| chimeric macaque/human fab molecules neutralize simian immunodeficiency virus. | a collection of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) neutralizing recombinant fab fragments was generated using the combinatorial antibody library approach. functional antibody fragments efficiently expressed in escherichia coli were identified only in the form of chimeric macaque heavy chain gamma 1 and human light chain kappa. the gamma 1 and kappa chains were derived from a clinically healthy long-term surviving sivsm-infected cynomolgus macaque and from an asymptomatic hiv-2 seropositive indi ... | 1995 | 7886953 |
| potent and specific inhibition of hiv envelope-mediated cell fusion and virus binding by g quartet-forming oligonucleotide (isis 5320). | we have previously reported identification of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide ttggggtt (isis 5320) as a potent inhibitor of hiv infection in vitro. the oligonucleotide forms a parallel-stranded, tetrameric guanosine quartet (g-quartet) structure that specifically binds to the hiv envelope glycoprotein (gp120) and inhibits both cell-to-cell and virus-to-cell infection at submicromolar concentrations. in the current study we demonstrate that the tetramer inhibits the infection of laboratory-der ... | 1994 | 7888204 |
| characterization of monoclonal antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope glycoproteins. | twelve murine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (isolate rod) envelope glycoproteins have been generated and characterized. nine mabs were specific to the external gp125 and three reacted with the transmembrane gp36. a large majority of mabs displayed a significant affinity for the native gp140 precursor and were shown to bind to viral antigens on the surface of fixed hiv-2-infected cells. in western blot analysis, the 12 mabs showed varying profiles of cross-re ... | 1994 | 7888225 |
| human immunodeficiency virus vpx is required for the early phase of replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. | functional importance of vpx protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 was evaluated in various types of cells. in 8 lymphocytic or monocytic cell lines tested, vpx mutant virus grew as well as wild-type virus. only in primary peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures, severely retarded growth of mutant virus was observed. no replication of vpx-minus virus was detected in primary macrophage cells. a highly sensitive single-round replication assay system was used to determine the defective ... | 1994 | 7898386 |
| [lesions of the spinal cord in hiv infection]. | neurological lesions are frequent complications of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infections. organs involved include the brain, peripheral nerves and muscles. since the widespread use of immunodepressive agents, spinal cord complications have also appeared although poorly documented in the literature. we observed six cases of spinal cord involvement which help indicate the modalities of practical management. in the first case, a 45-year old hiv1 + male presented dysesthesia evolving progres ... | 1994 | 7899290 |
| novel, negatively charged, human serum albumins display potent and selective in vitro anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity. | we prepared a series of modified proteins and peptides by derivatizing the positively charged epsilon-amino groups of the lysine amino acids through reaction with anhydrides of succinic acid (suc) and aconitic acid (aco). human serum albumin (hsa) was modified by introduction of a single carboxylic group (suc-hsa) or two carboxylic groups (aco-hsa) per amine function, yielding strongly negatively charged compounds. the in vitro anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 ic50 of suc-hsa was about ... | 1993 | 7902528 |
| cellular and plasma viral load in patients infected with hiv-2. | to determine circulating viral load in hiv-2-infected individuals. | 1993 | 7904166 |
| the role of cd4 in hiv binding and entry. | the primary cellular receptor for the human and simian immunodeficiency viruses hiv-1, hiv-2 and siv is the cd4 antigen (sattentau et al. 1988; sattentau & weiss 1988). hiv infection of cd4+ cells is initiated by binding of the virus to the cell surface, via a high-affinity interaction between the first domain of cd4 and the hiv outer envelope glycoprotein, gp120. the use of a soluble recombinant form of cd4 (scd4) as a receptor mimic has simplified the analysis of receptor binding and post-bind ... | 1993 | 7904348 |
| is cd4 sufficient for hiv entry? cell surface molecules involved in hiv infection. | hiv-1, hiv-2 and siv each bind to cd4 as the first step in virus entry. however, alternative receptors may also be used. hiv-1 binds to glycolipids with terminal galactosylceramide residues on neural cells; opsonized virus binds to fc receptors; hiv-2 can infect certain cd4-negative cells. further receptors may also play a role in cd4-mediated infection, including cell adhesion molecules and possibly cell surface proteinases. after binding to cd4, immunodeficiency viruses require secondary molec ... | 1993 | 7904349 |
| mhc-i non-restricted cytotoxic activity in macaca sylvana experimentally inoculated with hiv2 and siv/mac. | the anti-retrovirus cell-mediated immunity was repeatedly investigated in seven monkeys (macaca sylvana). four of these animals were injected with cell-free supernatants containing human immunodeficiency viruses: two monkeys received hiv1 bru (2.5 x 10(6) cpm), two received hiv2 rod (1.5 x 10(6) cpm). two additional animals were injected with a cell-free supernatant containing simian immunodeficiency virus siv/mac 251 (1.5 x 10(6) cpm) and the last animal served as control. the four macaques inf ... | 1993 | 7905683 |
| infections among pygmies in the eastern province of cameroon. | the health requirements of pygmies is poorly understood because of their continued isolation from the other tribes in central africa. this study was undertaken among the baka pygmies of the eastern province of cameroon to generate basic health data among them. a total of 141 adults (18-45 years) were tested for the hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), antibody to the surface antigen (anti-hbs), antibody to the core antigen (anti-hbc) and antibody to the hepatitis c virus (anti-hcv). all hbsag-po ... | 1993 | 7907163 |
| stable biological and antigenic characteristics of hiv-2sbl6669 in nonpathogenic infection of macaques. | the purpose of the present study was to investigate if the biological and antigenic properties of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 change over time in cynomolgus macaques (macaca fascicularis) experimentally infected with hiv-2sbl6669. sequential virus isolates and serum samples were obtained during a 2-year period and studied in autologous neutralization assays. all six macaques studied seroconverted shortly after infection and remained healthy during the observation period. virus could be i ... | 1994 | 7909969 |
| risk factors for repeatedly reactive hiv-1 eia and indeterminate western blots. a population-based case-control study. | causes of indeterminate results of western blot testing (iwb) for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 include seroconversion, hiv-2 cross-reactivity, and autoimmune disease, but most iwb results remain unexplained. this case-control study assessed risk factors for iwb results, including early hiv infection, other retroviral infection, autoantibodies, and other medical conditions. | 1994 | 7910452 |
