| pathogen safety of beriate®. | plasma-derived factor viii (fviii) concentrates have been used successfully to treat haemophilia a since the late 1960s. to ensure the pathogen safety of the plasma-derived fviii concentrate, beriate(®) (formerly beriate(®) p), donors of blood/plasma are carefully selected and all donations are screened for hepatitis b virus surface antigen (hbsag), antibodies against hiv types 1 and 2 (hiv-1/hiv-2) and hepatitis c virus (hcv), and genomic material of hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis b virus ( ... | 2014 | 24726555 |
| clinical care versus ethical obligations: hiv-1 and -2 co-infection with hepatitis b in a pregnant jehovah's witness. | co-infection with hiv-1 and -2 is rare, even in west africa. we present the case of a 38-year-old pregnant jehovah's witness presenting late in pregnancy with triple infection with hiv-1, hiv-2 and hepatitis b virus. there was a successful outcome in averting vertical transmission despite objections to management based on religious and cultural beliefs. | 2012 | 22844019 |
| [evolution of residual risk for hiv, hcv and hbv, from 1999 to 2010, in blood donations of the centro hospitalar s. joão, epe, porto, portugal]. | monitoring the residual risk of transfusion-transmitted viral infections is important to evaluate the improvement achieved in the blood donation safety and to adopt policies to reduce risks. the present study calculates the incidence of the key infectious diseases, human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) as well as the residual risk of transfusion-transmitted viral infections, during twelve years, 1999 through 2010. data were analyzed over 3 period ... | 2013 | 24016646 |
| transfusion transmittable infections - seroprevalence among blood donors in a tertiary care hospital of delhi. | transfusion transmittable infections (tti) continue to be a major threat to safe transfusion practices. blood is one of the major sources of transmission of infectious diseases viz. human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), syphilis, malaria, and many other infections in india. screening assays for the infectious diseases with excellent sensitivity and specificity helps to enhance the safety of the blood transfusions reducing the diagnostic window peri ... | 2013 | 24014940 |
| viral hepatitis and hiv infection among injection drug users in a central iranian city. | this study aimed to determine the prevalence of serological markers for hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), and occult hbv infection among injection drug users (idus) with isolated anti-hepatitis b core (anti-hbc). | 2012 | 22895463 |
| influence of vitamin d on liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis c: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the pooled clinical trials data. | to investigate the relationship between vitamin d and liver fibrosis in hepatitis c-monoinfected or hepatitis c virus (hcv)-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) co-infected patients. | 2017 | 28261385 |
| oral syphilis: report of three cases and characterization of the inflammatory cells. | syphilis is a sexually transmitted infectious disease caused by treponema pallidum. this study reports 3 cases of syphilis and highlights the importance of identifying oral lesions for its final diagnosis. case 1: a 48-year-old male patient presented with a bleeding ulcer in the lower lip. overall clinical examination revealed patchy alopecia and skin target lesions. case 2: a 61-year-old male patient presented with white spots on the lateral tongue and nodules on the dorsum of the tongue. overa ... | 2015 | 25736987 |
| phylogeographical analysis reveals distinct sources of hiv-1 and hcv transmitted to former blood donors in china. | historically, coinfection of hiv and hepatitis c virus (hcv) was frequent among chinese former blood donors (fbds). this is largely due to ignorance/lack of education regarding appropriate sterilizing techniques and/or the availability of single-use needles and equipment. although hcv shares identical transmission routes with hiv, the source of hcv in the chinese blood donor population still remains unknown. in this study, we investigated the evolution and transmission of hcv and hiv in the chin ... | 2017 | 27473534 |
| increased hepatitis c virus (hcv) detection in women of childbearing age and potential risk for vertical transmission - united states and kentucky, 2011-2014. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection is a leading cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality (1). transmission of hcv is primarily via parenteral blood exposure, and hcv can be transmitted vertically from mother to child. vertical transmission occurs in 5.8% (95% confidence interval = 4.2%-7.8%) of infants born to women who are infected only with hcv and in up to twice as many infants born to women who are also infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) (2) or who have high hcv viral load ... | 2016 | 27442053 |
| performance of liaison xl automated immunoassay platform for blood-borne infection screening on hepatitis b, hepatitis c, hiv 1/2, htlv 1/2 and treponema pallidum serological markers. | aim of the study was to evaluate performance of a new fully automated platform, diasorin-liaison® xl (diasorin s.p.a, vercelli, italy), in blood donor screening, specifically for hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), hepatitis b core antibodies (anti-hbc), hepatitis c antibodies (anti-hcv), hiv p24 antigen, hiv antibodies, human t-lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (htlv-1/2) and treponema pallidum antibodies. | 2015 | 25779614 |
| [lopinavir/ritonavir in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection in special situations]. | ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (lpv/r) is a protease inhibitor used for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in both normal patients and in certain situations. in patients with renal failure, lpv/r does not require dosage adjustment because it is metabolized in the liver. cohort studies have shown that the incidence of varying degrees of renal disease and/or crystalluria related to combination antiretroviral therapy with tenofovir and some protease inhibitors (pi) does not ... | 2014 | 25542871 |
| [gesida/national aids plan: consensus document on antiretroviral therapy in adults infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (updated january 2014)]. | this consensus document is an update of combined antiretroviral therapy (cart) guidelines for hiv-1 infected adult patients. | 2014 | 24953253 |
| synthesis and broad spectrum antiviral evaluation of bis(pom) prodrugs of novel acyclic nucleosides. | a series of seventeen hitherto unknown anp analogs bearing the (e)-but-2-enyl aliphatic side chain and modified heterocyclic base such as cytosine and 5-fluorocytosine, 2-pyrazinecarboxamide, 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide or 4-substituted-1,2,3-triazoles were prepared in a straight approach through an olefin acyclic cross metathesis as key synthetic step. all novel compounds were evaluated for their antiviral activities against a large number of dna and rna viruses including herpes simplex virus ... | 2013 | 23911854 |
| synthesis and antiviral activity of new substituted methyl [2-(arylmethylene-hydrazino)-4-oxo-thiazolidin-5-ylidene]acetates. | a series of new methyl [2-(arylmethylene-hydrazono)-4-oxo-thiazolidin-5-ylidene]acetates (5a-o) were synthesized via cyclocondensation of thiosemicarbazones (3a-o) with dimethyl but-2-ynedioate (4) in good yields under solvent-free conditions. the environmentally friendly solvent-free protocol overcomes the limitations associated with the customary protracted solution phase synthesis and afforded the title compounds in a few minutes. compounds 5b-i and 5h-o were evaluated for their antiviral act ... | 2013 | 23828482 |
