| evolutionary and structural features of the c2, v3 and c3 envelope regions underlying the differences in hiv-1 and hiv-2 biology and infection. | unlike in hiv-1 infection, the majority of hiv-2 patients produce broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies, control viral replication and survive as elite controllers. the identification of the molecular, structural and evolutionary footprints underlying these very distinct immunological and clinical outcomes may lead to the development of new strategies for the prevention and treatment of hiv infection. | 2011 | 21283793 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and related primate lentiviruses engage clathrin through gag-pol or gag. | the gag-pol polyprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is not required for efficient viral particle production. however, premature termination codons in pol, particularly in the integrase (in)-coding region, can markedly impair hiv-1 particle formation, apparently due to the premature activation of the viral protease (pr). we now report that the in domain of gag-pol is required for the incorporation of clathrin into hiv-1 virions. significantly, pr-dependent effects of point muta ... | 2011 | 21289110 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in two saudi families. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), the second retrovirus that causes the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) in humans, is limited in its distribution to west africa. we report cases in two saudi families with hiv-2 infection and aids, resulting in death of the index cases-the husbands, while the wives and a daughter were maintained on antiretroviral therapy. when hiv viral loads were undetectable in initial assays, further testing confirmed the presence of hiv-2. in the first f ... | 2011 | 21293067 |
| sero-prevalence of hiv infection among tuberculosis patients in a rural tuberculosis referral clinic in northern nigeria. | co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and mycobacterium tuberculosis the causative agent of tuberculosis (tb), has been referred to as the "cursed duet" as a result of the attendant morbidity and mortality due to their synergistic actions. this study was carried out to determine the prevalence of hiv infection among tuberculosis (tb) confirmed patients on admission at a tb referral centre. the association of hiv prevalence with gender and age as risk factors was also determined. b ... | 2010 | 21293749 |
| false-positive human immunodeficiency virus enzyme immunoassay results in pregnant women. | examine whether false-positive hiv enzyme immunoassay (eia) test results occur more frequently among pregnant women than among women who are not pregnant and men (others). | 2011 | 21304592 |
| an underestimated lentivirus model: what can hiv-2 research contribute to the development of an effective hiv-1 vaccine? | the development of an hiv-1 vaccine that would be effective against all existing subtypes and circulating recombinant forms remains one of the great scientific and public health challenges of our generation. one of the major barriers to hiv-1 vaccine development is a lack of understanding of the correlates of protective immunity against the virus. in this context, research has focused on the rare phenomenon of spontaneous control of hiv-1 infection, in groups referred to as 'long-term nonprogres ... | 2011 | 21342067 |
| update on human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-2 infection. | infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) occurs mainly in west africa, but an increasing number of cases have been recognized in europe, india, and the united states. in this era of global integration, clinicians must be aware of when to consider the diagnosis of hiv-2 infection and how to test for this virus. although there is debate regarding when therapy should be initiated and which regimen should be chosen, recent trials have provided important information on treatment opt ... | 2011 | 21367732 |
| use of lectins in affinity purification of hiv and siv envelope glycoproteins. | the human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv-1 and hiv-2) are the etiologic agents of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and related disorders (1-3) simian immunodeficiency virus(siv) is the corresponding virus for nonhuman primates. sivmac has been isolated from rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) with immunosuppression and malignant lymphomas (4). | 1998 | 21374468 |
| inhibition of hiv infection by lectin binding to gp120. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is the causative agent of aids (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). the polypeptide precursor gp160 of hiv-1 forms the external glycoprotein, gp120 and the transmembrane glycoprotein, gp41 (1). sequence variability is a feature of hiv viruses that have been classified into several subtypes (2). there are 22-31 potential n-linked glycosylation sites on gp120 depending on the hiv-1 isolate and thus, approximately half of its molecular weight is composed of carbo ... | 1998 | 21374492 |
| detection of treponema pallidum, haemophilus ducreyi, and herpes simplex virus by multiplex pcr. | the three major causes of genital ulcer disease (gud) are herpes simplex virus (hsv), treponema pallidum, and haemophilus ducreyi. although techniques exist for the laboratory diagnosis of all three organisms, constraints of cost, availability of equipment and expertise, and the lack of sensitivity and specificity of available tests, result in clinical presentation being primarily used for the diagnosis of gud both in the united states and in developing countries. due to the overlapping clinical ... | 1999 | 21390729 |
| the performance of the vikia(®) hiv1/2 rapid test-evaluation of the reliability and sensitivity. | the use of rapid human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibody tests can help reduce the number of individuals positive for hiv who are unaware of their infection. although several studies have demonstrated that the sensitivity and specificity of rapid hiv tests are comparable to those of enzyme immunoassays, none have addressed the rapidity with which these tests can yield a result and the reliability of such results. in this study, we investigated the performance of vikia(®) hiv1/2 rapid tests r ... | 2011 | 21419168 |
| association between peripheral ?d t-cell profile and disease progression in individuals infected with hiv-1 or hiv-2 in west africa. | human gammadelta (?d) t cells play an important role in protective immunity in hiv-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus infection; their role in hiv-2 infection is unknown. | 2011 | 21423026 |
| neurologic manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus-2: dementia, myelopathy, and neuropathy in west africa. | while well documented in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1, neurologic sequelae have not been systematically evaluated in hiv-2. after excluding for confounding comorbidities, 67 individuals from a rural cohort in guinea-bissau (22 hiv-2 participants, 45 seronegative controls) were evaluated. hiv?+?individuals were divided into cd4?<?350 and cd4?=?350 for analysis. hiv-associated neurocognitive disorders (hand), assessed by the international hiv dementia scale (ihds), distal sensory polyneuro ... | 2011 | 21424866 |
