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9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (pmea) effectively inhibits retrovirus replication in vitro and simian immunodeficiency virus infection in rhesus monkeys.9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (pmea) is a potent and selective inhibitor of the in vitro replication of a number of retroviruses, including hiv-1 and hiv-2, simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), simian aids-related virus (srv), feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) and moloney murine sarcoma virus (msv). pmea causes a dose-dependent suppression of the induction of anti-sivmacgp120 antibodies in siv mac-infected rhesus monkeys. complete suppression of anti-sivmacgp120 antibodies was achieved i ...19912059358
high antibody titres in mice with polymethylmethacrylate nanoparticles as adjuvant for hiv vaccines.the aim of the present study was to determine the effect of polymethylmethacrylate (pmma) nanoparticles as adjuvants for an hiv-2 whole-virus vaccine in mice. the data clearly revealed that pmma nanoparticles induced 10-100-fold higher antibody titres than aluminium hydroxide or an aqueous vaccine control preparation as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. moreover, the high antibody titres obtained with pmma as adjuvant appeared to be stable for between 10 and 20 weeks after immunizat ...19912059385
vaccine protection against hiv-2 infection in cynomolgus monkeys.the aim of this study was to determine if protection against an infectious human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) challenge could be obtained in cynomolgus macaques by active immunization using whole killed virus vaccine. four monkeys were immunized with killed hiv-2sbl-6669, two of them with five intramuscular (im) injections of viral preparation containing 100 or 300 micrograms protein emulsified in incomplete freund's adjuvant (ifa) and the two remaining received four im injections of 25 ...19912064826
change in size of the envelope glycoprotein of a human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv 1) strain.a strain of hiv 1 (pa 40), isolated from a patient with aids, showed a size variation of its external glycoprotein. this glycoprotein had an estimated molecular weight of 105 kd and differed from that of both hiv 1 iiib and hiv 2 rod strains. the protein was derived from a bigger (140 kd) precursor, detectable only in the infected cells and could incorporate labeled glucose in its prosthetic portion. the change in size of the external glycoprotein may be the result of envelope sequence variation ...19912067412
hyperimmune antisera against synthetic peptides representing the glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 can mediate neutralization and antibody-dependent cytotoxic activity.twenty-five 13- to 35-amino-acid-long peptides representing regions of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), strain sbl6669, envelope proteins were evaluated for their immunogenic activity in guinea pigs. the peptides were selected to provide homologous representation of sites in the hiv-1 envelope proteins that were previously documented to have a particular immunogenic importance. a number of the hiv-2 peptides were found to be capable of inducing strain sbl6669 neutralizing and antibod ...19912068087
two immunodominant domains of gp41 bind antibodies which enhance human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in vitro.four of eight human monoclonal antibodies (humabs) to gp41 were identified which could enhance human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection in vitro by complement-mediated antibody-dependent enhancement (c'-ade). these enhancing humabs were mapped to two distinct domains on the hiv-1 gp41 transmembrane glycoprotein by using synthetic peptides. the first domain, amino acids 579 to 613 (peptide aa579-613), was recognized by three of the four enhancing humabs. the aa579-613 peptide blocked ...19912072448
identification of a uniquely immunodominant, cross-reacting site in the human immunodeficiency virus endonuclease protein.one of the features of the life cycle of retroviruses is insertion of the proviral dna into host chromosomes. a protein encoded by the 3' end of the pol gene of the virus genome has been shown to possess endonuclease activity (d. p. grandgenett, a. c. vora, and r. d. schiff, virology 89:119-132, 1978), which is necessary for dna integration. sera from the majority of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected individuals react with endonuclease protein p31 in serological tests (j. s. allan, j. ...19912072463
enhancement of soluble cd4-mediated hiv neutralization and gp 120 binding by cd4 autoantibodies and monoclonal antibodies.we have identified 6 sera containing autoantibodies to cd4 in 174 human immunodeficiency virus-type (hiv-1) positive sera tested in an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using scd4, and none in 34 hiv type 2 sera. these autoantibodies do not bind to cellular cd4, but react with scd4 to increase its binding in elisa to monoclonal antibodies and the hiv surface glycoprotein gp120. the effect of cd4 autoantibodies is mimicked by monoclonal antibodies to the third and fourth d ...19902078408
expression of hiv-1 integrase in e. coli: immunological analysis of the recombinant protein.sequences encoding the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) integrase gene have been cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. the expressed protein is a lambda cii fusion protein of 37 kd containing the carboxyl-terminal 23 [corrected] amino acids of reverse transcriptase fused to the entire integrase sequence and is insoluble, a feature which allows partial purification away from soluble bacterial proteins. as judged by its reactivity with hiv positive sera in western blot and in enzyme ...19902078417
[epidemiology of infections caused by hiv-1, hiv-2 and htlv-1 in the republic of chad].from march to july 1989 sero-epidemiological surveys have been carried out in four chadian towns on representative samples of adults aged 15-44 years in the general population. for the first time, hiv1 virus circulation was shown off with seroprevalence rates varying from 0 to 1.1%. rates are non-existent for hiv2 and they vary from 0 to 1.6% for htlv1. these low seroprevalence rates make it difficult to identify special risk factors. there was confirmed a preponderance of heterosexual transmiss ...19902085906
anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activities and pharmacokinetics of novel 6-substituted acyclouridine derivatives.the novel 6-substituted acyclouridine derivatives 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-6-phenylthiothymine (hept), 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-6-(3-methylphenylthio)thymine (hept-m), 6-cyclohexylthio-1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy) methyl]thymine (hept-h), and 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-6-phenylthio-2- thiothymine (hept-s) have proved to be potent and selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) replication in a variety of cell systems, including peripheral blood lymphocytes. they are not in ...19902088190
human immunodeficiency virus 2 (hiv 2). 19902090890
