| synthesis and studies of new 2-(coumarin-4-yloxy)-4,6-(substituted)-s-triazine derivatives as potential anti-hiv agents. | novel 2-(coumarin-4-yloxy)-4,6-(substituted)-s-triazine derivatives i. e., diaryltriazine (data) are reported as novel non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrtis), were synthesized and their activities against human immunodeficiency virus hiv-1 (iii-b), hiv-2 (rod), and the double rt mutant hiv-1 (k103n and y181c) were assessed. modifications at positions 4 and 6 of the coumarinyl-triazine scaffold generated interesting derivatives displaying good to moderate anti-hiv activity again ... | 2009 | 19415671 |
| [iatrogenic cushing's syndrome, diabetes mellitus and secondary adrenal failure in a human immunodeficiency virus patient treated with ritonavir boosted atazanavir and fluticasone]. | ritonavir and atazanavir (atz) are protease inhibitors (pi) that inhibit the p450 3a4 cytochrome. they are used together to boost atz levels and reduce pill burden in human immunodeficiency virus infection, but association with medications metabolized by this cytochrome can cause serious adverse effects. several cases of cushing's syndrome have been reported when patients received inhaled therapy with fluticasone for asthma, sometimes complicated by secondary adrenal failure after stopping fluti ... | 2009 | 19419710 |
| virological response to highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and in patients dually infected with hiv-1 and hiv-2 in the gambia and emergence of drug-resistant variants. | drug design, antiretroviral therapy (art), and drug resistance studies have focused almost exclusively on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), resulting in limited information for patients infected with hiv-2 and for those dually infected with hiv-1 and hiv-2. in this study, 20 patients, 12 infected with hiv-2 and 8 dually infected with hiv-1 and hiv-2, all treated with zidovudine (zdv), lamivudine (3tc), and lopinavir-ritonavir (lpv/r), were followed up longitudinally for about 3 years. ... | 2009 | 19420165 |
| species-specific activity of siv nef and hiv-1 vpu in overcoming restriction by tetherin/bst2. | tetherin, also known as bst2, cd317 or hm1.24, was recently identified as an interferon-inducible host-cell factor that interferes with the detachment of virus particles from infected cells. hiv-1 overcomes this restriction by expressing an accessory protein, vpu, which counteracts tetherin. since lentiviruses of the siv(smm/mac)/hiv-2 lineage do not have a vpu gene, this activity has likely been assumed by other viral gene products. we found that deletion of the siv(mac)239 nef gene significant ... | 2009 | 19436700 |
| presence of a multidrug-resistance mutation in an hiv-2 variant infecting a treatment-naive individual in caio, guinea bissau. | we report the possible transmission of drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 2. a 66-year-old woman from rural guinea bissau who had no obvious antiretroviral exposure was found to harbor a variant with the multidrug-resistance mutation q151m. finding this mutation among a drug-naive population presents an important public health issue that needs to be addressed for treatment to be effective. | 2009 | 19438401 |
| a neutralization assay for hiv-2 based on measurement of provirus integration by duplex real-time pcr. | specific, effective and rapid neutralization assays are crucial for the development of an hiv vaccine based on the stimulation of neutralizing antibodies and the development of such an assay for the human immunodeficiency virus-2 (hiv-2) is described. virus neutralization was measured as the reduction of provirus integration using a duplex real-time pcr with high efficiency (99.4%). this pcr uses primers and a probe specific for the proviral ltr. amplification and quantitative analysis of the ce ... | 2009 | 19442843 |
| antiretroviral drug resistance in human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | | 2009 | 19470514 |
| piecing together the structure of retroviral integrase, an important target in aids therapy. | integrase (in) is one of only three enzymes encoded in the genomes of all retroviruses, and is the one least characterized in structural terms. in catalyzes processing of the ends of a dna copy of the retroviral genome and its concerted insertion into the chromosome of the host cell. the protein consists of three domains, the central catalytic core domain flanked by the n-terminal and c-terminal domains, the latter being involved in dna binding. although the protein data bank contains a number o ... | 2009 | 19490099 |
| vpu directs the degradation of the human immunodeficiency virus restriction factor bst-2/tetherin via a {beta}trcp-dependent mechanism. | the primary roles attributed to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) vpu protein are the degradation of the viral receptor cd4 and the enhancement of virion release. with regard to cd4 downregulation, vpu has been shown to act as an adapter linking cd4 with the ubiquitin-proteasome machinery via interaction with the f-box protein betatrcp. to identify additional cellular betatrcp-dependent vpu targets, we performed quantitative proteomics analyses using the plasma membrane fraction of ... | 2009 | 19515779 |
| [a case of hiv-1 infection that showed western blot analysis for hiv-1 negative after antiretroviral therapy]. | western blot (wb) is the most widely accepted confirmatory assay for detecting antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1). we report the case of an hiv-1 patient whose wb was negative for over two years. a 41-year-old japanese man with pneumocystis pneumonia (pcp) and pulmonary tuberculosis referred in march 2005 was found to have positive hiv-1 elisa and hiv rna pcr, but hiv-1 wb with only two bands, at gp160 and p18, and no wb hiv-2 band. the cd4 count was 37/microl, and total im ... | 2009 | 19522309 |
