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immunoglobulin prophylaxis for hepatitis a.studies conducted over the past 45 years have shown that immunoglobulin (ig) prevents 80%-90% of cases of hepatitis a when administered before exposure or shortly thereafter. protection is short lived and requires early diagnosis and timely administration of ig to contacts. inactivated and attenuated hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccines have recently been developed and should be available for clinical use within the next few years. evaluation of antibodies to hav in ig and in ig recipients provides ...19921554845
acute sporadic viral hepatitis in ethiopia: causes, risk factors, and effects on pregnancy.one hundred and ten consecutive cases of acute sporadic hepatitis among ethiopian patients were studied to define viral causes, identify risk factors, and analyze demographic and clinical data. igm antibodies to hepatitis a virus were found in nine patients (8%), and hepatitis b surface antigen and igm antibodies to hepatitis b core antigen were found in 22 (20%); these findings were considered evidence of acute hepatitis a and hepatitis b, respectively. sera from the remaining 79 patients were ...19921576296
acute sporadic hepatitis e in sudanese children: analysis based on a new western blot assay.a newly developed western blot assay for antibody to hepatitis e virus (anti-hev) was used to evaluate 39 cases of acute pediatric hepatitis and 39 control patients in khartoum, sudan. the mean age of cases was 6.5 years (range, 2-14); 64% were male. acute hepatitis a (igm anti-hav-positive) was diagnosed in 13 cases, acute hepatitis b (igm anti-hbc-positive) in 1, and acute hepatitis e (positive for igm anti-hev) in 23 (59%). none of the cases with igm anti-hav or igm anti-hbc had igm anti-hev; ...19921583317
[biphasic viral hepatitis "a" associated with autoimmune phenomena].acute hepatitis a virus infection (hav) is a benign, self limited disease with infrequent extrahepatic features unlike the hepatitis b or the nona-nonb virus infection. we describe the case of a 37 year old white woman with hav who had a relapse with a second elevation of the alanine aminotransferase level together with joint pain, skin lesions, angioneurotic edema, and autoantibodies (ana, anti smooth muscle, antiparietal gastric cells). the liver biopsy showed piecemeal and early bridging necr ...19921599770
hepatitis a virus and hepatitis a infection. 19911645494
baseline seroepidemiology of hepatitis a virus infection among children and teenagers in italy.during the period from may 1987 through november 1989, the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a virus infection (anti-hav) was assayed by the elisa method in the serum samples of 5,507 (54% males, 46% females) apparently healthy subjects three to 19 years old in italy. subjects were selected by a systematic cluster sampling in five different geographical areas of italy. the overall prevalence of anti-hav was 9.5%; it increased from 2.3% among children three to five-years-old to 16.3% in teena ...19911646772
acute sporadic hepatitis in sudanese children.eighty consecutive cases of acute viral hepatitis and 80 controls selected from a public pediatric clinic were entered into a study of acute sporadic hepatitis in khartoum, sudan. study subjects were 14 years of age or younger and were mainly from a low socioeconomic level. non-a, non-b hepatitis was diagnosed by exclusion in 35 (43.8%) patients, hepatitis a in 27 (33.8%), acute hepatitis b in 8 (10.0%), possible epstein-barr virus (ebv) hepatitis in 1 patient; and dual hepatitis a and b infecti ...19911646853
[an epidemiological study on hepatitis c among the plasmapheretic donors in two villages with a 5-year history of plasma donation].an epidemiological study on hepatitis c virus infection in the populations of two villages with 5-year history of plasma donation was conducted. the prevalence rates of viral hepatitis and elevated alanine aminotransferase (alt) level in the plasmapheretic donors of these two villages were 11.3% and 33.0%, respectively. the figures were significantly higher than those in the blood donors of these two villages, (1.5% and 10.8%, respectively), and those in the adults without blood donation living ...19911647839
age-specific prevalence of hepatitis a virus infection among teenagers in sardinia.in 1989, the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) in a sample of 1350 sardinian teenagers aged 14 to 19 years was estimated by elisa method. the overall anti-hav prevalence was 20%; it increased from 12.3% among 14-16 year old subjects to 27.4% in subjects aged 17-19 years (p less than 0.01). a slight female preponderance was observed (22.1% versus 17.9) but no statistically significant difference was attained. compared with the corresponding figure (71.6% of prevalence rate) ...19911648657
declining prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a virus infection in iceland.the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) was investigated in 445 outpatients in iceland in 1987. no difference in anti-hav prevalence according to sex or residence was found. the prevalence rates were low in persons less than 50 years with a sharp increase in persons greater than or equal to 50 years. the prevalence of anti-hav was now significantly lower in the age groups of 40-49 years and 50-59 years than in 1979 indicating a cohort effect. these findings correspond to a m ...19911649491
effect of relative humidity and air temperature on survival of hepatitis a virus on environmental surfaces.stainless steel disks (diameter, 1 cm) were contaminated with fecally suspended hepatitis a virus (hav; strain hm-175) and held at low (25% +/- 5%), medium (55% +/- 5%), high (80% +/- 5%), or ultrahigh (95% +/- 5%) relative humidity (rh) at an air temperature of 5,20, or 35 degrees c. hav survival was inversely proportional to the level of rh and temperature, and the half-lives of the virus ranged from greater than 7 days at the low rh and 5 degrees c to about 2 h at the ultrahigh rh and 35 degr ...19911649579
parameters influencing the attachment of hepatitis a virus to a variety of continuous cell lines.we have investigated the interactions of purified radiolabelled hepatitis a virus (hav) with a variety of continuous cell lines. virus labelled either in vitro with radiolabelled iodine or in vivo with radiolabelled uridine bound to cells with similar efficiency. attachment to bs-c-1 cells was calcium ion-dependent and this correlated with infectivity assay results. the cell tropism of hav attachment was examined using cell suspensions and confluent cell monolayers at both 4 degrees c and 37 deg ...19911649900
simian hepatitis a virus (hav) strain agm-27: comparison of genome structure and growth in cell culture with other hav strains.fragments of cdna representing greater than 99% of the entire genome of wild-type hepatitis a virus (hav) strain agm-27, isolated from an african green monkey, were obtained by the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. comparison with other hav isolates revealed differences in the predicted amino acid sequence in functionally critical parts of the genome. comparison of the biological properties of agm-27 with those of human wild-type and cell culture-adapted hm-175 strains revealed that agm-2 ...19911649901
