Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| use of old world monkeys for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome research. | mangabeys, macaques, and baboons persistently infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-2 nih-dz demonstrated no signs of immunodeficiency disease after 6-11 months following seroconversion. thus old world monkeys provide an animal model to investigate the effects of passive immunization (anti-hiv-2 antibodies) on hiv infection in primates. | 1989 | 2760915 |
| use of infectious molecular clones of simian immunodeficiency virus for pathogenesis studies. | three infectious molecular clones of sivmac and one of hiv-2 exhibit remarkable variation in their biological properties despite similarities in genome organization and sequence relatedness. cloned viruses differed in their ability to grow in various cultured cells, in their ability to infect macaques, and in the location of the env stop codon. sequences from the 3' end predict that at least three of the four clones do not have an intact, functional nef gene. all four cloned viruses yield infect ... | 1989 | 2760916 |
| the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus among pregnant women attending a hospital in the moungo district, cameroon. | a seroepidemiological survey conducted from january to may 1986 among 650 pregnant women from mixed rural/urban origin in the moungo district, cameroon, revealed a very low prevalence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv). one subject appeared to be infected with hiv 2. this is remarkable since hiv 2 has been isolated predominantly from west-african subjects. further epidemiological and antropological studies are required to explain the distribution of hiv 1 and hiv 2 throughout ... | 1989 | 2763346 |
| hiv-2-associated aids in the united states. the first case. | a 41-year-old woman from the cape verde islands, africa, who had been residing in the united states for 11 months was found to have human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)-associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). antibody to hiv-2 was found by enzyme immunoassay and was verified by radioimmunoprecipitation. the patient was being treated for pulmonary tuberculosis at the time of her admission to our institution. further laboratory and clinical evaluation at our facility revealed ... | 1989 | 2764658 |
| biologic and molecular characterization of producer and nonproducer clones from hut-78 cells infected with a patient hiv isolate. | hut-78 cells were infected with a reverse transcriptase (rt)-positive supernatant of a culture of peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl) from an aids patient and then cloned. of these clones, two have been isolated and characterized. clone d10 is persistently and productively infected with an hiv variant. the clone f12, in spite of the presence of an integrated full-length hiv provirus, does not release virus particles in the medium. d10 and f12 clones substantially differ in terms of protein patter ... | 1989 | 2765297 |
| the cytoplasmic domain of simian immunodeficiency virus transmembrane protein modulates infectivity. | a striking characteristic of the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) and of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is the presence of a nonsense mutation in the env gene resulting in the synthesis of a truncated transmembrane protein lacking the cytoplasmic domain. by mutagenesis of an infectious molecular clone of sivmac142, we investigated the function of the cytoplasmic domain and the significance of the env nonsense mutation. when the nonsense codon (tag) was replaced by a glutamine ... | 1989 | 2778881 |
| detection and cloning of new htlv-related endogenous sequences in man. | human t-cell leukemia virus (htlv) type i-related endogenous sequences (hres) have been cloned from a human genomic library. hres-1/1 is present in dna of all normal donors examined. by nucleotide sequence analysis, hres-1/1 contains two potential open reading frames capable of encoding a p25 and a p15. a 684 bp flanking region 5' from the first atg codon of p25 contains a tata-box, a poly-adenylation signal, a putative trna primer binding site, and inverted repeats at locations which are typica ... | 1989 | 2780312 |
| human eosinophils express cd4 protein and bind human immunodeficiency virus 1 gp120. | the cd4 glycoprotein, expressed on leukocytes belonging to subsets of t lymphocytes and to cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage, participates in the functioning of t cells and serves as a receptor for hiv-1 and hiv-2. human eosinophils, a class of granulocytic leukocytes, have been found to express cd4. with anti-cd4 mabs cd4 was demonstrable on eosinophils from both normal and eosinophilic donors. eosinophils synthesized a 55-kd cd4 polypeptide immunoprecipitable with two anti-cd4 mabs. eosinop ... | 1989 | 2783333 |
| serological survey of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in ethiopia. | the presence of anti-human immunodeficiency virus 1 antibodies was tested in 5,565 serum samples from ethiopia of which 5,265 were collected from military recruits in the framework of a hepatitis b (hbv) seroepidemiological study performed on a national scale in 1985-1986; the remaining were 300 sera from a population of outpatients belonging to the arsi region. of the 5,565 sera, 121 (2.1%) were found to be repeatedly reactive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) test for hiv-1 antibodi ... | 1989 | 2786052 |
| the fc and not cd4 receptor mediates antibody enhancement of hiv infection in human cells. | antibodies that enhance human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infectivity have been found in the blood of infected individuals and in infected or immunized animals. these findings raise serious concern for the development of a safe vaccine against acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. to address the in vivo relevance and mechanism of this phenomenon, antibody-dependent enhancement of hiv infectivity in peripheral blood macrophages, lymphocytes, and human fibroblastoid cells was studied. neither leu3a ... | 1989 | 2786647 |
| syncytium formation and destruction of bystander cd4+ cells cocultured with t cells persistently infected with human immunodeficiency virus as demonstrated by flow cytometry. | we have developed a flow cytometric method for demonstrating cell fusion between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)- or hiv-2-infected hut-78 cells and uninfected cd4-bearing molt-4 cells. syncytium formation due to an interaction between the gp120 glycoprotein expressed on hiv-infected hut-78 cells and the cd4 receptor present on molt-4 cells, resulted in an immediate decrease in the number of molt-4 cells; after a 24 h incubation period almost all molt-4 cells had disappeared from the ... | 1989 | 2789268 |
| [detection of antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type ii using a third-generation elisa]. | 1989 | 2796450 | |