| a case of italian hiv-2 infection: a genetic analysis. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), originally restricted to western africa is now spreading to european western countries because of migration from endemic areas. therefore, it is mandatory to enforce the surveillance and improve the diagnostics of this neglected infection. in this report, we describe a case of hiv-2 infection affecting an italian citizen along with 3 cases from india. phylogenetic analysis showed that the viral strain identified in the italian patient clustered with a ... | 2011 | 21453133 |
| induction of antibodies binding to the membrane proximal external region of gp36 of hiv-2. | objective: the ability to induce neutralizing antibodies may be the most important feature of an antiretroviral vaccine, preventing infection of target cells and subsequent integration of the virus into the cellular genome where the virus may persist. broadly neutralizing antibodies directed against conserved epitopes in the membrane proximal external region (mper) of the transmembrane envelope (tm) protein gp41 of hiv-1 such as the monoclonal antibodies (mab) 2f5 and mab 4e10 have been found in ... | 2011 | 21454955 |
| virucidal activity of the dendrimer microbicide spl7013 against hiv-1. | topical microbicides for use by women to prevent the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and other sexually transmitted infections are urgently required. dendrimers are highly branched nanoparticles being developed as microbicides. spl7013 is a dendrimer with broad-spectrum activity against hiv type i (hiv-1) and -2 (hiv-2), herpes simplex viruses type-1 (hsv-1) and -2 (hsv-2) and human papillomavirus. spl7013 [3% (w/w)] has been formulated in a mucoadhesive carbopol gel (vivagel® ... | 2011 | 21459115 |
| [characteristics of antiretroviral drugs.] | as of november 2010, a total of 22 antiretroviral agents are marketed in spain. these agents are divided into 6 classes according to their mechanism of action: 1) nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nrti) (abacavir, didanosine, emtricitabine, stavudine, lamivudine, zidovudine, and tenofovir), 2) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrti) (efavirenz, etravirine, and nevirapine), 3) protease inhibitors (pi) (atazanavir, darunavir, fosamprenavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfi ... | 2011 | 21531048 |
| crystal structure of the hiv-2 neutralizing fab fragment 7c8 with high specificity to the v3 region of gp125. | 7c8 is a mouse monoclonal antibody specific for the third hypervariable region (v3) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)-associated protein gp125. the three-dimensional crystal structure of the fab fragment of 7c8, determined to 2.7 å resolution, reveals a deep and narrow antigen-binding cleft with architecture appropriate for an elongated epitope. the highly hydrophobic cleft is bordered on one side by the negatively charged second complementarity determining region (cdr2) and the ... | 2011 | 21541316 |
| selective inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) by a novel family of tricyclic nucleosides. | nucleoside 1, with an unusual tricyclic carbohydrate moiety, specifically inhibits hiv-1 replication while being inactive against hiv-2 or other (retro) viruses. in an attempt to increase the inhibitory efficacy against hiv-1, and to further explore the structural features required for anti-hiv-1 activity, different types of modifications have been carried out on this prototype compound. these include substitution of the ethoxy group at the c-4'' position by alkoxy groups of different length, br ... | 2011 | 21600933 |
| mechanisms of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 rna packaging: efficient trans packaging and selection of rna copackaging partners. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) has been reported to have a distinct rna packaging mechanism, referred to as cis packaging, in which gag proteins package the rna from which they were translated. we examined the progeny generated from dually infected cell lines that contain two hiv-2 proviruses, one encoding a wild-type gag/gag-pol and the other encoding a mutant gag that cannot express functional gag/gag-pol. viral titers and rna analyses revealed that mutant viral rnas can be packag ... | 2011 | 21613401 |
| variable prevalence and functional diversity of the antiretroviral restriction factor trimcyp in macaca fascicularis. | the retroviral restriction factor trimcyp, derived from the trim5 gene, blocks replication at a post-entry step. trimcyp has so far been found in four species of asian macaques, macaca fascicularis, m. mulatta, m. nemestrina, and m. leonina. m. fascicularis is commonly used as a model for aids research, but trimcyp has not been analyzed in detail in this species. we analyzed the prevalence of trimcyp in samples from indonesia, indochina, the philippines, and mauritius. we found that trimcyp is p ... | 2011 | 21795330 |
| hiv-2 a-subtype gp125(c2-v3-c3) mutations and their association with ccr5 and cxcr4 tropism. | the early events of the hiv replication cycle involve the interaction between viral envelope glycoproteins and their cellular cd4-chemokine (ccr5/cxcr4) receptor complex. in this study, for the first time, the hiv-2 a-subtype gp125(c2-v3-c3) mutations and their tropism association were characterized by analyzing 149 hiv-2 sequences from the los alamos database. the analysis has strengthened the importance of c2-v3-c3 region as a determinant factor for co-receptor selection. moreover, statistical ... | 2011 | 21814863 |
| a single amino acid of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 capsid protein affects conformation of two external loops and viral sensitivity to trim5+¦. | we previously reported that human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) carrying alanine or glutamine but not proline at position 120 of the capsid protein (ca) could grow in the presence of anti-viral factor trim5+¦ of cynomolgus monkey (cm). to elucidate details of the interaction between the ca and trim5+¦, we generated mutant hiv-2 viruses, each carrying one of the remaining 17 possible amino acid residues, and examined their sensitivity to cm trim5+¦-mediated restriction. results showed tha ... | 2011 | 21829511 |
| diagnosis of dual human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 infections in a resource-limited setting. | the presence of dual hiv-1/hiv-2 infection in ghana and the different drug requirements for the treatment of hiv-1 and hiv-2 presents difficulties for the treatment of dual infections with both viruses. | 2009 | 21644411 |
| synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 5-alkyl-2-arylthio-6-((3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2h)-yl)methyl)pyrimidin-4(3h)-ones as potent non-nucleoside hiv-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. | a series of novel s-dabo analogues of 5-alkyl-2-arylthio-6-((3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2h)-yl)methyl)pyrimidin-4(3h)-ones were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1). among them, the most potent hiv-1 inhibitors were compounds 6c1,6c6, and 6b1 (ec(50)=0.24 -¦ 0.05, 0.38 -¦ 0.13, 0.39 -¦ 0.05 ++m, respectively), which possess improved or similar hiv-1 inhibitory activity compared with nevirapine (nvp) (ec(50)=0.21 ++m) and delavirdine (dlv) (ec(50)=0.32 ... | 2011 | 21683601 |