| rapid quantitative detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by a reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. | accurate and rapid quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) rna levels is a critical aspect in estimating the effect of antiviral therapy and establishing therapeutic schedule. thus, for the first time, a rapid quantitative reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) was designed to quantitate hiv-1 rna. the results showed that the dynamic range was from 2.5×10(2) to 10(7) copies with a coefficient of determination (r(2)) of 0.991, and the limit of d ... | 2014 | 24630968 |
| hepatitis c prevalence among hiv-infected patients in guinea-bissau: a descriptive cross-sectional study. | to estimate the prevalence and determine the clinical presentation of risk factors of hepatitis c virus (hcv) among hiv-infected patients in bissau, guinea-bissau. | 2014 | 25223805 |
| inactivation effect of standard and fractionated electron beam irradiation on enveloped and non-enveloped viruses in a tendon transplant model. | background: for increasing allograft tendon safety in reconstructive surgery, an effective sterilization method achieving sterility assurance including viruses without impairing the grafts properties is needed. fractionated electron beam (ebeam) has shown promising in vitro results. the proof of sufficient virus inactivation is a central part of the process validation. methods: the ebeam irradiation of the investigated viruses was performed in an optimized manner (oxygen content < 0.1%, -78 °c). ... | 2012 | 22896764 |
| [single-donor (apheresis) platelets and pooled whole-blood-derived platelets--significance and assessment of both blood products]. | the transfusion efficacy of atk, which contain fully functional platelets, is beyond all doubt. the equivalence of atk and ptk has been subject of many studies. some of those studies show the superiority of atk's, while others do not, but there have been no studies that demonstrated a superiority of ptk's. the superiority of platelets stored in plasma and in third generation additive solution was demonstrated in clinical studies; therefore, it cannot be said that all the platelet concentrates on ... | 2014 | 24779310 |
| establishment and evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay for the semi-quantitative detection of hiv-1 group m virus. | the past decade has witnessed a dramatic increase of anti-retroviral treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infected patients in many african countries. due to costs and lack of currently available commercial viral load assays, insufficient attention has been paid to therapy monitoring through measurement of plasma viral load. this challenge of patient monitoring by tests as viral load, cd4 cell count, and finally hiv drug resistance could reverse achievements already made against hiv/a ... | 2015 | 25445795 |
| [hiv-1 subtype distribution determined by phylogenetic analysis of pol gene sequences and automated subtyping tools among hiv-1 isolates from the aegian region of turkey]. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) exhibiting remarkable genetic variability, includes two genotypes namely hiv-1 (group m, n, o and p) and hiv-2 (group a-h). hiv-1 group m, which is mainly the cause of the aids pandemic, is divided into nine pure subtypes, more than 45 circulating recombinant forms (crf) and numerous unique recombinant forms (urf). according to the documents of turkish government of health, among a total of 6802 hiv-positive cases, 1096 of them were defined as aids as of june 2 ... | 2014 | 25052108 |
| discrepant amplification results during the development of an assay leads to reclassification of two aids reagent repository hiv-2 isolates as hiv-1. | the development and verification of hiv-2 assays depends in part on the availability of well-characterized samples, including those from reagent repositories. during the development of an hiv-2 rna quantification assay, two hiv-2 viral isolates (cdc 301340 and cdc 301342) obtained from the niaid aids reagent and reference repository were not detected leading to an investigation. two hiv-2 primers/probe sets of known performance in real-time viral rna quantification assays, targeting different re ... | 2014 | 24797800 |
| [evaluation of a new vesion of the human immunodeficiency virus antigen and antibody combination assay with improved sensitivity in hiv-1 p24 antigen detection]. | the performance of a new version of the hiv p24 antigen and antibody combination assays (genscreen ultra hiv ag-ab) was evaluated by comparing it with three other fourth-generation enzyme immunoassays (architect hiv ag/ab combo assay, vidas hiv duo quick and genscreen plus hiv ag-ab). the assays were examined with 200 hiv positive samples, 1,000 hiv negative samples, 30 samples (28 positives including 24 samples of subtype a, b, b', c, d, f, g, b/d, crf01_ae in hiv-1 group m, one sample of hiv-1 ... | 2013 | 23984590 |
| non-m variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | the aids pandemic that started in the early 1980s is due to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) group m (hiv-m), but apart from this major group, many divergent variants have been described (hiv-1 groups n, o, and p and hiv-2). the four hiv-1 groups arose from independent cross-species transmission of the simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) sivcpz, infecting chimpanzees, and sivgor, infecting gorillas. this, together with human adaptation, accounts for their genomic, phylogenetic, and ... | 2013 | 23824367 |
| update on the human immunodeficiency virus. | at the end of 2011, unaids estimated that 34 million (31.4 to 35.9) individuals were infected by hiv worldwide and that 2.5 million were newly infected during the year. since 2001, we have observed an increased number of hiv-infected patients in the world, due to an expanded access to antiretroviral drugs. more than 23,5 million (22.1 to 24.8) hiv-infected patients live in sub-saharan africa. the number of hiv-infected patients in france is estimated at 152,000. two types of hiv cause aids: hiv- ... | 2013 | 23628423 |
| differential sensitivities of tetherin isoforms to counteraction by primate lentiviruses. | the mammalian antiviral membrane protein tetherin (bst2/cd317) can be expressed as two isoforms derived from differential translational initiation. the shorter isoform of the human protein (s-tetherin) lacks the first 12 amino acids of the longer (l-tetherin) cytoplasmic tail, which includes a tyrosine motif that acts as both an endocytic recycling signal and a determinant of virus-induced nf-κb activation. s-tetherin is also reported to be less sensitive to the prototypic viral antagonist human ... | 2014 | 24623426 |
| effect of sex steroid hormones on replication and transmission of major hiv subtypes. | the hiv epidemic is expanding worldwide with an increasing number of distinct viral subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (crfs). out of 34 million adults living with hiv and aids, women account for one half of all hiv-1 infections worldwide. these gender differences in hiv pathogenesis may be attributed to sex hormones. little is known about the role of sex hormone effects on hiv subtypes pathogenesis. the aim of our study was to determine sex hormone effects on replication and transmissib ... | 2013 | 23542659 |