| sequence of a novel simian immunodeficiency virus from a wild-caught african mandrill. | since the isolation of an hiv-2-related virus from captive macaques (sivmac), the origin of human immunodeficiency viruses, a much debated subject, has been attributed to monkeys. the sequence of sivagm, which is derived from a naturally infected african green monkey, shows equal relatedness to hiv-1 and hiv-2, suggesting that the derivation of these viruses from sivagm is unlikely. recent sequence analysis of siv from a captive sooty mangabey (sivmac), however, shows its close relatedness to hi ... | 1989 | 2797181 |
| hiv infection in south africa, 1982-1988--a review. | a review of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) in south africa between 1982 -1988 is presented. one hundred and sixty-six cases of aids have been seen in south africa so far, with a mortality rate of 59.2%. there has been a predicted and alarming increase in the number of cases of aids in the black population. a total of 1857 hiv antibody-positive sera have been tested by various laboratories in the rsa, but this figure excludes sera found ... | 1989 | 2799575 |
| mutational analysis of sodium butyrate inducible elements in the human immunodeficiency virus type i long terminal repeat. | sodium butyrate induces gene expression directed by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) long terminal repeat (ltr) in hela cells. inducible regions of the hiv-1 ltr were elucidated by using 5' and 3' ltr deletion mutants and ltr site-directed mutants within the sp1 binding sites and the trans-activation responsive (tar) region. two ltr regions inducible by sodium butyrate were located: one at -117 to -103 (distal site) and one at -65 to -17 (proximal site). in hela cells trans-fected ... | 1989 | 2800338 |
| [anti-hiv2 antibody research in kinshasa, zaire]. | 880 suspect sera were analysed for hiv2 antibodies (elisa, western blot) during the 2nd and 3rd trimester of 1988. results show that kinshasa is not yet an endemic zone for this virus. the authors recommend the use of a mixed test for diagnostics. | 1989 | 2805181 |
| relation of htlv-4 to simian and human immunodeficiency-associated viruses. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is the aetiologic agent of aids (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) in most countries and probably originated in central africa like the aids epidemic itself. evidence for a second major group of human immunodeficiency-associated retroviruses came from a report that west african human populations like wild-caught african green monkeys had serum antibodies that reacted more strongly with a simian immunodeficiency virus (stlv-3mac) (ref.6) than with hi ... | 1987 | 2823148 |
| the specificity of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 transactivator is different from that of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | the recently described human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv2) is significantly divergent in sequence from the more frequently isolated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv1). both hiv1 and hiv2 encode a transactivator that is capable of strongly stimulating expression directed by the viral long terminal repeat (ltr). here, we define the region of the hiv2 genome encoding the transactivator and show that the specificity of the transactivator differs from that of hiv1. by deletion analysis ... | 1987 | 2828036 |
| quarterly report to the domestic policy council on the prevalence and rate of spread of hiv and aids in the united states. | this report includes trends in reported cases of aids; trends in prevalence and incidence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection; status of hiv-1 antibody surveys; data on hiv-2; and a comparison of aids mortality and years of potential life lost (ypll) with other major diseases. by march 14, 1988, a total of 56,212 cases of aids had been reported in the us; nearly 10,000 of these cases have been reported since the last report, on november 30, 1987. more than 31,400 cases hav ... | 1988 | 2832718 |
| inhibition of infectivity and replication of hiv-2 and siv in helper t-cells by 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides in vitro. | we have previously shown that 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides and their derivatives are potent inhibitors of the infectivity and cytopathic effect mediated by human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1), the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). recently a new group of retroviruses has been found in individuals originating from the western part of africa. one member of this group is human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (hiv-2), previously designated lymphadenopathy-associated vir ... | 1988 | 2835072 |
| characterization of a noncytopathic hiv-2 strain with unusual effects on cd4 expression. | a new isolate of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2, designated hiv-2uc1, was recovered from an ivory coast patient with normal lymphocyte numbers who died with neurologic symptoms. like some hiv-1 isolates, hiv-2uc1 grows rapidly to high titers in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and macrophages and has a differential ability to productively infect established human cell lines of lymphocytic and monocytic origin. moreover, infection with this isolate also appears to involve the cd4 antig ... | 1988 | 2836951 |
| comparison of 10 enzyme immunoassays for detection of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in west african sera. | the efficacies of nine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (eia) for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and one eia for antibody to hiv-2 in detecting antibody to hiv-2 were studied. the competitive eias for antibody to hiv-1 were less sensitive than the indirect eias. the overall prevalence of positive results was between 28 and 51% with the competitive eias and between 70 and 93% with the indirect eias. most of the eias were less sensitive in detecting antibody to hiv-2 in ... | 1988 | 2838498 |
| [severe pneumocystosis manifesting infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in a portuguese living in france]. | 1988 | 2838837 | |
| [no infection due to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 detected in 883 drug addicts]. | 1988 | 2838839 | |
| human and simian immunodeficiency retroviruses: activation and differential transactivation of gene expression. | new west african human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv-2s) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) contain functional transactivator (tat) gene and tat response elements. their long terminal repeats (ltr) and tat genes are more related among themselves than to hiv-1 ltr and tat gene. the viral gene expression of hiv-2 as well as siv can be stimulated by t cell activators, such as mitogens and phorbol esters. hiv-2 and siv display a much broader transactivation response specificity than does hiv-1. ... | 1988 | 2840105 |
