| rabbit control in new zealand. | | 1997 | 9122698 |
| rabbit control in new zealand. | | 1997 | 9122699 |
| viral haemorrhagic disease of rabbits and human health. | viral haemorrhagic disease of rabbits (vhd), a potential biological control for wild rabbits in australia and new zealand, escaped from quarantined field trials on wardang island and spread to the mainland of australia in october 1995. this study looked for any evidence of infection or illness in people occupationally exposed to the virus. two hundred and sixty-nine people were interviewed and 259 blood samples were collected. exposures to vhd-infected rabbits ranged from nil to very high. no vh ... | 1998 | 9825794 |
| a further step in the evolution of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus: the appearance of the first consistent antigenic variant. | rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) is a noncultivable calicivirus that infects rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) and causes epidemics of an acute fatal hepatitis. in 1997 we identified two rhdv isolates from geographically distant italian regions, which differed antigenically from the reference strain rhdv.bs89. in fact, they were not reactive with mab 1h8, that is able to protect rabbits from rhd and showed a low reactivity with the rabbit convalescent serum raised against rhdv.bs89. experim ... | 1998 | 9879768 |
| seroconversion in an industrial unit of rabbits infected with a non-pathogenic rabbit haemorrhagic disease-like virus. | a serological survey of 238 rabbits for antirabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) antibodies was made in an industrial rabbitry where no signs of the disease had been reported for four years. seroconversion was repeatedly detected and was due to a calicivirus antigenically related to rhdv but without its pathogenicity. there was a seroprevalence of 33.3 per cent among young animals at weaning at 31 days old, 27.6 per cent at five to seven days after weaning, 56.1 per cent at 13 to 14 days aft ... | 1997 | 9226848 |
| colorimetric detection of lagomorphs' calicivirus genomic sequences by polymerase chain reaction incorporating digoxigenin dutp. | a method of reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) has been implemented for the demonstration of the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) genome in organ suspensions, leukocytes and excretions of infected rabbits. rt-pcr has been tested with 10 rhdv strains isolated at various geographic sites and times using a pair of primers coming from the gene region coding for the capsid protein vp60. the same primers were effective in the amplification of 4 of 5 european b ... | 1997 | 9231981 |
| bivalent binding of a neutralising antibody to a calicivirus involves the torsional flexibility of the antibody hinge. | the structure of a complex between rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) virus-like particles (vlps) and a neutralising monoclonal antibody mab-e3 has been determined at low resolution by cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional (3-d) reconstruction techniques. the atomic co-ordinates of an fab were fitted to the cryo-electron microscope density map to produce a binding model. the vlp has a t = 3 icosahedral lattice consisting of a hollow spherical shell with 90 protruding arches. each ... | 1997 | 9236125 |
| a single dose immunization with rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus major capsid protein produced in saccharomyces cerevisiae induces protection. | the gene coding for the major capsid protein (vp60) from rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus was expressed in saccharomyces cerevisiae under the phosphoglycerate kinase promoter. the recombinant vp60 produced in yeast was antigenically similar to the viral polypeptide as determined with a polyclonal serum. electron microscopic observation of the recombinant yeast-derived antigen revealed the presence of virus-like particles similar in size and appearance to native capsids. subcutaneous vaccination ... | 1997 | 9292020 |
| detection and differentiation of rabbit hemorrhagic disease and european brown hare syndrome viruses by amplification of vp60 genomic sequences from fresh and fixed tissue specimens. | two reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) assays have been developed for the detection and differentiation of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) and european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv), two closely related caliciviruses. in order to select highly specific primers, comparative analysis was performed with a large number of rhdv and ebhsv genomic sequences. regarding these data, primers were selected from similar regions of the vp60 genes to amplify a fragment of 316 nucleotides from the g ... | 1997 | 9316895 |
| structural, antigenic and immunogenic relationships between european brown hare syndrome virus and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus. | the capsid protein of a french isolate of the european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv) was expressed in the baculovirus system. the recombinant ebhsv (rebhsv) capsid protein was able to self-assemble into virus-like particles (vlps). the vlps were indistinguishable from the infectious ebhsv and displayed morphological characteristics similar to those we have described for the vlps resulting from the expression of the capsid protein of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv), a closely related ... | 1997 | 9367366 |
| fibrin(ogen)-related antigens in rabbits experimentally infected with rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus. | we investigated fibrin(ogen)-related antigens in liver tissues of rabbits infected with rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhd) virus. fibrin(ogen)-related antigens were detected in the sinusoids of liver at six hours post infection (pi). at 18 hours pi, the antigens were clearly detected in the hepatocytes infiltrated with heterophils rather than in the sinusoid. in the rabbits that spontaneously died (30 hours pi), fibrin(ogen)-related antigens were detected in both degenerating and some intact hepa ... | 1997 | 9429244 |
| reversible activation of a cryptic cleavage site within e. coli beta-galactosidase in beta-galactosidase fusion proteins. | the vp60 capsid protein of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (60 kda) has been fused to the c-terminus of beta-galactosidase and produced in e. coli from two related expression vectors. one of these vectors, carries a 429 bp dna segment encoding the n-terminus peptide of vp60, and directs the synthesis of a larger fusion that contains the entire viral protein. both fusion proteins are efficiently cleaved at a presumed trypsin-like target site within the carboxy moiety of beta-galactosidase (arg ... | 1997 | 9434112 |