| highly potent and selective inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus by the bicyclam derivative jm3100. | bicyclams, in which the cyclam (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) moieties are tethered via an aliphatic bridge (i.e., propylene, as in jm2763) are potent and selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) (e. de clercq, n. yamamoto, r. pauwels, m. baba, d. schols, h. nakashima, j. balzarini, z. debyser, b. a. murrer, d. schwartz, d. thornton, g. bridger, s. fricker, g. henson, m. abrams, and d. picker, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 89:5286-5290, 1992). we h ... | 1994 | 7913308 |
| reduced rate of disease development after hiv-2 infection as compared to hiv-1. | human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (hiv-2) is a close relative of the prototype acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) virus, hiv-1. hiv-2 is biologically similar to hiv-1, but information is lacking concerning clinical outcomes of hiv-2-infected individuals. from 1985 to 1993, a prospective clinical study was conducted in women with hiv-2 and hiv-1 infection to determine and compare rates of disease development. hiv-1-infected women had a 67% probability of aids-free survival 5 years after ... | 1994 | 7915856 |
| multi-branched peptides based on the hiv-1 v3 loop consensus motif inhibit hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection in cd4+ and cd4- cells. | the v3 loop is an hypervariable region of the hiv-1 surface envelope glycoprotein gp120 that is able to generate neutralizing antibodies. these antibodies are generally type-specific. they inhibit the interaction between the v3 loop and the membrane molecules involved in virus-cell and cell-cell fusion. synthetic peptides based on the v3 loop sequence have been tentatively used to block the fusion process, but the results were unsuccessful. in this report, we confirm that monomeric v3 peptides a ... | 1993 | 7916261 |
| serum antibodies from ms patients do not recognize htlv-i, hiv-1, hiv-2 and siv. | a retroviral aetiology has been proposed for multiple sclerosis (ms). although there is as yet no definitive evidence of viral involvement, there have been preliminary reports of antiretroviral antibody detection in sera from ms patients. such sera have, for example, been found to react with htlv-i. we here describe investigations involving various immunological techniques which attempt to confirm the virus-specific nature of these antibodies against a range of human and macaque retroviruses. se ... | 1994 | 7917220 |
| a seroepidemiological study of human immunodeficiency virus infection in northeast zaire. | to evaluate the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infections in an endemic african area, we have studied 134 patients from northeast zaire. sera were tested for hiv-1 and hiv-2 antibodies to asses cross-reactivity or a possible double infection. sixty five (48.5%) serum samples were reactive for hiv-1 and six (4.5%) for hiv-2 using specific western blots. the enzyme immunoassays used to detect hiv-2 showed cross-reactivity with hiv-1 in 17 samples (16.5%). tests based upon synthet ... | 1994 | 7927812 |
| crystal structure at 1.9-a resolution of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) ii protease complexed with l-735,524, an orally bioavailable inhibitor of the hiv proteases. | l-735,524 is a potent, orally bioavailable inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) protease currently in a phase ii clinical trial. we report here the three-dimensional structure of l-735,524 complexed to hiv-2 protease at 1.9-a resolution, as well as the structure of the native hiv-2 protease at 2.5-a resolution. the structure of hiv-2 protease is found to be essentially identical to that of hiv-1 protease. in the crystal lattice of the hiv-2 protease complexed with l-735,524, the inhib ... | 1994 | 7929352 |
| wild-type and mutant hiv-1 and hiv-2 tat proteins expressed in escherichia coli as fusions with glutathione s-transferase. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 encode related transcriptional activators known as tat-1 and tat-2, respectively, that are required for efficient viral replication. the tat proteins have been studied extensively, and it appears that their mechanism of action is unique to the primate immunodeficiency viruses or a few distantly related lentiviruses. here we describe a collection of 24 wild-type and mutant tat-1 and tat-2 proteins that are expressed in escherichia coli as fusi ... | 1994 | 7932078 |
| design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of cosalane, a novel anti-hiv agent which inhibits multiple features of virus reproduction. | cosalane (3), a novel anti-hiv agent having a disalicylmethane unit linked to c-3 of cholestane by a three-carbon linker, was synthesized from commercially available starting materials by a convergent route. cosalane proved to be a potent inhibitor of hiv with a broad range of activity against a variety of laboratory, drug-resistant, and clinical hiv-1 isolates, hiv-2, and rauscher murine leukemia virus. the cytotoxicity of cosalane is relatively low as reflected by an in vitro therapeutic index ... | 1994 | 7932526 |
| genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type 2: evidence for distinct sequence subtypes with differences in virus biology. | the virulence properties of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) are known to vary significantly and to range from relative attenuation in certain individuals to high-level pathogenicity in others. these differences in clinical manifestations may, at least in part, be determined by genetic differences among infecting virus strains. evaluation of the full spectrum of hiv-2 genetic diversity is thus a necessary first step towards understanding its molecular epidemiology, natural history of ... | 1994 | 7933127 |
| characterization of the minimal dna-binding domain of the hiv integrase protein. | the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) integrase (in) protein mediates an essential step in the retroviral lifecycle, the integration of viral dna into human dna. a dna-binding domain of hiv in has previously been identified in the c-terminal part of the protein. we tested truncated proteins of the c-terminal region of hiv-1 in for dna binding activity in two different assays: uv-crosslinking and southwestern blot analysis. we found that a polypeptide fragment of 50 amino acids (in220-270) is su ... | 1994 | 7937137 |
| peptides corresponding to a predictive alpha-helical domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41 are potent inhibitors of virus infection. | to define the role of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope proteins in virus infection, a series of peptides were synthesized based on various regions of the hiv-1 transmembrane protein gp41. one of these peptides, dp-178, corresponding to a region predictive of alpha-helical secondary structure (residues 643-678 of the hiv-1lai isolate), has been identified as a potent antiviral agent. this peptide consistently blocked 100% of virus-mediated cell-cell fusion at < 5 ng/ml (ic ... | 1994 | 7937889 |
| an aids-like condition induced in baboons by hiv-2. | six baboons (papio cynocephalus) were intravenously inoculated with the human immunodeficiency virus-type 2 (hiv-2) strain hiv-2uc2. all seroconverted within 6 weeks after inoculation; five animals became persistently infected. four developed lymphadenopathy, and three of the animals had cd4+ t cell loss within 18 to 24 months after inoculation. one of these baboons, showing severe clinical symptoms, showed at necropsy widespread dissemination of virus with follicular depletion in the lymph node ... | 1994 | 7939718 |