| exploration of the in vitro antiviral activity of a series of new pyrimidine analogues on the replication of hiv and hcv. | in continuation of our search for new anti-hiv and anti-hcv agents, the suggestion, synthesis and structure elucidation of a new series of 2,6-diamino-4-alkylthio- or (2-benzylhydrazinyl)-5-p-chlorophenylazopyrimidines), 2,6-diamino-4-(2-benzylhydrazinyl)-5-(aryl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)pyrimidines, 2,6-diamino-4-(aryl)-5-(aryl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl) pyrimidines), 6-(aryl)-1,3-dimethyl-5-nitro pyrimidine-2,4-dione and 6-amino-4-methoxy-n,n-dimethyl-6-arylpyrimidines were described. | 2012 | 23010622 |
| hiv-1 group o infection in cameroon from 2006 to 2013: prevalence, genetic diversity, evolution and public health challenges. | the human immunodeficiency virus, hiv, is characterized by a tremendously high genetic diversity, leading to the currently known circulating hiv types, groups, subtypes, and recombinant forms. hiv-1 group o is one of the most diverse forms of hiv-1 and has been so far related to cameroon or individuals originating from cameroon. in this study, we investigated in cameroon, the evolution of this viral group from 2006 to 2013, in terms of prevalence, genetic diversity and public health implications ... | 2015 | 26371064 |
| evaluation of two, commercial, multi-dye, nucleic acid amplification technology tests, for hbv/hcv/hiv-1/hiv-2 and b19v/hav, for screening blood and plasma for further manufacture. | the cobas taqscreen mpx test, version 2.0, a multiplex, multi-dye nucleic acid amplification technology (nat) test from roche was evaluated by two european blood banks, the german red cross blood donor service, frankfurt, germany and centro de hemoterapia y hemodonación de castilla y león, valladolid, spain. in addition, the cobas taqscreen dpx test was evaluated for the simultaneous detection and quantitation of parvovirus b19 and the detection of hepatitis a virus (hav). | 2013 | 23252689 |
| seropositivity and determinants of immunoglobulin-g (igg) antibodies against herpes simplex virus (hsv) types -1 and -2 in pregnant women in port harcourt, nigeria. | this study is the first documented prevalence of igg antibody against hsv-1&-2 in port harcourt, nigeria and thus provides baseline data for future in-depth studies on hsv infection in south-south, nigeria. | 2015 | 26957960 |
| variable clinical presentations of classic kaposi sarcoma in turkish patients. | kaposi sarcoma (ks) is a vascular neoplasm with multicentric cutanenous and extracutaneous involvements, which was first described by moriz kaposi in 1872. since then, different epidemiological clinical and histopathological variants of this neoplasm have been identified. classic kaposi sarcoma (cks) is one of four main clinico-epidemiologiologic variants. characteristics of the disease. | 2012 | 22514583 |
| facile functionalization at the c4 position of pyrimidine nucleosides via amide group activation with (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (bop) and biological evaluations of the products. | reactions of o-t-butyldimethylsilyl-protected thymidine, 2'-deoxyuridine, and 3'-azidothymidine (azt) with (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (bop) leads to activation of the c4 amide carbonyl by formation of putative o(4)-(benzotriazol-1-yl) derivatives. subsequent substitution with alkyl and aryl amines, thiols, and alcohols leads to facile functionalization at this position. reactions with amines and thiols were conducted either as a two-step, one-pot tra ... | 2017 | 28054092 |
| synthesis and antiviral evaluation of bis(pom) prodrugs of (e)-[4'-phosphono-but-2'-en-1'-yl]purine nucleosides. | seventeen hitherto unknown bis(pom) prodrugs of novel (e)-[4'-phosphono-but-2'-en-1'-yl]purine nucleosides were prepared in a straight approach and at good yields. those compounds were synthesized by the reaction of purine nucleobases directly with the phosphonate synthon 3 bearing pom biolabile groups under mitsunobu conditions. all obtained compounds were evaluated for their antiviral activities against a large number of dna and rna viruses including herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, varicella z ... | 2012 | 23047229 |
| cell-cell transmission allows human t-lymphotropic virus 1 to circumvent tetherin restriction. | tetherin is part of the cellular innate immunity and impedes cell-free transmission of viruses that bud from the plasma membrane by retaining them on the cell surface. some viruses have evolved activities in different proteins such as vpu (hiv-1), k-protein (kshv), nef (siv) or env (hiv-2) to downregulate tetherin and overcome its restriction. we found that chronically htlv-1 infected t-cell lines express eightfold more tetherin than uninfected transformed t-cell lines suggesting that tetherin e ... | 2013 | 23260108 |
| proteolysis of mature hiv-1 p6 gag protein by the insulin-degrading enzyme (ide) regulates virus replication in an env-dependent manner. | there is a significantly higher risk for type ii diabetes in hiv-1 carriers, albeit the molecular mechanism for this hiv-related pathology remains enigmatic. the 52 amino acid hiv-1 p6 gag protein is synthesized as the c-terminal part of the gag polyprotein pr55. in this context, p6 promotes virus release by its two late (l-) domains, and facilitates the incorporation of the viral accessory protein vpr. however, the function of p6 in its mature form, after proteolytic release from gag, has not b ... | 2017 | 28388673 |
| fidelity of classwide-resistant hiv-2 reverse transcriptase and differential contribution of k65r to the accuracy of hiv-1 and hiv-2 reverse transcriptases. | nucleoside reverse transcriptase (rt) inhibitors constitute the backbone of current therapies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2, respectively). however, mutational pathways leading to the development of nucleoside analogue resistance are different in both types of hiv. in hiv-2, resistance to all approved nucleoside analogues is conferred by the combination of rt substitutions k65r, q151m and m184v. nucleotide incorporation kinetic analyses of mutant and wil ... | 2017 | 28333133 |
| hiv diagnosis and treatment through advanced technologies. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is the chief contributor to global burden of disease. in 2010, hiv was the fifth leading cause of disability-adjusted life years in people of all ages and leading cause for people aged 30-44 years. it is classified as a member of the family retroviridae and genus lentivirus based on the biological, morphological, and genetic properties. it infects different cells of the immune system, such as cd4+ t cells (t-helper cells), dendritic cells, and macrophages. hiv ... | 2017 | 28326304 |
| insight into hiv-2 latency may disclose strategies for a cure for hiv-1 infection. | hiv-1 and hiv-2 originate from two distinct zoonotic transmissions of simian immunodeficiency viruses from primate to human. although both share similar modes of transmission and can result in the development of aids with similar clinical manifestations, hiv-2 infection is generally milder and less likely to progress to aids. hiv is currently incurable due to the presence of hiv provirus integrated into the host dna of long-lived memory cells of the immune system without active replication. as s ... | 2017 | 28275453 |