| molecular epidemiology of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus outbreaks in france during 1988 to 1995. | in order to evaluate genetic variation between rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) isolates and to derive phylogenetic relationships, 56 virus isolates collected from various parts of france over a 7 year period (1988 to 1995) were examined. analyses were carried out by direct nucleotide sequencing of pcr fragments of three genomic regions encoding the capsid protein (vp60) (regions a and b) and a non-structural protein (region c). multiple sequence alignments revealed maximum nucleotide di ... | 1998 | 9460916 |
| a cross-sectional study of risk factors affecting the outcome of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus releases in new south wales. | to determine what factors governed the extent of outbreaks of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhd) following releases in new south wales. | 1999 | 10376105 |
| caliciviruses: an overview. | several caliciviruses are known to cause diseases in animal and man. amongst them are vesicular exanthema virus of swine (vesv), feline calicivirus, rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv), and norwalk and sapporo-like viruses; the latter viruses cause gastroenteritis in man. in this paper, an overview of caliciviruses is presented, with particular emphasis on the molecular aspects. the unique properties as compared to other related families of positive-stranded rna viruses will be discussed. ma ... | 1999 | 10515270 |
| expression of enzymatically active rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus rna-dependent rna polymerase in escherichia coli. | the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) (isolate ast/89) rna-dependent rna-polymerase (3dpol) coding region was expressed in escherichia coli by using a glutathione s-transferase-based vector, which allowed milligram purification of a homogeneous enzyme with an expected molecular mass of about 58 kda. the recombinant polypeptide exhibited rifampin- and actinomycin d-resistant, poly(a)-dependent poly(u) polymerase. the enzyme also showed rna polymerase activity in in vitro reactions with synt ... | 1998 | 9525622 |
| horizontal transmissible protection against myxomatosis and rabbit hemorrhagic disease by using a recombinant myxoma virus. | we have developed a new strategy for immunization of wild rabbit populations against myxomatosis and rabbit hemorrhagic disease (rhd) that uses recombinant viruses based on a naturally attenuated field strain of myxoma virus (mv). the recombinant viruses expressed the rhdv major capsid protein (vp60) including a linear epitope tag from the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) nucleoprotein. following inoculation, the recombinant viruses induced specific antibody responses against mv, rhdv, ... | 2000 | 10627521 |
| notes on the life-history of the rabbit flea caenopsylla laptevi ibera beaucournu & marquez, 1987 (siphonaptera: ceratophyllidae) in eastern spain. | the rabbit flea caenopsylla laptevi ibera occurs in arid environments of central and eastern spain. although the fleas breed during the coolest, most humid part of the year, the larvae survive and grow in sand at only 50-60% relative humidity. at 22 degrees c and 80% relative humidity eggs hatch in six days and the cocoon stage is reached 10-11 days after hatching. female fleas emerge from pupation at about 17 days after cocoon spinning; males emerge a little later at a mean of 20 days. adult fl ... | 1999 | 10633506 |
| [model for evaluating the risk of introducing rabbit viral hemorrhagic disease based on experience in mexico]. | viral haemorrhagic disease (vhd) of rabbits was introduced into mexico from the united states of america in november 1988, following the importation of infected carcasses from china. in february 1989, the national system for animal health emergencies was created, and an eradication programme was implemented at that time. the vhd virus was eradicated in 1992, by means of disease control procedures which included active epidemiological surveillance, publicity campaigns, slaughter, cleaning and dis ... | 1997 | 9537746 |
| programmed cell death in the pathogenesis of rabbit hemorrhagic disease. | rabbit hemorrhagic disease is a rapidly lethal infection caused by a calicivirus, characterized by acute liver damage and disseminated intravascular coagulation (dic). following morphological criteria and using a specific in situ labeling technique, we have found that liver cell death induced upon infection is due to apoptosis, and that programmed cell death is a constant feature in rabbits experimentally infected with rhdv. the process affected mainly hepatocytes, but also macrophages and endot ... | 1998 | 9541616 |
| virus-like particles of calicivirus as epitope carriers. | the vp60 of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv), when expressed in baculovirus, self-assembles into virus-like particles (vlp) which are antigenically and immunogenically indistinguishable from native virions. when the n-terminal 30 amino acid residues of vp60 were deleted and substituted by a well characterized six residue epitope from bluetongue virus capsid protein vp7 (btag), the fusion protein retained its ability to self-assemble into vlps. however, the size of these particles was onl ... | 1999 | 10664395 |
| the initial impact of rabbit hemorrhagic disease on european rabbit populations in south australia. | the calicivirus agent for rabbit hemorrhagic disease (rhd) escaped from an island quarantine station to the australian mainland in october 1995. within 2 wk it was detected at an established field study site where wild european rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) were being monitored in the flinders ranges national park (south australia, australia). during november 1995, rhd reduced the rabbit numbers on the site by 95%. approximately 3% of the population survived challenge by rhd and developed anti ... | 1998 | 9577768 |
| a brief update on rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus. | | 1998 | 9621218 |
| rabbit hemorrhagic disease. | | 1998 | 9621219 |
| characterization of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus field isolates in taiwan. | liver tissues from animals that were suspected to have died of rabbit hemorrhagic disease (rhd) were used for isolation and characterization of the causative agent. three strains of rhd virus were isolated as the supernatants of liver homogenates reacted positively by hemagglutination (ha) assays and were infective for rabbits after second passage in animals. following extraction of liver homogenates from animals infected with each of three isolates, each virus strain was purified by cscl densit ... | 1998 | 9628218 |
| the capsid protein of vesicular exanthema of swine virus serotype a48: relationship to the capsid protein of other animal caliciviruses. | vesicular exanthema of swine virus (vesv), the prototype calicivirus, is the etiologic agent of the porcine disease vesicular exanthema of swine (ves). ves is characterized by vesicle formation on the extremities, mouth and snout and causes abortions and stillbirths if infection occurs during pregnancy. vesv is considered an exotic agent in the us, following its eradication in 1956. the single capsid protein gene of vesv serotype a48 was cloned and sequenced. the capsid amino acid sequence was 6 ... | 1998 | 9660070 |