| epstein-barr virus-positive and -negative b-cell lines can be infected with human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) can infect cd4+ lymphocytes, monocytes-macrophages, and various other cell lines, including b-cell lines. to study the parameters of b-cell infections, we examined the susceptibility of 24 b-lymphoid cell lines to both hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections. these cell lines included a series of epstein-barr virus (ebv) genome-negative burkitt's lymphoma cell lines and their ebv-converted counterparts. to infect these cells we used two hiv-1 isolates and one hiv-2 ... | 1988 | 2841499 |
| a discrete element 3' of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 mrna initiation sites mediates transcriptional activation by an hiv trans activator. | an important point of regulation in the reproductive growth and latency of the human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (hiv and siv, respectively) is provided by virally encoded trans-activators (tat), proteins capable of dramatically increasing viral gene expression. the mechanism of this autostimulatory pathway has remained unclear, however, with substantial effects having been reported at the level of either mrna accumulation, translational efficiency, or both. our previous findings indicat ... | 1988 | 2841583 |
| biologically diverse molecular variants within a single hiv-1 isolate. | aids is a disorder characterized by a slow progressive impairment of immune function and by infection of human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv-1, hiv-2). our knowledge of how these viruses cause disease in man, or how the related lentiviruses (visna and equine infectious anaemia virus) cause disease in animals, is still fragmentary. in particular, the significance of genetic variation in hiv-1, occurring within populations, within individuals and over periods of time, and the mechanisms of viral p ... | 1988 | 2841608 |
| a naturally immunogenic virion-associated protein specific for hiv-2 and siv. | the genomic organization of hiv-1 and the family of hiv-2 and siv viruses is similar. however, there is an open reading frame, orf-x, that is present in hiv-2 and siv, but not in hiv-1. the extent of protein sequence conservation in orf-x between hiv-2rod and sivmac suggests that this open reading frame encodes a gene that may be important for infectivity or replication. here, we show that the orf-x products of sivmac and hiv-2sbl-6669 are virion-associated and that the introduction of a prematu ... | 1988 | 2842694 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1 has an additional coding sequence in the central region of the genome. | eight coding regions designated gag, pol, env, sor, r, tat, art/trs, and 3' orf have been identified in the genome of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). several other open reading frames have the potential to encode additional viral proteins. in this study, we show that hiv-1 has another coding sequence whose product is expressed during natural infection. unlike antibody to other hiv-1 proteins, the prevalence of antibody to the product encoded by this region is elevated in patient ... | 1988 | 2842797 |
| serological and structural comparison of immunodeficiency viruses from man, african green monkey, rhesus monkey and sooty mangabey. | we have studied the serological relationship among the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), and three simian immunodeficiency viruses (siv). sivagm was isolated from african green monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops), and compared with the previously described isolates of sivmac from a rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) and sivsm from a sooty mangabey (cercocebus atys). with respect to the glycoproteins, the simian viruses represent a subgroup apparently different from hiv. to classify hiv and ... | 1988 | 2844030 |
| oral hairy leukoplakia in a hiv-negative renal transplant patient: a marker for immunosuppression? | we report the case of a 58-year-old renal transplant patient who developed oral hairy leukoplakia. examination for hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection was negative. biopsy of the lateral tongue showed ballooned prickle cells and electron microscopy revealed herpes-type viruses. in situ hybridization and examinations with the southern blot technique yielded epstein-barr virus. serology for epstein-barr virus was reactive. immunological investigation of the patient showed a marked decrease of t-helper and t ... | 1988 | 2844612 |
| characterization of infectious molecular clones of simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac) and human immunodeficiency virus type 2: persistent infection of rhesus monkeys with molecularly cloned sivmac. | infection of macaque monkeys with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) is probably the best animal model currently available for studying acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. in this report, we describe three infectious molecular clones of sivmac and one of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and their use in the study of cell and species specificity, animal infection, and the relationship of gene sequence to function. replication of the cloned viruses in different cell lines varied dramat ... | 1988 | 2846880 |
| structural arrangements of transcription control domains within the 5'-untranslated leader regions of the hiv-1 and hiv-2 promoters. | promoter-proximal downstream regions of the human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv-1 and hiv-2) mediate the action of the viral transcription activator protein, tat. we demonstrate here that the downstream domain of each virus interacts with two rna polymerase ii transcription factors. one of these, ctf/nf i, is a multifunctional protein associated previously with activation of transcription and dna replication. the other cellular protein, designated lbp-1 (leader-binding protein-1), recognizes rep ... | 1988 | 2847959 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 long terminal repeat: analysis of regulatory elements. | the long terminal repeats (ltrs) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and a related simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac) contain cis-acting positive regulatory elements upstream and the major transactivator gene (tat) response element and a possible negative regulatory element downstream of the transcriptional initiation site. the tat response element of hiv-2 and of sivmac was more complex than that of hiv-1. two structurally similar subelements within the hiv-2 tat response ele ... | 1988 | 2849115 |
| animal models for hiv infection and aids: memorandum from a who meeting. | the human immunodeficiency virus is a member of the lentivirus subfamily of the retrovirus family. retroviruses are rna viruses which code for an rna-dependent dna polymerase (reverse transcriptase), which transcribes the rna genome into a dna provirus which, on integration with the host dna, directs the synthesis of new virions. the rna genome consists of a gag gene, which codes for the viral core proteins, a pol gene, which codes for the reverse transcriptase, an env gene, which codes for th ... | 1988 | 2850118 |