| rna-associated early-stage anti-viral factor (reaf) is a major component of lv2 restriction. | hiv and siv replication in human cells is restricted at early post-entry steps by host inhibitory factors. we previously described and characterised an early phase restriction of hiv-1 and 2 replication in human cell lines, primary macrophages and pbmcs. the restriction was termed lentiviral restriction 2 (lv2). the viral determinants of lv2 susceptibility mapped to the hiv-2 env and ca. we subsequently reported a whole genome sirna screen for factors involved in to hiv which identified rna-asso ... | 2017 | 28275184 |
| primate lentiviruses modulate nf-κb activity by multiple mechanisms to fine-tune viral and cellular gene expression. | the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated b cells (nf-κb) plays a complex role during the replication of primate lentiviruses. on the one hand, nf-κb is essential for induction of efficient proviral gene expression. on the other hand, this transcription factor contributes to the innate immune response and induces expression of numerous cellular antiviral genes. recent data suggest that primate lentiviruses cope with this challenge by boosting nf-κb activity ... | 2017 | 28261165 |
| an unexpected diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus-2 infection in an overseas visitor: a case report. | human immunodeficiency virus 2 infection is endemic in west africa but is also found in parts of europe, north and south america, and india where it is thought to have been introduced secondary to migration and commercial trade ties. it is less common than human immunodeficiency virus 1, with differences in pathogenicity, lower rates of transmission, longer asymptomatic period and slower progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. human immunodeficiency virus 2 is also associated with dia ... | 2017 | 28259182 |
| interleukin-27 enhances the potential of reactive oxygen species generation from monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells by induction of p47(phox). | interleukin (il)-27, a member of the il-12 cytokine family, plays an important and diverse role in the function of the immune system. we have previously demonstrated that il-27 is an anti-viral cytokine which inhibits hiv-1, hiv-2, influenza virus and herpes simplex virus infection, and enhances the potential of reactive oxygen species (ros) generating activity during differentiation of monocytes to macrophages. in this study, we further investigated the mechanism of the enhanced potential for r ... | 2017 | 28240310 |
| vpx overcomes a samhd1-independent block to hiv reverse transcription that is specific to resting cd4 t cells. | early after entry into monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and resting cd4 t cells, hiv encounters a block, limiting reverse transcription (rt) of the incoming viral rna genome. in this context, dntp triphosphohydrolase sam domain and hd domain-containing protein 1 (samhd1) has been identified as a restriction factor, lowering the concentration of dntp substrates to limit rt. the accessory lentiviral protein x (vpx) proteins from the major simian immunodeficiency virus of rhesus macaque, so ... | 2017 | 28228523 |
| different expression of interferon-stimulated genes in response to hiv-1 infection in dendritic cells based on their maturation state. | dendritic cells (dcs) are professional antigen-presenting cells whose functions are dependent on their degree of differentiation. in their immature state, dcs capture pathogens and migrate to the lymph nodes. during this process, dcs become resident mature cells specialized in antigen presentation. dcs are characterized by a highly limiting environment for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) replication due to the expression of restriction factors such as samhd1 and apobec3g. however, un ... | 2017 | 28148784 |
| human milk banking. | human milk banks play an essential role by providing human milk to infants who would otherwise not be able to receive human milk. the largest group of recipients are premature infants who derive very substantial benefits from it. human milk protects premature infants from necrotizing enterocolitis and from sepsis, two devastating medical conditions. milk banks collect, screen, store, process, and distribute human milk. donating women usually nurse their own infants and have a milk supply that ex ... | 2016 | 28103607 |
| zinc binding site of hiv-2 vpx prevents instability and dysfunction of the protein. | hiv-2 vpx coordinates zinc through residues h39, h82, c87 and c89. we reported previously that h39, h82 and c87 mutants maintain vpx activity to facilitate the degradation of samhd1. herein, the expression of vpx mutants in cells was examined in detail. we demonstrated that the zinc-binding site stabilizes the protein to keep its function in virus growth when low levels of vpx are expressed. at higher levels of expression, vpx aggregation can occur, and zinc binding would suppress such aggregati ... | 2017 | 28056217 |
| a genotypic method for determining hiv-2 coreceptor usage enables epidemiological studies and clinical decision support. | ccr5-coreceptor antagonists can be used for treating hiv-2 infected individuals. before initiating treatment with coreceptor antagonists, viral coreceptor usage should be determined to ensure that the virus can use only the ccr5 coreceptor (r5) and cannot evade the drug by using the cxcr4 coreceptor (x4-capable). however, until now, no online tool for the genotypic identification of hiv-2 coreceptor usage had been available. furthermore, there is a lack of knowledge on the determinants of hiv-2 ... | 2016 | 27998283 |
| physiological mg(2+) conditions significantly alter the inhibition of hiv-1 and hiv-2 reverse transcriptases by nucleoside and non-nucleoside inhibitors in vitro. | reverse transcriptases (rts) are typically assayed in vitro with 5-10 mm mg(2+), whereas the free mg(2+) concentration in cells is much lower. artificially high mg(2+) concentrations used in vitro can misrepresent different properties of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) rt, including fidelity, catalysis, pausing, and rnase h activity. here, we analyzed nucleoside (nrtis) and non-nucleoside rt inhibitors (nnrtis) in primer extension assays at different concentrations of free mg(2+). at low conc ... | 2017 | 27936595 |
| tlr7/8 agonist induces a post-entry samhd1-independent block to hiv-1 infection of monocytes. | monocytes, the primary myeloid cell-type in peripheral blood, are resistant to hiv-1 infection as a result of the lentiviral restriction factor samhd1. toll-like receptors recognize microbial pathogen components, inducing the expression of antiviral host proteins and proinflammatory cytokines. tlr agonists that mimic microbial ligands have been found to have activity against hiv-1 in macrophages. the induction of restriction factors in monocytes by tlr agonist activation has not been well studie ... | 2016 | 27905985 |
| early diagnosis of hiv infection in infants - one caribbean and six sub-saharan african countries, 2011-2015. | pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection remains an important public health issue in resource-limited settings. in 2015, 1.4 million children aged <15 years were estimated to be living with hiv (including 170,000 infants born in 2015), with the vast majority living in sub-saharan africa (1). in 2014, 150,000 children died from hiv-related causes worldwide (2). access to timely hiv diagnosis and treatment for hiv-infected infants reduces hiv-associated mortality, which is approximat ... | 2016 | 27880749 |