[search for antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) in a sample of parenteral drug addicts (ivda)].we have retrospectively investigated the antibodies against type 2 human immunodeficiency virus (ac hiv-2) in sera from parenteral drug abusers (pda) who had been previously investigated for hiv-1 and who fulfilled established criteria (trips, sexual contacts, etc.). enzyme immunoassay (eia) was positive in 7 individuals who were also carriers of hiv-1. when hiv-2 was confirmed with western blot, in only one case a tenuous band against glycoprotein 105 (gp 105) and the remaining ones from the co ...19902095905
serological evidence for human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in east africa.infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) has not previously been described in north or east africa. we examined over 1200 sera of high-risk individuals from three north/east african countries for antibodies to hiv-2. results indicated that 17 were repeatedly reactive by elisa; 4 were confirmed by western blot. of the 4 confirmed, 2 produced strong reactions to the envelope antigens of hiv-2 but not of hiv-1. one of these subjects was a foreigner from senegal who was tested while ...19902099200
seropositivity to chlamydia trachomatis in prostitutes: relationship to other sexually transmitted diseases (stds).the prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis and its relationship with other sexually transmitted diseases (stds) was investigated by serological determinations in a group of 45 women working as prostitutes in santos, state of são paulo. seropositivity to hiv-1 was demonstrated in 4 (9%) of the cases and to hiv-2 in one case. syphilis and hepatitis b were detected in 29% and 43% of the 45 women, respectively. specific antibodies to c. trachomatis were found in all subjects. the high seroprevalence of ...19902101095
risk factors of female hiv-seropositive patients attending the clinic for sexually transmitted diseases at st mary's hospital, london.of 3450 women tested for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus hiv-1 and hiv-2 between september 1985 and july 1989, 61 were positive (1.8%). twenty-seven of these (44%) were presumed to have acquired their hiv infection by heterosexual contact and 23 (38%) were intravenous drug addicts. in geographical origin, 23 (38%) of the patients were from the uk and 19 (31%) from africa. amongst these 61 women, 2 (3%) have since died, one committed suicide and one was suspected of committing suicide.19902103742
activation of a beta-galactosidase recombinant provirus: application to titration of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and hiv-infected cells.a quantitative bioassay for human immunodeficiency viruses has been developed on the basis of the ability of the tat gene to transactivate the expression of an integrated beta-galactosidase gene in a hela-cd4+ cell line. infection by a single virion of hiv-1 or hiv-2 corresponds to a unique blue syncytium or a cell cluster detected after fixation and addition of 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside (a beta-galactosidase substrate). the number of infected lymphoid cells in a cultur ...19902110596
persistent infection of rhesus macaques with a molecular clone of human immunodeficiency virus type 2: evidence of minimal genetic drift and low pathogenetic effects.in an attempt to generate a suitable animal model to study the infectivity and possible pathogenicity of human immunodeficiency viruses, we intravenously inoculated juvenile rhesus macaques and african green monkeys with a molecularly cloned virus, human immunodeficiency virus type 2 hiv-2sbl/isy, as well as with the uncloned hiv-2nih-z virus. infection was monitored by virus recovery from the peripheral blood cells and by seroconversion against hiv-2 antigens measured by western immunoblot, rad ...19902117071
synthesis, oligomerization, and biological activity of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope glycoprotein expressed by a recombinant vaccinia virus.the full-length envelope gene from an infectious human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) molecular clone was expressed in cd4+ and cd4- cells by a recombinant vaccinia virus vector. pulse-chase experiments indicated that gp160 was processed into gp120 and gp41 subunits. although large amounts of gp120 were shed into the medium, the recombinant vaccinia virus-infected cells fused with uninfected cd4+ cells. the receptor binding of hiv-2 gp120 was further analyzed using a panel composed of nin ...19902117828
biologic heterogeneity of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) strains.seven hiv-2 isolates recovered from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) of patients from the ivory coast have been biologically characterized. all seven strains replicated well in primary human lymphocyte and macrophage cultures and in established human t cell lines. they showed differences in infectivity and replicating ability in primary pbmc cultures from chimpanzees, rhesus macaques, and baboons. moreover, variations in levels of virus replication in pbmc from 13 seronegative donors we ...19902120848
performance characteristics of a novel immunoassay based on hybrid ty virus-like particles (ty-vlps): rapid differentiation between hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection.recombinant antigens containing all or parts of the hiv-1 proteins p24, nef and gp41 and hiv-2 gp36 have been purified and used to develop a rapid immunoassay to detect and differentiate between hiv-1 and hiv-2 antibodies in a single test. the antigens were produced as particulate fusion proteins by exploiting the ability of a protein encoded by the yeast retrotransposon ty to assemble into virus-like particles (ty-vlps). hybrid hiv: ty-vlps carrying each of the antigens were applied to nitrocel ...19902124493
[transmission of hiv-2 virus in a rural area of senegal].various investigations into the prevalence of hiv2 infection undertaken on samples of senegalese rural populations from casamance, eastern senegal, the thies region and the ferlo region, show a gradient from south to north. levels vary from 0.9% (western casamance) to 0% (ferlo). these results led to a detailed investigation being undertaken in a casamance village, paralleled by questioning reference cases to define risks associated with hiv2 seropositivity. prevalence in this village is 0.82%, ...19902135804
[prevalence of hiv-1, hiv-2 and htlv-1 infections. experience in a parisian center for sexually transmitted diseases].human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection is, to a great extent, a sexually transmitted disease (std). its diffusion among the heterosexual population is still limited. std treatment centres are particularly well organized to watch this diffusion. at the std centre of the saint-louis hospital, paris, we conducted a 6-week prospective study concerning the systematic detection of hiv-1 infection in 240 consecutive female out-patients in 1988, and in 504 male out-patients in 1989. the results ob ...19902147498
increase of the prevalence of hepatitis b virus surface antigen related to immunodeficiency inherent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids).during the period from january to december 1987, 2,191 serum samples were collected from different groups of the population in the ivory coast (1,126 healthy people selected from the general population, 416 blood donors, 112 healthy anti-hiv carriers, 173 aids patients, and 364 patients suffering from icterigenic hepatitis) and tested for anti-hiv (hiv-1 and hiv-2) antibodies, hbsag, hbeag, delta antigen (hdag), and anti-delta (anti-hd) antibody. anti-hiv antibodies were found in 30 (2.6%) of th ...19902154578