| vpx relieves inhibition of hiv-1 infection of macrophages mediated by the samhd1 protein. | macrophages and dendritic cells have key roles in viral infections, providing virus reservoirs that frequently resist antiviral therapies and linking innate virus detection to antiviral adaptive immune responses. human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) fails to transduce dendritic cells and has a reduced ability to transduce macrophages, due to an as yet uncharacterized mechanism that inhibits infection by interfering with efficient synthesis of viral complementary dna. in contrast, hiv-2 and rel ... | 2011 | 21720370 |
| fiv diversity: fiv(ple) subtype composition may influence disease outcome in african lions. | feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) infects domestic cats and at least 20 additional species of non-domestic felids throughout the world. strains specific to domestic cat (fiv(fca)) produce aids-like disease progression, sequelae and pathology providing an informative model for hiv infection in humans. less is known about the immunological and pathological influence of fiv in other felid species although multiple distinct strains of fiv circulate in natural populations. as in hiv-1 and hiv-2, mu ... | 2011 | 21723622 |
| formulation, in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetics of anti-hiv vaginal bioadhesive gel. | inexpensive and female-controlled pre-exposure prophylaxis strategies to prevent mucosal transmission of the virus, is urgently needed with the rising prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1 and hiv2) infections in women. zidovudine-loaded bioadhesive vaginal gel may become one of the very useful strategies, as it can be used not only for controlled release but also for enhancing bioavailability. drug delivery through vaginal gel is a promising area for continued research with the aim ... | 2011 | 21731351 |
| Immune reconstitution and inflammatory syndrome due to disseminated tuberculosis in a case of human immunodeficiency virus 2 infection. | We present a case of human immunodeficiency virus 2 (HIV- 2) infection with acquired immune deficiency syndrome with immune reconstitution and inflammatory syndrome due to disseminated tuberculosis. We address here the drug interactions between antiretroviral therapy and antituberculous treatment (ATT), choice of ATT, and duration of ATT when rifampicin is omitted as in our case. Though this problem is encountered rarely, we felt that it is important to report the issue to counter drug resistanc ... | 2011 | 21713047 |
| vpx rescues hiv-1 transduction of dendritic cells from the antiviral state established by type 1 interferon. | vpx is a virion-associated protein encoded by sivsm, a lentivirus endemic to the west african sooty mangabey (cercocebus atys). hiv-2 and sivmac, zoonoses resulting from sivsm transmission to humans or asian rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta), also encode vpx. in myeloid cells, vpx promotes reverse transcription and transduction by these viruses. this activity correlates with vpx binding to dcaf1 (vprbp) and association with the ddb1/rbx1/cul4a e3 ubiquitin ligase complex. when delivered experimen ... | 2011 | 21696578 |
| Elucidation of the time course of adenosine deaminase APOBEC3G and viral infectivity factor vif in HIV-2(287) -infected infant macaques. | Background Although the interactions of cellular cytidine deaminase A3G and viral infection factor (vif) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were reported, regulation of A3G after in vivo HIV infection and disease progression is not known. Methods Time courses of plasma virus, CD4(+) T lymphocyte Macaca levels, and concentrations of A3G and vif transcripts were determined in infant macaques infected with HIV-2(287) . These in vivo results were compared with those collected in vitro in HIV-2 ... | 2011 | 22017399 |
| potent intratype neutralizing activity distinguishes human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) from hiv-1. | hiv-2 has a lower pathogenicity and transmission rate than hiv-1. neutralizing antibodies could be contributing to these observations. here we explored side by side the potency and breadth of intratype and intertype neutralizing activity (nac) in plasma of 20 hiv-1-, 20 hiv-2-, and 11 dually hiv-1/2 (hiv-d)-seropositive individuals from guinea-bissau, west africa. panels of primary isolates, five hiv-1 and five hiv-2 isolates, were tested in a plaque reduction assay using u87.cd4-ccr5 cells as t ... | 2012 | 22072782 |
| PD 404,182 is a virucidal small molecule that disrupts hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus. | We describe a virucidal small molecule, PD 404,182, effective against hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The median IC(50) values for the antiviral effect of PD 404,182 against HCV and HIV in cell culture are 11 µM and 1 µM, respectively. The antiviral activity of PD 404,182 is due to physical disruption of virions that is accompanied to varying degrees (depending on the virus and exposure temperature/time) by release of viral nucleic acids into the surrounding mediu ... | 2011 | 22083468 |
| Synthesis and Anti-HIV Activity of Aryl-2-[(4-cyanophenyl)amino]-4-pyrimidinone hydrazones as Potent Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. | A series of novel diarylpyrimidines (DAPYs) with a ketone hydrazone substituent on the methylene linker between the pyrimidine nucleus and the aryl moiety at the C-4 position were synthesized, and their antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 in MT-4 cells was evaluated. Most compounds of this class exhibited excellent activity against wild-type HIV-1, with EC(50) values in the range of 1.7-13.2 nM. Of these compounds, 2-bromophenyl-2-[(4-cyanophenyl)amino]-4-pyrimidinon ... | 2011 | 21990112 |
| isolated anti-hbc-igm antibody among blood donors in the semi-arid region of nigeria. | laboratory screening for the diagnosis of hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection in blood donors currently consists of testing for hepatitis b surface (hbsag) antigen alone. the prevalence of isolated anti-hbc-igm is not yet known in the semi arid region of nigeria. the major objective of this study was to determine the sero-prevalence of antibody to hepatitis b core antigen (anti-hbc-igm) and other infectious agent markers; hbsag, hcv, hiv and syphilis among blood donors in the north eastern region ... | 2011 | 22129677 |
| emergence of hbv resistance to lamivudine (3tc) in hiv/hbv co-infected patients in the gambia, west africa. | abstract: background: lamivudine (3tc) is a potent inhibitor of both hepatitis b virus (hbv) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) replication and is part of first-line highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) in the gambia. unfortunately, the effectiveness of 3tc against hbv is limited by the emergence of resistant strains. aim: the aim of this retrospective study was to characterise 3tc-resistant mutations in hbv from co-infected patients receiving haart, by generating hbv polymerase se ... | 2011 | 22195774 |
| tetherin antagonism by primate lentiviral nef proteins. | the multifunctional nef protein of primate lentiviruses is commonly considered an early viral factor that downmodulates various receptors from the cell surface and modulates several signaling pathways to facilitate viral immune evasion and to render the cell conducive for viral replication. however, nef also acts during the late stages of infection, e.g. by increasing the infectivity of progeny virions. just recently, it has become clear that many primate lentiviruses that have been detected in ... | 2011 | 22103835 |