sequence analysis of a new hepatitis a virus naturally infecting cynomolgus macaques (macaca fascicularis).a new isolate of hepatitis a virus (hav), cy-145, was isolated from stool specimens obtained from cynomolgus macaques naturally infected with this agent. sequence analysis of the capsid region of the genome indicated that this virus differed from other sequenced hav strains by about 20% at the nucleotide level and 7% at the amino acid level. two amino acid residues (residues 70 of vp3 and 102 of vp1), previously identified as constituting an immunodominant site and conserved in all sequenced hav ...19911649902
[the modelling of hepatitis a in macaques].characteristics of experimental hepatitis a in macaca fascicularis and m. mulatta produced with hav, strain mp, isolated from m. mulatta in an outbreak of spontaneous hepatitis are presented. the hav-mp strain induced the disease in all the animals used in the experiment. the infection was manifest, with all virological, serological, biochemical and morphological features typical of hepatitis a. in m. mulatta, the process was protracted, with virus persistence in feces for at least 4 months. mod ...19911650062
prevalence of antibody to hepatitis c virus among saudi arabian children: a community-based study.in a population-based survey, 39 (0.90%) of 4,496 saudi arabian children (ages 1 to 10) were positive for antibody to hepatitis c virus. no significant difference was seen between the prevalence rate in males (0.9%) and females (0.8%) or between urban (0.7%) and rural dwellers (1.0%). a significant variation of rates (0% to 5.7%) was seen from one region to another. the gizan population, noted for hyperendemic hepatitis b virus infection, had the highest prevalence of antibody to hepatitis c vir ...19911650324
adsorption-elution with negatively and positively-charged glass powder for the concentration of hepatitis a virus from water.two methods based on virus adsorption and elution from glass powder were developed for the concentration of hepatitis a virus (hav) from large volumes of water. the cytopathogenic phm-175 strain of hav was used to test these procedures in tap water, fresh water, sea water and raw sewage. hav was quantitated by a plaque assay in the frhk-4 cell line. hav was concentrated by glass powder adsorption-elution from 20-liter samples with satisfactory efficiencies in all types of water: 100% for tap wat ...19911650787
hepatitis a outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit: risk factors for transmission and evidence of prolonged viral excretion among preterm infants.an outbreak of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in a neonatal intensive care unit (nicu) provided the opportunity to examine the duration of hav excretion in infants and the mechanisms by which hav epidemics are propagated in nicus. the outbreak affected 13 nicu infants (20%), 22 nicu nurses (24%), 8 other staff caring for nicu infants, and 4 household contacts; 2 seropositive infants (primary cases) received blood transfusions from a donor with hav infection. risk factors for infection among n ...19911651359
mutations responsible for adaptation of hepatitis a virus to efficient growth in cell culture.chimeric genomes of hepatitis a virus strain hm-175 were constructed from cdna clones of the wild-type virus and its cell culture-adapted variant. rna transcribed in vitro from each construct was assayed for infectivity by transfection of cultured cells. rna transcribed from the wild-type cdna clone was minimally infectious and produced virus that grew inefficiently in vitro, whereas that transcribed from certain chimeric genomes consistently produced virus that grew efficiently in cultured cell ...19911651411
the hepatitis a virus polyprotein expressed by a recombinant vaccinia virus undergoes proteolytic processing and assembly into viruslike particles.hepatitis a virus (hav) contains a single-stranded, plus-sense rna genome with a single long open reading frame encoding a polyprotein of approximately 250 kda. viral structural proteins are generated by posttranslational proteolytic processing of this polyprotein. we constructed recombinant vaccinia viruses which expressed the hav polyprotein (rv-orf) and the p1 structural region (rv-p1). rv-orf-infected cell lysates demonstrated that the polyprotein was cleaved into immunoreactive 29- and 33-k ...19911651421
characterization of hepatitis a virus capsid proteins with antisera raised to recombinant antigens.the capsid proteins of hepatitis a virus (hav) were expressed as fusion proteins of beta-galactosidase in e. coli using the expression vector lambda gt11. four fusion proteins were stably expressed and used to immunize rabbits to obtain mono-specific antisera. the antisera were unable to neutralize viral infectivity or react with hav by radioimmunoassay. three of the antisera were able to recognize hav antigens in infected bs-c-1 cells by immunofluorescence and denatured capsid proteins by immun ...19911651950
detection of total antibody against hepatitis a virus by an automated microparticle enzyme immunoassay.a fully automated microparticle enzyme immunoassay, imx havab, was developed for the detection of antibody against hepatitis a virus (anti-hav). in the imx havab assay which is run on the imx instrument, 24 tests are completed in less than 45 minutes. imx havab sensitivity was 18-25 world health organization u/l and was more sensitive than the commercial ria or eia, havab and havab eia, respectively. specimens from blood donors, diagnostic and hospital patients and individuals with a variety of ...19911651952
large-scale purification of inactivated hepatitis a virus by centrifugation in non-ionic gradients.formalin-inactivated hepatitis a virus (hav) can be purified for vaccine preparation by centrifugation in renografin-76 (diatrizoate meglumine and diatrizoate sodium) gradients. both continuous-flow rate-zonal and isopycnic methods were used for the separation of a major antigen component from minor antigen and host protein. the major antigen component, which appeared to contain complete virions by electron microscopy, could be recovered from gradients and accounted for approximately one third o ...19911651954
the influence of dental status on the detection of igg class anti-viral antibodies in human saliva.an antibody-capture radioimmunoassay was used to measure levels of igg class antibodies to rubella and hepatitis a viruses in serum and saliva of 30 edentulous, 30 partially dentate and 31 dentate individuals. the prevalence of seropositivity for rubella was 98.9 per cent and for hepatitis a 73.6 per cent. the serum reactivities were generally greater than those for saliva. there were 8 false-negative results for saliva out of the 182 tests performed, of which 4 were in the edentulous group, 3 i ...19911652241
[the synthetic peptide 62-75 vp3 of the hepatitis a virus induces virus-binding antibodies].peptide (p6) representing amino acids 62-75 of hav capsid protein vp3 was synthesized. pure p6, octamer form of p6, and p6 conjugated to klh were injected into rabbits. the sera against these preparations reacted with denaturized vp3 in immunoblotting tests; however, only anti-p6-klh serum was capable of binding the native hav.19911652865