| low prevalence of human t lymphotropic virus type i in !kung san in bushmanland, namibia. | antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) and human t lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-i) have been identified in various population groups living in southern and central africa. sera from 291 !kung bushmen in bushmanland, namibia were examined for the presence of antibodies to hiv-1 and hiv-2 and to htlv-i. initial screening for hiv-1/2 by two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) revealed evidence of past exposure in four individuals. however, no hiv-1/2 infection could be conf ... | 1994 | 7943573 |
| comparison of plasma cytokine levels in african patients with hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection. | to determine plasma cytokine levels [tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha, interleukin (il)-1 beta and il-6] in african patients infected with hiv-2 relative to values in hiv-1-infected patients, and their relation to immunologic and clinical status. | 1994 | 7946096 |
| prevalence of hiv-1 infection in rural, semi-urban and urban villages in southwest tanzania: estimates from a blood-donor study. | to measure the prevalence of hiv-1 infection in different subgroups of blood donors and to identify groups at high risk of acquiring hiv-1. | 1994 | 7946108 |
| hairy leucoplakia and hiv-2--a case report and review of the literature. | type 2 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-2), originally confined to west africa, has lately appeared with increasing frequency in europe. oral lesions affect a large proportion of patients with aids. hairy leucoplakia (hl), a clinical expression of epstein-barr virus (ebv), is a lesion of the oral mucosa (usually the lateral margin of the tongue) that is observed in patients who are immunocompromised due to hiv or, more rarely, due to immunosuppressive medication or other causes. we review the d ... | 1994 | 7955479 |
| effect of methodology on detection of hiv-1/hiv-2 dual infections in côte d'ivoire. | dual seroreactivity to the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types 1 and 2 is common in côte d'ivoire. to assess whether dual infection is the reason for dual seroreactivity, different methods for detection of hiv-1 and hiv-2 viruses were compared. pcr on primary uncultured lymphocytes of 56 dually seropositive samples revealed the presence of both hiv-1 and hiv-2 proviral dna in 23 (41%) cases. in 7 other dual seropositive persons, pcr was carried out on the primary lymphocytes as well as on l ... | 1994 | 7962257 |
| localization of viral protein x in simian immunodeficiency virus macaque strain and analysis of its packaging requirements. | simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) encode the accessory viral protein x (vpx) known to be incorporated into virions in amounts comparable to those of the gag proteins. the localization of vpx within sivmac-infected hut-78 cells and sivmac virions was studied by immunoelectron microscopy. vpx appeared to be associated with extracellular virions as well as budding viral particles at the surface of infected cells. immunolabelling of purified viral co ... | 1994 | 7964605 |
| efficacy of inactivated whole hiv-2 vaccines with various adjuvants in cynomolgus monkeys. | twenty-one cynomolgus monkeys were immunized with whole inactivated hiv-2 preparations administered with various adjuvants (incomplete freund's adjuvant, alum, ribi, mdp, or iscoms) and challenged with 10 or 100 mid50 of a homologous monkey-cell grown, cell-free hiv-2. seven animals were completely protected against infection, three showed reduced virus replication. the vaccines elicited neutralizing and adcc antibodies; the titers did not correlate with protection. immunization with a whole ina ... | 1994 | 7966239 |
| exon2 of hiv-2 tat contributes to transactivation of the hiv-2 ltr by increasing binding affinity to hiv-2 tar rna. | human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) express related tat proteins that are encoded in two exons. tat proteins bind directly to the tar rna element contained in the 5' ends of viral transcripts and thereby stimulate transcription through an as yet unidentified mechanism. we have investigated the functional significance of exon2 of the hiv-2 tat protein by examining properties of proteins consisting of exon1 alone or exon1 + 2. in transactivation assays in vivo, exon2 modes ... | 1994 | 7971271 |
| the association between lack of male circumcision and risk for hiv infection: a review of the epidemiological data. | whether male circumcision reduces the risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection remains controversial. | 1994 | 7974070 |
| detection of human immunodeficiency virus antibody among homosexual men from bombay. | in india, heterosexual transmission of hiv-infection is considered to be the major mode of transmission. however, no report is available on transmission of hiv-infection among homosexually active men. the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (hiv-1) and human immunodeficiency virus-2 (hiv-2) infections among homosexual men from bombay is discussed. | 1994 | 7974077 |
| mapping of functional domains for hiv-2 gag assembly into virus-like particles. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 gag precursor protein, pr41, self assembles as virus-like particles (vlp) when the gag gene is expressed in insect cells. to map the functional domains for hiv-2 gag vlp formation, a series of deletion mutants was constructed by removing sequentially the c-terminal region of hiv-2 gag precursor protein and expressing the truncated gag genes in sf9 insect cells by means of recombinant baculoviruses. we found that deletion of up to 143 amino acids at the c-t ... | 1994 | 7975251 |
| potency and selectivity of inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus protease by a small nonpeptide cyclic urea, dmp 323. | dmp 323 is a potent inhibitor of the protease of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), with antiviral activity against both hiv type 1 and hiv type 2. this compound is representative of a class of small, novel, nonpeptide cyclic urea inhibitors of hiv protease that were designed on the basis of three-dimensional structural information and three-dimensional database searching. we report here studies of the kinetics of dmp 323 inhibition of the cleavage of peptide and hiv-1 gag polyprotein substrate ... | 1994 | 7979296 |
| physical interaction of the hiv-1 nef protein with beta-cop, a component of non-clathrin-coated vesicles essential for membrane traffic. | nef is a 27-kda myristylated protein conserved in most human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1, hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus isolates. simian immunodeficiency virus nef is required in macaques for both high viral load and full pathological effects. nef down-regulates the cell surface expression of cd4 by a post-translational mechanism that is not yet fully elucidated. we have used the yeast two-hybrid system to identify cellular proteins that interact with nef. a cdna was isolated which ... | 1994 | 7982906 |