| transfusion transmitted infections - a retrospective analysis from the national blood transfusion service in eritrea. | the emergence of transfusion transmitted infection (tti) especially hiv/aids has created a huge obstacle in ensuring blood safety. to assess the situation in eritrea, we carried out a retrospective study of 29,501 blood donors for the prevalence of tti's i.e. hiv, hbv, hcv and syphilis. | 2011 | 22145069 |
| the phylogeographic footprint of colonial history in the global dispersal of hiv-2 group a. | hiv-2 emerged in west africa and has further spread to countries that share socio-historical ties with this region. however, viral origins and dispersal patterns at a global scale remain poorly understood. here, we adopt a bayesian phylogeographic approach to investigate the spatial dynamics of hiv-2 group a (hiv-2a) using a collection of 305 partial pol and 237 partial env sequences sampled throughout 18 countries worldwide. we extend phylogenetic diffusion models that simultaneously draw infor ... | 2011 | 22190015 |
| Frequency of human immunodeficiency virus type-2 in hiv infected patients in Maputo City, Mozambique. | The HIV/AIDS pandemic is primarily caused by HIV-1. Another virus type, HIV-2, is found mainly in West African countries. We hypothesized that population migration and mobility in Africa may have facilitated the introduction and spreading of HIV-2 in Mozambique. The presence of HIV-2 has important implications for diagnosis and choice of treatment of HIV infection. Hence, the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of HIV-2 infection and its genotype in Maputo, Mozambique.HIV-infected i ... | 2011 | 21849066 |
| Characterization of a monoclonal anti-capsid antibody that cross-reacts with three major primate lentivirus lineages. | Mouse monoclonal antibodies with varying specificities against the Gag capsid of simian and human immunodeficiency virus (SIV/HIV) were generated by immunizing mice with whole inactivated SIVagmTYO-1. Monoclonal antibody AG3.0 showed the broadest reactivity recognizing the Gag capsid protein (p24-27) and Gag precursors p38, p55, and p150 of HIV-1, HIV-2, SIVmac, and SIVagm. Using overlapping peptides, the AG3.0 epitope was mapped in capsid to a sequence (SPRTLNA) conserved among HIV-1, HIV-2, SI ... | 2012 | 22153299 |
| Antiviral interactions of combinations of highly potent 2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione congeners and other anti-HIV agents. | Structure-activity relationship evaluation of seventy-four 2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione derivatives identified seven lead compounds based on anti-HIV-1 potency, extended range of action to include HIV-2, virus entry inhibition, reverse transcriptase inhibition, and lack of cytotoxicity to human cells. The selected pyrimidinedione congeners are highly active inhibitors of HIV-1 with EC(50) values ranging from 0.6 to 2 nM in CEM-SS cells infected with laboratory derived viruses, 11-20 nM in fresh hu ... | 2011 | 22036651 |
| antibody-mediated enhancement of hiv-1 and hiv-2 production from bst-2/tetherin-positive cells. | bst-2/cd317/hm1.24/tetherin is a b-cell antigen overexpressed on the surface of myeloma cell lines and on neoplastic plasma cells of patients with multiple myeloma. antibodies to bst-2 are in clinical trial for the treatment of multiple myeloma and are considered for the treatment of solid tumors with high bst-2 antigen levels. functionally, bst-2 restricts the secretion of retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1, as well as members of the herpesvirus, filovirus, and arenavir ... | 2011 | 21917971 |
| geographic, genetic and functional diversity of antiretroviral host factor trimcyp in cynomolgus macaque (macaca fascicularis). | the antiretroviral factor trim5 gene-derived isoform, trimcyp, was found in at least three species of old world monkey, rhesus (macaca mulatta), pig-tailed (macaca nemestrina), and cynomolgus macaques (macaca fascicularis). although the frequency of trimcyp has been well studied in rhesus and pig-tailed macaques, the frequency and prevalence of trimcyp in the cynomolgus macaque remain to be definitively elucidated. here, we studied the geographic and genetic diversity of trim5α/trimcyp in cynomo ... | 2011 | 22113010 |
| susceptibility of hiv type 2 primary isolates to ccr5 and cxcr4 monoclonal antibodies, ligands, and small molecule inhibitors. | abstract human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) entry into susceptible cells involves the interaction between viral envelope glycoproteins with cd4 and a chemokine receptor (coreceptor), namely ccr5 and cxcr4. this interaction has been studied to enable the discovery of a new class of antiretroviral drugs that targets the envelope glycoprotein-coreceptor interaction. however, very few data exist regarding hiv-2 susceptibility to these coreceptor inhibitors. with this work we aimed to identify this ... | 2011 | 21902586 |
| How Samhd1 changes our view of viral restriction. | Recent studies have uncovered sterile alpha motif and HD domain 1 (SAMHD1) as the restriction factor that blocks HIV-1 replication in myeloid cells. In contrast to previously identified HIV-1 restriction factors, SAMHD1 does not meet a countermeasure developed by HIV-1. However, HIV-2 and certain simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strains express the auxiliary protein Vpx that potently blocks SAMHD1. It is therefore perplexing why this function has been lost or not acquired during the course of ... | 2011 | 22177690 |
| A whole genome screen for HIV restriction factors. | ABSTRACT: | 2011 | 22082156 |
| samhd1-deficient cd14+ cells from individuals with aicardi-goutières syndrome are highly susceptible to hiv-1 infection. | myeloid blood cells are largely resistant to infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). recently, it was reported that vpx from hiv-2/sivsm facilitates infection of these cells by counteracting the host restriction factor samhd1. here, we independently confirmed that vpx interacts with samhd1 and targets it for ubiquitin-mediated degradation. we found that vpx-mediated samhd1 degradation rendered primary monocytes highly susceptible to hiv-1 infection; vpx with a t17a mutation, ... | 2011 | 22174685 |
| molecular determinants of hiv-2 r5-x4 tropism in the v3 loop: development of a new genotypic tool. | objective. the use of ccr5 inhibitors requires a tool to predict human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) tropism, as established in hiv-1. the aim of our study was to identify genotypic determinants of hiv-2 tropism located in the gp105 v3 loop. methods. hiv-2 tropism phenotypic assays were performed on 53 hiv-2 clinical isolates using gfp expressing human osteosarcoma t4 [ghost(3)] cell lines expressing cd4 and ccr5 or cxcr4 coreceptors. the gp105 v3 loop was sequenced and analyzed. results ... | 2012 | 22140264 |
| long-lasting persistence of integrase resistance mutations in hiv-2-infected patients after raltegravir withdrawal. | little is known in hiv-2 infection about the kinetics of disappearance of raltegravir (ral)-resistant virus after ral withdrawal. | 2011 | 21900727 |