[the adaptation of an isolate of the hepatitis a virus to reproduction in cell cultures].a hav strain derived from a patient in moscow multiplied in a continuous cell line plc/prf/5 at 32 degrees c (variant mi-1) and at 37 degrees c (variant mi-1.1). these two variants of the strain mi retained the ability for reproduction both at 32 degrees c and 37 degrees c after passages in cell culture. the strain mi also replicates in mk cells. negative results on hav cultivation were obtained in hef-240 and frhk-4 cell cultures. the mi-1 and mi-1.1 variants are typical of hepatitis a viruses ...19911652866
[the chronic course of spontaneous and experimental hepatitis a in rhesus monkeys with viral persistence].the prolonged (up to 2 years) complex observation of 11 rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) with spontaneous hepatitis a and 14 rhesus macaques with experimental hepatitis a developing after their intravenous and/or oral infection with human hepatitis a virus (hav). both natural and experimental infection took a chronic course (15-18 months). in 13 monkeys showing morphological changes in the liver during the whole period of the disease elevated enzyme levels in the blood and virus shedding in fece ...19911653510
[the antigenic properties of hepatitis a virus particles possessing different physicochemical characteristics].a modified enzyme immunoassay based on adsorption of antihepatitis a virus (hav) igg-hrpo conjugate and monoclonal antibodies to hav were used to investigate antigenic differences between mature hav virions and subviral particles with different buoyant densities in cscl produced in hav-infected cells. the mature virions (1.34 g/cm3) appeared to have common antigenic determinants with subviral particles (1.20, 1.27, and 1.30 g/cm3) and possess some additional determinants. nevertheless, both subv ...19911654006
[the immunogenicity of a cultured inactivated hepatitis a vaccine].a trial of inactivated hepatitis a viral vaccine of heteroploid cell culture origin is described. the vaccine preparation was tested in guinea pigs and tamarins. the animals were immunized intramuscularly four or three times, respectively. the efficacy was judged by induction of anti-hav antibody persisting for at least 12 months in guinea pigs, and development of immunity to subsequent virus challenge (monkeys only). the challenge dose of hav was unable to produce any signs of hav infection in ...19911654007
[the reproduction of the hepatitis a virus in cell cultures].a comparative analysis of reproduction of 9 strains of hepatitis a viruses (hsa-15, cf-979, mi, mbb 11/5, h-141, kmw-1, gbm, ih-26, wr-61) from different regions of the world in cell cultures (plc/prf/5, hel-240, frhk-4, mk) revealed the differences in the capacity of the viruses for reproduction in these cell lines. the factors influencing hav reproduction in cell cultures such as temperature, medium, and sera were studied. in one-cycle infection, accumulation of vrna and formation of virus par ...19911654008
identification and characterization of incomplete hepatitis a virus particles.the range of hepatitis a virus (hav) particles generated during persistent infection of different cell lines was studied. buoyant density and sedimentation analyses of cell extracts revealed a uniform profile of particles in all cell lines analysed except for bs-c-1 cells. the virion itself usually represented less than 50% of the total mass of virus antigen. a major portion of the antigen was associated with non-infectious, empty particles, which banded at 1.305 g/ml and 1.20 g/ml cscl, and sed ...19911654375
a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing hepatitis a virus structural polypeptides: characterization and demonstration of protective immunogenicity.a recombinant vaccinia virus containing most of the p1 region of hepatitis a virus (hav) was constructed. cell lysates of cultures infected with the virus contained hav proteins detectable by radioimmunoassay. western blot analysis revealed the presence of a single protein of mr 60k to 62k, bearing epitopes from structural polypeptides vp4, -3 and -2, and the n terminus of vp1. the size of the protein suggests that at least some of the vaccinia virus thymidine kinase is also expressed. inoculati ...19911654376
protease digestion of hepatitis a virus: disparate effects on capsid proteins, antigenicity, and infectivity.high concentrations of either trypsin or chymotrypsin caused nearly complete cleavage of capsid protein vp2 of hepatitis a virus but did not significantly reduce the infectivity, thermostability, or antigenicity of the virus. chymotrypsin also had a lesser effect on vp1. these findings indicate the presence of a protease-accessible vp2 surface site which neither contributes significantly to the dominant antigenic site nor plays a role in the attachment of the virus to putative cell receptors.19911654460
current seroepidemiology of hepatitis a in hong kong.the current seroepidemiology of hepatitis a in hong kong was examined by testing stored sera from 702 healthy subjects, collected between 1987-1989, for antibody to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav). the overall prevalence of anti-hav antibody was 45.6%. there were significant increases in prevalence of anti-hav antibody with every 10-year increase in age up to age 40. the prevalence of anti-hav antibody was 24% for subjects below age 30 and 89.2% for those above age 30 (p less than 0.0001). socioeco ...19911655968
the 5' nontranslated region of hepatitis a virus rna: secondary structure and elements required for translation in vitro.although the lengthy 5' nontranslated regions (5'ntrs) of other picornaviral rnas form highly ordered structures with important functions in viral translation, little is known about the 5'ntr of hepatitis a virus (hav). we determined the nearly complete 5'ntr nucleotide sequences of two genetically divergent hav strains (pa21 and cf53) and included these data in a comparative phylogenetic analysis of the hav 5'ntr. we identified covariant nucleotide substitutions predictive of conserved secondar ...19911656072
a high degree of exposure to hepatitis a virus infection in urban children in cameroon.in january 1989, the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) was determined by elisa in 702 apparently healthy children 5-14 years old in kumba city, cameroon. children were recruited from those attending six different primary schools, representative of the socio-demographic characteristics of the inhabitants, using a systematic random sampling. the overall igg anti-hav prevalence was 96.9%, reaching 100% by the age of 11 years. in primary school beginners the prevalence was ver ...19911656166
detection of hepatitis a virus proteins in infected bs-c-1 cells.hepatitis a virus (hav) is distinguished from other picornaviruses by its tropism for the liver in infected hosts, a nonlytic infection in hepatocytes, and a slow and nonlytic growth cycle in cultured cells. although the genome structure and organization of hav appear to be similar to those of the other picornaviruses, the viral proteins synthesized in infected cells have not been previously characterized. we have utilized specific antisera raised in rabbits to recombinant hav proteins expressed ...19911656592