| clinical experience of aids in relation to hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection in a rural hospital in ivory coast, west africa. | a dramatic rise in aids cases in a rural hospital 60 km west of abidjan is described. out of 212 adult cases diagnosed between january and november 1987 as having aids, using the world health organization (who) criteria defined in bangui, 128 (60%) had antibodies to hiv-1 only, 61 (29%) had antibodies to both hiv-1 and hiv-2, 15 (7%) had antibodies to hiv-2 only and eight (4%) had no detectable antibodies to hivs. these results, taken together with those of ouattara et al. showing that both retr ... | 1988 | 2853951 |
| lymphadenopathy-associated virus type 2 in aids and aids-related complex. clinical and virological features in four patients. | lymphadenopathy-associated virus type 2 (hiv 2) was isolated from 3 patients with aids and 1 with aids-related complex. clinical features were similar to those in patients infected with hiv 1. viral isolates were characterised by hybridisation with hiv 1 and hiv 2 dna probes. hiv 1 and hiv 2 serological studies were performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), western blot, and radioimmunoprecipitation assay. hiv 2 igg antibodies were detected in all sera. the molecular weights of the ... | 1987 | 2879971 |
| [retroviruses and the development of lymphoma]. | retroviruses are small, rna-containing enveloped viruses which are widely distributed in nature. they exist in many animal species as well as in man. exogenous virus strains are horizontally transmitted between individuals of a given species, like all other virus groups. endogenous virus strains have managed some time during evolution to infect germ line cells like oocytes and spermatocytes and are thus transmitted vertically from parents to offspring. several retrovirus strains possess oncogene ... | 1987 | 2890126 |
| [hiv-2 virus infection with long incubation period]. | 1987 | 2892191 | |
| [clinical and virological study of a case of infection with the hiv-lav 2 virus]. | a case of aids due to hiv/lav2 is reported. the patient was a 32 year old man from guinea-bissau with no known risk factors. he had brain toxoplasmosis, oral thrush and chronic genital herpes. investigations for igg anti-hiv/lav1' (elisa, western blot, ripa) were negative. antibodies to hiv/lav2 were found and cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes and cerebro-spinal fluid were positive. hiv/lav2 seems to be similar to stlv-iii (mac), stlv-iii (agm), and probably htlv-iv. | 1987 | 2893571 |
| absence of antibodies to hiv-2/htlv-4 in six central african nations. | we studied 1508 individuals from zaire, burundi, tanzania, zambia, kenya, and cameroon for antibodies to hiv-2/htlv-4. aids, arc, other disease or tumor patients and healthy people were sampled from 1984-1986. by radioimmunoprecipitation and sds/page analysis and/or western blot we failed to find any samples with specific antibodies to hiv-2/htlv-4 indicative of infection. in contrast, 363 of these 1508 individuals demonstrated antibodies to hiv-1/htlv-3b by the same serologic assays. hiv-2/htlv ... | 1987 | 2893632 |
| the origins of hiv-1 and htlv-4/hiv-2. | more sophisticated knowledge of the different strains of seemingly closely related retroviruses is essential to understanding acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and developing a successful vaccine. distinct exogenous human retroviruses include human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), the etiologic agent in aids; human t-lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-1), which has been linked with adult t-cell leukemia/lymphoma; and htlv-ii, a virus closely linked to htlv-i but not definitively impl ... | 1987 | 2894192 |
| hiv-2 in perspective. | the identification of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-2 has given rise to difficulties that were not anticipated when hiv-1 was thought to be the only virus involved in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). hiv-2, which seems to be prevalent only in africa, differs from hiv-1 in its envelope and core proteins, and is more closely related to the simian aids virus than to hiv-1. commercial assay kits that use hiv-2 antigen to detect anti-hiv-2 are available from only 1-2 manufacturers, a ... | 1988 | 2896872 |
| envelope cross-reactivity in western blot for hiv-1 and hiv-2 may not indicate dual infection. | serological identification of infection with human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) by western blot alone may not be sufficient to diagnose dual infection. extensive cross-reactions (eg, to envelope glycoprotein antibody) are seen on heterologous western blots. the use of other techniques, in this case competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, indicates that blot patterns previously thought to demonstrate simultaneous dual infections should be interpreted with caution ... | 1988 | 2902381 |
| adult t-cell leukemia associated with htlv-i and simultaneous infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and human herpesvirus 6 in an african woman: a clinical, virologic, and familial serologic study. | 1988 | 2904225 | |
| prevalence of hiv-1 and hiv-2/htlv-iv infections in luanda and cabinda, angola. | a seroepidemiological study of human immune deficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2/human t-lymphotropic virus type iv (hiv-2/htlv-iv) infections was performed in angola in october 1986. until then five cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) had been registered in angola. during this study, another three cases with clinical aids were found and confirmed by hiv-1 serology. a total of 1,215 sera from groups of healthy persons and patients were tested for hiv-1 and hiv-2/htlv-iv anti ... | 1988 | 2905739 |
| [infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in the ussr]. | the serological study of 20 sera, showing atypical reaction with hiv-1 in the immunoblotting assay, for the presence of hiv-2 infection revealed some cases of this infection among africans who had arrived to the ussr from western africa (5 cases) and burundi (1 case); besides, in 1 case hiv-2 infection was detected in a soviet female citizen having had many sexual partners among foreigners. | 1988 | 2905860 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | 1989 | 2910395 | |
| characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope glycoproteins: dimerization of the glycoprotein precursor during processing. | four glycoproteins with apparent molecular weights of 300,000, 140,000, 125,000, and 36,000 (gp300, gp140, gp125, and gp36) were detectable in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)-infected cells. gp125 and gp36 are the external and transmembrane components, respectively, of the envelope glycoproteins of hiv-2 mature virions. gp300 and gp140 are only detectable in virus-infected cells. they have identical isoelectric points, suggesting that gp300 might be a dimeric form of the immature pre ... | 1989 | 2911118 |