hiv susceptibility conferred to human fibroblasts by cytomegalovirus-induced fc receptor.the main receptor for the human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) on t and b lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages is the cd4 antigen 1-3. infection of these cells is blocked by monoclonal antibodies to cd4(1,2) and by recombinant soluble cd4(4-9). expression of transfected cd4 on the surface of hela and other human cells renders them susceptible to hiv infection 10. hiv-antibody complexes can also infect monocytes and macrophages by means of receptors for the fc portion o ...19902154697
identification of a cis-acting element in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) that is responsive to the hiv-1 rev and human t-cell leukemia virus types i and ii rex proteins.a simian virus 40 late replacement vector encoding human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gp120 (pgp120) was used to define a region within the hiv-2 genome that could work as a rev-responsive element (rre). our previous work showed that gp120 expression in this system required a functional rre in cis and required the rev protein in trans (m.-l. hammarskjöld, j. heimer, b. hammarskjöld, i. sangwan, l. albert, and d. rekosh, j. virol. 63:1959-1966, 1989). using pgp120, we first mapped an rre ...19902157051
nucleotide sequence analysis of sa-omvv, a visna-related ovine lentivirus: phylogenetic history of lentiviruses.the nucleotide sequence analysis of the visna-related south african ovine maedi visna virus (sa-omvv) demonstrates extensive genetic polymorphism among ovine lentiviruses. differences between visna virus and sa-omvv proteins range from 8.5 to 35% mismatched amino acids. moreover, there is a new open reading frame (orf w) in the central part of the genome. a phylogenetic history calibrated by the divergence and isolation dates of these two ovine lentiviruses shows that radiation of the lentivirid ...19902158181
complete nucleotide sequence of a simian immunodeficiency virus from african green monkeys: a novel type of intragroup divergence.we have determined the entire nucleotide sequence of a full-length molecular clone, termed sivagm3, which is infectious in vitro and in vivo. the genomic organization was found to be similar to other immunodeficiency viruses of human and simian origin. comparison of sivagm3 with sivagmtyo-1, the only other completely sequenced molecular sivagm clone, revealed a novel type of intragroup divergence, which is characterized by (1) an unusually high degree of variability in pol in relation to gag and ...19902158689
a comparison of hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections in hospitalized patients in abidjan, côte d'ivoire.in late 1988, a cross-sectional study of 1715 adult medical patients hospitalized in abidjan, côte d'ivoire, west africa, showed an overall prevalence of hiv infection of 46% in men and 28% in women. on the basis of specific testing by whole virus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), western blot and synthetic peptide elisa, hiv-1 infection was found in 25%, hiv-2 infection in 4%, and reactivity to both viruses in 11% of male and female patients combined. people infected with hiv-2, as wel ...19902164821
subcellular localization of rev-gene product in visna virus-infected cells.the 1.4-kb mrna of visna lentivirus is expressed early during the lytic infection of sheep choroid plexus cell cultures. it encodes for visna early gene 1 (veg1) product, since renamed rev gene product (or rev), based on significant amino acid sequence homologies between this protein and the proteins of simian immunodeficiency virus of macaque and human immunodeficiency virus type 2. in this report, we examined the subcellular localization and time course appearance of the rev protein in visna v ...19902167558
selection against cpg dinucleotides in lentiviral genes: a possible role of methylation in regulation of viral expression.extremely low frequencies of cpg dinucleotides are found in the genomes of the lentivirus subfamily of retroviruses, including the human, simian and feline immunodeficiency viruses (hiv1, hiv2, siv, and fiv, respectively), equine infectious anemia virus (eiav), and the ovine lentivirus, visna. the occurrence of cpg dinucleotides is greater in the 2-3 (ncg) than in the 1-2 (cgn) codon-defined frame, as well as in the gag and env genes, compared to the more conserved pol gene. these differences su ...19902170945
[classification of retroviruses].the retroviridae comprise a large number of viruses. in both nature and laboratories these viruses are associated with numerous diseases, including rapid or long latency malignancies, neurological disorders and immunodeficiency. the replication cycle is characterized by integration of the viral dna into the host's genome after the reverse transcriptase copied the viral rna into dna. the discovery of human retroviruses had a late start. it was not until 1980 that the first oncovirus, the human t- ...19902173126
synthetic hiv-2 protease cleaves the gag precursor of hiv-1 with the same specificity as hiv-1 protease.a 99-amino acid protein having the deduced sequence of the protease from human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) was synthesized by the solid phase method and tested for specificity. the folded peptide catalyzes specific processing of a recombinant 43-kda gag precursor protein (f-16) of hiv-1. although the protease of hiv-2 shares only 48% amino acid identity with that of hiv-1, the hiv-2 enzyme exhibits the same specificity toward the hiv-1 gag precursor. fragments of 34, 32, 24, 10, and 9 ...19902178555
aids in africa.the seroprevalence, clinical epidemiology, modes of transmission, clinical presentation in adults, pregnancy women and children, diagnosis, impact and control strategies of aids in africa are covered in this review. hiv-1, the causative virus in aids, is epidemic in a central africa belt from gabon to the east coast, and from uganda to zimbabwe, with the highest prevalence in the lakes and highlands of central africa. hiv-2 causes a milder disease in western africa centered in senegal. hiv in ...19902182139
complementation of the rev gene mutation among human and simian lentiviruses.the functional exchangeability of the rev gene was assessed in transient transfection experiments by using in vitro-constructed rev and gag mutants of the following three primate lentiviruses: human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus from the african green monkey (siv agm). cotransfection into sw480 cells of the rev and gag mutants derived from the dna of each infectious virus resulted in the generation of progeny particles as determined by reverse tr ...19902182909
rational design of peptide-based hiv proteinase inhibitors.a series of peptide derivatives based on the transition-state mimetic concept has been designed that inhibit the proteinase from the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). the more active compounds inhibit both hiv-1 and hiv-2 proteinases in the nanomolar range with little effect at 10 micromolar against the structurally related human aspartic proteinases. proteolytic cleavage of the hiv-1 gag polyprotein (p55) to the viral structural protein p24 was inhibited in chronically infected cem cells. ant ...19902183354
variable proteolytic cleavage of gag precursor expressed after infection of several cell lines with an hiv-2 gag-pol recombinant vaccinia virus. 19902187498
