Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| pattern of shedding of the norwalk particle in stools during experimentally induced gastroenteritis in volunteers as determined by immune electron microscopy. | in 11 of 23 volunteers the norwalk virus-like particle was visualized by immune electron microscopy in at least one stool specimen obtained during the acute phase of experimentally induced nonbacterial gastroenteritis. examination of multiple stool specimens obtained during the course of illness in these 11 volunteers revealed maximal concentration of norwalk virus-like particle at the onset of illness and shortly thereafter; in no case was the norwalk particle visualized in stools obtained befo ... | 1975 | 1151121 |
| implications of recent virological researches. | rotaviruses (duoviruses) can be found in more than half the cases of acute diarrhoea in children up to the age of six or seven. about that age almost everyone has antibodies to them. second infections occur and may not be as rare as laboratory findings so far suggest. very young infants sometimes get subclinical disease-the effect of maternal antibody transmitted across the placenta? very similar viruses, all possessing a common antigen detectable by immunofluorescence, are known to infect and/o ... | 1976 | 186237 |
| antibodies to viral gastroenteritis viruses in crohn's disease. | antibody prevalence and titer to rotavirus and norwalk virus were studied in crohn's disease patients and in age-, sex-, and time-matched controls. there were no significant antibody differences between the groups studied. | 1979 | 215490 |
| role of norwalk virus in outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis. | twenty-five separate outbreaks of nonbacterial gastrointestinal illnesses were studied serologically for evidence of infection with the norwalk virus and the rotaviruses that affect humans. eight of 25 outbreaks appeared to be related to the norwalk virus. in one of the 25 outbreaks, there was evidence of rotavirus infection. these observations suggest that the norwalk virus or serologically related agents play an important role in epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis in adults and older childr ... | 1979 | 220341 |
| prevalence of antibody to the norwalk virus in various countries. | serum samples from children and adults from several countries were tested by radioimmunoassay for antibody to the norwalk virus. antibody was commonly found in adults from all the countries tested. antibody appears to be acquired more rapidly in children from underdeveloped countries than in children from the united states. | 1979 | 227798 |
| an australia-wide outbreak of gastroenteritis from oysters caused by norwalk virus. | at least 2000 persons were involved in an australia-wide outbreak of oyster-associated food poisoning in june and july, 1978. at the time, this episode presented a major health risk to the community as a whole and has subsequently posed a serious economic problem for the oyster farming and distributing industry. although bacteriological investigations indicated some batches of oysters were contaminated by sewage, no bacterial cause could be established. the causative organism was shown to be nor ... | 1979 | 514174 |
| norwalk virus in vomitus. | 1979 | 83510 | |
| immune response and prevalence of antibody to norwalk enteritis virus as determined by radioimmunoassay. | a solid-phase microtiter radioimmunoassay was established for the detection of norwalk virus and its antibody, with clinical materials from human volunteers previously studied in massachusetts as reagents. a study of 308 massachusetts residents showed that serum antibody to norwalk agent was rarely present during childhood but was detectable in approximately 50% of adults. all volunteers inoculated with norwalk virus who developed illness seroconverted (10/10), whereas only one-third (5/15) of n ... | 1979 | 118178 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection and identification of coxsackie b antigen in tissue cultures and clinical specimens. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) has been developed for the identification of coxsackie b antigens. this assay was capable of identifying and distinguishing all six coxsackie b serotypes at concentrations one hundredfold to ten thousandfold less than could be detected by complement fixation (cf) systems. in addition, the coxsackie b elisa correctly identified the presence of coxsackie b antigen in 19 of 21 tissue culture fluids and five of nine rectal swab specimens. two additional r ... | 1980 | 6262456 |
| abnormal gastric motor function in viral gastroenteritis. | nausea and vomiting occur commonly with gastroenteritis caused by parvovirus-like agents. infection results in histologic injury to the small bowel mucosa, but the gastric mucosa remains unaffected. we have studied gastric emptying of liquids serially in 10 volunteers before and after ingestion of the parvovirus-like agents, norwalk and hawaii viruses. the five subjects who developed illness all showed marked delays in gastric emptying, while the five well subjects had no alteration of emptying. ... | 1980 | 6766695 |
| the darwin outbreak of oyster-associated viral gastroenteritis. | approximately 60 persons attended a christmas dinner, at a darwin hotel, where oysters were served au natural as part of the menu. twenty-five of the 28 persons who ate oysters developed symptoms of food poisoning--an attack rate of 89%. of the 60 persons attending the dinner 44 were investigated. the incubation period and duration of illness were about 36 hours. diarrhoea occurred in 100% of patients, with colic and nausea in 88% and 80% respectively. half the patients complained of vomiting an ... | 1980 | 6768972 |