| hiv-2-associated aids and hiv-2 seroprevalence in bissau, guinea-bissau. | during a 6-month period in 1987, we examined patients clinically suspected of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) at the national hospital in bissau, the capital of guinea-bissau, and found 20 cases that fulfilled the criteria for aids. the two most prevalent major symptoms were weight loss and diarrhea, and the most common minor symptoms generalized lymphadenopathy and generalized dermatitis. six of 20 patients died within a couple of months. nineteen of 20 patients were tested for h ... | 1989 | 2918464 |
| epidemiology of hiv and hepatitis b virus (hbv) in selected african and asian populations. | 401 sera from patients of a rural hospital in zimbabwe (1987), 211 south african sera (1982/83), as well as 460 sera from four katmandu hospitals (1985) were tested for hiv-1 antibodies. the sera from zimbabwe and nepal were additionally tested for anti-hiv-2 using a panel of different tests, for hepatitis b markers, and partially for antibodies against other viral, bacterial, and protozoal antigens. detailed clinical and sociodemographic data were taken from the zimbabwe and katmandu patients. ... | 1989 | 2921088 |
| hiv-1, hiv-2, and htlv-i infection in high-risk groups in brazil. | we conducted a serologic survey for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) and human t-cell lymphotropic virus type i (htlv-i) in 704 brazilians with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) or at risk for it. the study population included 70 homosexual men (11 of whom were prostitutes), 58 bisexual men (19 of whom were prostitutes), 101 female prostitutes from three socioeconomic groups, 13 wives of men with hemophilia who were seropositive for hiv-1 ant ... | 1989 | 2927478 |
| [human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection discovered by dementia in a french heterosexual male]. | 1988 | 2974962 | |
| molecular cloning and polymorphism of the human immune deficiency virus type 2. | we recently reported the isolation of a novel retrovirus, the human immune deficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2, previously named lav-2), from patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) originating from west africa. this virus is related to hiv-1, the causative agent of the aids epidemic now spreading in central and east africa, as well as the usa and europe (see ref. 3 for review) both by its morphology and by its tropism and in vitro cytopathic effect on cd4 (t4) positive cell lines an ... | 1986 | 3025743 |
| genome organization and transactivation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the human retrovirus associated with aids in west africa, hiv-2, shows that it is evolutionarily distant from the previously characterized hiv-1. we suggest that these viruses existed long before the current aids epidemics. their biological properties are conserved in spite of limited sequence homology; this may help the determination of the structure-function relationships of the different viral elements. | 1987 | 3031510 |
| new human and simian hiv-related retroviruses possess functional transactivator (tat) gene. | new human retroviruses antigenically related to hiv and even more closely to stlv-iii have been recently isolated from individuals from some west african countries. one of these viruses, htlv-ivp, was reportedly isolated from lymphocytes of a healthy female prostitute. another isolate, lav-2fg, was obtained from an aids patient and third, sbl-6669, from an individual with lymphadenopathy. current epidemiological studies indicate that some of these virus isolates cause immune deficiency whereas o ... | 1987 | 3039372 |
| identification of a protein encoded by the vpu gene of hiv-1. | human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) is the aetiological agent of aids. the virus establishes lytic, latent and non-cytopathic productive infection in cells in culture. the complexity of virus-host cell interaction is reflected in the complex organization of the viral genome. in addition to the genes that encode the virion capsid and envelope proteins and the enzymes required for proviral synthesis and integration common to all retroviruses, hiv-1 is known to encode at least four additional pr ... | 1988 | 3043230 |
| [human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). 2: hiv infections caused by accidental exposure in medical personnel]. | 1988 | 3051710 | |
| epidemiological and sociological aspects of hiv-infection in developing countries. | the epidemiologic and social aspects of aids are different in developed and developing countries. in africa, where there are several tens of thousands of cases, the ratio of female to male cases is 1:1. the highest incidence in men is at age 37.4 and in women 30 years. in haiti the female to male ratio is 1:1.8. in rwanda and zambia the incidence is higher among educated people. in most of africa aids is predominantly urban. also, in africa the time between diagnosis and death is shorter. ... | 1988 | 3058251 |
| mixed human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in an individual: demonstration of both hiv type 1 and type 2 proviral sequences by using polymerase chain reaction. | sera from persons seroreactive to both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2), by whole-virus (veia) enzyme immunoassays (eias) for each virus, were selected from a seroprevalence study of 944 persons in abidjan, cote d'ivoire, west africa, in 1987. these sera were subsequently tested for hiv-1 and hiv-2 antibody specificity by type-specific peptide eias (peia) and western blot (wb) analysis for both viruses. peripheral blood monocytes (pbmcs) from representative individu ... | 1988 | 3058815 |
| [etiology--characteristics of hiv infection]. | in this study the structures of the aids-virus are presented, furthermore the cross-reactivity of hiv-1 and hiv-2 is described as well as the known genes of both viruses. the mechanism of cell infection, its kinetics and the special role of activated t-cells and macrophages in this process are outlined. this interrelation characterized phenomenologically based on the neopterin data available is now supported by experiments at a molecular level. this should lead to therapeutical and diagnostical ... | 1988 | 3059685 |
| [aids diagnosis: virus detection, antibody detection, diagnostic and prognostic significance of the findings]. | aids serology is of worldwide importance for the diagnosis of hiv-infection and aids, for conducting epidemiological studies, for the control of blood donations and blood products and for the determination of infectivity and prognosis in aids patients. in future serological methods may be of importance for the management of anti-hiv-therapy. screening methods, such as elisa and hemagglutination assays and confirmatory tests (western blot and immunofluorescence) nowadays offer clear cut and relia ... | 1988 | 3059686 |
| the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) contains a novel gene encoding a 16 kd protein associated with mature virions. | the hiv-2 genome contains an open reading frame (designated x-orf) that does not have a counterpart in hiv-1. to establish whether x-orf is a gene, we studied its expression in hiv-2-infected individuals and in infected cells in vitro. an hiv-2 proviral dna fragment containing the x-orf was expressed in e. coli, and the recombinant protein was used in an immunoblot assay. the x-orf protein was recognized specifically by the sera of hiv-2-infected people but not by the sera of siv-infected monkey ... | 1988 | 3061415 |