an epidemic of hepatitis a attributable to the ingestion of raw clams in shanghai, china.an epidemic of hepatitis a in 1988 in shanghai had an overall attack rate of 4083/100,000 population (292,301 cases). the epidemic curve showed three peaks in january and february. a case-control study of 1208 matched pairs supported that clams were the vehicle for the virus (summary odds ratio, 9.47; p less than .001). analysis of subsets who had eaten clams indicated that only 3.5% with hepatitis a had cooked their clams compared with 18.1% without hepatitis a, and those with the disease consu ...19911658157
further evaluation of a live hepatitis a vaccine in marmosets.live, attenuated f' hepatitis a vaccine virus was studied in vivo in saguinus labiatus marmosets for possible reversion to virulence, for possible establishment of persistent infection and for its capacity as a parenterally administered vaccine to induce immunity to oral infection. serial transmission of the virus in s. labiatus, using infectious stool extracts for the second and third passages, produced no evidence of reversion of the f' vaccine virus to virulence. monitoring for live hav in st ...19911658214
seroepidemiology of antibody to hepatitis a in the rural eastern part of thailand.hepatitis a is a disease commonly found in thai children. however, there are very few reports on the age specific prevalence in thailand. we studied the hapatitis a virus (hav) antibody titer in a population in the rural eastern part of thailand, using an antihav elisa test (abbott laboratories, north chicago ill). three hundred and sixty four subjects from pong nam ron, chanthaburi province and 236 of children and adults from bo thong, chon buri province were studied for age specific prevalence ...19911658947
a simplified multiwell plate assay for the measurement of hepatitis a virus infectivity.a standardized multiwell plate assay (mwpa) was developed to provide a simple in situ measurement of hepatitis a virus (hav) infectivity titers. following attachment (4 h, 35 degrees c) of serial 10-fold dilutions of hav strain cr326 f (variant f') to confluent mrc-5 monolayers in 24-well plates, cultures were overlaid with maintenance medium and incubated for 35 days at 35 degrees c with weekly medium replacement. cells were fixed with 90% acetone and hav antigen was quantitated by reaction wit ...19911659431
hepatitis a virus attachment to cultured cell lines.identification of a hepatitis a virus (hav) receptor is important for understanding hav tissue tropism and replication sites and in the design of vaccines and antiviral therapy. the attachment of hav to cultured cell lines was evaluated: calcium-dependent specific attachment of four hav strains to permissive cells occurred, whereas binding to nonpermissive cells did not. investigation of hav antigenic variant strains (neutralization escape mutants) demonstrated identical attachment properties wi ...19911659597
prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis c virus in the hemodialysis unit.an enzyme immunoassay was used to detect antibodies to hepatitis c virus (anti-hcv) in 261 patients and 69 staff members of a hemodialysis unit. the prevalence of anti-hcv was 46.7% in patients and 2.9% in staff members (p less than 0.001). the prevalence of anti-hcv increased significantly with increasing duration of hemodialysis (p less than 0.001), but was not related to age, sex, history of blood transfusion, status of hepatitis b or hepatitis a virus infection, or serum alt. patients with h ...19911660221
concentration and detection of hepatitis a virus and rotavirus from shellfish by hybridization tests.a modified polyethylene glycol precipitation method for concentration of virus followed by a new method to recover nucleic acid was used to detect hepatitis a virus (hav) and rotavirus (sa11) in shellfish (oysters and hard-shell clams) by hybridization tests. infectious virus, seeded into relatively large quantities of shellfish, was recovered consistently, with greater than 90% efficiency as measured by either in situ hybridization (hav) or plaque assay (rotavirus sa11). viral nucleic acid for ...19911660697
a rapid method for determination of endoproteinase substrate specificity: specificity of the 3c proteinase from hepatitis a virus.the preferred amino acid residues at the p'1 and p'2 positions of peptide substrates of the 3c proteinase from hepatitis a virus (hav-3c) have been determined by a rapid screening method. the enzyme was presented with two separate mixtures of n-terminal acetylated peptides, which were identical in sequence except for the amino acids at the p'1 or p'2 positions, where a set of 15 or 16 amino acids was introduced. enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of the peptide mixtures generated free amino termini, wh ...19911662396
prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis a virus, hepatitis b virus, and treponema pallidum in mauritius.a seroepidemiological study on the prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis b virus (hbv) and treponema pallidum was conducted in various groups of the population of the state of mauritus (islands of mauritus and rodrigues). 618 sera were tested. the overall prevalence of anti-hav was 86.1% and yielded and age-dependent increase. serological evidence for acute or chronic hbv infection was found in 3.8%; 4.5% were positive for anti-hbc alone, and in 12.6% past hbv infec ...19911662829
kinetic study of the replication of a cell-culture-adapted hepatitis a virus.the kinetics of replication of hepatitis a virus (lcdc-01) was studied in foetal rhesus monkey kidney cells (frhk-4). cells infected at a multiplicity of infection (moi) of 2.0 showed no viral antigen production until 12 h post-infection using radioimmuno assay (ria); however, at 48 h post-infection a logarithmic increase in antigen concentration began, which peaked by day 7. similar patterns were observed with cultures infected with lower moi (0.20 and 0.02) but events were delayed by about 24 ...19911663259
immunogenicity trial of inactivated hepatitis a virus vaccine in human volunteers.an inactivated hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccine was tested on a group of human adult volunteers. the vaccine was administered subcutaneously, and a control group received a placebo (aluminium hydroxide). the vaccine was found to be relatively well tolerated and non-reactogenic, and levels of anti-hav were comparable to those in other studies.19911663301
occurrence of faecal bacteria, salmonella and antigens associated with hepatitis a virus in shellfish.an investigation was carried out over a one year period to examine jointly the occurrence of faecal bacteria, salmonella and the presence of antigens associated with the hepatitis a virus (hav) in oysters (crassostrea gigas), mussels (mytilus edulis, mytilus galloprovincialis) and cockles (cerastoderma edule), taken from 8 shellfish farming areas or natural beds along the french coast. for the faecal coliforms (fc) and faecal streptococci (fs), statistical analysis of the 176 samples examined sh ...19911663750