| oyster-associated gastroenteritis in australia: the detection of norwalk virus and its antibody by immune electron microscopy and radioimmunoassay. | following widespread outbreaks of oyster-associated gastroenteritis in australia during 1978 in which norwalk virus was implicated as the causative agent, collaborative studies were undertaken between laboratories in australia and the united states to confirm the etiology. immune electron microscopy (iem) techniques were used in australia and radioimmunoassay (ria) methods in the united states. norwalk virus was detected by iem in seven of 15 faecal samples, and four were positive by ria. a much ... | 1980 | 6785390 |
| comparative study of the acquisition of antibody to norwalk virus in pediatric populations. | analysis by radioimmunoassay of pediatric sera from three populations showed that antibody to norwalk virus is acquired at a significantly earlier age in a less developed and tropical area (philippines) than in two more developed and nontropical countries (united states and taiwan). | 1980 | 7216438 |
| norwalk virus gastroenteritis aboard a cruise ship: an outbreak on five consecutive cruises. | an explosive outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by a parvovirus-like (pvl) agent (norwalk agent) affected 521 (64%) cruise ship passengers in 1977. the illness was characterized as mild-to-moderate and lasted one to two days. principal symptoms experienced by ill passengers were nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; fever was reported for approximately 25% of the patients. the outbreak was compatible with a common-source exposure, but no such exposure was identified. on the next four cruises, passenge ... | 1980 | 7457473 |
| proteins of norwalk virus. | the proteins of the norwalk virus were studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. highly purified specifically immunoprecipitated virions appeared to contain a single primary structural protein with a molecular weight of 59,000. in addition, a soluble norwalk viral protein with a molecular weight of 30,000 was identified in fecal specimens containing norwalk virus. the protein structure of the virion is similar to that of the calciviridae family. | 1981 | 6785451 |
| norwalk virus gastroenteritis in volunteers consuming depurated oysters. | following the widespread outbreaks of oyster-associated gastroenteritis which occurred throughout australia in 1978, several programmes were introduced to minimise the occurrence of further outbreaks. one programme included the depuration (purification) of oysters and the use of human volunteers to test-consume samples from batches of depurated oysters before their sale to the public. oysters from the georges river and brisbane waters were test-consumed from december, 1978, to august, 1979. none ... | 1981 | 6789806 |
| the 33- to 39-nm virus-like particles, tentatively designed as sapporo agent, associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis. | an outbreak of nonbacterial gastroenteritis occurred in an orphanage in december 1979. of 54 residents, 43 were affected with acute gastroenteritis. diarrhea was the commonest symptom. the 33- to 39-nm virus-like particles, tentatively designated as sapporo agent, were detected in 17 (48.6%) of the patients' 35 fecal specimens. morphologically, it was difficult to distinguish the sapporo agent from other agents without geometrical pattern of the surface. antigenically, the sapporo agent related ... | 1981 | 6799614 |
| lymphocytotoxic and microbial antibodies in crohn's disease and matched controls. | patients with crohn's disease and age, sex and seasonally matched healthy controls were studied for cold lymphocytotoxic and a variety of microbial antibodies. lymphocytotoxic antibody titers were increased significantly in the crohn's patients compared to controls, but did not correlate with any of the microbial titers. antibodies to a pseudomonas-like bacterium and bacteroides vulgatus were also increased in the patients, but titers to chlamydia trachomatis, rotavirus and norwalk virus were no ... | 1981 | 6275790 |
| a prospective study of rotavirus infection in infants and young children. | diarrhea in neonates, followed as a cohort, and their families was studied prospectively. the families were followed for an average of 16.3 months. stool and serum specimens were obtained at least every three months. stool specimens were examined for viruses by electron microscopy and cultured for enteropathogens, and serum specimens were tested for antibodies to rotavirus and norwalk virus. during the study, 237 episodes of gastroenteritis were observed in 104 infants and their 62 siblings. rot ... | 1981 | 6268713 |
| aetiology of viral gastroenteritis: a review. | over the past seven to eight years, several virus groups have been shown to be associated with gastroenteritis. they are adenoviruses, astroviruses, caliciviruses, coronaviruses. norwalk-like viruses and rotaviruses. in infants and young children, rotaviruses are the single most important aetiological agents of acute gastroenteritis in terms of numbers of cases and also of patients requiring admission to hospital. in older children and adults, the aetiology is less clear, but the present state o ... | 1981 | 6272071 |
| norwalk-related viral gastroenteritis due to contaminated drinking water. | an explosive outbreak of gastrointestinal illness clinically compatible with infection by an agent serologically related to norwalk virus agent occurred in an elementary school in may 1978. seroconversion by radioimmunoassay to the norwalk antigen was noted in two of three ill persons, but no viral particles were identified in stool. illness developed in 72% of students and teachers at the school, and 32% of household contacts of these ill persons. of household contacts of persons exposed at sch ... | 1981 | 6272571 |