| the presence of cross-reactive antibodies to rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in australian wild rabbits prior to the escape of virus from quarantine. | sera collected from australian wild rabbits prior to the escape of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) from wardang island were examined for rhdv antibodies using purified recombinant capsid protein vp60 expressed from baculovirus. a vp60-based indirect elisa showed that 196 of 392 wild rabbit sera reacted (od(450) >0.15) with vp60. twenty sera (od(450) ranging from 0.15-2.47), randomly chosen from the 196 positive sera, recognized the 64 kda vp60 in western blot analysis, indicating that t ... | 2000 | 10893153 |
| safety evaluation of a recombinant myxoma-rhdv virus inducing horizontal transmissible protection against myxomatosis and rabbit haemorrhagic disease. | we have recently developed a transmissible vaccine to immunize rabbits against myxomatosis and rabbit haemorrhagic disease based on a recombinant myxoma virus (mv) expressing the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) capsid protein [bárcena et al. horizontal transmissible protection against myxomatosis and rabbit haemorragic disease using a recombinant myxoma virus. j. virol. 2000;74:1114-23]. administration of the recombinant virus protects rabbits against lethal rhdv and mv challenges. furt ... | 2000 | 10930670 |
| antigenicity of vp60 structural protein of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus. | five overlapping segments of the vp60 capsid protein gene of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus have been expressed in e. coli under the control of the t7 rna polymerase. after purification, the antigenicity of these denatured protein segments has been studied by reactivity with sera from both naturally infected and vaccinated animals in western blot analysis. the amino terminus segments of the protein (comprising the first 175 amino acids) are highly reactive with the tested sera, between 10 and ... | 1997 | 9672641 |
| when two into one won't go: fitting in the presence of steric hindrance and partial occupancy. | combining structural data from cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-em) and x-ray crystallography to give pseudo-atomic models of large molecular complexes has proved particularly suitable for studying viruses and viral complexes. several groups are developing programs to fit x-ray data to em data. these programs are in general tailored to particular problems with regard to size, symmetry, number of rigid bodies, resolution etc. here, two approaches are described to fitting x-ray data to em data in th ... | 2000 | 10998632 |
| rabbit haemorrhagic disease: the new scourge of oryctolagus cuniculus. | a new, widespread and important disease of rabbits, rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhd), is concisely reviewed and discussed. rhd is an acute, infectious condition of adult rabbits and morbidity and mortality, after a relatively short incubation period, can be very high. the disease appears typically as a necrotizing hepatitis with associated haemorrhaging, and death occurs as a result of generalized organ dysfunction. rhd is caused by a calicivirus, antigenically related to a similar virus found ... | 1997 | 9121106 |
| wide use of rabbit virus is good news for native species. | | 1997 | 8999544 |
| field evidence for mechanical transmission of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) by flies (diptera:calliphoridae) among wild rabbits in australia. | field collected flies were screened for the presence of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) by applying reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) in which primers specific to the capsid protein of the virus were used. the virus was detected in flies from locations where rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhd) was reported and also soon after the release of rhdv in a 'clean' area. oral and/or anal excretions of flies (flyspots) were found to contain viable virus and oral inoculation of rabbits revealed t ... | 1998 | 9696121 |
| antibodies against rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus in free-ranging red foxes from germany. | antibodies against rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) from 352 red fox (vulpes vulpes) sera collected in germany (mecklenburg-vorpommern) in 1993 were tested by a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) test kit. ninety samples with positive or suspected results also were analyzed by the hemagglutination inhibition test (hit). eighteen serum samples (5%) were positive with the blocking elisa and eight of these also were positive with hit. the 18 positive sera also were tested by ... | 1998 | 9706552 |
| antigenic structure of the capsid protein of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus. | rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) causes an important disease in rabbits. the virus capsid is composed of a single 60 kda protein. the capsid protein gene was cloned in escherichia coli using the pet3 system, and the antigenic structure of rhdv vp60 was dissected using 11 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) and 12 overlapping fragments of the protein expressed in e. coli. two antigenic regions were found. ten out of the 11 mabs recognized different discontinuous epitopes in the most immunodomina ... | 1998 | 9714238 |
| protection of rabbits against rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus by immunization with the vp60 protein expressed in plants with a potyvirus-based vector. | a new plum pox potyvirus (ppv)-based vector has been constructed for the expression of full-length individual foreign proteins. the foreign sequences are cloned between the nib replicase and capsid protein (cp) cistrons. the heterologous protein is split from the rest of the potyviral polyprotein by cleavage at the site that originally separated the nib and cp proteins and at an additional nia protease recognition site engineered at its amino-terminal end. this vector (ppv-nk) has been used to c ... | 2001 | 11162842 |
| control of rabbit viral haemorrhagic disease in benin by vaccination. | | 1998 | 9921627 |
| characterisation of the rna-dependent rna polymerase from rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus produced in escherichia coli. | all positive-strand rna viruses encode a rna-dependent rna polymerase which in most cases has been only identified on the basis of its sequence conservation. catalytic activity has been experimentally demonstrated in only a handful of these viral proteins, including that from rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus. studies from our laboratory have reported that rhdv rna polymerase produced in escherichia coli was enzymatically active showing poly(a)-dependent poly(u) polymerase as well as rna polymera ... | 2001 | 11266218 |