influence of polyions on the early steps of enterovirus infection.the influence of electric charged molecules on the early phases of enterovirus infection was studied in order to select antiviral compounds able to prevent viral attachment. the effect of different polyelectrolytes on the multiplication of coxsackie virus b3, echovirus 6 and hepatitis a virus was investigated in susceptible cells by adding the drug before, during or after the viral adsorption period. among polyanions, the polysaccharides heparin and dextran sulfate inhibited viral infectivity, d ...19911663994
[the investigation of anti-hepatitis a virus antibody rate in guangzhou population].the positive rate of anti-hav in 1663 general guangzhou population were investigated by elisa in 1988. the total positive rate of anti-hav antibody ways 65.1%. there are great differences between the overall positive rate of anti-hav antibody and those in different districts and counties. among them, the highest rate was 90.2%, the lowest was 46.7%. the overall positive rate of anti-hav antibody of rural population (79.3%) was significant higher than that of urban population (53.9%). the rates i ...19911664294
[the use of lanthanide immunofluorescence analysis for demonstrating the antigen of viral hepatitis a].the study dealt with the development of an express method for detection of hepatitis a virus (hav) antigen employing lantanides, especially europium. the new time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (trfia), alongside with a significant shortening of the time for reaction, was also 8 times as sensitive as the analogous enzyme immunoassay. the trfia may be used effectively both for control of the antigen amplification in hav-infected cell culture and for early diagnosis of acute forms of viral hepatitis a ...19911664554
antiviral activity of carrageenan on hepatitis a virus replication in cell culture.sulphated polysaccharides such as iota-, lambda- and kappa-carrageenans showed a potent inhibitory effect on the replication of hepatitis a virus (hav) in the human hepatoma cell line plc/prf/5. no cytotoxic effects were detected with concentrations of carrageenans up to 200 micrograms/ml. the selectivity indices of these substances, calculated as the ratio of the dose that reduced the number of viable cells to 50% (cd50) to the effective dose that inhibited 50% of viral antigen expression (ed50 ...19911665574
hepatitis-e-virus-associated antigen: improved detection in stools by protein fv removal.elisa detection of a hepatitis-e-virus-associated antigen (hev-aag) in stools was reappraised for its possible interference with a new fab-binding factor, termed protein fv, released during infectious hepatitis. transaminase elevation, hev-aag discharge and fv leakage appeared simultaneously in a cercopithecus monkey inoculated with infected stools. labelled normal, or immune human igg, were compared with pre- and post-inoculation simian igg, for hev-aag and fv detection. coated normal and patie ...19911666435
[the results of a controlled field trial of a dried erythrocytic immunoglobulin diagnostic agent for detecting the hepatitis a virus antigen].the results of the controlled field trial of lyophilized erythrocytic immunoglobulin diagnosticum for the detection of hepatitis a virus antigen in the urine and feces of patients are presented. this diagnosticum was used for the study of urine and fecal samples from 225 patients (of these, 176 had hepatitis a) and 54 healthy persons in the passive hemagglutination (pha) test. their blood sera were studied in the pha test (to detect hbsag) and the radioimmunoassay (to detect anti-hav igm). the i ...19911667348
genetic variability within the 5' nontranslated region of hepatitis a virus rna. implications for secondary structure and function.the rna genome of hepatitis a virus (hav) contains a lengthy and relatively well conserved 5' nontranslated region (5'ntr). in other picornaviruses, the 5'ntr has been shown to have important functions related to the initiation of viral translation and replication of viral rna, functions which are critically dependent on both primary and secondary rna structure. we have utilized a phylogenetic approach to construct a model of the secondary structure of the hav 5'ntr. by comparing the nucleotide ...19911668324
biological and molecular comparisons of human (hm-175) and simian (agm-27) hepatitis a viruses.comparisons of hm-175, the prototype human strain of hepatitis a virus, and agm-27, a simian isolate, indicate that the two hav viruses differ substantially in sequence and in biological characteristics. the extent of the differences suggests that hepatitis a viruses have a greater potential for diversity than previously assumed.19911668325
characterization of a hepatitis a virus strain suitable for vaccine production.a novel isolate of hepatitis a virus, obtained from a clinical sample, has been adapted to grow on cultured human diploid cells. growth and purification parameters have been optimized to obtain conditions suitable for the development of an inactivated vaccine. the entire viral genome was molecularly cloned, and the gene encoding the vp3 capsid protein was expressed in escherichia coli. the resulting recombinant vp3 was used to obtain rabbit antisera which recognize the denatured protein in purif ...19911668326
prevalence of the type of hepatitis virus in hospitalized jaundiced individuals.the prevalence of different types of hepatitis virus was estimated in 185 hospitalized jaundiced patients. it was found that 41.08% were positive for hbs ag by elisa method. the jaundiced group was also tested for igm antibody and for total antibodies (igg and igm) to hav infection by elisa method and 5.40% were found to be positive. all patients in the jaundiced group had serum bilirubin above normal values. it was, therefore, assumed that the rest 52.92% were suffering from non a non b virus i ...19911668404
hepatitis a virus concentrations in immunoglobulin preparations. 19911671503
identification of hepatitis a virus as a trigger for autoimmune chronic hepatitis type 1 in susceptible individuals.to identify factors contributing to the pathogenesis of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis (cah) healthy relatives of 13 patients with the disorder were followed prospectively for 4 years. 58 relatives were monitored for various serological markers and for t-lymphocyte migration inhibitory activity every 2 months. 3 cases of subclinical acute hepatitis a occurred during the study. in 2 of the 3 subjects, before hepatitis a virus (hav) infection, there was a defect in suppressor-inducer t lympho ...19911673738
hepatitis a virus, blood donors, and immunoglobulin preparations. 19911674042
hepatitis a virus infection in taipei city in 1989.to evaluate the current status of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection, a seroepidemiologic study to detect the prevalence of antibodies against hav (anti-hav) has conducted in taipei city, from march to july, 1989. serum specimens were collected from 602 male and 503 female apparently healthy children age 12 and under. the prevalence rate of anti-hav was 27.5% in infants, and decreased to nearly 0% in preschool and early school children up to 10 years old. compared to a previous study in the same ...19911678406