| travelers' diarrhea in panamanian tourists in mexico. | to determine whether residents of developing countries are unlikely to acquire travelers' diarrhea, 64 panamanians of widely divergent socioeconomic strata were studied during a 15-day tour through mexico. twenty-three (36%) tourists experienced 27 episodes of travelers' diarrhea that were caused by seven different pathogens. the most commonly identified etiologic agents were rotavirus (26%), norwalk virus (15%), and campylobacter fetus (11%), whereas enterotoxigenic escherichia coli was not fre ... | 1981 | 6273474 |
| [variation of diarrhea viruses detected in japan with special reference to spherical viruses other than rotaviruses (author's transl)]. | 1981 | 6278755 | |
| norwalk virus gastroenteritis following raw oyster consumption. | in january, 1980, six out of 13 persons (46%) attending a party in a small northwest florida town near the gulf of mexico became ill with norwalk virus gastroenteritis after eating raw oysters. symptoms experienced by the ill persons were principally nausea (100%), vomiting (83%) and diarrhea (50%) and were of brief duration. the symptom complex and epidemiology of norwalk virus infection closely resemble the gastrointestinal illness commonly referred to as the 24-hour intestinal flu or "stomach ... | 1982 | 6278928 |
| acquisition of serum antibody to norwalk virus and rotavirus and relation to diarrhea in a longitudinal study of young children in rural bangladesh. | serum antibodies to norwalk virus and to rotavirus were measured during longitudinal studies of infectious diseases and nutrition in rural bangladesh. initially, the prevalence of antibody to norwalk virus was 7% in children younger than six months and increased to 80% in children two to five years of age. the incidence of titer increases was highest in one- and two-year-olds and in children who had low or undetectable levels of antibody. some norwalk virus infections appeared to result in diarr ... | 1982 | 6279734 |
| viral gastroenteritis. | 1982 | 6281591 | |
| [viral diarrhea]. | viruses are one of the most frequent causes of acute infectious gastroenteritis. thus, rotaviruses are responsible for 40-60%--and in winter sometimes for over 90% - of diarrhoea in infants. these viruses may also cause disease in adults, but small viruses of a size of about 27 nm, such as the norwalk agent, play a much more important role. several other non-cultivable viruses such as adeno-, calici- and astroviruses have been implicated as a cause of infectious diarrhoea. knowledge of rotavirus ... | 1982 | 6281877 |
| [norwalk-like viruses as probable etiological agents in the epidemic of non-bacterial gastroenteritis (author's transl)]. | 1982 | 6282470 | |
| diarrhea due to norwalk virus in families. | 1982 | 6282989 | |
| epidemiology of norwalk gastroenteritis and the role of norwalk virus in outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis. | outbreaks of norwalk gastroenteritis, which may involve persons of all ages, occur during all seasons and in various locations. waterborne, foodborne, and person-to-person modes of transmission have been described, and secondary person-to-person transmission is common. outbreaks generally end in about 1 week; longer outbreaks occur only when new groups of susceptible persons are introduced, usually in the setting of a persistent common source of infection. the illness is generally mild and chara ... | 1982 | 6283977 |
| antibodies to gastroenteritis viruses in cystic fibrosis patients. | infectivity of certain enteric viruses including rotavirus is profoundly affected by proteolytic enzymes. to test whether cystic fibrosis patients, possessing chronically decreased levels of pancreatic enzymes, show altered susceptibility to gastroenteritis viruses, we examined sera from patients and controls for antibodies to two major pathogens. in cystic fibrosis patients, normal rotavirus antibody levels were found and norwalk virus antibody prevalence was unchanged. | 1982 | 6284870 |
| detection by immune electron microscopy of the snow mountain agent of acute viral gastroenteritis. | an extensive outbreak of acute gastroenteritis of unknown etiology occurred at snow mountain, colorado, in december 1976. virus-like particles, 27 nm in diameter, were observed by electron microscopy in two of five stool specimens from individuals in the outbreak. oral administration of a filtrate from one of the specimens induced disease in nine of 12 normal volunteers. experimentally induced illness was similar to that observed during the outbreak. stool specimens examined by immune electron m ... | 1982 | 6286787 |
| gastroenteritis due to norwalk virus: an outbreak associated with a municipal water system. | an outbreak of gastroenteritis lasting for one week in august 1980 affected approximately 1,500 persons in a community in northern georgia. investigation included a telephone survey of the community, a survey of textile plant employees and junior high and high school students and staff, and a neighborhood door-to-door survey. an association between gastrointestinal illness and consumption of drinking water was shown for community residents, students, and school staff. attack rates (0-68%) determ ... | 1982 | 6286788 |
| the electron microscopical and physical characteristics of small round human fecal viruses: an interim scheme for classification. | many of the small round human fecal viruses implicated in outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis have been collected together and examined under the electron microscope. negatively stained preparations without the addition of antibody were used so that the surface morphology of the virus particles remained clearly visible. it was apparent that several viruses, previously thought to be simply antigenic variants within the norwalk group of viruses, show distinct morphological differences and qu ... | 1982 | 6286860 |