genetic organization of a chimpanzee lentivirus related to hiv-1.simian immunodeficiency viruses have been isolated from four species of monkey, the 'captive' macaque and mangabey and the 'feral' african green monkey and mandrill. while none of these viruses is a replica of hiv-1, the macaque and mangabey viruses represent correct genetic models for hiv-2, possessing exactly the same complement of genes. recently a lentivirus has been identified in two wild chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) in gabon, west equatorial africa, and isolated from one of th ...19902188136
replicative capacity of hiv-2, like hiv-1, correlates with severity of immunodeficiency.we have obtained 15 hiv-2 isolates from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) of 24 hiv-2-infected west african people. the frequency of virus isolation correlated with the severity of hiv-2 infection; only three isolates were obtained from 11 asymptomatic individuals, whereas virus was isolated from nearly all (12 of 13) individuals with symptoms. the hiv-2 isolates showed distinct replicative and cytopathic characteristics and, similarly to hiv-1 isolates, could be divided into two ma ...19902190603
envelope cross-reactivity between human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 detected by different serological methods: correlation between cross-neutralization and reactivity against the main neutralizing site.a total of 70 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and 42 hiv-2 antibody-positive serum samples, collected from groups of individuals in which only one type of hiv prevails, were tested for cross-reactivity against hiv-2 and hiv-1 proteins by western blot (wb) (immunoblot), radioimmunoprecipitation assay (ripa), neutralization analysis, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with as antigen synthetic peptides representing selected parts of the envelope (env) glycoproteins. cross-reactions ...19902191152
interference patterns of human immunodeficiency viruses hiv-1 and hiv-2.the ability of cells infected with a retrovirus to interfere with superinfection by another retrovirus usually involves blockage, by the primary virus, of the receptors for the superinfecting virus. retroviruses using different receptors do not interfere with each other, and this property has been used to classify various types of retroviruses. different isolates of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) were subjected to this type of analysis, and it was found that all hiv-1s cross-interfere with e ...19902191494
comparison of commercial kits for the detection of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) in nigeria.four commercial kits for the detection of antibodies to hiv-1 were compared with regard to their sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value. the wellcozyme competitive enzyme immunoassay was the least sensitive (62.5%), while roche eia, was the most sensitive (100%). all the commercial kits gave false negative results except the roche eia system. the serodia particle agglutination test had the least positive predictive value of 26.9% while roche eia had the highest (88.9%). our resul ...19902191859
neuropathology of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.this review attempts to assess critically the literature on the neuropathology of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in light of our experience with 172 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who underwent extensive postmortem examinations of the central and peripheral nervous systems. the neuropathologic manifestations of the disease can be divided into three categories: (1) primary or putative/indirect effects of the human immunodeficiency virus, (2) opportunistic infections, and (3) ...19902194443
recombinant hiv2 protease processes hiv1 pr53gag and analogous junction peptides in vitro.a synthetic dna fragment encoding a protease precursor of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv2) was cloned and expressed in bacteria and yeast. a recombinant plasmid encoding a hybrid polypeptide consisting of human superoxide dismutase and an hiv2 protease precursor of 113 amino acids was constructed for regulated intracellular expression in bacteria. induction of this plasmid produced an autoprocessed form of the retroviral enzyme possessing the correct molecular weight. overexpressio ...19902199446
specific tropism of hiv-1 for microglial cells in primary human brain cultures.human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) frequently causes neurological dysfunction and is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system (cns) of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) patients with hiv encephalitis or myelopathy. the virus is found mostly in cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage within the cns, but the possibility of infection of other glial cells has been raised. therefore, the effects of different hiv-1 and hiv-2 strains were studied in primary cultures of adult human br ...19902200125
titration of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and quantitative analysis of virus expression in vitro using liquid rna-rna hybridization.an assay is described for titration of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and for quantitative analysis of virus expression in vitro. the assay utilizes a liquid rna-rna hybridization method coupled with reversible target capture (rtc) on oligo(dt) derivatized magnetic particles. the assay provides a rapid, specific, and sensitive method for quantitation of hiv-1 rna molecules present either in cells or in viral particles from cell-free culture media. chronically infected monocytoid u1. ...19902200801
function of the human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 rev proteins is dependent on their ability to interact with a structured region present in env gene mrna.the interaction of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) rev protein with a structured region in env mrna (the rev-responsive element [rre]) mediates the export of structural mrnas from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. we demonstrated that unlike hiv-1 rev, which functions with both the hiv-1 and hiv-2 rres, hiv-2 rev functions only with the hiv-2 rre. rev-rre binding studies suggested that the lack of nonreciprocal complementation stems from the inability of hiv-2 rev to interact with hi ...19902200888
the epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases in africa and latin america.we review some aspects of the epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases (stds) in the developing countries of africa and latin america. apart from their elevated prevalence, they are responsible for important morbidity in mother and child. stillbirth, premature delivery, conjunctivitis, and respiratory tract morbidity of the neonate are frequently caused by stds. sequelae in adult women include pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. the emergence of antimicrobial re ...19902202406
current status of clinical laboratory tests for the human immunodeficiency virus.the predictive values of positive and negative test results for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibody are extremely high in laboratories that have good quality control and high performance standards and use licensed fda-approved enzyme immunoassay (eia) and western blot standardized tests. with a carefully designed protocol, the false-positive rate of combined eia and western blot has been reported to be as low as 1 in 10(5). when results of hiv confirmatory antibody tests are indeterminat ...19902202798