| sequence analysis of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) in australia: alterations after its release. | liver samples from rabbits killed by rhdv, collected from five states in australia in 1996 and 1997 were analysed by rt-pcr. a 398 bp fragment of the capsid protein (vp60) gene was amplified by pcr and directly sequenced. the alignment of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences and their comparison with the original strain of the virus released in australia indicated genetic changes after two years have been small with 98.2% to 100% identity. the constructed phylogenetic tree suggests slight dif ... | 1999 | 10076514 |
| when dna research menaces diversity. | | 2001 | 11298407 |
| immunization with potato plants expressing vp60 protein protects against rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus. | the major structural protein vp60 of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) has been produced in transgenic potato plants under the control of a cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter or a modified 35s promoter that included two copies of a strong transcriptional enhancer. both types of promoters allowed the production of specific mrnas and detectable levels of recombinant vp60, which were higher for the constructs carrying the modified 35s promoter. rabbits immunized with leaf extracts from pla ... | 1999 | 10196345 |
| adverse reactions in wild, free-ranging european rabbits vaccinated against rabbit haemorrhagic virus. | | 1997 | 9247699 |
| first field trial of a transmissible recombinant vaccine against myxomatosis and rabbit hemorrhagic disease. | as a novel approach for immunisation of wild rabbits, we have recently developed a transmissible vaccine against myxomatosis and rabbit hemorrhagic disease (rhd) based on a recombinant myxoma virus (mv) expressing the rhdv capsid protein [j. virol. 74 (2000) 1114]. the efficacy and safety of the vaccine have been extensively evaluated under laboratory conditions. in this study, we report the first limited field trial of the candidate vaccine that was undertaken in an island of 34 has containing ... | 2001 | 11483281 |
| serology of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in wild rabbits before and after release of the virus in new zealand. | rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) was illegally released in new zealand in august 1997. the initial release and spread of the virus was conducted by landholders in an effort to reduce costs associated with more conventional control methods (poisoning and shooting). serum was collected from wild rabbits throughout the otago region prior to the release and from 13 sites in the months following the first epizootic. following the occurrence of the first rhdv epizootic on 13 pastoral farming p ... | 1999 | 10223320 |
| biological control of the rabbit in australia: lessons not learned? | the story of the spread of the european rabbit across australia, and of the two viruses used to control it, is an interesting way to look at some of the issues associated with biological control. what can be learned from the way this system developed, and what has been learned, or not learned, from the mistakes made? here, we look at these events and examine what insights can be gained from this history. | 2001 | 11553459 |
| macrophage tropism of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus is associated with vascular pathology. | to delineate the interactions between rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) and host cells, organ and cellular targets of infection were identified in vivo. viral specific antigens were detected by immunohistochemistry in liver, lung, spleen and lymph nodes cells. also, intravascular infected cells were detected in most organs including kidneys, myocardium, thymus and central nervous system. to further characterize infected target cells, viral proteins and cell-specific surface antigens were i ... | 1999 | 10225271 |
| hepatic lesions in young rabbits experimentally infected with rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus. | twenty young rabbits (eleven 2-week-old and nine 4-week-old) were experimentally infected with rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) to clarify susceptibility. they were killed chronologically up to 96 hours post-inoculation (pi) and examined for lesions. all inoculated rabbits were clinically normal, but grossly minute white or grey spots were detected throughout the liver. histologically, the lesions consisted of aggregates of lymphocytes, macrophages and heterophils, with or without acidop ... | 1999 | 10333465 |
| rabbit haemorrhagic disease in saudi arabia. | | 1999 | 10358879 |
| pathogenic, antigenic and molecular properties of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) isolated from vaccinated rabbits: detection and characterization of antigenic variants. | rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) isolates were obtained from several animals previously vaccinated with an inactivated vaccine. seven isolates were analyzed by immunological and molecular biological methods and compared to reference strains. antigenic characterization with monoclonal antibodies as well as haemagglutination assays demonstrated considerable differences between individual isolates. however, sequencing of the capsid protein genes revealed a high degree of homology between fi ... | 1999 | 10365163 |
| secretion-dependent proteolysis of heterologous protein by recombinant escherichia coli is connected to an increased activity of the energy-generating dissimilatory pathway. | the synthesis of a proteolytically unstable protein, originally designed for periplasmic export in recombinant escherichia coli bl21(de3), a strain naturally deficient for the atp-dependent protease lon (or la) and the outer membrane protease ompt, is associated with a severe growth inhibition. this inhibition is not observed in bl21(de3) synthesizing a closely related but proteolytically stable protein that is sequestered into inclusion bodies. it is shown that the growth inhibition is mainly c ... | 1999 | 10556795 |
| observations on the quasispecies composition of three animal pathogenic rna viruses. | the quasispecies nature of three animal pathogenic rna viruses of field origin was examined by testing variants of classical swine fever virus (csfv) originating from geographically different areas, feline coronavirus (fcov) detected from the same animal by successive sampling, and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) originating from successive outbreaks in the same geographic area. clinical samples were investigated using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and ensuing ... | 1999 | 10641337 |
| identification of a new cleavage site of the 3c-like protease of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus. | the calicivirus rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) possesses a 3c-like protease which processes the rhdv polyprotein. in order to monitor the proteolytic activity of the rhdv 3c-like protease on its putative target sequences, i.e. the 10 eg dipeptide bonds distributed along the large polyprotein, a new approach was carried out. preliminary experiments showed that the luciferase gene when fused in-frame with a long gene yielded a fusion protein almost devoid of luciferase activity. this rep ... | 2000 | 10644847 |