| immunoglobulin m responses to the norwalk virus of gastroenteritis. | eighty-seven serum specimens from 20 human subjects experimentally inoculated one or more times with norwalk virus were quantitatively examined for virus-specific immunoglobulin m (igm). a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for anti-norwalk virus blocking activity was applied to whole serum and to separate igm and igg fractions obtained by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. the peak igm response occurred at about 2 weeks after illness, but igm was detectable at lower titers for u ... | 1982 | 6288563 |
| potassium tartrate-glycerol as a density gradient substrate for separation of small, round viruses from human feces. | cesium chloride density gradients are frequently used for virus concentration or purification in the preparation of human feces for examination by electron microscopy, disruption of some of the fecal viruses occurs if they are pelleted from the density gradient in an additional concentration step. this report highlights an important limitation imposed by the use of cesium chloride as a density gradient substrate in attempting to recover small, round, virus-like particles from feces and suggests ... | 1982 | 6288767 |
| viral diseases: infections of the gastrointestinal tract. | in the 1970s investigations generated a remarkable amount of information on the viruses responsible for acute gastroenteritis. the two viruses responsible for most cases occur in epidemiologically distinct clinical forms. although occasionally epidemic, rotavirus infections are usually sporadic and primarily affect infants and young children. this illness is characterized by severe diarrhea commonly lasting five to eight days and frequently associated with upper respiratory tract symptoms, fever ... | 1982 | 6290133 |
| acute viral enteritis and exacerbations of inflammatory bowel disease. | in order to determine whether or not acute viral gastroenteritis predisposes to exacerbations of inflammatory bowel disease, patients with crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis were observed longitudinally. assessment of disease activity was correlated with evidence for viral infection by serology and stool antigen testing. disease exacerbations were rarely associated with rotavirus, norwalk agent, or adenovirus infection, primarily because these infection rates were very low. however, the few ... | 1982 | 6290307 |
| seroepidemiology of heat-labile enterotoxigenic escherichia coli and norwalk virus infections in panamanians, canal zone residents, apache indians, and united states peace corps volunteers. | serum antibody titrations against the heat-labile enterotoxin (lt) of escherichia coli were carried out on panamanians, u.s. citizens resident in the panama canal zone, apache indians living on the reservation in whiteriver, arizona, and peace corps volunteers before they traveled overseas. antibody titers to norwalk virus were also carried out on serum from panamanian and canal zone residents. a high prevalence of low-titer lt antibodies was found in infants and adults from panama, the canal zo ... | 1982 | 6290396 |
| norwalk virus: a major cause of epidemic gastroenteritis. | 1982 | 6291413 | |
| the frequency of a norwalk-like pattern of illness in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. | records of 642 outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis were reviewed to determine the proportion of outbreaks that were clinically and epidemiologically consistent with norwalk-like virus infection. using as our criteria stool cultures negative for bacterial pathogens, mean (or median) duration of illness 12-60 hours, vomiting in greater than or equal to 50 per cent of cases, and, if known, mean (or median) incubation period of 24-48 hours, we found that 23 per cent of waterborne outbreaks, 4 per cen ... | 1982 | 6291414 |
| community outbreak of norwalk gastroenteritis--georgia. | 1982 | 6292685 | |
| an outbreak of norwalk gastroenteritis associated with swimming in a pool and secondary person-to-person transmission. | in june 1977 an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis affected 103 students and teachers at an elementary school in ohio. the illness typically lasted 24 hours or less and was characterized by vomiting (86%) and cramping (70%), but more than half of the persons involved also reported having nausea, diarrhea, and headache. similar illness frequently followed in household members (29%) of families with primary cases. investigation revealed that 70% of the children and teachers who swam in a pool at an ... | 1982 | 6293305 |
| an outbreak of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in a nursing home. demonstration of person-to-person transmission by temporal clustering of cases. | an outbreak of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis occurred among residents and staff in a nursing home in baltimore, maryland, in december 1980. a total of 101 residents and 69 staff members were surveyed by questionnaire. the attack rate (defined as acute onset of vomiting or two or more loose stools per 24 hours) was 46% in each group. illness was brief and mild; no patients were hospitalized, and there were no deaths. person-to-person transmission was documented by temporal clustering of case ... | 1982 | 6293306 |
| new agents in diarrhea. | 1982 | 6294627 | |
| norwalk gastroenteritis associated with a water system in a rural georgia community. | an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis occurred during january 4-9, 1982, in a rural community in north georgia. a systematic telephone survey revealed that 63% of persons living in homes served by the community water system had symptoms of acute gastroenteritis in contrast to 9% of persons in homes served by private wells or other sources (p less than .001). a fourfold rise in antibody titer to the norwalk virus occurred in 20 of 22 serum pairs obtained from ill persons. fecal coliforms (greater ... | 1982 | 6295289 |