structure-based design of nonpeptide inhibitors specific for the human immunodeficiency virus 1 protease.by using a structure-based computer-assisted search, we have found a butyrophenone derivative that is a selective inhibitor of the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) protease. the computer program creates a negative image of the active site cavity using the crystal structure of the hiv-1 protease. this image was compared for steric complementarity with 10,000 molecules of the cambridge crystallographic database. one of the most interesting candidates identified was bromperidol. haloperidol, ...19902204060
competitive enzyme-immunoassays using native viral antigens to discriminate between hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections.human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) strains can be separated into two serotypes: hiv-1 and hiv-2. in the study reported herein, we developed and evaluated competitive enzyme-immunoassays (ceia-1 for the detection of antibody to hiv-1, ceia-2 for the detection of antibody to hiv-2) to discriminate serologically between hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections. in most of the cases, the serotyping of known reactive serum samples was done easily with the ceias, showing a similar specificity to the western blot. s ...19902211958
an inhibitor of the protease blocks maturation of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses and spread of infection.the activity of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) protease is essential for processing of the gag-pol precursor proteins and maturation of infectious virions. we have prepared a peptidomimetic inhibitor, u-75875, that inhibited hiv-1 gag-pol protein processing in an essentially irreversible manner. noninfectious virus particles produced in the presence of the drug contained gag precursors and were morphologically immature. in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in a continuous cell ...19902217178
effect of two novel inhibitors of the human immunodeficiency virus protease on the maturation of the hiv gag and gag-pol polyproteins.the ability of two novel synthetic compounds to inhibit the hiv protease-mediated processing of hiv-1 precursor polyproteins was investigated in an in vitro gag-protease mixed lysate assay system and in an assay using recombinant baculoviruses engineered to express the hiv-1 gag and pol genes in cultured insect cells. with the in vitro mixed lysate assay we have shown that both compounds at 1 microm can completely inhibit the hiv-1 and hiv-2 protease-mediated release of p24 from the hiv-1 gag pr ...19902219737
[the human immunodeficiency virus type 2]. 19902219846
[a radioimmunoprecipitation method in the serodiagnosis of hiv infection: the development of the optimal conditions for its performance and the evaluation of the possibilities for its use].the optimum conditions for using the method of radioimmunoprecipitation (rip) for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in serum samples have been established. out of several available cell lines persistently infected with hiv, specially selected line 17 has been chosen. the characteristic feature of this is the high and stable (under the conditions of prolonged cultivation) accumulation of virus-specific proteins in infected cells. the optimum conditions for making the test and it ...19902220217
the polymerase chain reaction in the human immunodeficiency virus diagnosis.the pcr technique detects hiv1 and hiv2 dna and rna sequences in mononuclear cells with high sensitivity. it allows therefore to analyse the mother to child hiv1 transmission. moreover, in the near future, the quantification of the pcr products could allow the follow-up of the patients treated for hiv infection.19902221502
evaluation of a line immunoassay for the differential detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus.a newly introduced single strip line immunoassay was evaluated as a possible alternative to western blot for the differential detection of antibodies to multiple hiv-1 and hiv-2 antigens in human serum. in a panel of 153 sera found to be positive twice in currently used screening tests, the line immunoassay and the western blot detected 44 true positive results. using western blot as reference method, the line immunoassay gave 100% specificity and sensitivity. these results suggest that the line ...19902226497
immunoprecipitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 glycoproteins by sera positive for human immunodeficiency virus type 1.analysis by radioimmunoprecipitation of serum samples from 27 different human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-infected individuals residing in chile showed that the sera of 26% of these individuals also react with glycoprotein gp125 of hiv type 2 (hiv-2). this cross-reaction seems to reflect a qualitative difference among infected individuals, because the titer of antibodies against gp120 of hiv-1 in the cross-reacting samples did not differ significantly from that in the non-cross-reactin ...19902229392
mutational analysis of simian immunodeficiency virus from african green monkeys and human immunodeficiency virus type 2.we constructed ten mutants of simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from african green monkey (sivagm), and nine mutants of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) in vitro. their infectivity, cytopathogenicity, transactivation potential, virus rna, and protein synthesis were examined by transfection and infection experiments. mutations in three structural (gag, pol, env) and two regulator (tat, rev) genes abolished the infectivity of both viruses, but vpx, vpr (hiv-2), and nef were dispens ...19902231682
the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 vpr gene is essential for productive infection of human macrophages.the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) genetic determinant(s) responsible for tropism in human t cells or macrophages are not well defined. we studied the role of the hiv type 2 (hiv-2) nef and vpr genes in viral tropism. hiv-2 mutants, lacking either vpr or nef genes, or both vpr and nef, were obtained by site-specific mutagenesis of a biologically active hiv-2 proviral clone (hiv-2sbl/isy), which is infectious in both human t cells and macrophages. viral progeny carrying mutations of nef, vpr, ...19902236020
[the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)]. 19902236770
expression of gag precursor protein and secretion of virus-like gag particles of hiv-2 from recombinant baculovirus-infected insect cells.a recombinant baculovirus carrying the gag gene but lacking the protease coding sequences of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) has been constructed. when this recombinant baculovirus is used to infect insect cells, a high level of gag precursor protein, gag pr41, is expressed. electron microscopy showed that the majority of gag pr41 was budding through the plasma membrane and being released into the culture medium in spherical virus-like particles with a diameter of approximately 100 n ...19902238477
human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv2).in the mid 1980's a second human retrovirus, capable of causing the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), was isolated from patients of west african origin. this virus, now called human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv2), was found to be distinct from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv1) but closely related to simian immunodeficiency viruses (siv). although the genomes of hiv1 and hiv2 are similar there are significant differences in nucleotide and amino acid sequences, most marked ...19902245251