| mutation analysis of the gdd sequence motif of a calicivirus rna-dependent rna polymerase. | the rna-dependent rna polymerase from rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, a calicivirus, is known to have a conserved gdd amino acid motif and several additional regions of sequence homology with all types of polymerases. to test whether both aspartic acid residues are in fact involved in the catalytic activity and metal ion coordination of the enzyme, several defined mutations have been made in order to replace them by glutamate, asparagine, or glycine. all six mutant enzymes were produced in esc ... | 2000 | 10729164 |
| first synthesize new viruses then regulate their release? the case of the wild rabbit. | european wild rabbits originated in southwestern europe but have been introduced into many other countries world-wide, becoming serious pests in many instances. as a consequence of rabbits being regarded so differently, applied research for their management often has opposing goals, namely their conservation or their control. furthermore, modern gene technology has led to the concept of using genetically modified myxoma viruses for rabbit management, again with quite contrary aims in mind. in th ... | 2002 | 12453252 |
| immunohistochemical localisation of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus vp-60 antigen in early infection of young and adult rabbits. | this study evaluated the time course distribution of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) structural protein vp60 in tissues from experimentally infected rabbits from three different age groups. viral vp60 antigen could not be detected in tissue samples from animals under four weeks, and only a few hepatocytes (0.01 to 0.2 per cent) were stained in the 6-week-old animals. a 6-week-old rabbit euthanised at 72 hpi showed vp60-labelling in hepatocytes and macrophages close to areas of inflammat ... | 2000 | 10756137 |
| taxonomy of the caliciviruses. | the international committee on taxonomy of viruses (ictv) has recently approved several proposals submitted by the present caliciviridae study group. these proposals include the division of the family into 4 new genera designated lagovirus, vesivirus, "norwalk-like viruses (nlvs), and "sapporo-like viruses (slvs); the latter 2 genera were assigned temporary names until acceptable names can be determined by the scientific community. the genera have been further divided into the following species: ... | 2000 | 10804145 |
| susceptibility of piglets to rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus following experimental infection. | the possibility exists that rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) can be transmitted to swine, through lapinized hog cholera virus (hcv) vaccine. to investigate the infectivity of rhdv in swine, 16 four- to six-week-old piglets were inoculated subcutaneously with rhdv, and samples of liver, lung, spleen, kidney, bile, adrenal gland, tonsil, mesenteric lymph node, thymus, urine, buffy coat, and feces were collected from each of 2 animals on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 28 post infection. usin ... | 2000 | 10805254 |
| experimental infections of rabbits with rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus monitored by polymerase chain reaction. | adult and 4-5-week-old rabbits were inoculated subcutaneously with rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv). samples were prepared from various tissues at intervals postinoculation (pi) for the detection of viral rna and antigens. using a haemagglutination test (hat), viral antigens were detected in the liver, bile and spleen of the adult rabbits at and after 36 h pi. the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt - pcr) showed that rhdvrna was present in the liver, bile and spleen as e ... | 2000 | 10877972 |
| use of elisas in field studies of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhd) in australia. | elisa techniques developed for the veterinary diagnosis of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhd) in domestic rabbits were used for studying the epidemiology of rhd in australian wild rabbits. the combination of elisa techniques that distinguished iga, igg and igm antibody responses and a longitudinal data set, mainly based on capture-mark-recapture of rabbits, provided a reliable basis for interpreting serology and set the criteria used to classify rabbits' immunological status. importantly, young w ... | 2000 | 10982081 |
| apoptosis in rabbit haemorrhagic disease. | rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) causes an acute hepatitis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. six rabbits were inoculated experimentally with rhdv to investigate any potential relationship between infection and apoptosis in the liver. two rabbits were killed at 12 h post-inoculation (pi) and two at 24 h pi. the remaining two rabbits died at 30 h and 31 h pi. immunohistochemical labelling for rhdv antigen-positive cells, tunel assay for apoptotic cells, and dna analysis were perf ... | 2000 | 11032666 |
| rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus: genome organization and polyprotein processing of a calicivirus studied after transient expression of cdna constructs. | rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) belongs to the family caliciviridae. studies on this virus are hampered by the lack of a convenient cell culture system. to study viral protein expression a cdna construct containing the entire protein-coding region of the virus was established and used for transient expression studies. after metabolic labeling of transfected cells and immunoprecipitation with a set of rhdv-specific antisera a variety of polypeptides were identified and assigned to defined ... | 2000 | 11040126 |
| gene transfer using recombinant rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus capsids with genetically modified dna encapsidation capacity by addition of packaging sequences from the l1 or l2 protein of human papillomavirus type 16. | the aim of this study was to produce gene transfer vectors consisting of plasmid dna packaged into virus-like particles (vlps) with different cell tropisms. for this purpose, we have fused the n-terminally truncated vp60 capsid protein of the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) with sequences which are expected to be sufficient to confer dna packaging and gene transfer properties to the chimeric vlps. each of the two putative dna-binding sequences of major l1 and minor l2 capsid proteins of ... | 2000 | 11044077 |
| evaluation of three tests for the detection of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in wild rabbits. | two double antibody sandwich elisa kits and the immunoblot were evaluated for the detection of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhd) virus in wild rabbits. either liver alone or liver and spleen separately or a pool of liver and spleen tissues from 106 wild rabbits were tested in all three tests. they produced very similar results, except that elisa kit a gave three doubtful results which were confirmed as negative by retesting in the same test and by the immunoblot and elisa kit b. both elisa kits ... | 1998 | 9881440 |