| broad and potent neutralizing antibody responses elicited in natural hiv-2 infection. | compared with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), little is known about the susceptibility of hiv-2 to antibody neutralization. we characterized the potency and breadth of neutralizing antibody (nab) responses in 64 subjects chronically infected with hiv-2 against three primary hiv-2 strains: hiv-2(7312a), hiv-2(st), and hiv-2(uc1). surprisingly, we observed in a single-cycle jc53bl-13/tzm-bl virus entry assay median reciprocal 50% inhibitory concentration (ic(50)) nab titers of 1.7 × 1 ... | 2012 | 22031948 |
| photoinactivation of cell-free human immunodeficiency virus by hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) particles that remain in the blood of patients are frequently ignored as targets for aids treatment. we therefore investigated the use of photodynamic therapy (pdt) with hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (hmme) as a means of inactivating cell-free hiv in vitro. virus particles including hiv-1(iiib), resistant hiv-1 variants, hiv-1 clinical variants, and hiv-2 variants were incubated with hmme for 40 min, followed by irradiation with a 630-nm semiconductor laser ... | 2011 | 22045116 |
| exploring virus relationships based on virus-host protein-protein interaction network. | currently, several systems have been proposed to classify viruses and indicate the relationships between different ones, though each system has its limitations because of the complexity of viral origins and their rapid evolution rate. we hereby propose a new method to explore the relationships between different viruses. | 2011 | 22784617 |
| spontaneous gastric carcinomas in sooty mangabeys (cercocebus atys). | sooty mangabeys (cercocebus atys) are native to west africa and are a natural host of siv, which is implicated in the origin of hiv2. they have been used in studies of aids pathogenesis, leprosy, immune responses, reproductive biology, and behavior. spontaneous tumors have rarely been reported in this species. however, we noted spontaneous gastric carcinomas in 8 sooty mangabeys. four male and 4 female mangabeys had mild to severe chronic weight loss, with abdominal distention in 5 of 8 animals. ... | 2011 | 22330580 |
| hiv-1 replication in monocyte-derived dendritic cells is stimulated by melarsoprol, one of the main drugs against human african trypanosomiasis. | human african trypanosomiasis (hat) is a disease caused by the protozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of sleeping sickness that is still endemic in well defined regions of sub-saharan africa. co-infections with this human pathogen and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) are not uncommon, but their potential interaction has been little studied. the organo-arsenical drug melarsoprol has been widely used for the treatment of late stage trypanosomiasis since the early 1950s and is ... | 2011 | 21763506 |
| hiv-2 infection surveillance --- united states, 1987--2009. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is categorized into two types, hiv-1 and hiv-2. worldwide, most hiv infections are hiv-1, whereas hiv-2 largely has been confined to persons in or from west africa. hiv-1 and hiv-2 have the same routes of transmission, and both can cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids); however, hiv-2 infections should be differentiated from hiv-1 infections because they are less likely to cause aids and their clinical management differs. cdc's current surveillance ca ... | 2011 | 21796096 |
| acyclic nucleoside thiophosphonates as potent inhibitors of hiv and hbv replication. | 9-[2-(thiophosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine 3 and (r)-9-[2-(thiophosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 4 were synthesized as the first thiophosphonate nucleosides bearing a sulfur atom at the a-position of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates pmea and pmpa. thiophosphonates s-pmea 3 and s-pmpa 4 were evaluated for in vitro activity against hiv-1 (subtypes a to g), hiv-2 and hbv-infected cells, and found to exhibit potent antiretroviral activity. we showed that their diphosphate forms s-pmeapp 5 and s-pmpap ... | 2011 | 21803462 |
| synthesis, antiviral and cytotoxicity studies of novel n-substituted indophenazine derivatives. | a series of novel n-substituted indophenazine derivatives were synthesised and screened for antiviral activity against a panel of human pathogenic viruses. new compounds were synthesised through modifying the n-hydrogen of indophenazine moiety with different substitution and formaldehyde by mannich reaction. the structure of the synthetic compounds was characterised by means of infra red and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data. the compound 10h-indolo-2-amino pyridine [3,2-b] quinoxalines i ... | 2012 | 23440065 |
| integrating antiretroviral therapy into antenatal care and maternal and child health settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | to determine whether integrating antiretroviral therapy (art) into antenatal care (anc) and maternal and child health (mch) clinics could improve programmatic and patient outcomes. | 2012 | 23397350 |
| absence of routine molecular testing and prevalence of hiv-2 infection in regions hardest-hit by hiv infection. | investigating the incidence and dynamics of hiv-2 and false-negative hiv test results in a highly sexually active population where frequent opportunities exist for acquiring and transmitting infections provides additional understanding of the epidemiology of the virus in africa. | 2012 | 23276739 |
| samhd1 restricts hiv-1 cell-to-cell transmission and limits immune detection in monocyte-derived dendritic cells. | samhd1 is a viral restriction factor expressed in dendritic cells and other cells, inhibiting infection by cell-free human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) particles. samhd1 depletes the intracellular pool of deoxynucleoside triphosphates, thus impairing hiv-1 reverse transcription and productive infection in noncycling cells. the vpx protein from hiv-2 or simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsm/sivmac) antagonizes the effect of samhd1 by triggering its degradation. a large part of hiv-1 sprea ... | 2012 | 23269793 |
| multisite laboratory evaluation of a dual human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)/syphilis point-of-care rapid test for simultaneous detection of hiv and syphilis infection. | recently, test developers have created rapid point-of-care tests that can simultaneously detect multiple infections within the same specimen using a single device. the sd bioline duo hiv/syphilis rapid point-of-care test uses a solid-phase immunochromatographic assay to detect immunoglobulin (ig)g, igm, and iga antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-specific antigens (hiv-1 gp41, sub o, hiv-2 gp36) and recombinant treponema pallidum antigen (17 kda) in human serum. this study was a mul ... | 2014 | 25734088 |
| screening for human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis b virus, hepatitis c virus, and treponema pallidum by blood testing using a bio-flash technology-based algorithm before gastrointestinal endoscopy. | currently, conventional enzyme immunoassays which use manual gold immunoassays and colloidal tests (gicts) are used as screening tools to detect treponema pallidum (syphilis), hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), and hiv-2 in patients undergoing surgery. the present observational, cross-sectional study compared the sensitivity, specificity, and work flow characteristics of the conventional algorithm with manual gicts with those of a newly ... | 2016 | 27707942 |
