Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
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| epitopes of human immunodeficiency virus regulatory proteins tat, nef and rev are expressed in skin in atopic dermatitis. | we extend our previous documentation that epitopes of hiv regulatory proteins tat, rev, and nef are expressed in tissue from uninfected individuals by the immunohistochemical analysis of normal skin (n = 10) and skin in some selected inflammatory dermatoses including urticaria (n = 6), systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 6), and atopic dermatitis (affected skin, n = 10, and after epicutaneous patch test for allergens, n = 8). a rabbit antibody to hiv-2 tat did not show immunolabeling of skin. bloo ... | 1993 | 7680253 |
| analysis of nonnucleoside drug-resistant variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase. | a number of chemically distinct nonnucleoside inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) reverse transcriptase (rt) have been reported. several lines of evidence, including the isolation of rt mutants that show cross resistance, suggest that, despite their structural diversity, many of these inhibitors bind to a common site on hiv-1 rt. we have recently reported that, on the basis of analyses of hiv-1/hiv-2 chimeras, the natural product calanolide a may interact with a different s ... | 1993 | 7680393 |
| potent and highly selective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) inhibition by a series of alpha-anilinophenylacetamide derivatives targeted at hiv-1 reverse transcriptase. | in vitro evaluation of a large chemical library of pharmacologically acceptable prototype compounds in a high-capacity, cellular-based screening system has led to the discovery of another family of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) inhibitors. through optimization of a lead compound, several alpha-anilinophenylacetamide (alpha-apa) derivatives have been identified that inhibit the replication of several hiv-1 strains (iiib/lai, rf, ndk, mn, he) in a variety of host cell types at concen ... | 1993 | 7680476 |
| [non-radioisotopic reverse transcriptase assay using biotin-11-deoxyuridine-triphosphate and a primer-immobilized microtiter plate: application for detection and identification of isolated retroviruses from hiv-1-seropositive hemophiliac patients]. | non-radioisotopic reverse transcriptase assay (non-rta) was successfully applied for detection and identification of the retroviruses isolated from peripheral mononuclear cells from eight hiv-1-seropositive hemophiliac patients. of 40 samples, 36 (90%) were consistent in detection between non-ri and ri rta. four samples which showed rt activities slightly above the cutoff level of ri rta were not detected by non-ri rta. non-specific rt-inhibitors in the culture supernatant decreased the sensitiv ... | 1993 | 7680705 |
| the fidelity of the reverse transcriptases of human immunodeficiency viruses and murine leukemia virus, exhibited by the mispair extension frequencies, is sequence dependent and enzyme related. | sequence variations in hiv-1 and hiv-2 probably result in part from inaccurate dna synthesis by viral reverse transcriptases (rts). we have studied in vitro the fidelity of both the dna- and rna-dependent dna polymerization functions of the two hiv rts, as compared to that of murine leukemia virus (mlv) rt. the two hiv rts were less accurate than mlv rt. the mispair extension frequencies observed previously with ribosomal rna (rrna) template were higher than those detected with phi x174am3 dna t ... | 1993 | 7681015 |
| steady-state kinetic studies with the non-nucleoside hiv-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor u-87201e. | the multifunctional hiv-1 rt (human immunodeficiency virus type 1-reverse transcriptase) enzyme possesses three main functions including the rna- and dna-directed dna polymerases and the rnase h. the bisheteroarylpiperazine u-87201e inhibits the two polymerase functions but not the rnase h. enzymatic kinetic studies of the hiv-1 rt-catalyzed rna- and dna-directed dna polymerase activities were carried out in order to determine if the inhibitor interferes with either the template:primer or the de ... | 1993 | 7681060 |
| two highly antigenic sites in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase. | antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) reverse transcriptase (rt) are found in the serum of the majority of infected individuals, and inhibition of rt polymerase activity by hiv-1-positive sera can be demonstrated in vitro. the binding sites of human antibodies on the protein have not yet been identified. we synthesized overlapping peptides covering the entire rt protein of hiv-1 and used them in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system to map the reactivities of hiv-1 and ... | 1993 | 7681439 |
| identification of four antibody-binding sites in the envelope proteins of simian immunodeficiency virus, sivsm. | to identify antigenic regions in the envelope glycoproteins of the simian immunodeficiency virus isolate, sivsm. | 1993 | 7682082 |
| cr1 (cd35) and cr3 (cd11b/cd18) mediate infection of human monocytes and monocytic cell lines with complement-opsonized hiv independently of cd4. | peripheral blood and tissue mononuclear phagocytes serve as major viral reservoirs in hiv-infected individuals. we investigated the role of complement receptors cr1 (cd35) and cr3 (cd11b/cd18) in mediating productive infection with complement-opsonized hiv-1 and hiv-2 of cultured normal human peripheral blood monocytes, the promonocytic cell line thp-1, the monocytic cell line mono mac 6 and the glial cell line u251-mg. cells were infected with the htlv-iiib strain of hiv-1 or the lav-2 strain o ... | 1993 | 7682158 |
| generation and characterization of murine monoclonal antibodies reactive against n-terminal and other regions of hiv-1 reverse transcriptase. | we produced a series of monoclonal antibodies against the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1) reverse transcriptase by immunizing mice with either purified recombinant hiv-1 p66 protein or with recombinant vaccinia virus which expresses hiv-1 pol sequences. the antibodies generated were specific for the reverse transcriptase protein, and recognized only the p51 and p66 subunits of the enzyme in each of the hiv-1 viral lysates and lysates of hiv-1 infected cells. the antibodies did not cross-rea ... | 1993 | 7682257 |
| a virion-specific inhibitory molecule with therapeutic potential for human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | a potential new approach for gene therapy against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection is the design of a nonstructural gene-based virion-specific inhibitory molecule that is packaged with virus to destroy its infectivity. we tested this approach for hiv-1 by using vpx, a virion-associated protein of hiv-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus. vpx was incorporated into hiv-1 virions and the resulting cell-free virus lost infectivity in cd4+ human t cells. this demonstrates the ther ... | 1993 | 7682710 |
| hiv-1-specific rt inhibitors: highly selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 that are specifically targeted at the viral reverse transcriptase. | the tibo, hept, nevirapine, pyridinone, bhap, tsao, and alpha-apa derivatives, although belonging to structurally diverging classes of molecules, share remarkable common features. they are specifically active against the reverse transcriptase of hiv-1 (tibo and hept also, to a certain extent, against the reverse transcriptase of sivagm strains), but not against the reverse transcriptases of hiv-2 or any other retroviruses. nor are they active against any of the cellular dna polymerases. these hi ... | 1993 | 7683360 |