| current status of hiv/aids in the art era. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) spread to humans from chimpanzees (hiv-1 groups m and n), gorillas (hiv-1 groups p and o), and sooty mangabeys (hiv-2). hiv is spread mainly through blood or body fluids. subjects can become infected with hiv by sexual contact, needle sharing, blood transfusions, or maternal transmissions as a blood-borne virus or via breast-milk. the incubation period of hiv-1 from infection to the development of aids ranges from 8 to 11 years. in the past 3 decades, hiv has c ... | 2017 | 27825722 |
| phylogenetic insights into the functional relationship between primate lentiviral reverse transcriptase and accessory proteins vpx/vpr. | the efficiency of reverse transcription to synthesize viral dna in infected cells greatly influences replication kinetics of retroviruses. however, viral replication in non-dividing cells such as resting t cells and terminally differentiated macrophages is potently and kinetically restricted by a host antiviral factor designated samhd1 (sterile alpha motif and hd-domain containing protein 1). samhd1 reduces cellular deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dntp) pools and affects viral reverse transcriptio ... | 2016 | 27803699 |
| a helical short-peptide fusion inhibitor with highly potent activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) has already spread to different regions worldwide, and currently about 1 to 2 million people have been infected, calling for new antiviral agents that are effective on both hiv-1 and hiv-2 isolates. t20 (enfuvirtide), a 36-mer peptide derived from the c-terminal heptad repeat region (chr) of gp41, is the only clinically approved hiv-1 fusion inhibitor, but it easily induces drug resistance and is not active on hiv-2. in this study, we first demonstrate ... | 2017 | 27795437 |
| vif proteins from diverse human immunodeficiency virus/simian immunodeficiency virus lineages have distinct binding sites in a3c. | lentiviruses have evolved the vif protein to counteract apobec3 (a3) restriction factors by targeting them for proteasomal degradation. previous studies have identified important residues in the interface of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) vif and human apobec3c (ha3c) or human apobec3f (ha3f). however, the interaction between primate a3c proteins and hiv-1 vif or natural hiv-1 vif variants is still poorly understood. here, we report that hiv-1 vif is inactive against a3cs of rhesus ... | 2016 | 27581978 |
| lineage-specific differences between the gp120 inner domain layer 3 of human immunodeficiency virus and that of simian immunodeficiency virus. | binding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) gp120 exterior envelope glycoprotein to cd4 triggers conformational changes in gp120 that promote its interaction with one of the chemokine receptors, usually ccr5, ultimately leading to gp41-mediated virus-cell membrane fusion and entry. we previously described that topological layers (layer 1, layer 2, and layer 3) in the gp120 inner domain contribute to gp120-trimer association in the unliganded sta ... | 2016 | 27535053 |
| samhd1 polymorphisms were significantly correlated with hiv/siv virus load in pbmc from chinese rhesus macaques and cynomolgus macaques | background-sterile alpha motif and histidine aspartate domain containing deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase 1 (samhd1) is one of the novel restriction factors that potently supresses hiv-1 infection in myeloid cells at an early stage in the viral replication cycle. samhd1 activity is blocked by the action of viral accessory protein x (vpx), which targets and recruits samhd1 for proteasomal degradation, in the sivsm/hiv-2 lineage. objective-the impact of samhd1 polymorphisms on vira ... | 2016 | 27758709 |
| single amino acid substitution n659d in hiv-2 envelope glycoprotein (env) impairs viral release and hampers bst-2 antagonism. | bst-2 or tetherin is a host cell restriction factor that prevents the budding of enveloped viruses at the cell surface, thus impairing the viral spread. several countermeasures to evade this antiviral factor have been positively selected in retroviruses: the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) relies on the envelope glycoprotein (env) to overcome bst-2 restriction. the env gp36 ectodomain seems involved in this anti-tetherin activity, however residues and regions interacting with bst-2 a ... | 2016 | 27754450 |
| antagonism of bst-2/tetherin is a conserved function of the env glycoprotein of primary hiv-2 isolates. | although hiv-2 does not encode a vpu gene, the ability to antagonize bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (bst-2) is conserved in some hiv-2 isolates, where it is controlled by the env glycoprotein. we previously reported that a single-amino-acid difference between the laboratory-adapted rod10 and rod14 envs controlled the enhancement of virus release (referred to here as vpu-like) activity. here, we investigated how conserved the vpu-like activity is in primary hiv-2 isolates. we found that half of th ... | 2016 | 27681141 |
| phylogenetic analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 group b. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infections are mainly restricted to west africa; however, in the recent years, the prevalence of hiv-2 is a growing concern in some european countries and the southwestern region of india. despite the presence of different hiv-2 groups, only a and b groups have established human-to-human transmission chains. | 2017 | 27621561 |
| biased nucleotide composition and differential codon usage pattern in hiv-1 and hiv-2. | hiv-1 and hiv-2 are closely related retroviruses with differences in pathogenicity and geographic distribution. hiv-2 infection is associated with slower disease progression and transmission, longer latency period, low or undetectable plasmatic viral loads, and reduced likelihood of progression to aids, compared to hiv-1. in this investigation, we analyzed hiv-2 genes and genomes and compared them with that of hiv-1 belonging to various subtypes. comparative analysis of the effective number of c ... | 2017 | 27599904 |
| hiv-2 epidemic in spain - challenges and missing opportunities. | : hiv type 2 (hiv-2) is a neglected virus despite estimates of 1-2 million people infected worldwide. hiv-2 is less efficiently transmitted than hiv-1 by sex and from mother-to-child. although aids may develop in hiv-2 carriers, it takes longer than in hiv-1-infected patients. in contrast with hiv-1 infection, there is no global pandemic caused by hiv-2, remaining the virus largely confined to west africa. in a less extent and due to socioeconomic ties and wars, hiv-2 is prevalent in portugal an ... | 2017 | 28358736 |
| cyclophilins and nucleoporins are required for infection mediated by capsids from circulating hiv-2 primary isolates. | hiv-2 groups have emerged from sooty mangabey siv and entered the human population in africa on several separate occasions. compared to world pandemic hiv-1 that arose from the chimpanzee sivcpz virus, the sivsm-derived hiv-2, largely confined to west africa, is less replicative, less transmissible and less pathogenic. here, we evaluated the interactions between host cellular factors, which control hiv-1 infection and target the capsid, and hiv-2 capsids obtained from primary isolates from patie ... | 2017 | 28345672 |
| the hiv oligonucleotide database (hivoligodb). | the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is associated with one of the most widespread infectious disease, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). the development of antiretroviral drugs and methods for virus detection requires a comprehensive analysis of the hiv genomic diversity, particularly in the binding sites of oligonucleotides. here, we describe a versatile online database (hivoligodb) with oligonucleotides selected for the diagnosis of hiv and treatment of aids. currently, the data ... | 2017 | 28365729 |