identification of virus components in circulating immune complexes isolated during hepatitis a virus infection.circulating immune complexes were isolated by conglutinin affinity chromatography during the course of hepatitis a virus infection in a chimpanzee. characterization of circulating immune complexes showed that most of the hepatitis a virus-specific antibody was igm, that igg was present and that c3d and fibronectin were also present. hepatitis a virus capsid polypeptides were identified in the circulating immune complexes and polypeptides in the molecular weight range of 63 to 67 kda having immun ...19901688544
in vivo replication and reversion to wild type of a neutralization-resistant antigenic variant of hepatitis a virus.six seronegative owl monkeys were intravenously inoculated with an antigenic variant (s18) of hepatitis a virus that is highly adapted to growth in cell culture and resists neutralization by monoclonal antibodies due to replacement of aspartic acid 70 of capsid protein vp3 with histidine. each developed hepatitis 22-33 days after inoculation. virus in feces, serum, and liver was quantified by radioimmunofocus assay. viremia developed 7-11 days after inoculation, in parallel with fecal shedding o ...19901688601
monoclonal antibodies against an immunodominant and neutralizing epitope on hepatitis a virus antigen.two monoclonal antibodies (813 and 10.09) were raised against hepatitis a virus (hav). they recognize an immunodominant epitope and a neutralizing site on hav.19901696807
[development of an infection in monkeys as a result of their sequential natural and experimental exposure to the hepatitis a virus].the development of spontaneous outbreak of hepatitis a (ha) among african green monkeys kept under strict isolation conditions was studied. it was shown that in the case of introduction of hav the infection involved all the susceptible monkeys, running a course with and without any increase in the level of activity of serum alanine aminotransferase (alt) after inoculation of commercial gamma-globulin only the infection without the alt activity increase developed and some monkeys had no signs of ...19901697129
[clinical studies of the specificity of detecting viral dna in non-a, non-b hepatitis in liver tissue and lymphocytes].the clinical specifity of an intraparticular virus-dna of 5001 bp associated with non-a, non-b hepatitis (hnanb) was evaluated. investigations were done in liver biopsies and lymphocytes in 173 patients having acute or chronic hnanb (n = 107) or liver diseases of other etiology (n = 66). the sensitivity of the test system (polymerase chain reaction, southern-transfer, dna-hybridisation with synthetic oligonucleotides) was less than 100 virus particles per probe. in all patients with acute hnanb ...19901700557
antigenic and genetic variation in cytopathic hepatitis a virus variants arising during persistent infection: evidence for genetic recombination.variants of hepatitis a virus (phm175 virus) recovered from persistently infected green monkey kidney (bs-c-1) cells induced a cytopathic effect during serial passage in bs-c-1 or fetal rhesus kidney (frhk-4) cells. epitope-specific radioimmunofocus assays showed that this virus comprised two virion populations, one with altered antigenicity including neutralization resistance to monoclonal antibody k24f2, and the other with normal antigenic characteristics. replication of the antigenic variant ...19911705995
[a highly sensitive method of detecting the structural proteins of hepatitis a virus].a modified technique of protein staining with silver nitrate was employed in electrophoretic analysis of hepatitis a virus structural proteins. the modifications of the original technique, i.e. thorough washing of the gel, increased formaldehyde concentration and a more intensive lighting of the gel, have elevated the method sensitivity 10-fold permitting the detection of up to 0.1 ng protein. the modification has allowed detection of vp1, vp2, and vp3 structural proteins with molecular masses 3 ...19901710705
[the modulation of the interferon system by gamma-globulin preparations].preparations of specific and commercial gamma-globulin against hepatitis a virus caused a marked inhibition of alpha- and gamma-links of the if system 7 days after administration. in 80% of the subjects given commercial gamma-globulin 14 days after administration the above values returned to those observed before administration of the preparations. the recovery of the leukocyte capacity for alpha-if production after administration of specific gamma-globulin was observed only in 50% of the subjec ...19911713374
prophylactic treatment regimens for the prevention of hepatitis a. current concepts.hepatitis a virus (hav) occurs worldwide. in developing countries the virus is endemic, with the majority of the population being exposed to it in childhood, when the infection usually causes, at the most, a mild anicteric illness. in developed countries the majority of hav infections occur at a later age, often in adults, especially those with a history of recent travel to developing countries. in adults, hav infection usually causes a symptomatic icteric illness. in addition to community sanit ...19911715265
[synthesis and immunochemical properties of oligopeptides--fragments of capsid proteins of the hepatitis a virus].the hepatitis a virus (hav) capsid protein vp1, vp2 and vp3 are exposed at the virion surface and should therefore contain antigenic determinants. algorithms for hydrophilicity, antigenicity and flexibility were used to predict probable antigenic sites. synthesis of 7- to 23-membered overlapping peptides from seven sites, viz., 1-11, 1-17, 2-33, 11-25, 73-82, 76-86, 98-109, 98-112, 102-107, 102-108, 108-127, 113-123, 118-140, 276-298 from vp1, 42-62 from vp2, 76-85 from vp3, and 1-23 from vp4, w ...19911724368
changing epidemiology of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection: a comparative seroepidemiological study (1979 vs 1989) in north-east italy.a comparative seroepidemiological study (1979 vs 1989) on hav infection, was carried out in children and adolescents from north-east italy. anti-hav was tested in 850 subjects 6 to 8 years of age and the results were compared to those observed in 1979, in 462 subjects of the same age range and from the same geographical area. overall anti-hav prevalence was 1.9% (ranging from 0.5 to 5.2) in 1989 vs 32.5% (ranging from 7.8 to 70.7) in 1979. this dramatic decline of hav infection in children and a ...19911742523
decrease of hepatitis a and b virus infections in the population of okinawa, japan.in 1988 1282 serum samples were collected from healthy japanese persons living on hateruma island (574 samples) and iriomote island (708 samples) in okinawa, japan. serological markers of hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection [hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), antibody to hepatitis b core antigen (anti-hbc) were investigated and the findings compared with samples taken in 1980 on hateruma island and in 1970 and 1980 on iriomote island. the samples collected in 1988 on iriomote island were also te ...19911753133