| the interaction of illimaquinone, a selective inhibitor of the rnase h activity, with the reverse transcriptases of human immunodeficiency and murine leukemia retroviruses. | illimaquinone, a natural marine product, was shown by us to inhibit preferentially the ribonuclease h (rnase h) activity of the reverse transcriptase (rt) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). we have also shown that illimaquinone inhibits the rnase h activity of hiv-2 rt in addition to that of hiv-1 rt, murine leukemia virus rt, and escherichia coli rnase h. chemical modifications of hiv-1 rt by sulfhydryl-specific reagents, such as n-ethylmaleimide (nem) have been demonstrated to spe ... | 1993 | 7683648 |
| diarylsulfones, a new chemical class of nonnucleoside antiviral inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase. | a series of variously substituted diarylsulfones and related derivatives were found to prevent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) replication and hiv-1-induced cell killing in vitro. one of the more potent derivatives, 2-nitrophenyl phenyl sulfone (npps), completely protected human cem-ss lymphoblastoid cells from the cytopathic effects of hiv-1 in cell culture at 1 to 5 microm concentrations. hiv-1 replication, as assessed by the production of infectious virions, viral p24 antigen, and ... | 1993 | 7684215 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the measurement of human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 reverse transcriptase antigen and antibodies. | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa), using recombinant hiv-1 reverse transcriptase (rt; p66), are described for the measurement of rt antigen and serum antibodies to rt (anti-rt). the elisa for anti-rt was developed in qualitative and quantitative forms, both were highly specific (100%, 0/859; 99.6%, 3/859), the former was sensitive (100%, 364/364) detecting the highest dilution of a standard high titre anti-hiv-1 rt antibody positive control serum. the latter was less sensitive (97.2%, 3 ... | 1993 | 7684387 |
| activity of triciribine and triciribine-5'-monophosphate against human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2. | triciribine (tcn) and its 5'-monophosphate (tcn-p) are novel tricyclic compounds with known antitumor activity; tcn-p is currently in phase ii human clinical trials. we now report that these compounds have potent and selective activity against hiv-1 and hiv-2. using a syncytial plaque assay, tcn and tcn-p were active against hiv-1 at 0.01-0.02 microm and had differential selectivities of 2250 and 1900, respectively, compared to 1850 for azt. in contrast, tcn and tcn-p had minimal selectivity aga ... | 1993 | 7685612 |
| specific inhibition of the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and the chimeric enzymes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 by nonnucleoside inhibitors. | we have studied the effects of four nonnucleoside inhibitors, including the novel natural product inhibitor calanolide a, on molecular chimeras containing complementary segments of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) reverse transcriptases (rts). all four compounds specifically inhibited the dna polymerase activity of hiv-1 rt but had no apparent effect on the rnase h activity of this enzyme or on the dna polymerase or rnase h activity of hiv-2 rt. three of these compo ... | 1993 | 7685994 |
| the quinoline u-78036 is a potent inhibitor of hiv-1 reverse transcriptase. | the quinoline u-78036 represents a new class of non-nucleoside human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. the agent possesses excellent antiviral activity at nontoxic doses in hiv-1-infected lymphocytes grown in tissue culture. enzymatic kinetic studies of the hiv-1 reverse transcriptase (rt)-catalyzed rna-directed dna polymerase function were carried out in order to determine whether the inhibitor interacts with the template-primer or deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate ... | 1993 | 7686907 |
| amino acid substitutions in hiv-1 reverse transcriptase with corresponding residues from hiv-2. effect on kinetic constants and inhibition by non-nucleoside analogs. | nevirapine is a highly potent and specific inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) polymerase, but is inactive against hiv-2 and other polymerase. previous studies demonstrated that residues 176-190 of hiv-1 reverse transcriptase (rt) can confer nevirapine sensitivity to hiv-2 rt. to better characterize the role of this sequence in hiv-1 rt, we have progressively substituted residues 176-190 of hiv-2 rt for those of hiv-1 rt and monitored the impact on the kinetic properties; in ... | 1993 | 7688367 |
| detection of simian immunodeficiency virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 capsid antigens by a monoclonal antibody-based antigen capture assay. | we have tested the ability of a monoclonal antibody-based simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) p27 capsid antigen assay to detect siv antigen in supernatants from a variety of infected cell cultures. the antigen capture assay has a sensitivity of approximately 30 pg of siv p27 capsid antigen/ml. the assay detected siv p27 capsid antigen in cell culture supernatants from all six strains tested, detected the replication of siv following the inoculation of the virus in peripheral blood mononuclear c ... | 1993 | 7688521 |
| comparative humoral responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1-p24gag linear b-cell epitopes among individuals showing atypical western immunoblotting reactions and implications for diagnosis. | serum specimens from 25 individuals with an isolated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) core antigen reactivity in a western immunoblot test were examined for their reactivities with hiv-1 virions, control cellular antigens, hiv-1-bru p24gag recombinant protein (p24gag), and a panel of 22 p24gag-derived peptides. the results were as follows: (i) serum specimens from eight hiv-1-uninfected subjects did bind to virions but failed to bind to p24gag; (ii) sera from 13 hiv-1-uninfected subje ... | 1993 | 7688755 |
| cytotoxic t cells in hiv2 seropositive gambians. identification of a virus-specific mhc-restricted peptide epitope. | a preliminary study of gag-specific, mhc-restricted cd8+ ctl has been performed in nine gambian patients infected with hiv2. such ctl were present in at least 55% of patients in fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells without the requirement for in vitro restimulation. we have identified a nonamer peptide from hiv2 gag that is recognized by cd8+ hla-b53 ctl using an amino acid sequence motif predicted from analysis of endogenous peptides eluted from hla-b53 molecules. this peptide, from an hiv2 ... | 1993 | 7690804 |
| activity of a novel quinoxaline derivative against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase and viral replication. | s-2720 [6-chloro-3,3-dimethyl-4-(isopropenyloxycarbonyl)-3,4- dihydroquinoxalin-2(1h)-thione], a quinoxaline derivative, was found to be a very potent inhibitor of both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase (hiv-1 rt) activity and hiv-1 replication in tissue culture. like other nonnucleoside rt inhibitors, s-2720 does not affect the hiv-2 rt. a s-2720-resistant virus was selected and shown to possess a mutation within the rt-coding region that has not previously been describe ... | 1993 | 7692812 |
| thiazolobenzimidazole: biological and biochemical anti-retroviral activity of a new nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. | thiazolobenzimidazole (nsc 625487) was a highly potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus-induced cell killing and viral replication in a variety of human cell lines, as well as fresh human peripheral blood lymphocytes and macrophages. the compound was active against a panel of biologically diverse laboratory and clinical strains of hiv-1, including the azt-resistant strain g910-6. however, the agent was inactive against hiv-2 and a pyridinone-resistant strain (a17) of hiv-1, a strain whi ... | 1993 | 7692815 |
