inadequate as indicators of the risk of human enteric viruses. ... | 2017 | 28400015 |
| a flavone-polysaccharide based prescription attenuates the mitochondrial dysfunction induced by duck hepatitis a virus type 1. | the principal target organ of duck hepatitis a virus type 1 (dhav-1) is duckling liver, which is an energy-intensive organ and plays important roles in body's energy metabolism and conversion. as the "power house" of the hepatocytes, mitochondria provide more than 90% of the energy. however, mitochondria are much vulnerable to the oxidative stress for their rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. although previous researches have demonstrated that dhav-1 could induce the oxidative stress in the ser ... | 2017 | 28394931 |
| evaluation of two triplex one-step qrt-pcr assays for the quantification of human enteric viruses in environmental samples. | human enteric viruses are responsible for waterborne and shellfish-associated disease outbreaks worldwide. quantitative reverse transcription pcr (qrt-pcr) is often used to assess the health risks associated with shellfish and environmental water, but viral titres in sediments are less commonly investigated. in this study, we developed and validated two multiplex qrt-pcr assays for aquatic sediment and shellfish samples targeting viruses that are a common cause of gastroenteritis (norovirus gi, ... | 2017 | 28391510 |
| gis based spatial pattern analysis: children with hepatitis a in turkey. | this study aimed to provide an insight into the geographic distribution of hepatitis a incidence considering their temporal distribution, spatial patterns, hot spots and clusters identification in three different age-group (0-4, 5-9 and 10-14) in turkey. province based tabular data, including monthly numbers of hepatitis a cases in children, and the populations from 2001 to 2011 were used as the basic input of the study. time series maps were created using geographic information systems (gis) to ... | 2017 | 28391174 |
| anti-dhav-1 reproduction and immuno-regulatory effects of a flavonoid prescription on duck virus hepatitis. | the flavonoid prescription baicalin-linarin-icariin-notoginsenoside r1 (blin) has a curative effect on duck virus hepatitis (dvh) caused by duck hepatitis a virus type 1 (dhav-1). however, the mechanism of this curative effect is not understood. | 2017 | 28385083 |
| epidemiological study of hepatitis a infection in eastern bulgaria. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is an acute, self-limited liver disease transmitted usually through the faecal-oral route via person-to-person contact. bulgaria has intermediate hav endemicity with higher susceptibility among adults and recurrent outbreaks. | 2017 | 28384115 |
| acute infectious hepatitis in hospitalised children: a british paediatric surveillance unit study. | hepatitis remains a key public health priority globally. most childhood cases are caused by viruses, especially hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv). this study aimed to estimate the burden of acute infectious hepatitis in hospitalised children and to describe their clinical characteristics and outcomes. | 2017 | 28377449 |
| pathogen safety and characterisation of a highly purified human alpha1-proteinase inhibitor preparation. | alpha1-proteinase inhibitor (a1pi) deficiency is a genetic condition predisposing to emphysema. respreeza/zemaira, a therapeutic preparation of a1pi, is prepared from human plasma. this article describes the purity and stability of respreeza/zemaira and the capacity of virus and prion reduction steps incorporated into its manufacturing process. purity and stability of respreeza/zemaira were analysed using established methods. to test pathogen clearance capacity, high levels of test viruses/prion ... | 2017 | 28377078 |
| a nonenveloped virus with a lipid envelope: hepatitis a virus as used in virus-reduction studies. | recently, a quasi-lipid-enveloped (le) form of the traditionally nonlipid-enveloped (nle) hepatitis a virus (hav) was described in human serum and cell culture-derived hav stocks. this discovery challenges the understanding of hav reduction in virus clearance studies of plasma products, which were performed under the premise of an nle nature of this virus. here, the presence of le particles in hav stocks used for reduction studies was verified, and the hypothesis that le and nle particles might ... | 2017 | 28370030 |
| ratiometric nanocluster beacon: a label‑free and sensitive fluorescent dna detection platform. | although researches until now have emphasized the influence of oligonucleotide sequence on the fluorescence of oligonucleotide-stablized silver nanoclusters (agncs), this influence has been explored as a novel ratiometric fluorescent signal transduction in this work. this study builds on our original discovery of a template-transformation phenomenon, which demonstrated that the connection of a special dna fragment (5'-caccgcttt-3') with a green-emitting agncs nucleation sequence (gnus, 5'-tgcctt ... | 2017 | 28367619 |
| hepatitis e virus: a leading cause of waterborne viral hepatitis in northwest districts of punjab, india. | acute viral hepatitis (avh) caused by enterically transmitted hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) poses a major health problem in developing countries such as india. despite improving sanitation, heath awareness, and socioeconomic conditions, these infections continue to occur both in sporadic as well as in epidemic forms in different parts of india. | 2017 | 28367028 |
| racial differences in seroprevalence of hav and hev in blood donors in the western cape, south africa: a clue to the predominant hev genotype? | hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is a major cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. this infection causes major water-borne outbreaks in low- and middle-income countries, whilst in industrialised countries this infection is zoonotic. these differences in epidemiology are related to different hev genotypes. hev genotype 3 is a zoonotic infection, whilst genotype 2 causes large outbreaks. this study determined the seroprevalence of hev in blood donors from the western cape. anti-hepatitis a virus (an ... | 2017 | 28357965 |
| seroprevalence of igm antibodies to hepatitis a virus in at-risk group in benin city, nigeria. | 2016 | 28349840 | |
| infectious diseases prevalence, vaccination coverage, and diagnostic challenges in a population of internationally adopted children referred to a tertiary care children's hospital from 2009 to 2015. | infectious diseases are common in internationally adopted children (iac).with the objective to evaluate infectious diseases prevalence in a large cohort of iac and to explore possible risk factors for tuberculosis (tb) and parasitic infections, clinical and laboratory data at first screening visit of all iac (<18 years) consecutively referred to our center in 2009 to 2015 were collected and analyzed.in total, 1612 children (median age: 5.40 years; interquartile range: 3.00-7.90) were enrolled, 1 ... | 2017 | 28328809 |
| transmission of hepatitis a virus through combined liver-small intestine-pancreas transplantation. | although transmission of hepatitis a virus (hav) through blood transfusion has been documented, transmission through organ transplantation has not been reported. in august 2015, state health officials in texas, usa, were notified of 2 home health nurses with hav infection whose only common exposure was a child who had undergone multi-visceral organ transplantation 9 months earlier. specimens from the nurses, organ donor, and all organ recipients were tested and medical records reviewed to determ ... | 2017 | 28322704 |