| a serological survey of antibodies to rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rabbit calicivirus disease) in two rural central otago communities. | to determine whether individuals from two rural communities with heavy exposure to the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) developed antibodies to this virus. | 2001 | 11280425 |
| identification of the amino acid residue involved in rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus vpg uridylylation. | the virus genome-linked protein (vpg) coding region from rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) (isolate ast/89) was expressed in escherichia coli by using a glutathione s-transferase-based vector. the recombinant polypeptide could be purified in good yields and was uridylylated in vitro from [alpha-32p]utp in a reaction catalyzed by the recombinant rna-dependent rna polymerase from rhdv in the absence of added template rna. the use of deletion and point mutants allowed the identification of ty ... | 2001 | 11369764 |
| immunocapture-rt-pcr assay for detection and molecular epidemiology studies of rabbit haemorrhagic disease and european brown hare syndrome viruses. | rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus and european brown hare syndrome virus are two members of the genus lagovirus in the family caliciviridae. they are the causative agents of highly contagious and fatal diseases of rabbits and hares respectively. we adjusted one assay for the detection and the genomic characterisation of each virus, based on viral purification by immunocapture and genomic amplification by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (ic-rt-pcr). it is carried out directly with ... | 2001 | 11483216 |
| the emergence of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus: will a non-pathogenic strain protect the uk? | rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus emerged in china in 1984, and has killed hundreds of millions of wild rabbits in australia and europe. in the uk there appears to be an endemic non-pathogenic strain, with high levels of seroprevalence being recorded, in the absence of associated mortality. using a seasonal, age-structured model we examine the hypothesis that differences in rabbit population demography differentially affect the basic reproductive rates (r(0)) of the pathogenic and non-pathogenic ... | 2001 | 11516386 |
| crystal structures of active and inactive conformations of a caliciviral rna-dependent rna polymerase. | the structure of the rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) from the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus has been determined by x-ray crystallography to a 2.5-a resolution. the overall structure resembles a "right hand," as seen before in other polymerases, including the rdrps of polio virus and hepatitis c virus. two copies of the polymerase are present in the asymmetric unit of the crystal, revealing active and inactive conformations within the same crystal form. the fingers and palm domains form a ... | 2002 | 11677245 |
| subacute liver necrosis after experimental infection with rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv). | rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhd) is usually peracute to acute, while subacute to chronic disease is rare. this paper describes gross and histopathological findings in four out of 20 rabbits aged 14 weeks, experimentally infected with one of two german field isolates of rhd virus. eight rabbits survived the infection for 10 days and were killed after four of them, infected with 100 to 10 000 haemagglutination units, had started to develop progressive jaundice. histopathologically, icteric livers ... | 2002 | 11945014 |
| rabbit haemorrhagic disease: field epidemiology and the management of wild rabbit populations. | rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhd) has become established in wild rabbit populations throughout western europe, australia and new zealand. the abundance of wild rabbits has been significantly reduced, particularly in drier areas of southern spain, inland australia and south island new zealand. a detailed knowledge of the epidemiology of rhd is essential for the management of the disease in natural rabbit populations, either to rebuild or to control populations. when rhd first spread among naive w ... | 2002 | 11974620 |
| norwalk virus binds to histo-blood group antigens present on gastroduodenal epithelial cells of secretor individuals. | norwalk virus (nv) is a member of the caliciviridae family, which causes acute epidemic gastroenteritis in humans of all ages and its cellular receptors have not yet been characterized. another calicivirus, rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, attaches to h type 2 histo-blood group oligosaccharide present on rabbit epithelial cells. our aim was to test if, by analogy, recombinant nv-like particles (rnv vlps) use carbohydrates present on human gastroduodenal epithelial cells as ligands. | 2002 | 12055602 |
| persistence of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in decomposing rabbit carcases. | | 2002 | 12074312 |
| epidemiology of viral haemorrhagic disease and myxomatosis in a free-living population of wild rabbits. | from january 1993 to june 1996, the epidemiology of myxomatosis and viral haemorrhagic disease (vhd) was studied in a free-living population of wild rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) in spain by means of serological surveys and radiotracking. myxomatosis was endemic and associated with the breeding period. its serological pattern was characterised by a 100 per cent prevalence of antibodies in adult rabbits and a rapid increase in antibodies in young rabbits in their first year. no mortality from m ... | 2002 | 12135072 |
| folding of the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus capsid protein and delineation of n-terminal domains dispensable for assembly. | rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) and european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv) are caliciviruses that produce severe symptoms and are lethal to rabbits and hares. the folding of the capsid protein was studied by determination of the antigenic pattern of chimeric capsid proteins, composed of regions from rhdv and ebhsv capsid proteins. the anti-rhdv monoclonal antibody (mab) e3, which is known to bind an external conformational epitope, recognized the rhdv c-terminal region. the anti-rhdv ... | 2002 | 12181675 |
| molecular epidemiology of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus. | millions of domestic and wild european rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) have died in europe, asia, australia and new zealand during the past 17 years following infection by rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv). this highly contagious and deadly disease was first identified in china in 1984. epidemics of rhdv then radiated across europe until the virus apparently appeared in britain in 1992. however, this concept of radiation of a new and virulent virus from china is not entirely consistent wi ... | 2002 | 12237428 |
| rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus: identification of a cleavage site in the viral polyprotein that is not processed by the known calicivirus protease. | the positive-strand rna genome of the calicivirus rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) contains one long open reading frame (orf) covering almost 95% of the genomic rna. translation of this orf leads to a polyprotein that is proteolytically processed at eight sites. site nos. 4 and 5 from the amino-terminus are located within the protein p41 and obviously belong to alternative cleavage pathways leading to p23/2 and p18 or p29 and p13. seven of the eight cleavage sites were identified before a ... | 2002 | 12504575 |
| has coxiella burnetii (q fever) been introduced into new zealand? | | 2003 | 12533301 |
| phylogenetic analysis of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in france between 1993 and 2000, and the characterisation of rhdv antigenic variants. | the first molecular epidemiological study of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus undertaken in france between 1988 and 1995, identified three genogroups, two of which (g1, g2) disappeared quickly. we used immunocapture-rt-pcr and sequencing to analyse 104 new rhdv isolates collected between 1993 and 2000. one isolate was obtained in 2000 from a french overseas territory, the reunion island. the nucleotide sequences of these isolates were aligned with those of some french rhdv isolates representati ... | 2003 | 12536296 |
| evidence for insect transmission of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus. | the spread of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhd) virus from quarantine on wardang island to mainland australia in 1995 suggested that insects could be potential vectors. field observations and laboratory experiments were conducted to address aspects of this hypothesis. firstly, the variation in insect populations on the island during the field trials was examined. there was approximately a 1,000-fold increase in the number of bushflies, musca vetustissima, shortly before the spread of the virus. ... | 2002 | 12558351 |
| epidemiological consequences of a pathogen having both virulent and avirulent modes of transmission: the case of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus. | a number of pathogens cause chronic infection in survivors of acute disease and this is believed to be a common means of persistence, including for highly virulent agents. we present a model in which transmission from chronically infected hosts causes chronic infection in naive individuals, without causing acute disease--indeed 'protecting' against it. thus the pathogen obtains the benefit of virulence (high transmission rate), but mitigates against the cost (high host mortality). recent finding ... | 2002 | 12558352 |
| epidemiology of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in the united kingdom: evidence for seasonal transmission by both virulent and avirulent modes of infection. | rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) has killed many millions of wild rabbits in europe and australia, but has had little impact in the united kingdom, despite outbreaks having occurred since 1994. high seroprevalence detected in the absence of associated mortality had suggested the presence of an endemic non-pathogenic strain which may be 'protecting' uk populations. following the first detailed field study of rhdv epidemiology in the united kingdom, using mark-recapture with serum sampling ... | 2004 | 15188725 |
| hemagglutination and antigenic comparison of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus. | the hemagglutinating activity and serological properties of three strains of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, chinese, korean and shizuoka, which was first isolated in japan, were examined by hemagglutination (ha) and cross hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test with human erythrocytes. similar results were observed between the chinese and korean strains, both of which gave positive ha at 4 degrees c with o, a, b and ab, and at 22 degrees c with b and ab blood groups. in the shizuoka strain, pos ... | 2003 | 12576711 |
| human sars-coronavirus rna-dependent rna polymerase: activity determinants and nucleoside analogue inhibitors. | | 2004 | 15326590 |
| effects of vaccination against viral haemorrhagic disease and myxomatosis on long-term mortality rates of european wild rabbits. | the effects of vaccination against myxomatosis and viral haemorrhagic disease (vhd) on long-term mortality rates in european rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) were studied from 1993 to 1996 by radiotracking a free-living population of wild rabbits. during the three months after immunisation, unvaccinated young rabbits weighing between 180 and 600 g were 13.6 times more likely to die than vaccinated young rabbits. in adult rabbits, vaccination did not significantly decrease mortality, mainly owing ... | 2004 | 15499810 |
| oral immunization using tuber extracts from transgenic potato plants expressing rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus capsid protein. | rabbit hemorrhagic disease, which is caused by a calicivirus, is a lethal infection of adult animals that is characterized by acute liver damage and disseminated intravascular coagulation. in this study, we report the production of the major structural protein vp60 of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus in transgenic tubers of potato plants and its use as an oral immunogen in rabbits. | 2003 | 12650532 |
| possible interaction between myxomatosis and calicivirosis related to rabbit haemorrhagic disease affecting the european rabbit. | serological data on myxoma virus, rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhd) virus and rhd-like viruses in juvenile rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) trapped in 1995, 1996 and 1997 in two areas of france were analysed. for each disease, the effects of bodyweight, year, month and seropositivity for the other disease were modelled by using logistic regressions. in one area, a model including rhd seropositivity was selected to explain the myxoma virus seropositivity. models including myxoma virus seropositivi ... | 2004 | 15573951 |
| rabbit hemorrhagic viral disease: characterization of a new animal model of fulminant liver failure. | in this study we sought to characterize a novel model of fulminant liver failure (flf) by means of experimental infection of rabbits with the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv). thirty-seven 9-week-old rabbits were injected intramuscularly with 2 x 10(4) hemagglutination units of an rhdv isolate. eighty-five percent of rabbits died 36 to 54 hours after infection. from 36 hours after infection we noted marked increases in transaminases, lactate dehydrogenase, and total bilirubin. the rabbits ... | 2003 | 12677173 |