| isolation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies raised against the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and cross-reactivity with that of type 1. | monoclonal antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-2 reverse transcriptase have been raised with the ultimate goal of generating fab fragments for future co-crystallization studies. a number of mouse monoclonal antibodies to recombinant hiv-2 reverse transcriptase have been obtained and characterized in terms of the possible epitopes they recognise together with cross-reactivity with a related reverse transcriptase. the antibodies were shown to fall into three groups that recognize diff ... | 1993 | 7693912 |
| conformational changes induced in the envelope glycoproteins of the human and simian immunodeficiency viruses by soluble receptor binding. | we have investigated the molecular basis of biological differences observed among cell line-adapted isolates of the human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) and the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) in response to receptor binding by using a soluble form of cd4 (scd4) as a receptor mimic. we find that scd4 binds to the envelope glycoproteins of all of the hiv-1 isolates tested with affinities within a threefold range, whereas those of the hiv-2 and siv isolates have relativ ... | 1993 | 7693970 |
| generation, characterization and cross-reactivities of monoclonal antibodies against the p24 core protein and the gp130 envelope glycoprotein of hiv-2ben. | the purpose of this study was to characterize antigenic determinants on structural polypeptides of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2ben). therefore, three hiv-2-specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the p24 core protein (gag) and one mab against the gp130 envelope glycoprotein (env) were produced. in addition to p24 the anti-core mabs recognized the primary translation product of the viral gag gene p55 and an intermediate cleavage product p41. core mabs cross-reacted with anothe ... | 1993 | 7694060 |
| expression and mutational analysis of the reverse transcriptase of the lentivirus equine infectious anemia virus. | the reverse transcriptase of equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) shows sequence similarity with the reverse transcriptases of other lentiviruses, particularly with those of human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2). we have constructed a plasmid that when introduced into e. coli induces the synthesis of substantial quantities of the nearly authentic eiav reverse transcriptase. the viral and bacterially expressed reverse transcriptases are similar in their molecular weights ... | 1993 | 7694581 |
| boehringer mannheim modular test concepts in hiv and hepatitis immunoassays. | anti-hiv-antibody and hepatitis c virus (hcv)-antibody screening tests have to be able to detect a variety of virus antibodies. on the other hand, hiv-antigen specific antibody tests that detect only one kind of antibody are needed for prognosis of disease or for distinguishing infection by different virus subtypes. usually in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for each individual test an individual solid phase has to be created. for our boehringer mannheim enzymun-test diagnostics assay we us ... | 1993 | 7694814 |
| cytotoxicity of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine correlates with 3'-azidothymidine-5'-monophosphate (aztmp) levels, whereas anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) activity correlates with 3'-azidothymidine-5'-triphosphate (azttp) levels in cultured cem t-lymphoblastoid cells. | activation of the anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) compound 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (azt) is dependent on its 5'-phosphorylation by cellular nucleoside and nucleotide kinases. azidothymidine 5'-triphosphate (azttp) is considered to be the metabolite responsible for both the anti-hiv effect of azt, via inhibition of reverse transcriptase, and cytoxicity by interference with cellular dna polymerases. during the characterization of azt metabolism in cultured human t-lymphoblastoid cem cel ... | 1995 | 7702641 |
| abt-538 is a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus protease and has high oral bioavailability in humans. | examination of the structural basis for antiviral activity, oral pharmacokinetics, and hepatic metabolism among a series of symmetry-based inhibitors of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) protease led to the discovery of abt-538, a promising experimental drug for the therapeutic intervention in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). abt-538 exhibited potent in vitro activity against laboratory and clinical strains of hiv-1 [50% effective concentration (ec50) = 0.022-0.13 microm] and hiv- ... | 1995 | 7708670 |
| siv- and hiv-2-neutralising antibodies in infected macaques measured by a novel and simple neutralisation test based on a non-commercial antigen-elisa. | a method for the measurement of neutralising antibodies (nab) directed against sivmac or hiv-2 was developed. the assay is based on antigen detection using a non-commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). studies were carried out to determine the influence of the test conditions on the nab titre. the sensitivity of the assay depended mainly on the virus dose and the length of incubation of the serum-virus-mixture. prolongation of the culture time from 9 to 11 days increased the validi ... | 1994 | 7714049 |
| the epidemiology of hiv in india. | india is the first country outside africa where an hiv-2 epidemic is running in parallel to an hiv-1 epidemic, resulting in a significant proportion of double infections. hiv is spreading rapidly, mainly by heterosexual contact, but also among intravenous drug users. genetic analyses of the hiv variants circulating in india point towards hiv-1 and hiv-2 having been introduced into the country recently. | 1995 | 7719634 |
| recombination in aids viruses. | recombination contributes to the generation of genetic diversity in human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv) but can only occur between viruses replicating within the same cell. since individuals have not been found to be simultaneously coinfected with multiple divergent strains of hiv-1 or hiv-2, recombination events have been thought to be restricted to the rather closely related members of the quasispecies that evolves during the course of hiv infection. here we describe examples of both hiv-1 an ... | 1995 | 7723052 |
| antiviral properties of aminodiol inhibitors against human immunodeficiency virus and protease. | a series of aminodiol inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) protease were identified by using an in vitro peptide cleavage assay. bms 182,193, bms 186,318, and bms 187,071 protected cells against hiv-1, hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus infections, with 50% effective doses ranging from 0.05 to 0.33 microm, while having no inhibitory effect on cells infected with unrelated viruses. these compounds were also effective in inhibiting p24 production in peripheral blood mono ... | 1995 | 7726501 |
| evaluation of an agglutination hiv-1 + 2 antibody assay. | studies have shown that an hiv (hiv-pa) agglutination assay (serodia) for the detection of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) can be as sensitive and as specific as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). however, since this hiv assay was designed to detect antibody to the hiv-1 virus, a substantial number of hiv-2 positive sera are missed by this assay. since the hiv-2 has now been found throughout the world this test is becoming less suitable. the new hiv-1 + 2 assay version (hi ... | 1995 | 7730430 |