| enantiomeric 2',3'-dideoxycytidine derivatives are potent human immunodeficiency virus inhibitors in cell cultures. | 2',3'-dideoxy-beta-l-cytidine (beta-l-ddc) and its 5-fluoro derivative (beta-l-5-f-ddc) have been stereospecifically synthesized by a multi-step reaction sequence from l-xylose and their anti-hiv properties examined. among these two l-enantiomers, the hitherto unknown beta-l-5-f-ddc emerged as a potent anti-hiv-1 and hiv-2 compound in different cell culture systems, with selectivity indices similar or superior to those of the currently licensed drug ddc which has the natural beta-d configuration ... | 1994 | 7987696 |
| bicyclic imidazo derivatives, a new class of highly selective inhibitors for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | in the search for new antiviral agents against human immunodeficiency virus, different members of two imidazoheterocycle families (imidazothiazoles, imidazopyridines) have been found to display potent inhibitory effects on the replication of hiv-1. three of these derivatives, which show significant anti-hiv-1 activity, have been chosen for further studies. the analysis of these compounds and their comparison to azt and tibo revealed that these bicyclic imidazo derivatives represent a class of hi ... | 1994 | 7993073 |
| [endocarditis due to corynebacterium diphtheriae cause by contact with intravenous drugs: report of 5 cases]. | the clinical features of 5 patients with invasive disease due to nontoxigenic corynebacterium diphtheriae are presented. 4 patients had proven left sided endocarditis, and one had probable endocarditis of the mitral valve. 4 patients were intravenous drug abusers, and one had a girl friend who was also an iv-drug abuser. only one patient had antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus. 2 patients with endocarditis of the mitral or the aortic valve, and one patient with endocarditis of a pros ... | 1994 | 7997860 |
| antiviral drugs: present status and future prospects. | 1. there is a limited number of antiviral drugs available for therapy. many investigations and new analytical techniques have unraveled the development and progression of a viral infection. nowadays there is a good understanding of the multiplication cycle of viruses, including the human immunodeficiency virus. 2. in this article the currently available antiviral drugs are presented arranged by their mode of action that can be understood by the multiplication cycle of the virus. 3. clinical use ... | 1994 | 8005347 |
| functional significance of the dinucleotide bulge in stem-loop1 and stem-loop2 of hiv-2 tar rna. | human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) encode related proteins called tat-1 and tat-2, respectively, that bind directly to the tar rna element contained at the 5' ends of viral transcripts and thereby stimulate transcription through an as yet unidentified mechanism. the determinants in the hiv-1 tar element (tar-1) that specify binding by the tat-1 protein have been extensively characterized, while little is known about determinants in the hiv-2 tar element (tar-2) that spe ... | 1994 | 8009832 |
| hiv-2 eho isolate has a divergent envelope gene and induces single cell killing by apoptosis. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)-related isolate, referred to as hiv-2 eho, has been isolated from an ivory coast patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). infection of cd4 expressing cells with this highly infectious virus mediates a cytopathic effect characterized by single-cell killing as a consequence of apoptosis. nucleotide sequence analysis of the hiv-2 eho genome revealed a significant degree of divergence of its envelope gene from that of other known hiv-2 s ... | 1994 | 8009858 |
| tropical respiratory medicine. 2. impact of human immunodeficiency virus on tuberculosis in developing countries. | mycobacterium tuberculosis is present in approximately 50% of 15-49 year olds in the developing world, while infection in europe and north america is limited largely to the elderly and some disadvantaged groups. the authors concentrate upon the interaction of hiv infection and tuberculosis (tb) in developing countries with a particular focus upon research data from sub-saharan africa. they discuss hiv infection and predisposition for tb, epidemiological determinants of the tb-hiv interaction, ... | 1994 | 8016777 |
| mosaic genome structure of simian immunodeficiency virus from west african green monkeys. | elucidation of the phylogenetic origins of simian and human immunodeficiency viruses (siv and hiv) is fundamental to the understanding of hiv pathogenesis and the spread of aids worldwide. in this study, we molecularly characterized multiple sivagm isolates from four different african green monkey species (vervet, grivet, sabaeus and tantalus monkeys). phylogenetic analysis of partial (1 kb) env sequences indicated that all sivagm strains cluster together, and that they fall into four distinct s ... | 1994 | 8026477 |
| implications of the occupational safety and health administration's bloodborne pathogen standard for the occupational health professional. | on december 6, 1991. the occupational health and safety administration (osha) issued its final regulation concerning occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens (29 cfr 1910.1030). osha has determined that workers in a variety of settings face a significant health risk as the result of occupational exposure to blood and other body fluids. the pathogens that are of the most concern include human immunodeficiency type 1 (hiv) and hepatitis b virus (hbv). osha concludes that the hazard can be min ... | 1994 | 8027880 |
| inactivation of enveloped viruses in human bodily fluids by purified lipids. | antimicrobial lipids are found in mucosal secretions and are one of a number of nonimmunologic and nonspecific protective factors found at mucosal surfaces. lipids can inactivate enveloped viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. lipid-dependent antimicrobial activity at mucosal surfaces is due to certain monoglycerides and fatty acids that are released from triglycerides by lipolytic activity. medium chain length antiviral lipids can be added to human blood products that contain hiv-1 and hiv-2 ... | 1994 | 8030973 |
| differential replication and pathogenic effects of hiv-1 and hiv-2 in macaca nemestrina. | hiv-1 and hiv-2 isolates representing various geographic regions and distinct viral subtypes were examined for their ability to establish both in vitro and in vivo productive infections of macaca nemestrina (pigtail macaque) peripheral blood mononuclear cells. | 1994 | 8031510 |
| tuberculosis and hiv infection in children in abidjan, côte d'ivoire. | of 5180 consecutive outpatients diagnosed with tuberculosis in abidjan, côte d'ivoire (west africa), between july 1989 and december 1990, 289 (6%) were children aged less than 15 years. the overall prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) 1 and/or hiv-2 infection in children with tuberculosis was 11.8% (hiv-1, 10.0%; hiv-2, 0.7%; reactivity to both viruses, 1%). the highest overall age-specific prevalence was in children aged 1-4 years (23.4%), significantly higher than the rate in atten ... | 1994 | 8036665 |
| prospective comparison of mother-to-child transmission of hiv-1 and hiv-2 in abidjan, ivory coast. | to compare mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2, respectively) and to assess the impact of maternal hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections on child survival. | 1994 | 8040982 |
| recent advances in diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases. | in an effort to better diagnose, treat, and control sexually transmitted diseases (std), a number of new diagnostic assays using molecular techniques have been developed. by incorporating molecular amplification, the sensitivity for detecting sexually transmitted infections has become markedly enhanced, and organisms that were difficult or impossible to cultivate, such as human papillomavirus (hpv) or treponema pallidum can now be detected and monitored. by using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ... | 1994 | 8042111 |
| analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nef gene sequences present in vivo. | the nef genes of the human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) and the related simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) encode a protein (nef) whose role in virus replication and cytopathicity remains uncertain. as an attempt to elucidate the function of nef, we characterized the nucleotide and corresponding protein sequences of naturally occurring nef genes obtained from several hiv-1-infected individuals. a consensus nef sequence was derived and used to identify several featu ... | 1993 | 8043040 |
| seroepidemiological associations between tuberculosis, malaria, hepatitis b, and aids in west africa. | serum samples from 51 patients with malaria, 35 patients with hepatitis b virus infection, 111 patients with tuberculosis, and 166 healthy controls were studied to determine any associations between tuberculosis, malaria, hepatitis b, and aids in nigeria, west africa. all serum samples were examined for the presence of hiv-1/hiv-2, hepatitis b virus surface antigen (hbsag), and malaria antibodies. only one patient was hiv-1 antibody-positive and none hiv-2 antibody-positive. statistical associat ... | 1994 | 8046426 |
| evaluation of rapid test for detection of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2. | the genie hiv-1/hiv-2 rapid assay was compared with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot (immunoblot) by using 540 serum specimens from four different populations. the genie hiv-1/hiv-2 assay was easy to perform, required no equipment, provided visual results within 10 min, and demonstrated excellent sensitivity and specificity compared with the western blot. | 1994 | 8051264 |
| multibranched v3 peptides inhibit human immunodeficiency virus infection in human lymphocytes and macrophages. | synthetic polymeric constructions (spcs) including the consensus sequence of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) surface envelope glycoprotein gp120 v3 loop (gpgraf) blocked the fusion between hiv-1- and hiv-2-infected cells and cd4+ uninfected cells. a structure-activity relationship study using v3 spc analogs showed that the most efficient inhibitor of cell fusion was an eight-branched spc with the hexapeptide motif gpgraf (i.e., [gpgraf]8-spc). n-terminal acetylation or incorporat ... | 1994 | 8057453 |
| [the isolation and characteristics of the green monkey lentivirus]. | we characterized the simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from cercopithecus aethiops (subspecies c. a. pygerythrus) originating from kenya. siv was isolated and continuously produced with the molt4 clone 8 cell line and was designated as siv-su1. siv-su1 isolate replicated with high efficiency in molt4 clone 8, mt-2 with moderate efficiency in cem x 174 and with poor efficiency in hut-78, u937, c8166. the infection of mt-2, c8166 and hut-78 resulted in extensive cell killing. western blotting ... | 1993 | 8059527 |
| synthesis and antiviral activity of three pyrazole analogues of distamycin a. | the synthesis of three new monopyrazole analogues of the antiviral compound distamycin a is reported. suitably protected 4-amino-1-methylpyrrole-2-carboxylic acid and 3-amino-1-methylpyrazole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives were chosen as starting materials. the construction of the trimeric polyamide framework was accomplished by assembly of the monomeric precursors under condensing conditions by analogy with our previous methodology, although with significant improvements in some pivotal steps. a ... | 1994 | 8060726 |
| synthesis and antiviral activity evaluation of some aminoadamantane derivatives. | the synthesis of some spiro[cyclopropane-1,2'-adamantan]-2-amines and methanamines and some spiro[pyrrolidine-2,2'-adamantanes] is described. the title compounds were evaluated against a wide range of viruses (influenza a, influenza b, parainfluenza 3, rsv, hsv-1, tk- hsv-1, hsv-2, vaccinia, vesicular stomatitis, polio 1, coxsackie b4, sindbis, semliki forest, reo 1, hiv-1, and hiv-2), and some of them (compounds 6b, 6c, 9a, 16a, 16b, and 17) inhibited the cytopathicity of influenza a virus at a ... | 1994 | 8071937 |
| an electron-lucent region within the virion distinguishes hiv-1 from hiv-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus. | ultrastructural comparisons of immature or budding particles of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types 1 and 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (sivmac) revealed no significant difference between these genetically distinct, but related, viruses. however, a region encompassing the core of mature hiv-1 virions was found to be more electron lucent than that observed in hiv-2 and sivmac. this ultrastructural distinction cannot be attributed to hiv-1-specific vpu, hiv-2/siv-specific vp ... | 1994 | 8074937 |
| conditional regulatory elements of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 long terminal repeat. | mutational analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) long terminal repeat (ltr) revealed a novel cis-acting positive and a negative regulatory element in the u3 region, located upstream of the enhancer-promoter region. these elements acted in a cell type-specific manner, being most active in human lymphocytic cem cells, more active in jurkat cells than in human monocytic u937 cells and least active in epithelioid hela cells. the down-modulatory effect of the negative regulatory ... | 1994 | 8077923 |
| comparison of vertical human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission in the french prospective cohort. the hiv infection in newborns french collaborative study group. | in the french prospective cohort study we compared the mother-infant transmission rates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2). as of january 1, 1994, 86 infants born to 68 hiv-2-seropositive mothers have been included in the cohort. forty-one children had been followed up for more than 18 months at the time of analysis. during the same period 1758 infants born to 1589 hiv-1-infected mothers were included; 419 mothers were of african origin ... | 1994 | 8078737 |
| localization of the vpx packaging signal within the c terminus of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 gag precursor protein. | viral protein x (vpx) is a human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus accessory protein that is packaged into virions in molar amounts equivalent to gag proteins. to delineate the processes of virus assembly that mediate vpx packaging, we used a recombinant vaccinia virus-t7 rna polymerase system to facilitate gag protein expression, particle assembly, and extracellular release. hiv genes were placed under control of the bacteriophage t7 promoter and transfecte ... | 1994 | 8083957 |
| anti-human immunodeficiency virus activities of the beta-l enantiomer of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine and its 5-fluoro derivative in vitro. | the l enantiomer of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddc) was recently shown to inhibit selectively human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) in vitro. in the current study, the potent anti-hiv activity of l-ddc was confirmed and extended to several hiv-1 and hiv-2 strains in various cell culture systems, including primary human lymphocytes and macrophages. furthermore, its 5-fluoro congener, beta-l-2',3'-dideoxy-5-fluorocytidine (l-fddc), was found to have more potent anti-hiv activity and a higher the ... | 1994 | 8092827 |