| current concepts on etiology and pathogenesis of diarrhoea caused by viruses. | 1982 | 6298950 | |
| waterborne gastroenteritis due to the norwalk agent: clinical and epidemiologic investigation. | an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred at a pennsylvania summer camp in july 1978. symptoms included abdominal pain (81 per cent), nausea (72 per cent), and vomiting (53 per cent); upper respiratory infection symptoms occurred in 35 per cent of the campers. illness was associated with consumption of five or more glasses of water or water-containing beverages. stool cultures from affected persons were negative for bacterial pathogens; however, a fourfold or greater rise to the norwalk agent was ... | 1982 | 6274208 |
| [infectious diarrhea of viral and bacterial etiology]. | 1982 | 6302816 | |
| norwalk gastrointestinal illness: an outbreak associated with swimming in a recreational lake and secondary person-to-person transmission. | an outbreak of gastrointestinal illness in which headache, low grade fever and myalgia were common symptoms occurred among persons who visited a recreational park in macomb county, michigan, on july 13-16, 1979. the temporal clustering of onsets of 121 persons who were the first in their households to become ill suggested an incubation period ranging from 4-77 hours. a history of swimming in the park's lake was elicited with significantly greater frequency from these persons than from park visit ... | 1982 | 6277184 |
| norwalk virus enteric illness acquired by swimming exposure. | in an epidemic of gastrointestinal illness strongly associated with swimming at a recreational park in macomb county, michigan, in july, 1979, the authors demonstrated the value of serologic testing to detect norwalk virus infection. rises in antibody titer to norwalk virus were noted in all 11 individuals tested. electron microscopy on stools from 20 ill individuals revealed only one with norwalk virus-like particles. this particle was shown by radioimmunoassay and immune electron microscopy no ... | 1982 | 6277185 |
| foodborne norwalk virus. | on december 6, 1979, three luncheon banquets were served in a new jersey restaurant. thirty-eight of 41 members (92.7%) of the first group became ill as did 25 of 31 members (80.6%) of the second group. none of 12 members of the third group were ill. illness consisted primarily of diarrhea (76%), nausea, (73%), vomiting (67%), cramps (46%) and fever (18%); the median incubation period was 31 hours and median duration 24 hours. the same foods were served to all three groups, except that cole slaw ... | 1982 | 6277186 |
| norwalk virus and rotavirus in travellers' diarrhoea in mexico. | 1982 | 6119475 | |
| [viral diarrhea]. | 1982 | 6191463 | |
| protective effect of anticholinergic drugs and psyllium in a nosocomial outbreak of norwalk gastroenteritis. | an outbreak of norwalk agent gastroenteritis occurred in a chronic-care hospital in tennessee in april 1981. fifty-five per cent of the elderly psychiatric patients and 61 per cent of the nursing employees on one floor became ill. infection was most likely to have spread from patient-to-patient by nursing employees. certain chronic medications seemed to protect patients from symptomatic infection. anticholinergic drugs appeared to mask the symptoms of this disease; psyllium ('metamucil') may hav ... | 1983 | 6198366 |
| viral gastroenteritis and laboratory detection of rotavirus. | two major viruses have been clearly associated with gastroenteritis: the norwalk agent and the rotavirus. the former is associated with epidemic outbreaks in adults or schoolchildren, while the latter causes endemic illness in young children during winter. neither can be grown in routine cell cultures. both of these viruses, and others, can be detected in patients' stools by electron microscopy. enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) kits are commercially available for detection of rotavirus ... | 1983 | 6326572 |
| infectious diarrhea. which culprit? what strategy? | the patient with diarrhea is generally looking for prompt relief, not a prolonged diagnostic workup. in many cases effective treatment can be initiated after careful review of the clinical symptoms and of the patient's recent travel or other activities. stool examination, sigmoidoscopy, or other studies may be necessary for definitive diagnosis or in refractory cases. drugs are useful to combat many of the causative organisms, but in mild, self-limited infections, supportive therapy may suffice. ... | 1983 | 6304670 |
| age-specific prevalence of antibody to rotavirus, escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin, norwalk virus, and hepatitis a virus in a rural community in thailand. | a serological survey in rural thailand demonstrated that inhabitants acquired antibody to rotavirus between the ages of 6 months and 6 years, to norwalk virus between the ages of 4 and 5 years, and to hepatitis a between the ages of 6 and 35 years. antibody of escherichia coli heat-labile toxin was most prevalent between 1 and 4 years and 18 and 25 years of age. | 1983 | 6306049 |
| the tecumseh study. xii. enteric agents in the community, 1976-1981. | enteric illnesses in residents of tecumseh, michigan, were studied from 1976 to 1981. the frequency of illness among adults and children increased each year in the late autumn, usually in november. this peak of illness preceded the main period of appearance of the rotaviruses, which were less regularly associated with another peak of illness. rotaviruses were identified in 3.8% of all stool specimens collected; in specimens from children under two years of age, the annual rate of rotavirus ident ... | 1983 | 6310002 |
| viral gastroenteritis. | 1983 | 6312212 | |
| infectious diarrhea: an update. | 1983 | 6315297 | |