| evaluation of the procleix ultrio elite assay and the panther-system for individual nat screening of blood, hematopoietic stem cell, tissue and organ donors. | the performance of the multiplex procleix ultrio elite assay as individual donor nucleic acid test (id-nat) for the detection of hiv-1, hiv-2, hcv, and hbv was evaluated in a retrospective, single center study. | 2016 | 27403089 |
| gcn2 has inhibitory effect on human immunodeficiency virus-1 protein synthesis and is cleaved upon viral infection. | the reversible phosphorylation of the alpha-subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eif2alpha) is a well-characterized mechanism of translational control in response to a wide variety of cellular stresses, including viral infection. beside pkr, the eif2alpha kinase gcn2 participates in the cellular response against viral infection by rna viruses with central nervous system tropism. pkr has also been involved in the antiviral response against hiv-1, although this antiviral effect i ... | 2012 | 23110064 |
| tailored hiv-1 vectors for genetic modification of primary human dendritic cells and monocytes. | monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mddcs) play a key role in the regulation of the immune system and are the target of numerous gene therapy applications. the genetic modification of mddcs is possible with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-derived lentiviral vectors (lvs) but requires high viral doses to bypass their natural resistance to viral infection, and this in turn affects their physiological properties. to date, a single viral protein is able to counter this restrictive phenotyp ... | 2012 | 23077304 |
| activity of and effect of subcutaneous treatment with the broad-spectrum antiviral lectin griffithsin in two laboratory rodent models. | griffithsin (grft) is a red-alga-derived lectin that binds the terminal mannose residues of n-linked glycans found on the surface of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and other enveloped viruses, including hepatitis c virus (hcv), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), and ebola virus. grft displays no human t-cell mitogenic activity and does not induce production of proinflammatory cytokines in treated human cell lines. however, despite the growing evidence ... | 2013 | 24145548 |
| ifitm proteins restrict hiv-1 infection by antagonizing the envelope glycoprotein. | the interferon-induced transmembrane (ifitm) proteins have been recently shown to restrict hiv-1 and other viruses. here, we provide evidence that ifitm proteins, particularly ifitm2 and ifitm3, specifically antagonize the hiv-1 envelope glycoprotein (env), thereby inhibiting viral infection. ifitm proteins interact with hiv-1 env in viral producer cells, leading to impaired env processing and virion incorporation. notably, the level of ifitm incorporation into hiv-1 virions does not strictly co ... | 2015 | 26387945 |
| development of real-time pcr array for simultaneous detection of eight human blood-borne viral pathogens. | real-time pcr array for rapid detection of multiple viral pathogens should be highly useful in cases where the sample volume and the time of testing are limited, i.e. in the eligibility testing of tissue and organ donors. | 2012 | 22912836 |
| in vitro virology profile of tenofovir alafenamide, a novel oral prodrug of tenofovir with improved antiviral activity compared to that of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. | tenofovir alafenamide (taf) is an investigational oral prodrug of the hiv-1 nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir (tfv). tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (tdf) is another tfv prodrug, widely used for the treatment of hiv-1 infection. taf is converted mostly intracellularly to tfv and, in comparison to tdf, achieves higher tenofovir diphosphate (tfv-dp) levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. as a result, taf has demonstrated potent anti-hiv-1 activity at lower doses than tdf in ... | 2015 | 26149992 |
| the small-molecule 3g11 inhibits hiv-1 reverse transcription. | the small-molecule 6-(tert-butyl)-4-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1h,3h-1,3,5-triazin-2-one (3g11) inhibits hiv-1 replication in the human t cell line mt-2. here, we showed that 3g11 specifically and potently blocks hiv-1 infection. by contrast, 3g11 did not block other retroviruses such as hiv-2, simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac ), bovine immunodeficiency virus, feline immunodeficiency virus, equine infectious anemia virus, n-tropic murine leukemia virus, b-tropic murine leukemia virus, and m ... | 2017 | 27748043 |
| contribution of sam and hd domains to retroviral restriction mediated by human samhd1. | the human samhd1 protein is a novel retroviral restriction factor expressed in myeloid cells. previous work has correlated the deoxynucleotide triphosphohydrolase activity of samhd1 with its ability to block hiv-1 and siv(mac) infection. samhd1 is comprised of the sterile alpha motif (sam) and histidine-aspartic (hd) domains; however the contribution of these domains to retroviral restriction is not understood. mutagenesis and deletion studies revealed that expression of the sole hd domain of sa ... | 2013 | 23158101 |
| qualitative real-time pcr assay for hiv-1 and hiv-2 rna. | because western blotting occasionally causes cross-reactions between human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 and hiv-2, it is difficult to distinguish a coinfection status from a false-positive result. therefore, we developed a qualitative real-time pcr assay to detect hiv-1 and hiv-2 rna that can be performed in parallel. viral rna extracted from 500 μl of plasma was examined using real-time pcr with minor groove binder probes. bovine leukemia virus was used as an internal standard. the sensitivit ... | 2016 | 26743143 |
| small ruminant lentiviruses (srlvs) break the species barrier to acquire new host range. | zoonotic events of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) from non-human primates to humans have generated the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), one of the most devastating infectious disease of the last century with more than 30 million people dead and about 40.3 million people currently infected worldwide. human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1 and hiv-2), the two major viruses that cause aids in humans are retroviruses of the lentivirus genus. the genus includes arthritis-encephalitis viru ... | 2013 | 23881276 |
| sun2 overexpression deforms nuclear shape and inhibits hiv. | in a previous screen of putative interferon-stimulated genes, sun2 was shown to inhibit hiv-1 infection in an uncharacterized manner. sun2 is an inner nuclear membrane protein belonging to the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton complex. we have analyzed here the role of sun2 in hiv infection. we report that in contrast to what was initially thought, sun2 is not induced by type i interferon, and that sun2 silencing does not modulate hiv infection. however, sun2 overexpression in cell lines ... | 2016 | 26865710 |