| [serologic activity against retrovirus in patients with sjögren syndrome]. | the primary sjögren's syndrome (ss) is a systemic disease which destroys the exocrine glands by autoimmune mechanisms. the etiology of this syndrome is unknown although different virus are involved in its genesis. | 1993 | 8095086 |
| different requirements for membrane fusion mediated by the envelopes of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2. | cd4+ cells derived from the human cell lines u87mg and scl1 cannot be infected by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) or fuse with cells expressing the hiv-1 envelope. this block was complemented in heterokaryons with hela cells and probably reflects the absence of cellular factors necessary for membrane fusion. since u87mg cells expressing cd4 are permissive to hiv-2, distinct cellular factors could be required for fusion mediated by two related human retroviruses. | 1993 | 8095307 |
| immunological responses of gambians in relation to clinical stage of hiv-2 disease. | this study describes a broad spectrum of cellular and antibody-mediated immune responses found in 28 asymptomatic and 37 symptomatic gambian patients with hiv-2 infection. it shows that these responses vary according to the stage of infection as described by three clinical staging systems. the first system was a local one based on the signs used for the who bangui clinical definition of aids, the second, suggested by who, was based on a performance scale, and the third was that used by the centr ... | 1993 | 8100747 |
| acute infection of macaca nemestrina by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | the pigtail macaque (macaca nemestrina) has a marked sensitivity to infection by simian immunodeficiency virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2). on this basis, we previously studied this species' susceptibility to hiv-1 and demonstrated infection in six macaques inoculated with either cell-associated hiv-1 or cell-free virus alone. this report expands upon our initial in vitro and in vivo findings. five laboratory-adapted and one primary clinical strain of hiv-1 replicated in vitr ... | 1993 | 8101673 |
| membrane expression of hiv envelope glycoproteins triggers apoptosis in cd4 cells. | the cytopathic effect of hiv-1 and hiv-2 in cd4+ lymphocytes has been shown to be associated with apoptosis or programmed cell death. using different experimental conditions, we demonstrate here that apoptosis is triggered by cell membrane expression of the mature hiv envelope glycoproteins, gp120-gp41 complex, and their interaction with cd4 receptor molecules. viral entry alone did not induce apoptosis but virus replication was required in order to produce the gp120-gp41 complex. indeed, expres ... | 1993 | 8105835 |
| interactions of substrates and inhibitors with a family of tethered hiv-1 and hiv-2 homo- and heterodimeric proteinases. | genes were constructed to encode single-chain tethered human immunodeficiency virus hiv-1/hiv-1 and hiv-2/hiv-2 homodimeric proteinases and two hiv-1/hiv-2 heterodimers which differed in the nature of the interface strands. all four constructs under the control of a heat-inducible promoter were expressed in e. coli and the resultant proteinases were purified therefrom. kinetic parameters (km, kcat and kcat/km) were derived for the interaction of the tethered homo and heterodimeric proteinases wi ... | 1994 | 8106448 |
| a new subtype of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (mvp-5180) from cameroon. | a new subtype (mvp-5180) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) was isolated from a cameroonian aids patient. mvp-5180 was grown in several human t-cell lines and the monocytic u937 line. mvp-5180 dna could not be amplified by nested primer pcr with conventional env primers and could be only very faintly amplified with gag and pol primers. most german, ivoirian, and malawian anti-hiv-1 sera reacted faintly or moderately with env proteins in an mvp-5180 immunoblot, whereas some cameroonia ... | 1994 | 8107219 |
| in vitro anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) activity of xm323, a novel hiv protease inhibitor. | xm323 represents a novel class of potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) protease. in vitro studies have shown that inhibition of this enzyme translates into potent inhibition of replication of hiv type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2. the inhibition of virus replication was assessed with three assays designed to measure the production of infectious virus, viral rna, or p24 antigen. the production of mature infectious virions was measured with a yield reduction assay. by this assay, several ... | 1993 | 8109924 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitors: evaluation of resistance engendered by amino acid substitutions in the enzyme's substrate binding site. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) protease is a homodimeric aspartyl endopeptidase that is required for virus replication. a number of specific, active-site inhibitors for this enzyme have been described. many of the inhibitors exhibit significant differences in activity against the hiv-1 and hiv type 2 (hiv-2) enzymes. an initial study was conducted to ascertain the hiv-1 protease's potential to lose sensitivity to several test inhibitors while retaining full enzymatic activity. t ... | 1994 | 8117657 |
| two neutralizing domains in the v3 region in the envelope glycoprotein gp125 of hiv type 2. | the purposes of this study were to map the targets for neutralizing abs in the hiv-2 glycoproteins with particular emphasis on the role of the v3 region. sera obtained from guinea pig immunized with peptides representing five immunogenic regions of the envelope proteins were used in cross-neutralization experiments with nine hiv-2 isolates. broad cross-neutralizing activity was elicited by immunization with two peptides representing the central and cooh-terminal portions of the hiv-2 v3 loop. mu ... | 1994 | 8120399 |
| hiv-2 viral protein x association with the gag p27 capsid protein. | vpx is a 16 kda accessory protein expressed in cells infected with hiv-2 and most siv strains and is packaged into virus particles. in order to define the requirements for incorporation of vpx into virions, vpx and hiv-2 gag-pol were expressed independently from a vaccinia virus-based transient expression system. under these conditions, vpx was exported from transfected cells only when coexpressed with the hiv-2 gag-pol plasmid. a 27 kda protein coprecipitating with vpx was found to have an iden ... | 1994 | 8122374 |
| the absence of antibodies to malaria and human immunodeficiency virus, and the presence of hepatitis b surface antigen as diagnostic markers of rheumatoid arthritis. | rheumatoid factor is of limited value in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (ra) in west africa. consequent upon previous findings, we have studied the role of the absence of antibodies to malaria and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) as well as the presence of the hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) as diagnostic markers of rheumatoid arthritis in west africa. we have found a significant association (p < 0.001) between ra and titre of hbsag, but only between ra and malaria (p < 0.05) when s ... | 1993 | 8124906 |