| an outbreak of food-borne gastroenteritis in two hospitals associated with a norwalk-like virus. | two connected outbreaks of gastroenteritis in separate hospitals associated with a small round structured virus morphologically indistinguishable from the norwalk virus are described. the virus was most probably introduced on chicken sandwiches prepared by a member of the kitchen staff who was incubating the disease. | 1983 | 6315816 |
| [viral gastroenteritis]. | 1983 | 6320551 | |
| diarrhea among infants and young children in canada: a longitudinal study in three northern communities. | diarrhea among neonates and their siblings was studied in 98 families living in winnipeg, manitoba, and in 31 native indian families and in 15 inuit (eskimo) families living in isolated settlements in northern canada. the rate of infection due to rotavirus in neonates was significantly higher and infection occurred more often in the first six months of life in the northern communities (range, 0.36 in winnipeg to 1.07 in eskimo point). no protective effect of breast-feeding was discerned, since i ... | 1983 | 6302173 |
| a community waterborne gastroenteritis outbreak: evidence for rotavirus as the agent. | a community waterborne nonbacterial gastroenteritis outbreak occurred in eagle-vail, colorado in march 1981. illness (defined as vomiting and/or diarrhea) was statistically associated with water consumption (chi 2 for linear trend = 7.07, p less than .005). five of seven persons associated with the outbreak were infected with rotavirus as shown by virus detection or serological methods. bacterial pathogens, giardia lamblia, and norwalk virus were excluded as responsible agents. rotavirus should ... | 1984 | 6320684 |
| norwalk gastroenteritis: a community outbreak associated with bakery product consumption. | from 23 to 26 august 1982, a gastrointestinal illness occurred among 129 of 248 (52%) persons interviewed who had attended four social events in the minneapolis-st. paul area. the median incubation period was 36 hours, and symptoms included diarrhea, nausea, headache, and vomiting. findings of a food-specific questionnaire given to attendants of the four events confirmed that consumption of cake and frosting was significantly associated with development of the illness (odds ratio, 7.9 to 48.3; p ... | 1984 | 6322631 |
| food borne infection by a norwalk like virus (small round structured virus). | two outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness with identical symptoms occurred in parties attending banquets on consecutive evenings at a large hotel. the illness was typical of epidemic winter vomiting disease. small round structured viruses resembling those seen in the norwalk ohio outbreak were identified by electron microscopy in stools of victims from one episode. one food handler was found to be excreting the virus, and there was evidence of a poor standard of hygiene in the kitchen. a food hi ... | 1984 | 6086727 |
| [norwalk virus and acute gastroenteritis]. | 1984 | 6088049 | |
| viral gastroenteritis. | 1984 | 6092272 | |
| serological responses among teenagers after natural exposure to norwalk virus. | twenty-one teenagers exposed to a contaminated water supply during an outbreak of gastroenteritis were tested for seroconversion to norwalk virus. serum specimens were collected within 72 hr of exposure and four weeks later. each of the 11 individuals who developed symptoms and five of the 10 who remained well had a whole-antibody response in serum. none of the remaining five teenagers became ill or seroconverted. neither seroconversion nor susceptibility to illness was associated with an absenc ... | 1984 | 6092484 |
| viral diarrhoeas. | 1984 | 6096438 | |
| [epidemiologic and electron microscopic study of viral gastroenteritis in kagawa prefecture, japan, revealed three distinct causative agent groups]. | 1984 | 6096456 | |
| [viral etiology of gastroenteritis]. | 1984 | 6097282 | |
| [diarrhea in young calves. 6. determination of the pathogenicity of a bovine coronavirus and an unidentified icosahedral virus]. | 1984 | 6099109 | |
| [value of fecal leukocyte studies in cases of acute diarrhea]. | the usefulness of screening for presence of fecal leukocytes has been investigated prospectively in 87 ambulatory patients with diarrhea. this simple test has proved valuable in helping to select patients for whom laboratory studies of stools for etiologic agents are indicated. | 1984 | 6328645 |
| human viral gastroenteritis. | 1984 | 6330511 | |
| polymicrobial aetiology of travellers' diarrhoea. | of 35 us peace corps volunteers in thailand, 20 (57%) had a total of 30 episodes of diarrhoea during their first 6 weeks in the country. enteric pathogens were associated with 90% of the episodes. a single pathogen was identified in 17 (57%) episodes, 2-4 pathogens were identified in 10 (33%) episodes, and there were 15 symptomless infections. enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) was identified in 37% of these episodes, and various salmonella serotypes were isolated in 33%. infections with 9 ... | 1985 | 2857430 |
| the childhood health effects of an improved water supply system on a remote panamanian island. | the incidence of diarrhea, respiratory disease, and skin infections was prospectively determined after the introduction of a system which distributed unlimited quantities of high quality fresh water to each of the 150 housing units on tupile, an island devoid of fresh water located off panama's caribbean coast and inhabited by 1,500 cuna indians. tupile residents used 7.1 liters of water/person/day compared to the 2.3 usage rate of inhabitants on achutupo, the control island. despite ready avail ... | 1985 | 4037183 |