| mutagenesis of the putative alpha-helical domain of the vpr protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: effect on stability and virion incorporation. | vpr is one of the auxiliary genes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and is conserved in the related hiv-2/simian immunodeficiency virus lentiviruses. the unique feature of vpr is that it is the only nonstructural protein incorporated into the virus particle. secondary structural analysis predicted an amphipathic alpha-helical domain in the amino terminus of vpr (residues 17-34) which contains five acidic and four leucine residues. to evaluate the role of specific residues of the hel ... | 1995 | 7731985 |
| oligomerization of the hiv type 2 nef protein: mutational analysis of the heptad leucine repeat motif and cysteine residues. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) nef protein expressed in escherichia coli forms highly stable homooligomeric complexes in vitro. similarly, the native protein synthesized in the persistently infected h9 t cell line also forms stable homooligomers in vivo. to determine whether homooligomer formation is mediated by the leucine zipper-type sequence located in the middle region of the protein, site-directed mutagenesis was used to introduce double and triple point mutations at heptad ... | 1995 | 7734198 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2): packaging signal and associated negative regulatory element. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)-based retroviral vectors will have several desirable features as vehicles for gene therapy. these include target cell specificity, regulated expression, and attenuated cytopathicity. such vectors require efficient packaging of rna into retroviral particles which depends on a cis-acting sequence element called packaging signal or psi site. for most retroviruses, the principal part of this element is located between the major splice donor site and the ga ... | 1995 | 7734518 |
| serological, virological, and polymerase chain reaction studies of hiv type 1 and hiv type 2 infections in ghanaian patients with aids and aids-related complex. | we have used a particle agglutination (pa) test, western blot (wb) test, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) test, and virus isolation to define the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) status of 17 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), 6 aids-related complex (arc), and 2 asymptomatic ghanaians. hiv-1 antibodies were more frequently detected. the pcr detected 66.7% hiv-1, 11.1% hiv-2, and 5.6% of both hiv-1 and hiv-2 proviral dna in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (pbmcs) and pbmc-molt 4 cocult ... | 1995 | 7742046 |
| crystal structures of hiv-2 protease in complex with inhibitors containing the hydroxyethylamine dipeptide isostere. | the hiv protease is essential for the life cycle of the virus and is an important target for the development of therapeutic treatments against aids. the structures of hiv protease in complex with different inhibitors have helped in understanding the interactions between inhibitors and the protease and in the design and optimization of hiv protease inhibitors. | 1995 | 7743130 |
| targeting foreign proteins to human immunodeficiency virus particles via fusion with vpr and vpx. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 vpr and vpx proteins are packaged into virions through virus type-specific interactions with the gag polyprotein precursor. to examine whether hiv-1 vpr (vpr1) and hiv-2 vpx (vpx2) could be used to target foreign proteins to the hiv particle, their open reading frames were fused in frame with genes encoding the bacterial staphylococcal nuclease (sn), an enzymatically inactive mutant of sn (sn*), and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) ... | 1995 | 7745685 |
| reduced glycosylation of human cell lines increases susceptibility to cd4-independent infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (lav-2/b). | the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) strain lav-2/b is able to infect a variety of human cell lines via a cd4-independent pathway. we have used the glycosylation inhibitors tunicamycin, swainsonine, and deoxymannojirimycin to further characterize this putative alternative receptor for hiv-2 (lav-2/b). these antibiotics resulted in an increase (5- to 30-fold) in the susceptibility of a variety of cd4- human cell lines to infection by lav-2/b (rd, hela, ht29, rsb, heb7a, hos, and daudi) ... | 1995 | 7745686 |
| inducible and conditional inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus proviral expression by vesicular stomatitis virus matrix protein. | besides its role in viral assembly, the vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) matrix (m) protein causes cytopathic effects such as cell rounding (d. blondel, g. g. harmison, and m. schubert, j. virol. 64:1716-1725, 1990). dna cotransfection assays demonstrated that vsv m protein was able to inhibit the transcription of a reporter gene (b. l. black and d. s. lyles, j. virol. 66:4058-4064, 1992). we have confirmed these observations by using cotransfections with an infectious clone of human immunodefic ... | 1995 | 7745700 |
| comparative analyses of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 vif mutants. | virion infectivity factor (vif), a gene found in all lentiviruses, plays an essential role in virus replication in certain target cells. we examined the replication competence of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) vif mutant in different t-cell lines and primary cells in comparison with that of the hiv-1 vif mutant. both mutant viruses were unable to replicate in peripheral blood-derived mononuclear cells but replicated with wild-type efficiency in certain t-cell lines, such as supt ... | 1995 | 7745702 |
| epidemiology of viral infections in the swedish blood-donor population. | the epidemiological situation regarding blood-borne infections in sweden is favourable and under very good control. the prevalence of infectious markers in the blood-donor population is low. in 1993 the frequencies of confirmed positive tests were three in 1,000,000 for human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1), one in 100,000 for hepatitis b virus (hbv) and three in 100,000 for hepatitis c virus (hcv). the safety of the blood supply is high and relies on strict donor selection, information on ... | 1994 | 7749044 |
| [virulence of human immunodeficiency virus]. | virulence is relative capacity of a virus, compared to other closely related viruses, to produce disease in a host. viral strains considered as virulent have been described in hiv-1 infected patients. they are characterized in vitro by enhanced cellular host range, rapid kinetic of replication and increased capacity of syncytium induction. some genetic modification of the v3 loop in the envelope gene have been associated with the emergence of these strains. but at aids diagnosis, and even at the ... | 1995 | 7754307 |
| comparison of 24 different adjuvants for inactivated hiv-2 split whole virus as antigen in mice. induction of titres of binding antibodies and toxicity of the formulations. | the objective of this study was the comparison of the quantity and quality of the humoral immune response against inactivated whole human immunodeficiency virus type 2. twenty-four different adjuvants were tested. the toxicity of these preparations was determined. due to the large number of experiments, the animal model used was the nmri mouse. sera were assayed for the presence of antibodies by elisa and western blot. the toxicity of the adjuvants was determined by observing lethal side-effects ... | 1995 | 7762277 |