| antiviral activity of diterpene esters on chikungunya virus and hiv replication. | recently, new daphnane, tigliane, and jatrophane diterpenoids have been isolated from various euphorbiaceae species, of which some have been shown to be potent inhibitors of chikungunya virus (chikv) replication. to further explore this type of compound, the antiviral activity of a series of 29 commercially available natural diterpenoids was evaluated. phorbol-12,13-didecanoate (11) proved to be the most potent inhibitor, with an ec50 value of 6.0 ± 0.9 nm and a selectivity index (si) of 686, wh ... | 2015 | 25970561 |
| antiviral activity of flexibilane and tigliane diterpenoids from stillingia lineata. | in an effort to identify new potent and selective inhibitors of chikungunya virus and hiv-1 and hiv-2 virus replication, the endemic mascarene species stillingia lineata was investigated. lc/ms and bioassay-guided purification of the etoac leaf extract using a chikungunya virus-cell-based assay led to the isolation of six new (4-9) and three known (1-3) tonantzitlolones possessing the rare c20-flexibilane skeleton, along with tonantzitloic acid (10), a new linear diterpenoid, and three new (11, ... | 2015 | 25946116 |
| jatrophane diterpenes as inhibitors of chikungunya virus replication: structure-activity relationship and discovery of a potent lead. | bioassay-guided purification of an etoac extract of the whole plant of euphorbia amygdaloides ssp. semiperfoliata using a chikungunya virus-cell-based assay led to the isolation of six new (1-4, 9, and 10) and six known (5-7, 8, 11, and 12) jatrophane esters. their planar structures and relative configurations were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis, and their absolute configurations by x-ray analysis. these compounds were investigated for selective antiviral activity against chikung ... | 2014 | 24926807 |
| nictaba and uda, two glcnac-binding lectins with unique antiviral activity profiles. | this study aimed to assess the antiviral properties of a unique lectin (nictaba) produced by the tobacco plant, nicotiana tabacum. | 2015 | 25700718 |
| feline immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoproteins antagonize tetherin through a distinctive mechanism that requires virion incorporation. | bst2/tetherin inhibits the release of enveloped viruses from cells. primate lentiviruses have evolved specific antagonists (vpu, nef, and env). here we characterized tetherin proteins of species representing both branches of the order carnivora. comparison of tiger and cat (feliformia) to dog and ferret (caniformia) genes demonstrated that the tiger and cat share a start codon mutation that truncated most of the tetherin cytoplasmic tail early in the feliformia lineage (19 of 27 amino acids, inc ... | 2014 | 24390322 |
| men, primates, and germs: an ongoing affair. | humans and nonhuman primates are phylogenetically (i.e., genetically) related and share pathogens that can jump from one species to another. the specific strategies of three groups of pathogens for crossing the species barrier among primates will be discussed. in africa, gorillas and chimpanzees have succumbed for years to simultaneous epizootics (i.e.. "multi-emergence") of ebola virus in places where they are in contact with chiropters, which could be animal reservoirs of these viruses. human ... | 2013 | 23239237 |
| structure-activity relationship study of pyrimido[1,2-c][1,3]benzothiazin-6-imine derivatives for potent anti-hiv agents. | 3,4-dihydro-2h,6h-pyrimido[1,2-c][1,3]benzothiazin-6-imine (pd 404182) is an antiretroviral agent with submicromolar inhibitory activity against human immunodeficiency virus-1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 infection. in the current study, the structure-activity relationships of accessory groups at the 3- and 9-positions of pyrimido[1,2-c][1,3]benzothiazin-6-imine were investigated for the development of more potent anti-hiv agents. several different derivatives containing a 9-aryl group were designed and sy ... | 2012 | 23022280 |
| effects of human samhd1 polymorphisms on hiv-1 susceptibility. | samhd1 is a human restriction factor that prevents efficient infection of macrophages, dendritic cells and resting cd4+ t cells by hiv-1. here we explored the antiviral activity and biochemical properties of human samhd1 polymorphisms. our studies focused on human samhd1 polymorphisms that were previously identified as evolving under positive selection for rapid amino acid replacement during primate speciation. the different human samhd1 polymorphisms were tested for their ability to block hiv-1 ... | 2014 | 25010268 |
| expression and purification of soluble hiv-2 viral protein r (vpr) using a sandwich-fusion protein strategy. | viral accessory proteins of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), including virus protein r (vpr), are crucial for the efficient replication of the virus in the host organism. while functional data are available for hiv-1 vpr, there is a paucity of data describing the function and structure of hiv-2 vpr. in this report, the construction of a his6-mbp-intein1-vpr-intein2-cyt b5-his6 fusion protein is presented. unlike previous research efforts where only microgram quantities of hiv-1 vpr could ... | 2014 | 24380802 |
| immunising with the transmembrane envelope proteins of different retroviruses including hiv-1: a comparative study. | the induction of neutralizing antibodies is a promising way to prevent retrovirus infections. neutralizing antibodies are mainly directed against the envelope proteins, which consist of two molecules, the surface envelope (su) protein and the transmembrane envelope (tm) protein. antibodies broadly neutralizing the human immunodeficiencvy virus-1 (hiv-1) and binding to the tm protein gp41 of the virus have been isolated from infected individuals. their epitopes are located in the membrane proxima ... | 2013 | 23249763 |
| determinants of fiv and hiv vif sensitivity of feline apobec3 restriction factors. | feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) is a global pathogen of felidae species and a model system for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-induced aids. in felids such as the domestic cat (felis catus), apobec3 (a3) genes encode for single-domain a3z2s, a3z3 and double-domain a3z2z3 anti-viral cytidine deaminases. the feline a3z2z3 is expressed following read-through transcription and alternative splicing, introducing a previously untranslated exon in frame, encoding a domain insertion called linker. ... | 2016 | 27368163 |
| feline tetherin is characterized by a short n-terminal region and is counteracted by the feline immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein. | tetherin (bst2) is the host cell factor that blocks the particle release of some enveloped viruses. two putative feline tetherin proteins differing at the level of the n-terminal coding region have recently been described and tested for their antiviral activity. by cloning and comparing the two reported feline tetherins (called here cbst2(504) and cbst2*) and generating specific derivative mutants, this study provides evidence that feline tetherin has a shorter intracytoplasmic domain than those ... | 2012 | 22514338 |