| betulinic acid derivatives as human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) inhibitors. | we previously reported that [[n-[3beta-hydroxyllup-20(29)-en-28-oyl]-7-aminoheptyl]carbamoyl]methane (a43d, 4) was a potent hiv-1 entry inhibitor. however, 4 was inactive against hiv-2 virus, suggesting the structural requirements for targeting these two retroviruses are different. in this study, a series of new betulinic acid derivatives were synthesized, and some of them displayed selective anti-hiv-2 activity at nanomolar concentrations. in comparison to compounds with anti-hiv-1 activity, a ... | 2009 | 19526990 |
| transfusion safety on the african continent: an international quality control of virus testing in blood banks. | following world health organization recommendations that a quality control (qc) system be implemented in african blood centers, a pilot study of the performance of human immunodeficiency virus antibody (anti-hiv), hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), and hepatitis c virus antibody (anti-hcv) testing by several sub-saharan african blood centers was initiated. | 2009 | 19527479 |
| a patch of positively charged amino acids surrounding the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vif slvx4yx9y motif influences its interaction with apobec3g. | the amino-terminal region of the vif molecule in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) contains a conserved slv/ix4yx9y motif that was first described in 1992, but the importance of this motif for vif function has not yet been examined. our characterization of the amino acids surrounding this motif in hiv-1 vif indicated that the region is critical for apobec3 suppression. in particular, amino acids k22, k26, y30, and y40 were found to be imp ... | 2009 | 19535450 |
| production, purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of the hiv-2-neutralizing v3 loop-specific fab fragment 7c8. | 7c8 is a mouse monoclonal antibody that is specific for the third hypervariable loop (v3 loop) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) associated protein gp125. fab fragments of 7c8 effectively neutralize hiv-2. 7c8 was expressed and purified from a hybridoma cell line in order to establish the molecular basis underlying the specificity of the 7c8 antibody for the v3 loop as well as the specific role of the elongated third complementarity-determining region of the heavy chain (cdrh3). ... | 2009 | 19574645 |
| dynamics of raltegravir resistance profile in an hiv type 2-infected patient. | the evolutionary dynamics of ral resistance in the hiv-2 virus were examined through population and clonal sequence analysis of the in from baseline, during treatment, and after stopping ral therapy. the treatment failure of an ral regimen in the hiv-2 patient studied was associated with the emergence of mutations via the n155h resistance pathway and subsequent switching to the y143c mutational route. this study has also identified four novel secondary mutations, q91r, s147g, a153g, and m183i, n ... | 2009 | 19618998 |
| mutation n155h in hiv-2 integrase confers high phenotypic resistance to raltegravir and impairs replication capacity. | raltegravir has been shown to be active against wildtype hiv-2 with a phenotypic susceptibility similar to hiv-1. due to the recent introduction of these novel inhibitors, information on the selection of resistance mutations and its phenotypic effect in this population is scarce. | 2009 | 19625211 |
| increased mortality and aids-like immunopathology in wild chimpanzees infected with sivcpz. | african primates are naturally infected with over 40 different simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs), two of which have crossed the species barrier and generated human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2). unlike the human viruses, however, sivs do not generally cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in their natural hosts. here we show that sivcpz, the immediate precursor of hiv-1, is pathogenic in free-ranging chimpanzees. by following 94 members of two habituated c ... | 2009 | 19626114 |
| modification of a loop sequence between alpha-helices 6 and 7 of virus capsid (ca) protein in a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) derivative that has simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac239) vif and ca alpha-helices 4 and 5 loop improves replication in cynomolgus monkey cells. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) productively infects only humans and chimpanzees but not cynomolgus or rhesus monkeys while simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from macaque (sivmac) readily establishes infection in those monkeys. several hiv-1 and sivmac chimeric viruses have been constructed in order to develop an animal model for hiv-1 infection. construction of an hiv-1 derivative which contains sequences of a sivmac239 loop between alpha-helices 4 and 5 (l4/5) of capsid protei ... | 2009 | 19650891 |
| screening of tanzanian medicinal plants against plasmodium falciparum and human immunodeficiency virus. | medicinal plants used to treat infectious diseases in bunda district, tanzania, were screened for activity against plasmodium falciparum and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1, iiib strain) and type 2 (hiv-2, rod strain). antiplasmodial activity was observed for the 80 % meoh extract of ormocarpum kirkii (root; mic = 31.25 microg/ml), combretum adenogonium (leaves), euphorbia tirucalli (root), harrisonia abyssinica (root), rhynchosia sublobata (root), sesbania sesban (root), tithonia div ... | 2010 | 19653145 |
| prevalence of hiv-1, hiv-2, hepatitis c and co-infection in the gambia. | in most west african countries, the distribution and risk factors for co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) is unknown despite the current hiv epidemic and evidence of increasing prevalence of hcv in the region. | 2009 | 19662739 |