severe herpes simplex virus hepatitis following autologous bone marrow transplantation: successful treatment with high dose intravenous acyclovir.a 17-year-old male patient with t-cell type lymphoblastic lymphoma in complete remission underwent high dose chemotherapy (busulfan 16 mg/kg and cyclophosphamide 120 mg/kg) followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation (abmt). the patient had been taking oral acyclovir (200 mg x 5) daily from seven days prior to the abmt (day -7). on day +24, he complained of epigastralgia and general malaise, and the next day his got and gpt rose to 570 u/l and 397 u/l, respectively. although he had no muc ...19911753418
[comparative morphology of spontaneous hepatitis a in lower old world monkeys].detailed description of liver damage in two species of macaques (rhesus and fascicularis) and green monkeys with spontaneous hepatitis a (ha) induced by the virus similar to human hepatitis. a virus (hav) is given. evolution of histological changes was followed by serial liver biopsies. the picture of the hepatitis in the above monkey species resemble that of human na as well as ha in other monkey species susceptible to hav. only in 8 of 21 monkeys the disease lasted for 2-5 months, others exhib ...19911793374
[igm- and igg-class antibodies to the hepatitis c virus].the test system widely used currently for the determination of anti-hcv permits the detection of anti-hcv igg alone. the data recently published by t. g. wreghitt et al. confirm the probability of the presence of anti-hcv of both igg and igm classes in sera from hepatitis c patients. anti-hcv igm was detected by ortho test with some modifications using an anti-m conjugate in the last stage of the experiment. anti-hcv igg were detected by regular ortho test. a total of 46 patients with different ...19911796581
the role of secretory immunity in hepatitis a virus infection.because the role of intestinal immunity remains uncertain in hepatitis a, samples of feces and saliva from infected primates and humans were tested for virus neutralizing activity. only two of eight owl monkeys infected by the intragastric route developed neutralizing antibody detectable in extracts of feces collected up to 88 days after viral challenge, although serum neutralizing antibody was present in all monkeys by day 33. similarly, neutralizing antibody was detected in fecal extracts from ...19911845810
epidemiologic patterns of wild-type hepatitis a virus determined by genetic variation.hepatitis a virus (hav) isolates from different parts of the world are a single serotype. however, genetic analysis of the vp1 genome region of published hav sequences suggested that distinct genotypes of hav could be defined based upon the geographic source of the original isolates. to circumvent the process of cell culture adaptation or animal passage, a 247-bp segment within the vp1 genome region of wild-type hav was amplified by reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction amp ...19911846392
rapid completion of the replication cycle of hepatitis a virus subsequent to reversal of guanidine inhibition.the single-cycle replication kinetics of hepatitis a virus (hav: hm175 p39) in bs-c-1 cells were examined by rna hybridization and vp1 immunoblot assays. viral products accumulated after 4 days of lag phase and reached a plateau by 12 days postinfection. defective, subgenomic rnas were not detected by northern blot analysis of cytoplasmic extracts from infected cells or purified virions. replication of this hav strain was markedly inhibited by 2 mm guanidine. neither the virion itself nor the ad ...19911846497
hepatitis a outbreak involving bread.an outbreak of hepatitis a involved more than 50 residents of a group of villages in the late spring and summer of 1989. the only food that was common to all the laboratory-confirmed cases was bread, purchased either unwrapped or as rolls, sandwiches or filled rolls, and supplied either directly from one shop or indirectly through its subsidiary outlets. it was concluded that this bread was the most likely vehicle of transmission of the hepatitis a virus and that the bread was contaminated by so ...19911847105
a simple antigen-reduction assay for the measurement of neutralizing antibodies to hepatitis a virus.a simplified hepatitis a virus (hav) antigen-reduction neutralization assay (havarna) was developed to permit the measurement of biologically active antibodies in recipients of candidate hav vaccines. degrees of neutralization were measured from the reduction in the amount of hav antigen synthesized by 7-10 days after infection of mrc-5 (fetal human diploid lung) cell cultures. sera producing a greater than or equal to 50% reduction in viral infectivity were scored as neutralizing. the assay was ...19911847404
safety and immunogenicity of a live attenuated hepatitis a virus vaccine in seronegative volunteers.seronegative adults were enrolled in a dose-escalating study of a live attenuated hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccine that was prepared from the f' variant of hav strain cr326f. they were injected subcutaneously with 10(4.1), 10(5.2), 10(6.1), or 10(7.3) tcid 50 of hav vaccine (n = 40) or with placebo (n = 12) and were followed for 6 months. none of the vaccine recipients developed significant systemic reactions or aminotransferase elevations. hav was not isolated in cell culture from any postvaccin ...19911849160
detection of hepatitis a virus and other enteroviruses in water by ssrna probes.sensitive and specific methods are needed to detect hepatitis a virus (hav) and other human enteroviruses in environmental samples such as drinking water and foods. clones of cdna encoding the 5'-most 1 kb of the hav and coxsackievirus b3 (cb3) genomes were subcloned into t7/sp6 rna transcription vectors. in vitro transcribed rna from the t7 promoter detected their respective hav or cb3 genomic rna. conversely, sp6 transcripts detected viral negative-stranded rna but not the genome. when both ss ...19911849914
proteolytic activity of hepatitis a virus 3c protein.although the genome organization and overall structure of hepatitis a virus are similar to those of other picornaviruses, nothing is known about the protein-processing pathways used by this virus to generate its capsid and nonstructural proteins from the polyprotein precursor. rna transcripts of cloned hepatitis a virus cdnas representing parts of the p2 and p3 regions of the genome were translated in rabbit reticulocyte lysates in vitro, and the translation products were analyzed by sodium dode ...19911850033
immunologic priming with recombinant hepatitis a virus capsid proteins produced in escherichia coli.hepatitis a virus capsid proteins (vp0, vp3, and vp1) have been synthesized in escherichia coli for use in antigenic and immunogenic analyses. rabbits immunized with each of these individual recombinant capsid proteins developed a rapid neutralizing antibody response when subsequently challenged with a subimmunogenic dose of whole virus.19911850041