| genetic locus, primary structure, and chemical synthesis of human immunodeficiency virus protease. | the genetic locus and primary structure of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) protease was determined by comparing the data of protein analyses with the published data of the gene analysis. the complete sequence of hiv-1 and hiv-2 protease was synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis. the synthetic protease was capable of accurately cleaving synthetic peptide substrates corresponding to known cleavage sites in gag polyproteins of hiv-1, hiv-2, and murine leukemia virus. the chemical synt ... | 1988 | 3063643 |
| transfusion transmitted human t-lymphotropic virus infections. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 has emerged during the 1980s as an important transfusion transmitted agent. the impact of hiv depends on the epidemiology and characteristics of the virus, serological response to infection and efficacy of serological tests to identify infected blood units. these factors will be described in the present article. the risk to acquire hiv today, by transfusion of anti-hiv screened blood, is extremely small in scandinavia and the western world. the risk can ... | 1988 | 3067484 |
| molecular genetics and structure of the human immunodeficiency virus. | a novel human lymphotropic virus capable of crippling the immune system by infecting and destroying t4 antigen-positive cells is now known to be the etiologic agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids). the aids or human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) belongs to a family of rna viruses called retroviruses. several strains of hiv have been molecularly cloned, and dna sequence comparisons have established that the proviral dna genome is 9.7 kilobase pairs. the genome possesses character ... | 1988 | 3073195 |
| cloning of htlv-4 and its relation to simian and human immunodeficiency viruses. | although much is now known of the strain variation among the type-1 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1), which is the cause of aids (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) in the united states, europe, and central africa, much less is yet known about a second group of viruses that have been found in west africans. one member of this group, named human t-cell lymphotropic virus type 4 (htlv-4), has been isolated from healthy senegalese. another is the virus isolated from west africans with aids-li ... | 1987 | 3104797 |
| human retroviral infections in the gambia: prevalence and clinical features. | the prevalence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv 1) is lower in west africa than in other parts of africa. human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv 2) has been isolated from west african patients and may be transmitted by heterosexual contact. the prevalence of antibodies to hiv 1 and hiv 2 was studied by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) among various groups of subjects in the gambia, west africa--namely, prostitutes, blood donors, patients with suspected infect ... | 1988 | 3122966 |
| hiv-2, the west african aids virus. | 1987 | 3126752 | |
| seroprevalence of hiv-1 and hiv-2 in guinea bissau in 1980. | to determine the past prevalence of hiv-1 and hiv-2 in west africa, we tested 440 serum samples collected in 1980 from people living in rural areas of guinea bissau. the sera were screened for antibodies by enzyme immunoassay (eia) using purified simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) isolated from rhesus macaque monkeys (sivmac) and then confirmed by immunoblot and immunofluorescence assays for antibodies to siv, hiv-2, and hiv-1. five of the serum samples were repeatedly reactive by all assays to ... | 1988 | 3132940 |
| enzyme immunoassays for the demonstration of antibodies to hiv-2sbl-6669 and htlv-iv (sivmac). | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) were developed for the demonstration of antibodies to hiv-2 using disrupted virions of the sbl-6669 isolate of hiv-2 and the so-called human t-lymphotropic virus type iv (htlv-iv), recently found to be identical with the simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac), as antigens. three hundred sera from west african subjects, attending an outward clinic in bissau for examination of suspected tuberculosis, were tested by these two assays as well as by a commerc ... | 1988 | 3134913 |
| identification of a novel retroviral gene unique to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus sivmac. | human and simian immunodeficiency-associated retroviruses are extraordinarily complex, containing at least five genes, tat, art, sor, r, and 3' orf, in addition to the structural genes gag, pol, and env. recently, nucleotide sequence analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus sivmac revealed the existence of still another open reading frame, termed x, which is highly conserved between these two viruses but absent from hiv-1. in this report, we demon ... | 1988 | 3136256 |
| the simian immunodeficiency virus envelope open reading frame located after the termination codon is expressed in vivo in infected animals. | genetic comparison of sivmac to the human retroviruses generally associated with aids revealed a closer relationship to hiv-2 than to hiv-1. a common feature differentiating siv and hiv-2 from hiv-1 is the size of the transmembrane portion of the envelope, which is smaller (gp32) in sivmac and hiv-2 than in hiv-1 (gp41). the presence of this truncated form of the transmembrane glycoprotein in sivmac and hiv-2 virions is apparently related to the presence of a translation termination codon in the ... | 1988 | 3144995 |
| isolation of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 from a homosexual man in belgium. | 1988 | 3145873 | |
| antibodies to soluble cd4 in hiv-1-infected individuals. | a direct enzyme immunoassay (eia) using the recombinant soluble form of cd4 (scd4) produced in rodent cells as antigen was applied to detect antibodies to cd4 in sera from hiv-1- and hiv-2-infected patients. high titers of antibodies to scd4 were found in sera from 12.6% of the hiv-1-infected persons included in this study, but not in 120 normal human sera. the reactivity of these antibodies with scd4 was confirmed by a western blot analysis. a possible anti-idiotypic origin of those antibodies ... | 1988 | 3146262 |
| isolation and characterization of hiv-2 from an aids patient in ghana. | this report describes the isolation and characterization of a retrovirus of the hiv-2 group from a ghanaian aids patient which has different restriction patterns from previously reported hiv-2 viruses. the virus was morphologically very similar to hiv-1 and hiv-2, and had mg2+-dependent reverse transcriptase. like previous hiv isolates, it induced severe cytopathic effects in cd4-positive human lymphoid cell lines. its major proteins were shown to be gp110, p66, p55, p41, gp32, p30 and p26 by we ... | 1988 | 3146268 |