| lack of relationship between human immunodeficiency virus infection and systemic lupus erythematosus. | the objective of this work was to determine whether hiv-1 and hiv-2 could be involved in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (sle). seventy-five consecutive caucasian patients with sle presenting at one institution over a 2-year period were studied. serum samples were surveyed for anti-hiv-1 antibodies by a commercial elisa coated with hiv-1-p24. for confirmation, conventional immunoblots were performed with the following antigens: hiv-1-gp41, p31, p24 and p17 (recombinant) and hiv- ... | 1995 | 7767339 |
| detection of hiv-1 rna in plasma and serum samples using the nasba amplification system compared to rna-pcr. | the presence of hiv-1 rna in the plasma and serum of european and african patients was monitored using rna-polymerase chain reaction (rna-pcr) and the new isothermal nasba nucleic acid amplification system encompassing a gel-based detection assay (elga). identical rna extraction procedures, provided by the nasba amplification system, were used for both methods. the detection limit for hiv-1 rna, measured on a 10-fold dilution series of spiked hiviiib in negative plasma, was about 0.05 ccid50 per ... | 1995 | 7769025 |
| epidemiological characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus type-2 infection in africa. | there are things yet to be clarified about african hiv-2 infection, compared to hiv-1 infection. however, the epidemiological characteristics have gradually been elucidated through various studies. hiv-2 infection is believed to have existed in the 1960s in africa and is presently epidemic in west africa. the hiv-2 seropositive rate for the general population is higher in urban regions than in rural areas. the peak age of persons infected with the hiv-2 tends to be higher than that of persons in ... | 1995 | 7779934 |
| humoral and cellular immune responses in rhesus macaques infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | eighteen rhesus macaques were inoculated with either an infectious molecularly cloned human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)sbl/isy, or with one of eight mutants defective in one or more accessory genes. the immune responses generated by the macaques were monitored for up to 2 years postinfection. all the macaques except those that received mutants lacking the vpr or vif genes demonstrated low to moderate antibody titers. macaques inoculated with vpx- mutants exhibited a persistent serologi ... | 1995 | 7786583 |
| evaluation of hiv type 1 western blot-indeterminate blood donors for the presence of human or bovine retroviruses. | from 1985 through 1990, 1100 of 500,000 human blood donations in syracuse, new york were repeatedly reactive by elisa for antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). nine hundred of the elisa-reactive samples were confirmed as negative by western blot (wb), 40 were confirmed as positive, and the remaining 160 sera were indeterminate, reacting mainly with hiv-1 gag gene products. twenty donors with the most reactive indeterminate wb were selected for follow-up studies. four of ... | 1995 | 7786586 |
| [adult t-cell leukemia associated with htlv-1 in a hiv-2 seropositive african]. | the aim of this report is to describe an hiv-2 seropositive patient from mali who had adult-t cell leukaemia/lymphoma associated with htlv-i infection. | 1994 | 7793759 |
| evidence of serological cross-reactivities with human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 and human t-lymphotropic virus types i and ii in sera of pregnant women in ibadan, nigeria. | our previous studies have indicated that the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and human t-lymphotropic virus (htlv) groups of retroviruses are endemic among various populations in nigeria. these viruses are antigenically distinct and antibodies to hiv and htlv do not cross-react, so we studied the prevalence of hiv-1, hiv-2, htlv-i and htlv-ii antibodies in sera of pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic in ibadan, nigeria. | 1995 | 7797344 |
| a conserved domain and membrane targeting of nef from hiv and siv are required for association with a cellular serine kinase activity. | among the primate lentiviruses (human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) -1, hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), the nef gene is highly conserved and encodes a myristylated protein of approximately 27 kda (hiv-1) or approximately 34 kda (hiv-2, siv). previously, we found nef expressed either as a cd8-nef fusion protein or as a native protein in virally infected t cell lines associates with a cellular serine kinase. this kinase activity phosphorylated two proteins of 62 and 72 kda that coim ... | 1995 | 7797518 |
| cellular adherence enhances hiv replication in monocytic cells. | cellular adherence is important for monocyte migration and function and is known to induce monocyte activation, leading to the production of mrna for several proto-oncogenes and cytokines. in addition, since cellular adherence has important intracellular signalling function, it has the potential to enhance human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) replication in monocytic cells. we have investigated the effects of adhesion of the monocytic cell line thp-1 transfected with hiv1 or hiv2 long terminal rep ... | 1994 | 7800938 |
| viral rna-binding activity of hiv-2 nucleocapsid protein is inhibited by a synthetic peptide containing the first zinc finger motif of hiv-2. | to analyze the antigenic structure and viral rna-binding activity of hiv-2gh-1 nucleocapsid protein (nc). | 1994 | 7802975 |
| serological survey of hiv-1, hiv-2 and human t-cell leukemia virus type 1 for suspected aids cases in ghana. | to determine seroprevalence among suspected aids patients in ghana in relation to clinical manifestations. | 1994 | 7802977 |
| the african aids case definition and hiv serology in medical in-patients at komfo anokye teaching hospital, kumasi, ghana. | in 914 consecutive medical admissions to komfo anokye teaching hospital, the prevalence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type i (hiv-i) and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) was 12.6%. the prevalence in females was twice that found in males. the infection rate was maximum in the age group 25-29 years for females (45%) and 30-34 years for males (29%). there were 7 cases infected with hiv-2 alone, 55 cases infected with hiv-i alone and 53 cases with dual infection. the case ... | 1994 | 7803336 |
| hiv type 2 proviral load measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction correlates with cd4+ lymphopenia in hiv type 2-infected individuals. | the efficiency of detection of 2 sets of primer pairs from putatively conserved regions of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) genome were assessed in 86 seropositive individuals from the gambia by nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr). hiv-2 long terminal repeat (ltr) target sequences were detected in dna extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) in 84 of 86 (97%) individuals whereas hiv-2 integrase (pol) gene sequences were detected in 39 of 41 (95%) individuals. t ... | 1994 | 7811534 |
| multicenter evaluation of a fully automated screening test, vidas hiv 1 + 2, for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2. | a multicenter study was done to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency of a new screening test for the simultaneous detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) antibodies. the vidas hiv 1 + 2 (biomérieux, marcy l'etoile, france) is a fully automated enzyme-linked fluorescent immunoassay that uses synthetic peptides from immunodominant regions of gp41 of hiv-1 and gp36 of hiv-2 as antigens. a total of 2,984 samples were evaluated with this system in six ... | 1994 | 7814498 |