rapid and specific diagnosis of hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections: an evaluation of testing strategies.to identify cost-effective testing strategies for hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections, we evaluated different combinations of tests on serum specimens from 1134 consecutive patients attending tuberculosis treatment centers in abidjan, côte d'lvoire. virus-specific whole-virus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (wve), western blot (wb) and synthetic peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (spe) were used in sequential fashion to determine the true prevalence of infection; 27% were reactive to hiv-1, 5% t ...19902252560
[intestinal spirochetosis in homosexuals infected with hiv. 3 cases].we report 3 cases of intestinal spirochetosis in homosexuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (2 group iii and 1 group iv c1, according to the centers for disease control classification) presenting with moderate, chronic diarrhea. the diagnosis was made based on the histological examination of colorectal biopsies showing a layer of spirochetes carpeting the epithelium. electron microscopy evaluation and culturing of the microorganism provided information on the bacterium's morpholo ...19902256590
[intestinal spirochetosis in homosexuals infected with hiv. 3 cases].we report 3 cases of intestinal spirochetosis in homosexuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (2 group iii and 1 group iv c1, according to the centers for disease control classification) presenting with moderate, chronic diarrhea. the diagnosis was made based on the histological examination of colorectal biopsies showing a layer of spirochetes carpeting the epithelium. electron microscopy evaluation and culturing of the microorganism provided information on the bacterium's morpholo ...19902256590
in vitro characterization of a biologically active molecular clone of hiv-2nih-z containing a nef deletion and expressing a full-length transmembrane protein.we have previously described the cloning and sequencing of a novel stain of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) called hiv-2nih-z. a plasmid clone, phiv2z, containing the full-length provirus has now been constructed, and virus particles have been obtained upon transfection into cos-1 and h-9 cells. these particles can infect a number of t-cell lines and exert a cytopathic effect on fresh human and macaque peripheral blood lymphocytes. the cloned virus is biologically and morphologically ...19902265026
[prevalence of hiv-1 and hiv-2 antibodies in rural areas of benin].a transversal survey has been performed in the zou province in the central part of benin located in west africa close to the western border of nigeria. the zou province is an agricultural region which population is about 900,000. a randomised sample of 1936 people had been chosen according 1,984 census data. all the samples have been examined by elisa rapid elavia mixt (pasteur vaccin). all positive samples have been tested with both elavia i and elavia ii (pasteur vaccin). 6.6% of sampled popul ...19902285997
anti-human immunodeficiency virus effects of dextran sulfate are strain dependent and synergistic or antagonistic when dextran sulfate is given in combination with dideoxynucleosides.the effects of three molecular weight ranges of dextran sulfate on five different human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) isolates (from patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), alone and in combination with dideoxynucleosides, were investigated in vitro. the higher the molecular weight range of dextran sulfate, the more potent the activity as assessed by a quantitative syncytium formation assay. although all five hiv isolates had similar susceptibilities to the inhibitory effects of dideox ...19902291665
mutational analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) genome in relation to hiv-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus siv (agm).we constructed an infectious molecular clone of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and generated nine frameshift mutants corresponding to nine open reading frames identified so far. three structural (gag, pol, env) and two regulative (tat, rev) gene mutants were not infectious, whereas vif, vpx, vpr, and nef genes were dispensable for infectivity. all of the mutants except env and rev were cytopathic in cd4+ human leukemia cells. in transfection assays, the expression of hiv-2 long ...19902296082
molecular characterization of an attenuated human immunodeficiency virus type 2 isolate.naturally occurring strains of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) can vary considerably in their in vitro biological properties, and such differences may also be reflected in their in vivo pathogenesis. in an attempt to define genetic determinants of viral pathogenicity, we have molecularly cloned, sequenced, and characterized an attenuated isolate of hiv type 2 (hiv-2/st) that differs from prototype hiv-2 strains in its inability to fuse with and kill susceptible cd4-bearing target cells. a pro ...19902296086
transmembrane envelope glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus siv-mac exist as homodimers.an 80-kilodalton glycoprotein (gp80) was produced in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)-infected cells along with three envelope glycoproteins that we have recently reported: the extracellular glycoprotein (gp125), the envelope glycoprotein precursor (gp140), and the transient dimeric form of the precursor (gp300). gp125 and gp80 were detectable after the synthesis of gp140 and the formation of gp300. using a specific monoclonal antibody, we showed here that gp80 is a dimeric form of th ...19902296088
isolation and partial characterization of an unusual human immunodeficiency retrovirus from two persons of west-central african origin.an unusual human retrovirus was isolated from two patients with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy who originate from west-central africa and are currently residing in belgium. although the virus shared a number of the same biological and morphological properties as human immunodeficiency retrovirus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2, significant antigenic differences could be demonstrated. several of the viral proteins also differed in molecular weight from the corresponding hiv-1 and hiv-2 proteins. ...19902304140
heat-labile, complement-like factor(s) of animal sera prevent(s) hiv-1 infectivity in vitro.we studied inactivation of hiv-1 by fresh sera of animals. we found that while fresh sera of humans and chimpanzees (among others) did not have antiviral activity, fresh sera of several other mammals, especially those of rodents and felines, showed a dose-dependent viral-inactivating property against cell-free hiv-1; these sera were also capable of inactivating virus preadsorbed to cells, similar to neutralizing antibody. the activity was destroyed by heating to 56 degrees c, required ca2+ but n ...19902313562
a highly conserved rna folding region coincident with the rev response element of primate immunodeficiency viruses.a series of unusual folding regions (ufr) immediately 3' to the cleavage site of the outer membrane protein (omp) and transmembrane protein (tmp) were detected in the envelope gene rna of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1, hiv-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) by an extensive monte carlo simulation. these rna secondary structures were predicted to be both highly stable and statistically significant. in the calculation, twenty-five different sequence isolates of hiv-1, three isolat ...19902326200