| [human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection in 2 seamen of the northwest of spain]. | the first two cases of hiv-2 infection in autoctonous spanish subjects are presented. two sailors (62 and 42 years of age) of galician origin who travelled to east african countries are reported. the epidemiologic, clinico-evolutive characteristics--with manifestations similar to hiv-1 infection (oral candidiasis and villous leukoplasia)--, and therapeutic response to zidovudine are described. the risk of hiv-2 infection in sailors travelling to africa and the absence of opportunistic infections ... | 1994 | 8133709 |
| determination of michellamine b in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. | the national cancer institute is pursuing preclinical development of michellamine b (mb), a novel dimeric polyhydroxylated naphthalene-tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from ancistrocladus abbreviatus, as an anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) agent. mb protects human lymphoid cells from the cytopathic effects of both hiv-1 and hiv-2 in vitro. a specific, sensitive, and convenient method for assaying the compound in biological fluids has been developed. samples were prepared for analy ... | 1994 | 8135366 |
| genetic analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) mixed infections in india reveals a recent spread of hiv-1 and hiv-2 from a single ancestor for each of these viruses. | dna sequences encoding the surface envelope glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) were amplified by pcr from uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from patients with serologically defined hiv-1/hiv-2 mixed infections from bombay, india. hiv-1-specific pcr products were obtained in seven of seven randomly chosen doubly reactive cases, while hiv-2-specific sequences were detected in five of seven cases (71%). dna sequence analysis showed t ... | 1994 | 8139000 |
| variability of the env gene in cynomolgus macaques persistently infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 strain ben. | the sequence variability of distinct regions of the proviral env gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 strain ben (hiv-2ben) isolated sequentially over 3 to 4 years from six experimentally infected macaques was studied. the regions investigated were homologous to the v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, and v7 hypervariable regions identified in the env genes of hiv-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus sivmac, respectively. in contrast to findings with hiv-1 and sivmac, the v1- and v2-homologous regions wer ... | 1994 | 8139054 |
| [epidemiologic distribution of hiv2 human immunodeficiency virus infection in sub-saharan africa]. | this text presents the results of an analysis of the distribution and evolution of the hiv2 infection in africa south of sahara. the serological data collected in selected groups of the population suggest that the virus is very rare in the east and the south of the continent, except in mozambic where it is found everywhere, but on a low level. the infection is also rarely depisted in west-central africa; however an epidemic could affect the north of angola. hiv2 is probably an old host of some w ... | 1993 | 8139440 |
| purification of an escherichia coli-expressed nef protein from the human immunodeficiency virus-type 2. | the entire nef gene sequence of hiv-2, nih-z strain, has been cloned into the pjl6 expression vector and used for the synthesis of a 23-kda protein in e. coli. the expressed protein is a fusion between the n-terminal 13 amino acids of the cii gene, 8 amino acids resulting from the ligation procedure, and the 180 amino acids that comprise the hiv-2 nef sequence from the nih-z strain. the bacterially expressed nef protein has been purified to apparent homogeneity on analytical scale (10-20 microgr ... | 1993 | 8142139 |
| multiple cis-acting elements in the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 enhancer mediate the response to t-cell receptor stimulation by antigen in a t-cell hybridoma line. | transcription directed by the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 long terminal repeat (hiv-2 ltr) responds to t-cell antigen receptor signaling. agents that stimulate t-cell signaling pathways activated by the antigen receptor, such as phorbol ester, plant lectin, or anti-cd3 antibody treatment, have been shown to increase transcription directed by the hiv-2 ltr. in this study, we examine the activation of the hiv-2 ltr in t cells stimulated with the physiologic ligand of the t-cell receptor, a ... | 1994 | 8142652 |
| in vitro characterization of nonpeptide irreversible inhibitors of hiv proteases. | the irreversible inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) proteases by 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane (epnp) and eight haloperidol derivatives has been studied. epnp specifically inhibits hiv-1 and hiv-2 proteases with a stoichiometry of one epnp molecule/dimeric enzyme. the site of modification of hiv-2 protease by epnp has been unambiguously identified as asp-25 using high performance tandem mass spectrometry. the haloperidol derivatives assayed consist ... | 1994 | 8144659 |
| epidemiology and transmission of hiv-2. why there is no hiv-2 pandemic. | although human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 share modes of transmission, their epidemiologic characteristics differ and international spread of hiv-2 has been very limited. recently, the prevalence of infection with hiv-1 but not hiv-2 has increased rapidly in different west african countries, where hiv-2 was probably present earlier. among 19,701 women of reproductive age tested in abidjan, ivory coast, between 1988 and 1992, the prevalence of hiv-1 infection increased from 5 ... | 1993 | 8147962 |
| diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection: multicenter evaluation of a newly developed anti-hiv 1 and 2 enzyme immunoassay. | a new anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 (anti-hiv 1 and 2) test is described. it uses recombinant p24 and peptides covering gp32, gp41, and gp120 to identify hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections. this test has been shown to be specific (99.5%) and sensitive (99.8%). in this respect, the assay was equal or superior to anti-hiv 1 and 2 tests run as references. the test was able to discriminate sera from patients with hiv infections from those from uninfected individuals with excellence; it also ... | 1994 | 8150950 |
| evolution of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope gene in preimmunized and persistently infected rhesus macaques. | the v3 and v4 domains of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) env genes from 14 rhesus macaques experimentally infected by hiv-2 sbl6669/h5 were sequenced. no variation was observed in viral sequences from sera and from uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells during primary infection. the first mutations were detected 17 months after infection; they mainly concerned the region between the v3 and v4 domains and not those domains themselves, which are known to be hypervariable, sugges ... | 1994 | 8151803 |
| specificity of antipeptide antibodies produced against v2 and v3 regions of the external envelope of human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | the v2 region of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) and v3 region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) have been reported to be neutralization epitopes. we analysed the corresponding regions in hiv-2. synthetic peptides modeling the v2 (aa 149-168) and v3 (cv3: aa 298-315 and nv3: aa 306-324) regions of the hiv-2 external envelope glycoprotein were coupled to klh and used as immunogens in rabbits. we characterized the resulting antiv2 and antiv3 antibodies for their ability to recogni ... | 1994 | 8152439 |