| regions required for cd4 binding in the external glycoprotein gp120 of simian immunodeficiency virus. | the external domain of the envelope glycoprotein, gp120, of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) has been expressed as a mature secreted product using recombinant baculoviruses and the expressed protein, which has an observed molecular mass of 110 kda, was purified by monoclonal antibody (mab) affinity chromatography. n-terminal sequence analysis showed a signal sequence cleavage identity similar to that of the gp120s of both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv type 2. the express ... | 1995 | 7815501 |
| antigenic variation of primate lentiviruses in humans and experimentally infected macaques. | neutralizing antibodies in primate lentivirus infections closely parallel the pathogenic process. fast progression to disease is concomitant with lack of neutralizing antibodies to autologous virus. slow or no progression to disease is linked with production of neutralizing antibodies to autologous virus. moreover, there is evidence from the monkey model that the extent to which neutralizing antibodies cross-react may also be linked with the pathogenic process. accordingly, slow progression to d ... | 1994 | 7821925 |
| microtube batch protein crystallization: applications to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) protease and human renin. | for therapeutically relevant targets, the evaluation of enzymes in complex with their inhibitors by cocrystallization and high resolution structural analysis has become a vital component of structure-driven drug design and development. two approaches, hanging drop vapor diffusion and a novel microtube batch method, were utilized in parallel to grow crystals of recombinant hiv-2 protease and recombinant human renin in complex with inhibitors. in the case of hiv-2 protease in complex with a reduce ... | 1994 | 7824526 |
| enhancement of infectivity of a non-syncytium inducing hiv-1 by scd4 and by human antibodies that neutralize syncytium inducing hiv-1. | enhancement of virus infectivity after scd4 treatment has been documented for sivagm and hiv-2. it has been suggested that a similar phenomenon may play a role in hiv-1 infection. in the present study we have analysed biological activities of virus neutralizing polyclonal and monoclonal human antibodies and of scd4, towards hiv-1 chimeras with envelope proteins derived from one donor, which display different biological phenotypes. the antibodies, which recognize the v3 and/or the cd4 binding dom ... | 1995 | 7824885 |
| hiv-2 and its neurological manifestations. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) produces a similar spectrum of illness as hiv-1, including aids, and is clinically indistinguishable. there is evidence that it is less pathogenic, with a longer natural history. hiv-2 infection is endemic in west africa, especially in the former portuguese and french colonies. trade, migration, war and tourism have been important factors in the spread of the virus through the subregion and beyond. diagnostic facilities necessary for the accurate d ... | 1994 | 7825087 |
| time course of detection of viral and serologic markers preceding human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seroconversion: implications for screening of blood and tissue donors. | almost all human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) transmission via blood or tissues that has occurred since anti-hiv screening was implemented in 1985 is traceable to blood given after infection but before antibody seroconversion, a time that is referred to as the window period. in this study, the performance of newer assays designed to detect viral and serologic markers soon after infection is assessed, and the reduction in the window period achieved by these assays is estimated. | 1995 | 7825218 |
| oligosaccharide profiles of hiv-2 external envelope glycoprotein: dependence on host cells and virus isolates. | the glycosylation pattern of the external envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) was studied in dependence on host cells and virus isolates. strains hiv-2alt, hiv-2rod and hiv-2d194, differing in their biological properties and in the amino acid sequences of their env genes, were propagated in molt4, hut78 and u937 cells, in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages in the presence of [6-3h]glucosamine. radiolabelled viral glycoproteins were isola ... | 1994 | 7827409 |
| enhanced diagnostic efficiency of the polymerase chain reaction by co-amplification of multiple regions of hiv-1 and hiv-2. | a method for co-amplification of multiple viral sequences of hiv-1 and hiv-2 by polymerase chain reaction was designed. the technique resulted in the specific detection of each type of virus and allowed the amplification of as few as two copies of target dna. the amplification of multiple regions of the viral genome offers the advantage of detecting multiple target sequences, which may be essential for some viruses, such as hiv, that exhibit a high degree of variability in their gene sequences. ... | 1994 | 7829590 |
| synthesis and structure-activity relationships of phenylenebis(methylene)-linked bis-tetraazamacrocycles that inhibit hiv replication. effects of macrocyclic ring size and substituents on the aromatic linker. | we have previously described the potent and selective inhibition of several strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) by jm2763, an n-propyl-linked dimer of the 1,4,8,11-tetraazamacrocyclic (cyclam) ring system. upon further investigation, we have also found that incorporating an aromatic rather than aliphatic linker leads to analogs with higher antiviral potency. the prototype, jm3100 (19a, isolated as the octahydrochloride salt), which contains a p-phenylenebis( ... | 1995 | 7830280 |
| activities and substrate specificity of the evolutionarily conserved central domain of retroviral integrase. | the retroviral integrase (in) is a virus-encoded enzyme that is essential for insertion of viral dna into the host chromosome. in order to map and define the properties of a minimal functional domain for this unique viral enzyme, a series of n- and c-terminal deletions of both rous sarcoma virus (rsv) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) ins were constructed. the rsv in deletion mutants were first tested for their ability to remove two nucleotides from the end of a substrate representing the t ... | 1995 | 7831800 |
| full expression of transfected nonproducer interfering hiv-1 proviral dna abrogates susceptibility of human he-la cd4+ cells to hiv. | an hut-78 cell clone (f12) harboring a nonproducer human immunodeficiency virus-1 (hiv) variant, and showing a complete resistance to hiv-1 or hiv-2 superinfection, was previously characterized. we demonstrated that the replication of the superinfecting hivs is blocked at the retrotranscription step, despite the cd4 down-regulation, since hivs are able to cross the hut-78/f12 cell membrane. in order to establish if the expression of the hiv-1 variant (f12/hiv) could be per se sufficient to induc ... | 1995 | 7831838 |
| transfer of an anti-hiv-1 ribozyme gene into primary human lymphocytes. | we reported previously that human cd4+ t cell lines stably expressing a hairpin ribozyme targeted to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) u5 leader sequence were resistant to challenge with diverse hiv-1 viral clones and clinical isolates (yamada et al., 1994). to simulate more closely the in vivo infection process for investigations of anti-hiv-1 ribozyme gene therapy, we developed a system to transfer this ribozyme gene into freshly isolated human peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbls) ... | 1994 | 7833371 |
| comparative study of single and nested pcr for the detection of proviral hiv2 dna. | we have tested seven pairs of primers for the detection of hiv2 dna by single pcr in positive cultures from 21 infected patients. four of these primer pairs were then used in a comparative study of single and nested pcr for the detection of hiv2 in fresh lymphocytes from 33 patients infected by the virus. hiv2 dna was detected in 17 of the 33 patients (51.5%) by single pcr and 29/33 (88%) by nested pcr. all the patients negative in both nested and single pcr were asymptomatic and had cd4+ lympho ... | 1994 | 7839012 |