novel sulfated polymers as highly potent and selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus replication and giant cell formation.novel synthetic sulfated polymers, namely, sulfated polyvinyl alcohol (pvas) and sulfated copolymers of acrylic acid with vinyl alcohol (pavas), proved to be potent and selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 in vitro. the compounds completely inhibited hiv-1-induced cytopathogenicity in mt-4 cells and hiv-1 antigen expression in cem cells at a concentration of 0.8 micrograms/ml. they were equally effective against hiv-2 replication. in addition, and in cont ...19902327749
cyclobut-a and cyclobut-g, carbocyclic oxetanocin analogs that inhibit the replication of human immunodeficiency virus in t cells and monocytes and macrophages in vitro.two newly synthesized carbocyclic oxetanocin analogs, (+/-)-9-[(1 beta,2 alpha,3 beta)-2,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1-cyclobutyl]adenine (cyclobut-a) and (+/-)-9-[(1 beta,2 alpha,3 beta)-2,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1-cyclobutyl]guanine (cyclobut-g) were tested for activity against the infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in vitro. a number of other carbocyclic oxetanocin analogs failed to exert good antiretroviral effects. both cyclobut-a and cyclobut-g protected cd4+ ath8 cells against the in ...19902327778
human immunodeficiency virus does not induce interleukin-1, interleukin-6, or tumor necrosis factor in mononuclear cells.the production of interleukin-1 beta (il-1 beta), il-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) by fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells was evaluated after exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) or purified recombinant hiv-1 envelope glycoprotein (rgp120). to exclude the role of contaminating endotoxin in this study, all media were subjected to ultrafiltration and reagents contained less than 25 pg of endotoxin per ml by limulus assay. under endotoxin-free conditions, no increase ...19902335821
isolation and characterization of simian immunodeficiency viruses from two subspecies of african green monkeys.cercopithecus aethiops (african green monkey), a nonhuman primate species distributed throughout subsaharan africa, has been shown to have high seroprevalence rates of antibodies to simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), and therefore, has been proposed as a natural reservoir for immunodeficiency viruses. our laboratories have isolated siv-like viruses from two east african subspecies of c. aethiops designated grivet and vervet monkeys. analysis of the structural proteins based on the molecular we ...19902340199
human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus env proteins possess a functionally conserved assembly domain.the envelope (env) glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) form dimers shortly after synthesis. analysis of the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) env protein expressed by a recombinant vaccinia virus revealed that it, too, forms stable homodimers. when the hiv-1 and siv env proteins or the hiv-1 and hiv-2 env proteins were coexpressed in the same cells, heterodimers were formed. thus, the env proteins of hiv-1, hiv-2, and siv possess a functionally con ...19902352332
a novel proviral clone of hiv-2: biological and phylogenetic relationship to other primate immunodeficiency viruses.infectious molecular clones of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) will be valuable tools for the study of regulatory gene functions and the development of an animal model for the human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). to this end, we have cloned and sequenced a novel hiv-2 isolate, hiv-2ben. one clone, designated mk6, is infectious for various human t-cell lines and for human and macaque peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl), allowing molecular studies of hiv-2 infection and ...19902353457
[statement: the evaluation of the serodia-hiv and serodia-atla fujirebio-miles kits].a new test, based on agglutination of gelatin particles (pa), sensitized with viral antigens of hiv, was applied on detection of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv 1) antibody. sensitivity compared to the elisa tests (organon, dupond de nemours and/or elavia 2) was the same during the screening test (97.7 p. cent). specificity was also acceptable when compared to the same tests (94 p. cent). this specificity remains acceptable with african sera (96 p. cent). during screening, 11.8 p. cent of ...19902353752
[leukocytoclasic vasculitis and human immunodeficiency virus. 2 new cases]. 19902359963
detection of serum antibodies to retroviral proteins in patients with primary sjögren's syndrome (autoimmune exocrinopathy).primary sjögren's syndrome (ss) is considered a benign autoimmune disease; it is characterized by lymphoid infiltration of salivary and lacrimal glands, often accompanied by the presence of serum autoantibodies, particularly anti-ro (ss-a) and anti-la (ss-b). there are important immunologic similarities between primary ss and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. to investigate for a possible immune response to retroviral proteins in primary ss, we performed immunoblotting against human immunodefi ...19902363733
the env protein of an infectious noncytopathic hiv-2 is deficient in syncytium formation.a recent isolate of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) designated hiv-2st is deficient in its ability to cause the typical cytopathic effects of hiv infection. the pathogenic potential of hiv-2 in inducing human disease may be less than that of hiv-1, and it is of particular interest to establish the basis for the reduced cytopathogenicity of this isolate in vitro. utilizing recombinant vaccinia viruses (rvv) carrying the envelope genes (env) of hiv-2st or those of fully cytopathic hiv- ...19902364016
aids risk and prevention in transfusions.transfusion of blood and blood products range from 2 to 8% of the cases of aids. the identification of hiv viral agent and the appearance of tests designed to detect antibodies associated with mechanisms of autologous transfusions and inactivation of virus of clotting factors concentrates have contributed to decrease this mean of transmission. some aspects such as the difference of sensitivity in the tests, immunologic windows, and the appearance of new viruses such as the hiv 2 increase the com ...19902370875
[prevalence of type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in african patients residing in catalonia].278 black patients from west africa, living in maresme, a coastal area north of barcelona were studied in order to determine the prevalence of hiv-1 infection. during the first period (1984-86), 102 patients were studied, 3 of them were positive for hiv-2, but none was positive for hiv-1. in the second period (1987-89), 176 patients were studied and 15 were positive for hiv-1. sexual intercourse with prostitutes of low social level was the only risk factor in all of them. nine of these 15 patien ...19902377013
simple, sensitive, and specific detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in clinical specimens by polymerase chain reaction with nested primers.a simple, sensitive, and specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) protocol for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is described. we have improved all three pcr steps: sample preparation, dna amplification, and detection of the amplified product. some of the improvements have been described previously, but they have never been combined into a complete pcr protocol. peripheral blood mononuclear cells were lysed directly in a buffer containing sodium dodecyl sulfate, triton ...19902380380