the 5'-terminal nucleotides of hepatitis a virus rna, but not poliovirus rna, are required for infectivity.a series of plasmids containing hepatitis a virus (hav) cdna was constructed such that positive-strand hav rna could be transcribed with t7 rna polymerase. the plasmids differed in the number of 5'-terminal nucleotides representing the junctions between vectors and hav sequences that were present in the transcripts. when these transcripts were used to transfect cultured bs-c-1 cells, it was found that only those transcripts that contained all of the 5'-terminal hav nucleotides, in addition to on ...19911850050
the declining transmission of hepatitis a in thailand.hepatitis a antibody was almost universal among thai children 10-15 years ago. to assess whether transmission of hepatitis a among thai children had declined, contemporary antibody prevalence and seroconversion rates were determined. antibody prevalence in 1987-1988 among children in bangkok declined since 1977 for all ages studied, most markedly among young children. among 453 low-income urban schoolchildren, there were no seroconversions over a 10- to 12-month period (95% confidence interval [ ...19911850444
detection of igm against hepatitis a virus using tissue culture derived antigen.sera from healthy donors and four groups of subjects with acute viral hepatitis were tested for anti-hav igm by elisa with hepatitis a virus antigen grown in tissue culture. the results were compared with those obtained by formalin inactivated hav from 'havab-m' test kit (abbott laboratories, usa). with both preparations of antigens, sera from healthy donors and patients suffering from acute hepatitis b or non-a, non-b did not show anti-hav igm antibodies whereas acute phase sera from hepatitis ...19911850714
translation of hepatitis a virus rna in vitro: aberrant internal initiations influenced by 5' noncoding region.hepatitis a virus (hav) rnas were translated in vitro in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. the pattern of proteins synthesized from full-length hav rna was highly complex, consisting of a continuous spectrum of polypeptides ranging from less than 20,000 to greater than 200,000 da. the pattern was not significantly altered by varying incubation times, ion, or other reaction parameters, or by the addition of hela or bs-c-1 cell extracts to the translation reactions. plasmids engineered with mutations i ...19911850924
autoproteolytic cleavage of recombinant 3c proteinase of hepatitis a virus.a hepatitis a virus cdna fragment coding for the viral proteinase 3c was expressed as a chimeric protein fused in-frame to the c-terminus of beta-galactosidase. following induction of the lac z promoter, polypeptides of 150, 28, 26, and 16 kda, all of which carry 3c antigenicity, were produced. the 28- and 26-kda proteins were identified as autoproteolytic products of the fusion protein by determination of their n-terminal amino acid sequence. the 16-kda protein arises from internal initiation. ...19911850933
in vitro translation of hepatitis a virus subgenomic rna transcripts.a subgenomic cdna clone from hepatitis a virus strain hm175, composed of the last eight nucleotides of the 5' non-translated region and the first 2248 nucleotides of the coding sequence (p1 region), was inserted into a vector under the control of the t7 promoter. restriction enzyme digestion at sites within the structural region and subsequent transcription in vitro yielded rna products which were translated efficiently in rabbit reticulocyte lysates to produce proteins of the predicted sizes. t ...19911851807
characterization of hbv2-like infections in spain.hepatitis b viral serum markers suggestive of infection by hepatitis b virus type 2 were found in 354 patients tested in the laboratory during a 2.5 year period of study. confirmation of the hbsag reactivity by neutralization and subtyping analysis and determination of serum hbv-dna by molecular hybridization were carried out on selected samples from these patients. clinical and epidemiological data were obtained from 234 patients and serological follow-up was done in 70 cases. the results obtai ...19911856705
differential diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis using rapid, fully automated immunoassays.we report the development of three rapid, fully automated immunoassays allowing the differential diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis. these assays detect hbsag, igm antibody to hepatitis b core antigen (igm anti-hbc) and igm antibody to hepatitis a virus (igm anti-hav) using the imx instrument system. all imx assays were run in less than 45 minutes and all steps were fully automated including specimen dilution steps. specimens from blood donors, diagnostic and hospital patients, and individuals w ...19911880494
[a comparative study of the sensitivity and specific activity of an immunoenzyme test system for determining class-m antibodies to the hepatitis a virus].the diagnostic value of the first experimental production batches of assay kit "diagn-a-hep", produced at the institute of poliomyelitis and viral encephalitides (ussr acad. med. sci.) and intended for the determination of igm to hepatitis a virus (hav) in the enzyme immunoassay (eia), has been studied in comparison with that of the internationally known and widely approved commercial eia system "havab-meia" for the determination of antibodies to hav (the product of abbott, usa). the study has r ...19911882626
treatment of fulminant viral hepatic failure with prostaglandin e. a preliminary report.the effect of prostaglandins (pg) in patients with fulminant and subfulminant viral hepatitis was studied. seventeen patients presented with fhf secondary to hepatitis a (n = 3), hepatitis b (n = 6) and non-a, non-b (nanb) hepatitis (n = 8). fourteen of the 17 patients had stage iii or iv hepatic encephalopathy (he). at presentation, the mean ast was 1844 +/- 1246 units/liter, bilirubin 232 +/- 135 mumol/liter, pt 34 +/- 18 and ptt 73 +/- 26 sec, and coagulation factors v and vii were 8 +/- 4 an ...19911903342
hepatitis c virus infection is the major cause of severe liver disease in india.the present study describes the status of hepatitis c virus infection in 167 patients with severe forms of liver diseases in india. the anti-hcv positivity rate was recorded as 43%, 47%, and 42% in patients with fhf, sahf, and cah respectively. hbv and hcv coinfection was recorded in 28% of fhf, 43% of sahf and 75% of the cah cases. superinfection of hcv in hbsag carriers was recorded in the 54% cases of fhf, 60% of sahf and 42% of the cah. none of these 167 patients was positive of hav-igm. fur ...19911909266
detection of anti-hepatitis c virus antibody in fulminant hepatic failure.serial serum samples obtained from 27 patients with fulminant hepatic failure (fhf) in a variety of etiology were tested for anti-hepatitis c virus antibody (anti-hcv) with uses of two different assay systems. the incidence of anti-hcv in patients with fhf due to hepatitis b (ortho test system; 7/11, 63.6%: abbott test system; 9/11, 81.8%) was found to be significantly higher than that in acute hbv hepatitis (ortho test system; 0/17, 0%) (p less than 0.001). in particular, all 3 post-transfusion ...19911909270
urticaria in patients with hepatitis a virus infection. 19911923685
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