| broadly reactive hiv-2 and sivmac specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in immunized and infected cynomolgus monkeys. | antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (adcc) was analysed in groups of cynomolgus monkeys that had been immunized with either hiv-2 (strains sbl6669 or sbl-k135) or sivmac. hiv-2- and sivmac-infected monkeys were also studied for adcc. sequential serum samples were collected from the animals, which were followed for 1 to 3 years. sera from the hiv-2-immunized monkeys had adcc against both homologous and heterologous hiv-2 strains as well as cross-reactivity against sivmac-infected target cell ... | 1994 | 7839725 |
| hiv seropositivity in nigerians with lymphoproliferative malignancies. | one hundred and four nigerians with lymphoproliferative malignancies were tested for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and 2). all the patients with high grade lymphomas in this series were seronegative for hiv-1 and 2. only 1 of the 104 patients had antibody to hiv-1 and none had antibody to hiv-2. although the single positive result would suggest a higher hiv-1 seropositivity rate among the patients compared with the general nigerian population, it should be inter ... | 1993 | 7839934 |
| comparative analysis of hiv-1 and hiv-2 indeterminate western blot patterns. | a comparison of hiv-1 and hiv-2 indeterminate western blot patterns of ghanaian sera collected between 1989 and 1990 was made. antibodies to group specific antigen (gag) gene products were most frequently detected both hiv-1 and hiv-2 indeterminate sera. hiv-2 gag gene product p26 was shown to be a non-specific indicator of infection. antibody to gp120, and envelope gene product of hiv-1 never occurred in indeterminate sera whereas antibodies to all the envelope gene products of hiv-2 were detec ... | 1994 | 7841107 |
| insertion of a short human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-2 gp36 sequence into an hiv-1 p24 recombinant protein results in a polypeptide with potent and tcrbv-restricted t cell triggering activity. | in the present work we investigate whether artificial alterations of the structure of an inactive retrovirus-encoded protein could transform it in a superantigen. as a model system we used a recombinant human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 p24 protein and two of its variants in which a short peptide corresponding to sequences of gp41 of hiv-1 (hiv-1 p24*) or gp36 of hiv-2 (hiv-1-2 p24*) has been inserted nearby the carboxy-terminal end of hiv-1 p24. as expected both hiv-1 p24 and hiv-1 p24* were ... | 1995 | 7843234 |
| isolation of simian immunodeficiency viruses from two sooty mangabeys in côte d'ivoire: virological and genetic characterization and relationship to other hiv type 2 and sivsm/mac strains. | to search for the presence of siv in sooty mangabeys and other monkey species in côte d'ivoire, west africa, and to compare viral isolates with hiv-2 strains from the same region. | 1994 | 7848684 |
| ultrastructural correlation between follicular dendritic cells and the frequency of virus-like particles during the lymph nodes reaction of siv/hiv 2 infected cynomolgus monkeys. | lymph nodes from 18 siv/hiv2 infected monkeys developing a severe aids-like disease were studied by electron microscopy. the lesions were correlated with the histopathologic staining and the anti-sivp28 immunostaining. the investigation of follicular dendritic cells (fdc) and associated retroviral particles was focused on the light zones of germinal centres during the follicular hyperplasia, fragmentation atrophy and depletion. fdcs were mostly developed in the first two stages, while the highes ... | 1993 | 7849288 |
| cosalane analogues with enhanced potencies as inhibitors of hiv-1 protease and integrase. | several new analogues of the novel anti-hiv agent cosalane have been synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of hiv-1 integrase and protease, hiv-1 replication, hiv-1 and hiv-2 cytopathicity, hiv-1- and hiv-2-mediated syncytium formation, and cytopathicity of a variety of human pathogenic viruses. the congeners displayed enhanced potencies relative to cosalane itself as inhibitors of hiv-1 integrase and protease. the two most potent analogues against hiv-1 integrase displayed ic50 values of 2.2 ... | 1995 | 7853337 |
| reactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in macaques after simian immunodeficiency virus sivmac superinfection. | by superinfection of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) strain hiv-2ben-infected macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) strain sivmac, we investigated the mutual influences of an apathogenic and a pathogenic virus in vivo. four rhesus and two cynomolgus monkeys were infected with hiv-2ben in 1988 and 1989, respectively. virus could be reisolated from five of six animals 6 weeks after infection. the monkeys remained healthy over the next 2 to 3 years. pcr for viral rna became ... | 1995 | 7853490 |
| lentivirus tat proteins specifically associate with a cellular protein kinase, tak, that hyperphosphorylates the carboxyl-terminal domain of the large subunit of rna polymerase ii: candidate for a tat cofactor. | efficient replication of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) requires the virus transactivator proteins known as tat. in order to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in tat transactivation, it is essential to identify the cellular target(s) of the tat activation domain. using an in vitro kinase assay, we previously identified a cellular protein kinase activity, tat-associated kinase (tak), that specifically binds to the activation domains of tat proteins. here i ... | 1995 | 7853496 |
| virion incorporation of envelope glycoproteins with long but not short cytoplasmic tails is blocked by specific, single amino acid substitutions in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix. | incorporation of envelope glycoproteins into a budding retrovirus is an essential step in the formation of an infectious virus particle. by using site-directed mutagenesis, we identified specific amino acid residues in the matrix domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gag protein that are critical to the incorporation of hiv-1 envelope glycoproteins into virus particles. pseudotyping analyses were used to demonstrate that two heterologous envelope glycoproteins with short cyto ... | 1995 | 7853546 |
| early detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus 1 by a third-generation enzyme immunoassay. a comparative study with the results of second-generation immunoassays and western blot. | the aim of the study was to examine the sensitivity and the specificity of a hiv-1/hiv-2 third-generation enzyme immunoassay, the abbott recombinant hiv-1/hiv-2 third-generation enzyme immunoassay, which is reported to detect simultaneously igg and igm. sensitivity was evaluated with sera from seropositive subjects and a series of samples from eight hiv-1 seroconverting subjects. results were compared with western blot, second-generation immunoassays (including vidas hiv-1 + 2) and an hiv-1 anti ... | 1994 | 7856933 |
| the molecular epidemiology of hiv in asia. | the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) was introduced readily into asia and has quickly spread between asian states through both parenteral and sexual modes of transmission. only 1 year after thailand's epidemic wave among intravenous drug users (idus) in 1988, the virus spread to the adjacent myanmar and malaysia, and another year later idus were infected in parts of india and china bordering myanmar. several methods can be used to quantify the genetic diversity, divergence, or variation within ... | 1994 | 7857556 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 seroprevalence in cornea donors. | routine screening of cornea donors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) has been established and has reduced the risk of hiv-1 transmission to a minimum. screening for hiv-2 is less common. we evaluated 100 cornea donors for hiv-2 and 166 cornea donors for hiv-1 according to our routine screening procedure. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) with high sensitivity were used to detect antibodies in donor blood. hiv-2 seroconversion was not found in any of the 100 cases tested, ... | 1994 | 7864930 |