| atp binding and atpase activities associated with recombinant rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2c-like polypeptide. | the carboxy-terminal region of the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus p37 polyprotein cleavage product has been expressed in escherichia coli as a glutathione s-transferase (gst) fusion protein. the recombinant gst-delta2c protein showed in vitro atp-binding and atpase activities. site-directed mutagenesis studies of the conserved residues g(522) and t(529) in motif a, d(566) and e(567) in motif b, and k(600) in motif c were also performed. these results provide the first experimental characteriza ... | 2000 | 11044135 |
| antibody responses to rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in predators, scavengers, and hares in new zealand during epidemics in sympatric rabbit populations. | to test for antibodies to rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhd) virus (rhdv) in sera from mammals and birds associated with rabbit populations infected with rhdv. | 2004 | 15768102 |
| binding of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus to antigens of the abh histo-blood group family. | the ability of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus to agglutinate human erythrocytes and to attach to rabbit epithelial cells of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts was shown to depend on the presence of abh blood group antigens. indeed, agglutination was inhibited by saliva from secretor individuals but not from nonsecretors, the latter being devoid of h antigen. in addition, erythrocytes of the rare bombay phenotype, which completely lack abh antigens, were not agglutinated. native viral p ... | 2000 | 11090195 |
| distribution of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus rna in experimentally infected rabbits. | adult rabbits were inoculated with liver homogenate from a rabbit that died in a japanese outbreak of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhd). all experimentally infected rabbits died with typical clinical, gross and histological findings of rhd. distribution of rhd virus in tissues of the infected rabbits was studied by non-isotopic in-situ hybridization. both viral plus- and minus-strand rnas were detected within the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, kupffer cells and splenic and alveolar macrophages, mainl ... | 2001 | 11222010 |
| relationship of sars-cov to other pathogenic rna viruses explored by tetranucleotide usage profiling. | the exact origin of the cause of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is still an open question. the genomic sequence relationship of sars-cov with 30 different single-stranded rna (ssrna) viruses of various families was studied using two non-standard approaches. both approaches began with the vectorial profiling of the tetra-nucleotide usage pattern v for each virus. in approach one, a distance measure of a vector v, based on correlation coefficient was devised to construct a relationsh ... | 2003 | 14499005 |
| selected indices of non-specific humoral immunity in rabbits experimentally infected with non-hemagglutinogenic strain of vhd (viral hemorrhagic disease) virus. | this study aimed at an evaluation of selected indices of non-specific humoral immunity, myeloperoxidase and lysozyme, in rabbits following administration of a non-hemagglutinogenic strain of vhd virus. the results obtained indicate participation of the mechanisms in response to the administered antigen. | 2003 | 14509355 |
| non-specific cell-mediated immunity in rabbits experimentally infected with four different doses of vhd (viral hemorrhagic disease) virus, french strain fr-2. | alterations were examined in non-specific cell-mediated immunity in rabbits experimentally infected with four different fractions of lethal dose (25, 50, 75 or 100%) of vhd virus, french strain fr-2. the results indicated that in groups of rabbits infected with viral doses of vhd distinct patterns of individual parameters studied were observed, and intensity of alterations did not always correspond to the administered fraction of lethal dose of the vhd virus. | 2003 | 14509368 |
| dynamic alterations in peripheral blood lymphocytes in rabbits experimentally infected with vhd (viral hemorrhagic disease) virus--polish strain kr-1. | in this study dynamic alterations were examined in the number of lymphocytes t, b, th, tc/ts and activated lymphocytes t and b of rabbits experimentally infected with a 100% lethal dose of vhd virus, polish strain kr-1. results of the studies demonstrated that the polish strain kr-1 can be regarded as less immunogenic than the french strain, fr-2. this may indicate the existence of immunotypes within vhd viruses. | 2003 | 14509369 |
| dynamic alterations in selected indices of non-specific cell-mediated immunity in rabbits experimentally infected with vhd (viral hemorrhagic disease) virus. | results of studies are presented on non-specific cell-mediated immunity in rabbits experimentally infected with two strains of vhd virus, differing in their biological properties. the results indicate that the applied strains exhibit different immune reactivities, which points to the presence of immunotypes within the virus. | 2003 | 14509370 |
| long-term survival of new zealand rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus rna in wild rabbits, revealed by rt-pcr and phylogenetic analysis. | because rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) is highly pathogenic for rabbits, farmers illegally introduced it as a bio-control agent onto new zealand farms in 1997. the virus was dispersed rapidly, initially causing high fatality rates in rabbits. nevertheless, many survived and these surviving rabbits have been investigated for evidence of infection by rhdv. livers from healthy rabbits contained rhdv-specific rna, as shown by nested rt-pcr sequencing. the sequences of the viral capsids wer ... | 2003 | 14573812 |
| typing of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus from new zealand wild rabbits. | | 1998 | 16032013 |
| the efficacy of a bivalent vaccine against pasteurellosis and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus. | rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) and pasteurella multocida bacteria cause severe losses among rabbit populations. the efficacy of a recently developed bivalent vaccine against pasteurellosis and rhdv was investigated. doses exceeding 2 haemagglutinating units (hu) of viral antigen were sufficient to protect rabbits against infection with rhdv. the bivalent vaccine appeared to be safe for use in all age groups of rabbits, including pregnant females, even after treatment with 20 times the ... | 2003 | 14582742 |
| outbreak of rabbit hemorrhagic disease in domestic lagomorphs. | rabbit hemorrhagic disease (rhd) was diagnosed in domestic lagomorphs on a rabbit farm in illinois. clinical signs of rhd in affected rabbits included signs of depression, anorexia, fever, paddling, convulsions, and sudden death. findings of necropsies and histologic evaluations of specimens of liver and spleen were indicative of rhd. in liver specimens obtained from dead rabbits, rhd viral antigen was detected via hemagglutination assay and viral antigen-detection elisa. the source of the outbr ... | 2003 | 14584745 |