| renal transplantation in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients: a report of four cases. | renal transplantation (rt) in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has significantly improved under the advent of combined antiretroviral therapy (cart). the authors describe their experience in rt in patients with hiv from september 2010 to june 2013. | 2014 | 25131020 |
| viral co-infection and leprosy outcomes: a cohort study. | the role of the host immunity in determining leprosy clinical forms and complications is well recognized, implying that changes in the immune status may interfere with several aspects of the disease. therefore, we hypothesized that the presence of viral co-infections and associated immunological changes will have a clinical impact on leprosy outcomes. the aim of our study was to determine the clinical impact of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), human t cell lymphotrophic virus type 1 (htlv-1), ... | 2015 | 26267882 |
| inclusion of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) in a multiplex transcription-mediated amplification assay does not affect detection of hiv-1 and hepatitis b and c virus genotypes: a multicenter performance evaluation study. | the ultrio elite assay (hologic/grifols) runs on the panther blood screening system and is comparable to the ultrio plus assay apart from the addition of oligonucleotides for human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) detection. in this multicenter evaluation study the analytical sensitivity and genotype detection efficiency of the two assay versions were compared. | 2015 | 26103564 |
| a comprehensive serological and supplemental evaluation of hepatitis b "seroyield" blood donors: a cross-sectional study from a tertiary healthcare center in india. | the present study addressed the interesting findings of supplemental evaluation of hepatitis b "seroyield" donors. | 2017 | 26420943 |
| a machine learning approach for microrna precursor prediction in retro-transcribing virus genomes. | identification of microrna (mirna) precursors has seen increased efforts in recent years. the difficulty in experimental detection of pre-mirnas increased the usage of computational approaches. most of these approaches rely on machine learning especially classification. in order to achieve successful classification, many parameters need to be considered such as data quality, choice of classifier settings, and feature selection. for the latter one, we developed a distributed genetic algorithm on ... | 2016 | 28187417 |
| synonymous and nonsynonymous distances help untangle convergent evolution and recombination. | when estimating a phylogeny from a multiple sequence alignment, researchers often assume the absence of recombination. however, if recombination is present, then tree estimation and all downstream analyses will be impacted, because different segments of the sequence alignment support different phylogenies. similarly, convergent selective pressures at the molecular level can also lead to phylogenetic tree incongruence across the sequence alignment. current methods for detection of phylogenetic in ... | 2015 | 26061623 |
| prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy in hiv patients in 2014. | in non-hiv patients, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (mgus) is associated with an increased risk of subsequent development of haematologic malignancies, especially multiple myeloma (mm) and it has been recently demonstrated that mm is always preceded by a mgus phase. a higher prevalence of mgus and mm has been observed in hiv patients compared to the general population. nevertheless, it has been shown that mgus in the context of hiv can disappear with antiretroviral therapy (a ... | 2014 | 25394153 |
| cohort profile: the bissau hiv cohort-a cohort of hiv-1, hiv-2 and co-infected patients. | the west african country guinea-bissau is home to the world's highest prevalence of hiv-2, and its hiv-1 prevalence is rising. other chronic viral infections like human t-lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-1) and hepatitis b virus are common as well. the bissau hiv cohort was started in 2007 to gain new insights into the overall effect of introducing antiretroviral treatment in a treatment-naïve population with concomitant infection with three retroviruses (hiv-1, hiv-2 and htlv-1) and tuberculosis ... | 2015 | 25342251 |
| hepatitis b and delta virus are prevalent but often subclinical co-infections among hiv infected patients in guinea-bissau, west africa: a cross-sectional study. | co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) may lead to accelerated hepatic disease progression with higher rates of liver cirrhosis and liver-related mortality compared with hbv mono-infection. co or super-infection with hepatitis delta virus (hdv) may worsen the liver disease and complicate treatment possibilities. | 2014 | 24915064 |
| azvudine, a novel nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor showed good drug combination features and better inhibition on drug-resistant strains than lamivudine in vitro. | azvudine is a novel nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with antiviral activity on human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis b virus and hepatitis c virus. here we reported the in vitro activity of azvudine against hiv-1 and hiv-2 when used alone or in combination with other antiretroviral drugs and its drug resistance features. azvudine exerted highly potent inhibition on hiv-1 (ec(50)s ranging from 0.03 to 6.92 nm) and hiv-2 (ec(50)s ranging from 0.018 to 0.025 nm). it also showed synergi ... | 2014 | 25144636 |
| transfusion transmittable infections - seroprevalence among blood donors in a tertiary care hospital of delhi. | transfusion transmittable infections (tti) continue to be a major threat to safe transfusion practices. blood is one of the major sources of transmission of infectious diseases viz. human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), syphilis, malaria, and many other infections in india. screening assays for the infectious diseases with excellent sensitivity and specificity helps to enhance the safety of the blood transfusions reducing the diagnostic window peri ... | 2013 | 24014940 |
| nucleic acid testing of hepatitis b virus, hepatitis c virus, and human immunodeficiency virus 1, 2 in blood donors in the general university hospital, prague. | the roche cobas taqscreen mpx test v1 - multiplex reverse transcription-real time (mpx rt-real time) pcr, performed on cobas s201 for hcv rna, hbv dna, hiv-1 rna /group m and o/, and hiv-2 rna was introduced as a supplement to the currently used imunoanalysis method for blood donor´s testing (abbott cmia - chemiluminescent microparticle imunoassay, performed on architect i2000 for anti-hcv, hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag)), anti-hiv-1 /group m and o/, anti-hiv-2 and p24 hiv). the results of ... | 2014 | 24957719 |
| [evolution of residual risk for hiv, hcv and hbv, from 1999 to 2010, in blood donations of the centro hospitalar s. joão, epe, porto, portugal]. | monitoring the residual risk of transfusion-transmitted viral infections is important to evaluate the improvement achieved in the blood donation safety and to adopt policies to reduce risks. the present study calculates the incidence of the key infectious diseases, human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) as well as the residual risk of transfusion-transmitted viral infections, during twelve years, 1999 through 2010. data were analyzed over 3 period ... | 2013 | 24016646 |