| immunization with virion-derived glycoprotein 130 from hiv-2 or siv protects macaques against challenge virus grown in human or simian cells or prepared ex vivo. | we have compared in the macaque model the efficacy of the virion-derived glycoprotein of hiv-2ben (hiv-2 gp130) with that of sivmac251/32h (siv gp130). the latter vaccination trial was in part combined with vaccinia virus (vv) priming. both antigen preparations induced a strong humoral, but a weak cellular, immune response. the first challenge was performed with autologous virus grown on a human t cell line. more than 50% of the monkeys immunized with hiv-2 gp130 (five of nine) and 63% of the mo ... | 1994 | 7865316 |
| comparative functional analysis of the various lentivirus long terminal repeats in human colon carcinoma cell line (sw480 cells) and feline renal cell line (crfk cells). | basal promoter activities of various lentiviral long terminal repeats (ltrs) in a human colon carcinoma cell line (sw480 cells) and a feline renal cell line (crfk cells) were examined by the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) assay using the ltr-cat reporter plasmids. in sw480 cells, the basal promoter activities induced by ltrs of visna virus, caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev), and simian immunodeficiency virus (sivagm) were moderate, and those induced by ltrs of human immunodefi ... | 1994 | 7865591 |
| hiv antibodies among intravenous drug users in bahrain. | a 12-month study was conducted to identify risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infections among intravenous drug users (idu) attending drug rehabilitation clinic of the psychiatric hospital, manama, bahrain. patients provided demographic and behavioural information based on a questionnaire. two hundred and forty male idus participated in the study on voluntary basis. the seroprevalence of hiv was 21.1 per cent. the presence of hiv antibody was associated with educational status, ... | 1994 | 7868834 |
| prevalence of hiv infection and high-risk characteristics among leprosy patients of south india; a case-control study. | with the observation of the occurrence of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection among leprosy patients in our pilot study carried out in tamil nadu, south india, a case-control study was planned to explore whether hiv infection is a risk factor for leprosy and to understand the characteristics of hiv infection and high-risk behaviors among leprosy patients. we screened 556 patients and 1004 nonleprosy controls (matching 502 cases for age, sex and area of residence) for hiv-1 and hiv-2 ... | 1994 | 7868949 |
| early helper t-cell dysfunction in simian immunodeficiency virus but not in human immunodeficiency virus type-2-infected macaques. | both naive and vaccinated macaques acquired a virus-specific proliferative helper t-cell reactivity in response to infection with the nonpathogenic human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2). in contrast, macaques infected with the pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus of the macaque strain (sivmac) did not develop a helper t-cell response. furthermore, a vaccine-induced preexisting t-cell reactivity was abrogated after sivmac infection in vaccine failures. these differences may reflect the ... | 1994 | 7869358 |
| [problems in the diagnosis of aids]. | diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection depends mainly on the detection of hiv-specific antibodies in the serum. if a seropositive patient has symptoms and signs of aids indicator diseases he (or she) will be diagnosed as having aids. if a patient is seronegative to hiv, some other diseases should be evaluated to explain the symptom related to the immunodeficiency. however, diagnosis of aids may be possible when a patient has aids indicator diseases and decreased cd4 positive c ... | 1994 | 7869588 |
| cardiac morbidity in the human immunodeficiency virus infection. | to evaluate the cardiac involvement in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. | 1994 | 7873220 |
| evaluation of a rapid assay system, hiv 1/hiv 2 testpack, abbott, to detect human immunodeficiency virus antibodies in postmortem blood. | for evaluating the hiv 1/hiv 2 testpack (abbott, chicago, il) to detect antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in whole postmortem blood 456 samples were collected prior forensic autopsies. all samples were tested using the enzyme-linked immunoassay (elisa) and the testpack; positively reactive samples and samples with equivocal results were confirmed by western blot. of the 456 samples 21 (4.6 per cent) proved to be reactive in both systems (confirmed by western blot). in 17 cases (3. ... | 1995 | 7876792 |
| multisite evaluation of four anti-hiv-1/hiv-2 enzyme immunoassays. australian hiv test evaluation group. | the performance of four enzyme immunoassays, manufactured by abbott, diagnostics pasteur, genetic systems, and organon teknika, for the combined detection of anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and anti-hiv-2, was examined in a multisite evaluation. the collaborative efforts of 7 australian red cross blood transfusion and 12 australian public health laboratories minimized potential biases in data by providing large numbers of anti-hiv-1-negative and -positive samples. sensitivity wa ... | 1995 | 7882108 |
| proteolytic processing of particle-associated retroviral polyproteins by homologous and heterologous viral proteinases. | retroviral proteinase(pr)-catalyzed cleavage of the viral gag and gag-pol polyproteins within the nascent virus particle is required for productive viral infection. kinetic characterization and specificity analyses have been reported for several retroviral pr using oligopeptide substrates. in this study, we performed a comparative analysis of pr from avian, bovine, simian and human retroviruses using polyproteins of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 or avian leukosis virus as substrates. ... | 1995 | 7883003 |
| progression to aids in the absence of a gene for vpr or vpx. | rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) were experimentally infected with strains of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) derived from sivmac239 lacking vpr, vpx, or both vpr and vpx genes. these auxiliary genes are not required for virus replication in cultured cells but are consistently conserved within the sivmac/human immunodeficiency virus type 2/sivsm group of primate lentiviruses. all four rhesus monkeys infected with the vpr deletion mutant showed an early spike in plasma antigenemia, maintained ... | 1995 | 7884883 |
| mode of action of sdz nim 811, a nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin a analog with activity against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1: interference with hiv protein-cyclophilin a interactions. | cyclosporins, in particular the nonimmunosuppressive derivative sdz nim 811, exhibit potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) activity in vitro. sdz nim 811 interferes at two stages of the viral replication cycle: (i) translocation of the preintegration complex to the nucleus and (ii) production of infectious virus particles. immunosuppressive activity is not correlated with anti-hiv-1 activity of cyclosporins. however, binding to cyclophilin a, the major cellular receptor protein ... | 1995 | 7884893 |