| evidence of immunity induced by naturally acquired rotavirus and norwalk virus infection on two remote panamanian islands. | for better understanding of the role of humoral immunity in ameliorating infections with rotavirus (rv) and norwalk virus (nw), 305 cuna indians living on two isolated islands located off panama's carribean coast were surveyed daily for diarrhea over a seven-month period. nine (8%) of 108 persons with a baseline rv antibody titer of greater than 1:4 developed rv infection compared with 70 (46%) of 151 persons with a baseline rv antibody titer of less than 1:4 (p less than .001). thirty-eight (25 ... | 1985 | 2981278 |
| serologic survey of rotavirus, norwalk agent and prototheca wickerhamii in wastewater workers. | analysis of paired sera from 48 wastewater workers and controls who reported gastrointestinal illness did not reveal any excess of seroconversions to norwalk agent or to rotavirus. inexperienced wastewater-exposed workers had higher levels of antibody to norwalk agent than did experienced and control workers and those with high and medium aerosol exposure had higher titres than those in the low aerosol category. analysis for prototheca antibody titres was essentially negative. | 1985 | 2981485 |
| a statewide assessment of the role of norwalk virus in outbreaks of food-borne gastroenteritis. | 1985 | 2982970 | |
| prolonged outbreak of norwalk gastroenteritis in an isolated guest house. | during november and december 1982, a persistent outbreak of gastroenteritis took place in an isolated guest house. an estimated 26% of the changing population of guests and staff developed symptoms. laboratory studies implicated norwalk agent as the cause of illness, although the original source of the outbreak could not be established. information on clinical features of the illness, its mode of spread, and eventual control is presented. | 1985 | 2984524 |
| travelers' diarrhea. nih consensus development conference. | diarrhea is the major health problem in travelers to developing countries. travel to high-risk areas in latin america, africa, the middle east, and asia is associated with diarrhea rates of 20% to 50%. the syndrome is caused by an infection acquired by ingesting fecally contaminated food or beverages. escherichia coli, a common species of enteric bacteria, is the leading pathogen, although a host of other bacteria, viruses, and protozoa have been implicated in some cases. prudent dietary and hyg ... | 1985 | 2985834 |
| [viral diarrheas]. | in the developing countries diarrhoea ranks among the most frequent diseases: 5-18 million children are estimated to die annually from gastro-intestinal infections. but also in europe and the usa diarrhoea is of utmost medical importance, especially among children and infants. it was only twelve years ago that 2 viral groups, the norwalk and the rotavirus group, were discovered to be etiological agents responsible for a large proportion of gastro-intestinal infections. whilst viruses of the norw ... | 1985 | 2986379 |
| [etiopathogenesis of infectious diarrheas]. | 1985 | 2986658 | |
| transmission of viral infections by the water route: implications for developing countries. | the "enteric" virus group comprises greater than 100 different viruses. these viruses typically infect the cell lining of the alimentary canal and are discharged in very large numbers in the feces of infected persons. contamination of water supplies by enteric viruses represents an important source of viral infection. many communities, particularly in developing countries, depend on sewage-polluted sources for their recreational and drinking water. because conventional methods of sewage and wate ... | 1985 | 2988098 |
| norwalk virus gastroenteritis. an outbreak associated with a cafeteria at a college. | an explosive outbreak of gastrointestinal illness occurred among students and employees at a small college in florida in november 1980. common symptoms were diarrhea, nausea, weakness, abdominal cramps, chills, vomiting, and low-grade fever. cases of illness were identified in 40% of 628 students and 15% of 162 employees who responded to a survey. among students, there was a sevenfold excess risk associated with eating one or more meals at the campus cafeteria november 3-5 (p much less than 0.00 ... | 1985 | 2990197 |
| an outbreak of norwalk-related gastroenteritis at a boys' camp. | an acute gastrointestinal tract illness affected 213 (52%) of 407 campers and 64 (53%) of 121 staff members attending a boys' camp in the catoctin mountains of maryland during the summer of 1981. nausea was the predominant symptom for ill campers and staff members (73%), but more staff members experienced diarrhea (49%) than did campers (9%). twenty-three individuals had more than one episode of illness compatible with the case definition. eight of nine paired blood specimens from ill staff memb ... | 1985 | 2992267 |
| detection of norwalk virus antibodies and antigen with a biotin-avidin immunoassay. | biotin-avidin immunoassays (bais) were developed to detect norwalk virus antigen and to measure norwalk virus antibody. the bai detected norwalk virus infections by a fourfold titer rise in antibody in sera or by antigen in stool, with a sensitivity similar to or greater than that of the radioimmunoassay (ria), and the bai appeared to be more sensitive than the ria for detecting antibody in single serum specimens. the bai antigen test detected norwalk antigen in all stools that were positive by ... | 1985 | 2993353 |
| inactivation of norwalk virus in drinking water by chlorine. | norwalk virus in water was found to be more resistant to chlorine inactivation than poliovirus type 1 (lsc2ab), human rotavirus (wa), simian rotavirus (sa11), or f2 bacteriophage. a 3.75 mg/liter dose of chlorine was found to be effective against other viruses but failed to inactivate norwalk virus. the norwalk virus inoculum remained infectious for five of eight volunteers, despite the initial presence of free residual chlorine. infectivity in volunteers was demonstrated by seroconversion to no ... | 1985 | 2996421 |