| maternally transmitted hiv infection in children. | we evaluated 16 children at high risk for aids because of mothers infected with hiv. two children were persistently seropositive and had laboratory and clinical evidence of hiv infection but had no detectable infectious hiv in their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc). seven children, all of whom had clinical and laboratory evidence of hiv infection, were seropositive and virus culture-positive. one child who died at 10 months of age of candida septicemia was hiv antibody-negative but hiv ... | 1988 | 3149491 |
| uveomeningoencephalitis in a human immunodeficiency virus type 2-seropositive patient. | a 35-year-old woman developed longstanding uveitis and later a uveomeningoencephalitis of unknown origin and died of toxoplasmal brain abscesses. the presence of immunological impairment, human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) seropositivity, and multinucleated cells in the brain led us to suspect neurotropic properties for hiv-2 similar to those of hiv-1. | 1988 | 3163906 |
| the morphology of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) by negative staining. | we have examined preparations of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 by negative staining electron microscopy. hiv-2 cultures contained large numbers of 130-200 nm particles containing a 130-nm-long by 30-70 nm-wide core. this core is probably of conical or pear-shaped morphology. some particles exhibited a short fringe that could be seen to comprise a regular arrangement of repeating subunits when visualised end on. identical particles were found in hiv-1 cultures but in much lower ... | 1988 | 3171554 |
| isolation and characterization of simian immunodeficiency virus from mandrills in africa and its relationship to other human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. | two isolates of simian retrovirus related to the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) were obtained from apparently healthy mandrills, papio (mandrillus) sphinx, in western equatorial africa. this virus, designated sivmnd (simian immunodeficiency virus from mandrills), appeared morphologically similar to hiv by electron microscopy, showed mg2+-dependent reverse transcriptase activity, and induced cytopathic effect in human cd4-positive cells. western blotting (immunoblotting) analyses revealed tha ... | 1988 | 3172337 |
| simian immunodeficiency virus from african green monkeys. | simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) was isolated from the total peripheral blood mononuclear cell population and the monocyte-macrophage adherent cell population of three seropositive green monkeys originating from kenya. siv from these african green monkeys (sivagm) was isolated and continuously produced with the molt-4 clone 8 (m4c18) cell line but not with a variety of other cells including hut-78, h9, cem, mt-4, u937, and uncloned molt-4 cells. once isolated, these sivagm isolates were found ... | 1988 | 3172340 |
| fuchsin acid selectively inhibits human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) replication in vitro. | fuchsin acid, an anionic dye, is a selective inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) in vitro. its 50% effective dose for inhibition of hiv-1-induced cytopathogenicity in mt-4 cells and hiv-1 antigen expression in hut-78 cells is 42 and 16 microm, respectively. these values are comparable to those of suramin, the first compound shown to be a selective inhibitor of hiv-1. however, fuchsin acid is less cytotoxic than suramin. the selectivity index of fuchsin aci ... | 1988 | 3178818 |
| seroepidemiology of human immunodeficiency viruses in africa. | the first generation of serological tests for anti-hiv-1 gave so many false positives with african sera that it was wrongly postulated that the virus was endemic in africa. as there is no simian or other virus sufficiently closely related to hiv-1 as to suggest a recent common ancestor, the evolution of hiv-1 is obscure and there is no current evidence to support the hypothesis of an african origin. however, the similarity of hiv-2 to siv and its geographical distribution do suggest an evolution ... | 1988 | 3191207 |
| [difficulties of investigation of antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type 2 using elisa]. | 1988 | 3216748 | |
| [human immunodeficiency virus infections (hiv-1 and hiv-2) in dakar. epidemiologic and clinical aspects]. | the authors report on the results of an investigation carried out on 109 hiv seropositives ascertained by the dakar central hospital between february 20, 1987 and may 31, 1988. these seropositives affected 44 patients with aids (0.78% of admitted patients) and 65 seropositive people of which 43 blood donors (1.35% of donors). both viruses are present in about equal number: 50 hiv1 seropositives, 44 hiv2 seropositives, and 15 composite seropositives. sex-ratio is 3,9 in favour of males; this figu ... | 1988 | 3221781 |
| [human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in mali]. | this review summarises epidemiological and clinical data of hiv infection who was recognized in mali since 1985. the most important rate of seropositivity for hiv is observed in the prostitutes group (40%). the estimated seroprevalence for adult population is between 1% and 5%. 46 cases for aids are reported in both sexes. the mean age is 35 years. main signs are weight loss (91%), fever (80%), diarrhea (70%) and lymphadenopathy (50%). three among the five cases of kaposi's sarcoma are aggressiv ... | 1988 | 3221782 |
| [prevalence of carriers of antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1 and hiv-2) in south cameroon. results of attempts to isolate retroviruses]. | in this work are summarized the results of the serological investigations about hiv1 and hiv2 done since 1986 in the republic of cameroon, using the henderson's cluster sampling method (2). with regard to neighbour countries' results, the prevalence of specific antibodies against hiv1 is weak (less than or equal to 0.5%). this is confirmed by the few number of aids (53) since 1985. the prevalence of the hiv2 antibodies carriers is null. since 1987, the centre pasteur of cameroon is able to isola ... | 1988 | 3221788 |
| synthesis of phosphorothioate analogues of oligodeoxyribonucleotides and their antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). | nuclease-resistant phosphorothioate analogues of oligodeoxynucleotides (oligos) were synthesized by sulfurization of either internucleoside phosphite linkages, in a repetitive manner during chain extension, or internucleoside hydrogen phosphonate linkages, in a single step following chain assembly. these analogues were tested as antiviral agents against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). in a cytopathic effect inhibition assay using hiv-uninfected susceptible t cells (tetanus toxoid-specific no ... | 1988 | 3243433 |