infection of nonlymphoid cells by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 or type 2.human epithelial cells (l132) derived from embryonic lung and human lung fibroblasts (mrc5) were infected by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) or type 2 (hiv-2). surface cd4 protein was detected on these cells, and recombinant soluble cd4 (scd4) blocked infection, indicating that hiv infection was mediated by the cell surface cd4 protein. in contrast, infection of human primary chondrocyte cells (c23), synovial cells (hsa), and foreskin fibroblasts (f13) was apparently independent of c ...19902384919
experimental infection of macaques with hiv-2ben, a novel hiv-2 isolate.ten rhesus (macaca mulatta) and six fascicularis (macaca fascicularis) macaques were inoculated with hiv-2ben using three different virus preparations and two routes of inoculation. thirteen of the 16 inoculated macaques seroconverted 2-6 weeks after infection. three m. mulatta remained seronegative. the seroconverted animals developed antibody titres from 80 to 40,000. their antibodies reacted with gp160 and gp130 and, in varying degrees, with gp32 and core proteins. virus could be re-isolated ...19902397054
cd4 immunoadhesin, but not recombinant soluble cd4, blocks syncytium formation by human immunodeficiency virus type 2-infected lymphoid cells.recombinant soluble cd4 (rcd4) has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 infection of lymphoid cells in vitro. in this report, we characterized the effects of rcd4, the v1v2 fragment of cd4, and the immunoadhesin cd4-immunoglobulin g on syncytium formation between lymphoid cells infected by hiv-1 or hiv-2 and uninfected cells. all three molecules blocked hiv-1-mediated syncytium formation, but only cd4-immunoglobulin g blocked hiv-2-medi ...19902398542
absence of hiv infection in blood donors with indeterminate western blot tests for antibody to hiv-1.to determine whether apparently healthy persons who have had repeatedly reactive enzyme immunoassays and an indeterminate western blot assay for antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) are infected with hiv-1 or hiv-2, we studied 99 such volunteer blood donors in a low-risk area of the country. the subjects were interviewed about hiv risk factors. coded blood specimens were tested again for hiv-1 antibody (by two different enzyme immunoassays, a western blot assay and a radio ...19902403658
novel sulfated polysaccharides: dissociation of anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity from antithrombin activity.novel sulfated polysaccharides, sulfated bacterial glycosaminoglycan (org 31581) and chemically degraded heparin (org 31733), have proved to be potent and selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in vitro. their 50% inhibitory concentrations for hiv type 1 (hiv-1) in mt-4 cells were 0.67 and 0.52 micrograms/ml, respectively. these values are comparable to those obtained for dextran sulfate and standard heparin (0.39 and 0.89 micrograms/ml, respectively). org 31581 and org 31733 ...19902405068
hiv-2 link to aids in west africa.to date, very little is known concerning the clinical spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection, and the question as to whether hiv-2 will ultimately prove to be as pathogenic as human immunodeficiency virus type i (hiv-1) remains, as yet, unanswered. we reviewed the currently available reports of hiv-2 infection to assess what is known about the extent of hiv-2 pathogenicity as it compares to hiv-1 pathogenicity. there is evidence that hiv-2 is associated with aids. most ...19902406413
synthetic peptide assays to detect human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in seropositive individuals.detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is the standard method to screen blood products. with the description of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 as a second retrovirus involved in the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, additional laboratory testing is required to screen blood products. however, owing to the serological cross-reactivity of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 at the molecular level, it is impos ...19902407213
use of karpas hiv cell test to detect antibodies to hiv-2.commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for hiv-1 infection often fail to detect antibodies to hiv-2. a simplified version of the hiv cell test detects antibodies to this new virus and enables typing of hiv infections. since sera from 3 macaque monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus gave weakly positive reactions, this test holds promise for discovering any further strains of hiv that may exist or evolve.19872439855
the hiv 'a' (sor) gene product is essential for virus infectivity.the genome of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) contains several open reading frames (orfs) not present in other viruses. the 'a' gene, also known as q2 p'3, orf-1(4) or sor5, partially overlaps the pol gene; its protein product has a relative molecular mass of 23,000 (mr 23k) and is present in productively infected cells. the function of this protein is unclear; mutant viruses deleted in 'a' replicate in and kill cd4+ lymphocyte lines, but the high degree of conservation of the deduced ami ...19872441266
neutralisation of hiv isolates by anti-idiotypic antibodies which mimic the t4 (cd4) epitope: a potential aids vaccine.polyclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies were raised in mice against anti-leu3a, a mouse monoclonal anti-human t4 (cd4) antibody that blocks the in-vitro binding of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) to the cd4 molecule. the anti-idiotypes recognized anti-leu3a but not okt4, an anti-human t4 antibody that does not inhibit hiv binding to cd4. the anti-idiotypes specifically reacted with the hiv envelope glycoprotein in solid-phase immunoassays. more importantly, the anti-idiotypes neutralised three d ...19872444842
hiv infection of primate lymphocytes and conservation of the cd4 receptor.the cd4 t-lymphocyte differentiation antigen is an essential component of the cell surface receptor for human immunodeficiency viruses (hivs) causing aids (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) (refs 1-3). peripheral blood lymphocytes of apes, new world and old world monkeys express cell surface antigens homologous to cd4 of human t-helper lymphocytes. the cells of several of these species can be infected in short term culture with diverse strains of the type-1 or type-2 human immunodeficiency vi ...19872446142
dextran sulfate suppression of viruses in the hiv family: inhibition of virion binding to cd4+ cells.the first step in the infection of human t lymphocytes by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is attachment to the target cell receptor, the cd4 antigen. this step may be vulnerable to attack by antibodies, chemicals, or small peptides. dextran sulfate (molecular weight approximately 8000), which has been given to patients as an anticoagulant or antilipemic agent for more than two decades, was found to block the binding of virions to various target t lymphocytes, inhibit syncytia formati ...19882452480
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