| access of hiv-2 to cd169-dependent dendritic cell-mediated trans infection pathway is attenuated. | the mechanisms behind the low viral loads and lower mortality rates of hiv-2(+) individuals remain unknown. we hypothesized that reduced interaction of hiv-2 with cd169, the primary hiv-1 attachment factor on monocyte-derived dendritic cells (dcs) that targets captured virus particles to the trans infection pathway, contributes to its diminished pathogenic phenotype in vivo. we observed a significant decrease in capture of hiv-2 gag-egfp virus-like particles (vlps) and infectious gfp-containing ... | 2016 | 27521724 |
| diagnostic utility of droplet digital pcr for hiv reservoir quantification. | quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) is implemented in many molecular laboratories worldwide for the quantification of viral nucleic acids. however, over the last two decades, there has been renewed interest in the concept of digital pcr (dpcr) as this platform offers direct quantification without the need for standard curves, a simplified workflow and the possibility to extend the current detection limit. these benefits are of great interest in terms of the quantification of low viral levels in hi ... | 2016 | 27482456 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) gag is trafficked in an ap-3 and ap-5 dependent manner. | although human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types 1 and 2 are closely related lentiviruses with similar replication cycles, hiv-2 infection is associated with slower progression to aids, a higher proportion of long term non-progressors, and lower rates of transmission than hiv-1, likely as a consequence of a lower viral load during hiv-2 infection. a mechanistic explanation for the differential viral load remains unclear but knowledge of differences in particle production between hiv-1 and hiv-2 ... | 2016 | 27392064 |
| h11/hspb8 restricts hiv-2 vpx to restore the anti-viral activity of samhd1. | virus-host interactions play vital roles in viral replication and virus-induced pathogenesis. viruses rely entirely upon host cells to reproduce progeny viruses; however, host factors positively or negatively regulate virus replication by interacting with viral proteins. the elucidation of virus-host protein interaction not only provides a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which host cells combat viral infections, but also facilitates the development of new anti-viral therapeut ... | 2016 | 27379031 |
| hiv-1 and hiv-2 exhibit divergent interactions with hltf and ung2 dna repair proteins. | hiv replication in nondividing host cells occurs in the presence of high concentrations of noncanonical dutp, apolipoprotein b mrna-editing, enzyme-catalytic, polypeptide-like 3 (apobec3) cytidine deaminases, and samhd1 (a cell cycle-regulated dntp triphosphohydrolase) dntpase, which maintains low concentrations of canonical dntps in these cells. these conditions favor the introduction of marks of dna damage into viral cdna, and thereby prime it for processing by dna repair enzymes. accessory pr ... | 2016 | 27335459 |
| dual simian foamy virus/human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infections in persons from côte d'ivoire. | zoonotic transmission of simian retroviruses in west-central africa occurring in primate hunters has resulted in pandemic spread of human immunodeficiency viruses (hivs) and human t-lymphotropic viruses (htlvs). while simian foamy virus (sfv) and simian t- lymphotropic virus (stlv)-like infection were reported in healthy persons exposed to nonhuman primates (nhps) in west-central africa, less is known about the distribution of these viruses in western africa and in hospitalized populations. we s ... | 2016 | 27310836 |
| nonhuman primate ifitm proteins are potent inhibitors of hiv and siv. | interferon-induced transmembrane (ifitm) proteins are potent antiviral factors shown to restrict the infection of many enveloped viruses, including hiv. here we report cloning and characterization of a panel of nonhuman primate ifitms. we show that, similar to human ifitm, nonhuman primate ifitm proteins inhibit hiv and other primate lentiviruses. while some nonhuman primate ifitm proteins are more potent than human counterparts to inhibit hiv-1, they are generally not effective against hiv-2 si ... | 2016 | 27257969 |
| normal pressure hydrocephalus in a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 patient. | normal pressure hydrocephalus (nph) is a relatively common disease of adulthood characterized by a typical combination of clinical and radiological findings. in this report, we discuss a 54-year-old female presenting with symptoms suggestive of nph and found to have a history of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1. she was not treated as she was in denial state and developed nph as a possible complication. in the literature, there has only been one reported case of hiv type 2 causing nph; ... | 2016 | 27222676 |
| functional incompatibility between the generic nf-κb motif and a subtype-specific sp1iii element drives the formation of the hiv-1 subtype c viral promoter. | of the various genetic subtypes of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), only in subtype c of hiv-1 is a genetically variant nf-κb binding site found at the core of the viral promoter in association with a subtype-specific sp1iii motif. how the subtype-associated variations in the core transcription factor binding sites (tfbs) influence gene expression from the viral promoter has not been examined previously. using panels of infecti ... | 2016 | 27194770 |
| hiv-1 vpu mediates hla-c downregulation. | many pathogens evade cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) by downregulating hla molecules on infected cells, but the loss of hla can trigger nk cell-mediated lysis. hiv-1 is thought to subvert ctls while preserving nk cell inhibition by nef-mediated downregulation of hla-a and -b but not hla-c molecules. we find that hla-c is downregulated by most primary hiv-1 clones, including transmitted founder viruses, in contrast to the laboratory-adapted nl4-3 virus. hla-c reduction is mediated by viral vpu and ... | 2016 | 27173934 |
| identification of host micro rnas that differentiate hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection using genome expression profiling techniques. | while human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) share many similar traits, major differences in pathogenesis and clinical outcomes exist between the two viruses. the differential expression of host factors like micrornas (mirnas) in response to hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections are thought to influence the clinical outcomes presented by the two viruses. micrornas are small non-coding rna molecules which function in transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression ... | 2016 | 27144577 |
| development of an antigen-capture elisa for the detection of the p27-ca protein of herv-k(hml-2). | the detection or quantification of retroviruses is often achieved using an antigen-capture elisa (ac-elisa) that targets the gag capsid (ca) protein. we report here the development of an ac-elisa specific for the p27-ca protein of herv-k(hml-2). a monoclonal p27-specific antibody is used for capture and a polyclonal anti-p27-ca immune serum generated in rabbits serves for detection. the assay was shown to be specific for herv-k(hml-2), showing no evidence of cross reactivity with the human retro ... | 2016 | 27142113 |