| clinical, hematologic, and immunologic cross-sectional evaluation of individuals exposed to human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (hiv-2). | we studied the clinical status and certain hematologic and immunologic parameters in healthy prostitutes from dakar, senegal who were seropositive for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (hiv-2). generalized lymphadenopathy and clinical signs or symptoms similar to those which are seen with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1) infection were not present. comparison to seronegative prostitutes and minor surgery control patients were made and significant elevations were seen i ... | 1988 | 3259142 |
| genetic variability between isolates of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 is comparable to the variability among hiv type 1. | the isolation from macaques of retroviruses related to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) led to the identification of a second group of human retroviruses (termed hiv-2), which are prevalent in west africa and closely related to the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). we have cloned and determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the human west african retrovirus hiv-2nih-z and compared it to that of a previously described strain of hiv-2 (hiv-2rod) as well as to siv and hiv-1. we have reac ... | 1988 | 3261862 |
| adenallene and cytallene: acyclic-nucleoside analogues that inhibit replication and cytopathic effect of human immunodeficiency virus in vitro. | although several antiretroviral compounds are already known, almost no acyclic nucleoside derivatives lacking an oxacyclopentane have been reported to exert significant inhibition against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) in vitro. we found two unsaturated acyclic nucleoside derivatives, adenallene [9-(4'-hydroxy-1',2'-butadienyl)adenine] and cytallene [1-(4'-hydroxy-1',2'-butadienyl)cytosine], that protect various cd4+ t-cell lines from the infectivity and cytopathic effect of hiv-1. ... | 1988 | 3261865 |
| kaposi's sarcoma cells: long-term culture with growth factor from retrovirus-infected cd4+ t cells. | studies of the biology and pathogenesis of kaposi's sarcoma (ks) have been hampered by the inability to maintain long-term cultures of ks cells in vitro. in this study aids-ks-derived cells with characteristic spindle-like morphology were cultured with a growth factor (or factors) released by cd4+ t lymphocytes infected with human t-lymphotropic virus type i or ii (htlv-i or htlv-ii) or with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 or 2 (hiv-1 or hiv-2). medium conditioned by htlv-ii-infected, transf ... | 1988 | 3262925 |
| characterization of gp120 binding to cd4 and an assay that measures ability of sera to inhibit this binding. | there is evidence that the initial interaction between hiv-1 and the host that is essential for infection is the specific binding of the viral envelope glycoprotein, gp120, to the cd4 molecule found on certain t cells and monocytes. most individuals infected with hiv develop antibodies against the gp120 protein. although in vitro treatment of cd4+ t cells with mab to a specific epitope of the cd4 molecule (t4a) blocks virus binding, syncytia formation, and infectivity, it is unclear if antibodie ... | 1988 | 3264307 |
| aids: an international perspective. | the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) constitute a worldwide public health problem. whereas in europe and in most of the americas transmission of hiv-1 has occurred predominantly among homosexual men and intravenous drug abusers, in africa a distinct epidemiologic pattern has emerged that indicates that hiv-1 infection is mainly heterosexually acquired. heterosexual transmission appears to be increasing in some parts of l ... | 1988 | 3277271 |
| inoculation of baboons and macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus/mne, a primate lentivirus closely related to human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | a primate lymphotropic lentivirus was isolated on the human t-cell line hut 78 after cocultivation of a lymph node from a pig-tailed macaque (macaca nemestrina) that had died with malignant lymphoma. this isolate, originally designated m. nemestrina immunodeficiency virus (mniv) and now classified as simian immunodeficiency virus (siv/mne), was inoculated intravenously into three juvenile rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta), three juvenile pig-tailed macaques (m. nemestrina), and two juvenile baboon ... | 1988 | 3285032 |
| molecular characterization of gag proteins from simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmne). | a simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) designated sivmne was isolated from a pig-tailed macaque with lymphoma housed at the university of washington regional primate research center, seattle. to better establish the relationship of sivmne to other immunodeficiency viruses, we purified and determined the partial amino acid sequences of six structural proteins (p1, p2, p6, p8, p16, and p28) from sivmne and compared these amino acid sequences to the translated nucleotide sequences of sivmac and huma ... | 1988 | 3292789 |
| development of antiviral agents for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection. | antiviral agents under investigation for the treatment of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) are reviewed. multiple mechanisms exist by which antiviral agents might inhibit the replication of hiv or eradicate its latent form in affected cells, or both. these mechanisms include (1) interference with the cell surface receptor for hiv, (2) prevention of uncoating of viral particles, (3) inhibition of reverse transcriptase, (4) prevention of integration and posttranscripti ... | 1987 | 3322638 |
| cholangitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: report of two cases and review of the literature. | we report the cases of one patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome as a result of human immunodeficiency virus type 1/lymphadenopathy associated virus type 1/human t-cell lymphotrophic virus type iii (hiv-1/lav-1/htlv-iii) infection and of another patient with aids related complex caused by human immunodeficiency virus type 2/lymphadenopathy associated virus type 2 (hiv-2/lav-2) infection, who were suffering from cholangitis. the manifestations and possible mechanisms for cholangitis ... | 1987 | 3322961 |
| lack of cross-reaction in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity between human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and hiv-related west african strains. | sera from individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and hiv-related west african viruses can mediate high-titered, virus-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (adcc) in all stages of infection. no cross-reactive adcc can be detected between hiv and hiv-related west african strains lav-2, htlv-iv, and sbl-6669. because these two groups of viruses have antigenically distinct envelope glycoproteins, adcc-mediating antibodies are most likely directed against envelope a ... | 1988 | 3335784 |