| purification of crystallizable recombinant sivmac251-32h proteinase. | we have cloned a simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) proteinase gene directly from proviral dna of the infectious viral stock sivmac251-32h (11/88 pool). the deduced amino acid sequence from this proteinase gene is similar to that for the published sivmac239 molecular clone. sivmac251-32h proteinase (siv pr) and its flanking pol sequences were expressed in escherichia coli as a fusion protein with most of the t7 bacteriophage gene 10 protein. the expressed protein formed cytoplasmic inclusion bo ... | 1994 | 8167477 |
| prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibodies in tuberculosis patients in lagos, nigeria. | to establish the prevalence of hiv antibodies in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, 536 new cases presenting with symptoms of bronchopulmonary disorders were randomly selected from the six referral chest clinics in lagos and screened for tuberculosis and hiv infections. sputum and serum samples were obtained from all the patients. the sputum samples were examined for acid-fast bacilli (afb) by both microscopy and culture. the sera were screened for hiv-1 and hiv-2 antibodies by elisa and conf ... | 1994 | 8170009 |
| triterpene derivatives that block entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 into cells. | a series of triterpene compounds characterized by a stringent structure-activity relationship were identified as potent and selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) replication. currently studied botulinic derivatives have 50% inhibitory concentrations (ic50) against hiv-1 strain iiib/lai in the 10 nm range in several cellular infection assays but are inactive against hiv-2. these compounds did not significantly inhibit the in vitro activities of several purified hiv-1 ... | 1994 | 8170948 |
| interaction of c1 with hiv-1. | in contrast to animal retroviruses such as murine leukemia virus, hiv-1 is not lysed by human complement. nevertheless, hiv-1 activates complement via the classical pathway independently of antibody. evidence is provided for activation of the reconstituted c1 complex by the virus, resulting from direct interaction between c1q and the external part of the viral transmembrane envelope protein (sgp41). using c1q fragments and synthetic peptides covering the putative interaction regions in c1q and s ... | 1993 | 8172563 |
| viral safety of solvent-detergent treated blood products. | laboratory research commencing in 1982 led to licensing in the united states in 1985 of a solvent/detergent (sd)-treated anti-haemophilic factor (ahf) concentrate. licensing was based on (a) studies demonstrating the inactivation of several marker viruses [vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), sindbis virus, sendai virus], human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), hepatitis b virus (hbv), and non-a, non-b hepatitis virus [nanbhv; now known to be principally hepatitis c virus (hcv)] added to ahf just befor ... | 1993 | 8174797 |
| viral validation of the manufacturing process of high purity albumin from placentas. | we report on the viral validation of an industrial purification process which is used to manufacture high purity human albumin from frozen placentas. this process has been used without any modification since 1980 except for a progressive increase in production scale to reach a capacity of 19 tons of placentas per day. the extraction purification process includes five alcohol manufacturing steps, some with strict conditions of alcohol concentration, acid ph, temperature and one including chlorofo ... | 1993 | 8174808 |
| long-standing protection of macaques against cell-free hiv-2 with a hiv-2 iscom vaccine. | we investigated the capacity of two immunostimulating-complex (iscom) formulations including inactivated native hiv-2 viral proteins and selected peptides to induce protective immunity against hiv-2 in a nonhuman primate. four cynomolgus monkeys were first immunized with five i.m. injections of purified detergent-disrupted hiv-2 virions (total dose, 0.7 mg) in iscoms over a period of 16 months. at months 18 and 20, all four macaques were given booster immunizations with iscom-coupled v3-derived ... | 1994 | 8176640 |
| binding of human immunodeficiency virus type i (hiv-1) gp120 to galactosylceramide (galcer): relationship to the v3 loop. | the primary receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is the cd4 molecule. however, a large body of evidence has demonstrated that some cells that do not express the cd4 receptor can be infected by hiv-1 and hiv-2, indicating that an alternative mechanism of infection must exist for some cell types. recently it was reported that antibodies against the glycosphingolipid, galactosylceramide (gal beta 1-1'cer;galcer), blocked infection of several cd4 negative cell lines derived from the b ... | 1994 | 8184533 |
| kinetic and modeling studies of subsites s4-s3' of moloney murine leukemia virus protease. | the substrate specificity of the moloney murine leukemia virus protease (mo-mulv pr) was analyzed by using the oligopeptide substrate val-ser-gln-asn-tyr decreases pro-ile-val-gln-nh2 and a series of analogs containing single amino acid substitutions in the p4-p3' positions. mo-mulv pr appears to act similarly to the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) prs, except for peptides having substitutions at p4 and p2 positions. mo-mulv pr shows a strong preference for the analogs having hydrophobic resi ... | 1994 | 8207003 |
| laboratory diagnosis of hiv infection. | in this article the authors describe the necessity of being able to test human blood for pathogens and, in particular, hiv. hiv serodiagnostic techniques are then described as follows. detection of hiv-specific antibodies can be done by using one or more screening procedures. these are the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and two tests, generally called the rapid test and the simple test. when using elisa, the following antigens are used to detect hiv antibodies synthetic peptides, ... | 1994 | 8207274 |
| construction and characterization of a potent hiv-2 tat transdominant mutant protein. | the human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) tat proteins tat-1 and tat-2 stimulate transcription of the viral long terminal repeat (ltr) sequences and are required for efficient viral replication. a class of mutant tat proteins, termed "transdominant mutants," has been described that possesses relatively low transactivation activity, yet is able to inhibit the function of wild-type tat. these mutant proteins contain a nonfunctional tar rna-binding domain but apparently retai ... | 1994 | 8207644 |
| risk factors for hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection in pregnant women in dakar, senegal. | this study examines the prevalence and risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) infection in pregnant women in dakar, senegal. from april 1991 to january 1993, 9,518 pregnant women were interviewed and serologically tested for antibodies to hiv-1 and hiv-2; 26 (0.3%) were hiv-1 seropositive, 44 (0.5%) were hiv-2 seropositive, two (0.02%) were dually seropositive, and 9,448 (99.3%) were seronegative. guinea-bissau nationality and age > 25 years were associat ... | 1994 | 8207649 |