| two human immunodeficiency virus type 2 cases in us blood donors including serologic, molecular, and genomic characterization of an epidemiologically unusual case. | blood donation screening for human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) has been in place in the united states since 1992. however, only three hiv-2 antibody-positive donors have been reported to date, all detected via hiv-1 cross-reactivity. | 2016 | 27079968 |
| executive summary of the gesida/national aids plan consensus document on antiretroviral therapy in adults infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (updated january 2016). | in this update, antiretroviral therapy (art) is recommended for all patients infected by type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1). the objective of art is to achieve an undetectable plasma viral load (pvl). initial art should comprise 3 drugs, namely, 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nrti), and 1 drug from another family. four of the recommended regimens, all of which have an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (insti) as the third drug, are considered a preferred regimen; a fur ... | 2017 | 27068257 |
| targeted isolation of antibodies directed against major sites of siv env vulnerability. | the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) challenge model of lentiviral infection is often used as a model to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) for studying vaccine mediated and immune correlates of protection. however, knowledge of the structure of the siv envelope (env) glycoprotein is limited, as is knowledge of binding specificity, function and potential efficacy of siv antibody responses. in this study we describe the use of a competitive probe binding sort strategy as well as scaff ... | 2016 | 27064278 |
| preservation of lymphopoietic potential and virus suppressive capacity by cd8+ t cells in hiv-2-infected controllers. | compared with hiv-1, hiv-2 infection is characterized by a larger proportion of slow or nonprogressors. a better understanding of hiv-2 pathogenesis should open new therapeutic avenues to establish control of hiv-1 replication in infected patients. in this study, we studied the production of cd8(+) t cells and their capacity for viral control in hiv-2 controllers from the french anrs co5 hiv-2 cohort. hiv-2 controllers display a robust capacity to support long-term renewal of the cd8(+) t cell c ... | 2016 | 27566819 |
| expression profiles of vpx/vpr proteins are co-related with the primate lentiviral lineage. | viruses of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and some simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) lineages carry a unique accessory protein called vpx. vpx is essential or critical for viral replication in natural target cells such as macrophages and t lymphocytes. we have previously shown that a poly-proline motif (ppm) located at the c-terminal region of vpx is required for its efficient expression in two strains of hiv-2 and sivmac, and that the vpx expression levels of the two clones are s ... | 2016 | 27536295 |
| hiv-2 molecular epidemiology. | the simian immunodeficiency virus of sooty mangabeys (sivsmm) has been revealed to be at the origin of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) in humans, firstly detected from two portuguese patients in 1986. hiv-2 is mainly restricted to west africa where it infects up to 1 to 2 million people. hiv-2 is also present in europe, mainly portugal and france, india and united states of america. two major hiv-2 groups, groups a and b, were generated by two independent transmission events involvin ... | 2016 | 27530215 |
| metabolic profiling during hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection of primary human monocyte-derived macrophages. | we evaluated cellular metabolism profiles of hiv-1 and hiv-2 infected primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (mdms). first, hiv-2 gl-an displays faster production kinetics and greater amounts of virus as compared to hiv-1s: yu-2, 89.6 and jr-csf. second, quantitative lc-ms/ms metabolomics analysis demonstrates very similar metabolic profiles in glycolysis and tca cycle metabolic intermediates between hiv-1 and hiv-2 infected macrophages, with a few notable exceptions. the most striking metab ... | 2016 | 26895248 |
| high-frequency illegitimate strand transfers of nascent dna fragments during reverse transcription result in defective retrovirus genomes. | two strand transfers of nascent dna fragments during reverse transcription are required for retrovirus replication. however, whether strand transfers occur at illegitimate sites and how this may affect retrovirus replication are not well understood. | 2016 | 26885810 |
| potent in vitro antiviral activity of cistus incanus extract against hiv and filoviruses targets viral envelope proteins. | novel therapeutic options are urgently needed to improve global treatment of virus infections. herbal products with confirmed clinical safety features are attractive starting material for the identification of new antiviral activities. here we demonstrate that cistus incanus (ci) herbal products inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infections in vitro. ci extract inhibited clinical hiv-1 and hiv-2 isolates, and, importantly, a virus isolate with multiple drug resistances, confirming broad ... | 2016 | 26833261 |
| analysis of host gene expression profile in hiv-1 and hiv-2 infected t-cells. | hiv replication is closely regulated by a complex pathway of host factors, many of them being determinants of cell tropism and host susceptibility to hiv infection. these host factors are known to exert a positive or negative influence on the replication of the two major types of hiv, hiv-1 and hiv-2, thereby modulating virus infectivity, host response to infection and ultimately disease progression profiles characteristic of these two types. understanding the differential regulation of host cel ... | 2016 | 26821323 |
| the cellular thioredoxin-1/thioredoxin reductase-1 driven oxidoreduction represents a chemotherapeutic target for hiv-1 entry inhibition. | the entry of hiv into its host cell is an interesting target for chemotherapeutic intervention in the life-cycle of the virus. during entry, reduction of disulfide bridges in the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 by cellular oxidoreductases is crucial. the cellular thioredoxin reductase-1 plays an important role in this oxidoreduction process by recycling electrons to thioredoxin-1. therefore, thioredoxin reductase-1 inhibitors may inhibit gp120 reduction during hiv-1 entry. in this present stud ... | 2016 | 26816344 |
| acute infections, cost per infection and turnaround time in three united states hospital laboratories using fourth-generation antigen-antibody human immunodeficiency virus immunoassays. | background. to improve clinical and public health outcomes through early human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) detection, fourth-generation antigen/antibody immunoassay (4ia) and supplemental testing results must be returned rapidly. methods. we examined hiv testing data at harborview medical center (hmc), massachusetts general hospital (mgh), and the medical university of south carolina (musc), which used 4ia and supplemental antibody and nucleic acid tests (nats). at mgh and musc, hiv-1 western ... | 2016 | 26798766 |