| detection of norwalk virus in stools by enzyme immunoassay. | the development of a solid-phase microtiter enzyme immunoassay (eia) for detection of norwalk virus antigen in stool samples is described. the eia was compared with a previously developed radioimmunoassay (ria) for detection of norwalk virus antigen in stools obtained from 30 volunteers who received norwalk virus. the eia detected viral antigen in stools from 17 of the volunteers and the ria detected viral antigen in 15. seroconversion was a more sensitive indicator of infection in some patients ... | 1985 | 2997382 |
| [epidemiology, etiology and laboratory diagnosis of infectious diarrhea diseases in the tropics]. | diarrhoeal diseases belong to the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in tropical countries, especially in infants and small children. about one billion episodes are estimated for this group of age with 4.6 million fatalities. many causes are discussed to explain the high incidence: bottle feeding of infants, protein malnutrition, unsafe drinking water and unsafe disposal of excrements and sewage, unsufficient consciousness of personal and domestic hygiene, lack of knowledge on the origin ... | 1985 | 3000920 |
| other viruses with etiologic roles in childhood gastroenteritis. | rotaviruses and norwalk-like viruses are the two groups of viruses most frequently associated with gastroenteritis, but as outlined in this review several other viral agents have also been associated with acute gastroenteritis. the gastroenteritis viruses are generally fastidious, and thus traditional cell culture isolation and detection procedures are not applicable; therefore electron microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy remain among the most powerful techniques for studying these viruses. ... | 1986 | 3003721 |
| norwalk virus outbreak at a college campus. | an epidemic of nonbacterial gastroenteritis affected nearly 100 students at a college campus in jefferson county, alabama. the outbreak closely resembled food poisoning, since there was a rapid occurrence of multiple cases within a short period. vomiting occurred in 79% and diarrhea in 64%; fever was uncommon. we found a significant association between the illness and the eating of lettuce at a meal one day before the outbreak began. paired serologic specimens showed evidence of norwalk virus in ... | 1986 | 3003923 |
| widespread outbreaks of clam- and oyster-associated gastroenteritis. role of norwalk virus. | consumption of raw shellfish has long been known to be associated with individual cases and sporadic outbreaks of enteric illness. however, during 1982, outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with eating raw shellfish reached epidemic proportions in new york state. between may 1 and december 31, there were 103 well-documented outbreaks in which 1017 persons became ill: 813 cases were related to eating clams, and 204 to eating oysters. the most common symptoms were diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cr ... | 1986 | 3005857 |
| norwalk like viruses: study of an outbreak. | an outbreak of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis is reported, during which a ward had to be closed, and stool samples from 15 patients showed a virus structurally similar to the norwalk agent. | 1986 | 3006605 |
| viral diarrhoea. | it is apparent from this review that great progress has been made over the past 10 years in defining the aetiology of viral diarrhoea. rotavirus is a major cause of gastroenteritis in children, particularly during the winter months. however, if bacteriological and virological data are pooled, our current aetiological knowledge reveals that a pathogen is not detected in 20 to 30% of cases in most perennial investigations. now that human rotavirus has been cultured, complete characterization may b ... | 1986 | 3006951 |
| radioimmunoassay for detection of the snow mountain agent of viral gastroenteritis. | the snow mountain agent (sma) is a norwalk-like viral agent of acute gastroenteritis that has been detected only by immune electron microscopy (iem). we established a solid phase microtiter radioimmunoassay (ria) for sma antigen employing pre-and post-challenge sera from volunteer studies as capture antibodies. sma was detected in 12 of 67 stool samples from volunteers who were ill after oral challenge with sma. all samples in which virus particles were detected by iem were positive by ria, but ... | 1986 | 3009701 |
| characterization of the snow mountain agent of viral gastroenteritis. | snow mountain agent (sma) is a 27- to 32-nm virus which is the etiologic agent of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in colorado and vermont. sma is morphologically similar to but antigenically distinct from the norwalk and hawaii agents of viral gastroenteritis but, like those agents, has not been cultivated in vitro. we purified and characterized sma directly from human stool specimens containing the virus. the density of the sma virion was 1.29 g/cm3 and 1.21 to 1.22 g/cm3 on potassium tartra ... | 1986 | 3009862 |
| an eight-year study of the viral agents of acute gastroenteritis in humans: ultrastructural observations and seasonal distribution with a major emphasis on coronavirus-like particles. | during an 8-yr period, 862 stool specimens from patients with gastroenteritis were examined by electron microscopy after negative staining with 2% phosphotungstic acid (ph 6.5). forty-one percent of the specimens submitted over an 8-yr period were determined to be positive for virus or viruslike particles belonging to one or more of seven morphologically distinct viral groups. coronavirus-like particles (cvlps) were present in 69.8% of the positive stool specimens. membranous profiles containing ... | 1986 | 3011353 |