| hd domain of samhd1 influences vpx-induced degradation at a post-interaction step. | primate samhd1 proteins are potent inhibitors of viruses, including retroviruses such as hiv-1, hiv-2, and siv. vpx, a distinctive viral protein expressed by hiv-2 and some sivs, induces samhd1 degradation by forming a vpx-dcaf1-based ubiquitin ligase complex. either the n- or the c-terminus of samhd1 is critical for vpx-induced degradation, depending on the types of samhd1 and vpx proteins. however, it was not fully understood whether other regions of samhd1 also contribute to its depletion by ... | 2016 | 26779819 |
| a pan-hiv strategy for complete genome sequencing. | molecular surveillance is essential to monitor hiv diversity and track emerging strains. we have developed a universal library preparation method (hiv-smart [i.e.,switchingmechanismat 5' end ofrnatranscript]) for next-generation sequencing that harnesses the specificity of hiv-directed priming to enable full genome characterization of all hiv-1 groups (m, n, o, and p) and hiv-2. broad application of the hiv-smart approach was demonstrated using a panel of diverse cell-cultured virus isolates. hi ... | 2016 | 26699702 |
| signatures in simian immunodeficiency virus sivsme660 envelope gp120 are associated with mucosal transmission but not vaccination breakthrough in rhesus macaques. | mucosal surfaces are vulnerable to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)/simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infection and thus are key sites for eliciting vaccine-mediated protection. vaccine protocols carried out at the yerkes primate research center utilized sivmac239-based immunization strategies with intrarectal and intravaginal sivsme660 challenge of rhesus macaques. we investigated whether there were genetic signatures associated with sivsme660 intrarectal and intravaginal transmissions in v ... | 2015 | 26676777 |
| hiv-induced epigenetic alterations in host cells. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), a member of the retroviridae family, is a positive-sense, enveloped rna virus. hiv, the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) has two major types, hiv-1 and hiv-2 in hiv-infected cells the single stranded viral rna genome is reverse transcribed and the double-stranded viral dna integrates into the cellular dna, forming a provirus. the proviral hiv genome is controlled by the host epigenetic regulatory machinery. cellular epigenetic regul ... | 2016 | 26659262 |
| the performance of reverse transcriptase assay for the estimation of the plasma viral load in hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections. | viral load testing for human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) in resource-poor settings continues to be a challenge. although antiretroviral therapy (art) is being made available in developing countries, monitoring of viral load is not being done on a regular basis. the purpose of this study was to assess the utility of cavidi version 3.0, which measures the plasma reverse transcriptase (rt) activity and compare its performance with molecular hiv viral load assays. in all, 125 hiv-1 and 13 hiv-2 ... | 2016 | 26654354 |
| patients' understanding of blood tests and attitudes to hiv screening in the emergency department of a swiss teaching hospital: a cross-sectional observational study. | in switzerland, patients may undergo "blood tests" without being informed what these are screening for. inadequate doctor-patient communication may result in patient misunderstanding. we examined what patients in the emergency department (ed) believed they had been screened for and explored their attitudes to routine (non-targeted) human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) screening. | 2015 | 26636370 |
| on-demand preexposure prophylaxis in men at high risk for hiv-1 infection. | antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis has been shown to reduce the risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection in some studies, but conflicting results have been reported among studies, probably due to challenges of adherence to a daily regimen. | 2015 | 26624850 |
| structure of an hiv-2 gp120 in complex with cd4. | hiv-2 is a nonpandemic form of the virus causing aids, and the majority of hiv-2-infected patients exhibit long-term nonprogression. the hiv-1 and hiv-2 envelope glycoproteins, the sole targets of neutralizing antibodies, share 30 to 40% identity. as a first step in understanding the reduced pathogenicity of hiv-2, we solved a 3.0-å structure of an hiv-2 gp120 bound to the host receptor cd4, which reveals structural similarity to hiv-1 gp120 despite divergence in amino acid sequence. | 2015 | 26608312 |
| maraviroc: a review of its use in hiv infection and beyond. | the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (hiv-1) enters target cells by binding its envelope glycoprotein gp120 to the cd4 receptor and/or coreceptors such as c-c chemokine receptor type 5 (ccr5; r5) and c-x-c chemokine receptor type 4 (cxcr4; x4), and r5-tropic viruses predominate during the early stages of infection. ccr5 antagonists bind to ccr5 to prevent viral entry. maraviroc (mvc) is the only ccr5 antagonist currently approved by the united states food and drug administration, the european comm ... | 2015 | 26491256 |
| mechanistic and kinetic differences between reverse transcriptases of vpx coding and non-coding lentiviruses. | among lentiviruses, hiv type 2 (hiv-2) and many simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) strains replicate rapidly in non-dividing macrophages, whereas hiv type 1 (hiv-1) replication in this cell type is kinetically delayed. the efficient replication capability of hiv-2/siv in non-dividing cells is induced by a unique, virally encoded accessory protein, vpx, which proteasomally degrades the host antiviral restriction factor, sam domain- and hd domain-containing protein 1 (samhd1). samhd1 is a dntpase ... | 2015 | 26483545 |
| buccal cancer in a female patient with human immunodeficiency virus-2 infection. | this is the first-case report of isolated human immunodeficiency virus-2 (hiv-2) infection that developed squamous cell carcinoma (scc) of the buccal mucosa. she was treated with radiotherapy 66 gy in 30 fractions. hiv-2 infection was diagnosed with tridot test, and quantitative estimation was done with polymerase chain reaction. viral load is usually low in hiv-2 patients; similarly tempo of disease progression is also slow. treatment of scc of buccal mucosa with or without hiv infection is not ... | 2016 | 26458687 |
| samhd1: at the crossroads of cell proliferation, immune responses, and virus restriction. | samhd1 is a triphosphohydrolase enzyme that controls the intracellular level of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dntps) and plays a role in innate immune sensing and autoimmune disease. samhd1 has also been identified as an intrinsic virus restriction factor, inactivated through degradation by hiv-2 vpx or through a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism. phosphorylation of samhd1 by cyclin-dependent kinases has been strongly associated with inactivation of the virus restriction mechanism, ... | 2015 | 26439297 |
| evaluation of performance of human immunodeficiency virus antigen/antibody combination assays in taiwan. | the fourth-generation human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) combination assay, which can simultaneously detect the presence of anti-hiv antibody and hiv antigen, has been shown to shorten the window period in hiv diagnosis compared with the third-generation hiv antibody immunoassay. this study was aimed to determine the performance of hiv combination assays in taiwan, where the hiv-1 seroprevalence is 0.007% and hiv-2 infection has never been reported. | 2015 | 26433754 |