| coinfection of ugandan red colobus (procolobus [piliocolobus] rufomitratus tephrosceles) with novel, divergent delta-, lenti-, and spumaretroviruses. | nonhuman primates host a plethora of potentially zoonotic microbes, with simian retroviruses receiving heightened attention due to their roles in the origins of human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2. however, incomplete taxonomic and geographic sampling of potential hosts, especially the african colobines, has left the full range of primate retrovirus diversity unexplored. blood samples collected from 31 wild-living red colobus monkeys (procolobus [piliocolobus] rufomitratus te ... | 2009 | 19692478 |
| web interface-supported transmission risk assessment and cost-effectiveness analysis of postdonation screening: a global model applied to ghana, thailand, and the netherlands. | the goal of our research was to actively involve decision makers in the economic assessment of screening strategies in their region. this study attempted to accomplish this by providing an easy-to-use web interface at http://www.bloodsafety.info that allows decision makers to adapt this model to local conditions. | 2009 | 19709093 |
| the phthalocyanine prototype derivative alcian blue is the first synthetic agent with selective anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity due to its gp120 glycan-binding potential. | alcian blue (ab), a phthalocyanine derivative, is able to prevent infection by a wide spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus strains in various cell types [t cells, (co)receptor-transfected cells, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells]. with the exception of herpes simplex virus, ab is inactive against a broad variety of other (dna and rna) viruses. time-of-addition studies show that ab prevents hiv-1 infection at the virus entry stage, ... | 2009 | 19721061 |
| inhibition of t-cell receptor-induced actin remodeling and relocalization of lck are evolutionarily conserved activities of lentiviral nef proteins. | nef, an important pathogenicity factor of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), elevates virus replication in vivo. among other activities, nef affects t-cell receptor (tcr) signaling via several mechanisms. for hiv-1 nef these include alteration of the organization and function of the immunological synapse (is) such as relocalization of the lck kinase, as well as early inhibition of tcr/cd3 complex (tcr-cd3)-mediated actin rearrangements and tyrosine phosph ... | 2009 | 19726522 |
| antagonism to and intracellular sequestration of human tetherin by the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope glycoprotein. | tetherin (cd317/bst-2), an interferon-induced membrane protein, restricts the release of nascent retroviral particles from infected cell surfaces. while human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) encodes the accessory gene vpu to overcome the action of tetherin, the lineage of primate lentiviruses that gave rise to hiv-2 does not. it has been previously reported that the hiv-2 envelope glycoprotein has a vpu-like function in promoting virus release. here we demonstrate that the hiv-2 rod envelo ... | 2009 | 19740980 |
| the cdk inhibitor p21cip1/waf1 is induced by fcgammar activation and restricts the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and related primate lentiviruses in human macrophages. | macrophages are major targets of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). we have previously shown that aggregation of activating immunoglobulin g fc receptors (fcgammar) by immune complexes inhibits reverse transcript accumulation and integration of hiv-1 and related lentiviruses in monocyte-derived macrophages. here, we show that fcgammar-mediated restriction of hiv-1 is not due to enhanced degradation of incoming viral proteins or cdna and is associated to the induction of the cyclin-depe ... | 2009 | 19759136 |
| active site remodeling switches hiv specificity of antiretroviral trimcyp. | trimcyps are primate antiretroviral proteins that potently inhibit hiv replication. here we describe how rhesus macaque trimcyp (rhtc) has evolved to target and restrict hiv-2. we show that the ancestral cyclophilin a (cypa) domain of rhtc targets hiv-2 capsid with weak affinity, which is strongly increased in rhtc by two mutations (d66n and r69h) at the expense of hiv-1 binding. these mutations disrupt a constraining intramolecular interaction in cypa, triggering the complete restructuring (>16 ... | 2009 | 19767750 |
| molecular characterization of the env gene of two ccr5/cxcr4-independent human immunodeficiency 2 primary isolates. | human immunodeficiency virus 2 (hiv-2) infection is characterized by a slower disease progression and lower transmission rates. the molecular features that could be assigned as directly involved in this in vivo phenotype remain essentially unknown, and the importance of hiv-2 as a model to understand pathogenicity of hiv infection has been frequently underestimated. the early events of the hiv replication cycle involve the interaction between viral envelope glycoproteins and cellular receptors: ... | 2009 | 19774680 |
| downregulation of the t-cell receptor by human immunodeficiency virus type 2 nef does not protect against disease progression. | chronic immune activation is thought to play a major role in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) pathogenesis, but the relative contributions of multiple factors to immune activation are not known. one proposed mechanism to protect against immune activation is the ability of nef proteins from some hiv and simian immunodeficiency virus strains to downregulate the t-cell receptor (tcr)-cd3 complex of the infected cell, thereby reducing the potential for deleterious activation. hiv type 1 (hiv-1) ne ... | 2009 | 19812166 |
| biochemical and virological analysis of the 18-residue c-terminal tail of hiv-1 integrase. | the 18 residue tail abutting the sh3 fold that comprises the heart of the c-terminal domain is the only part of hiv-1 integrase yet to be visualized by structural biology. to ascertain the role of the tail region in integrase function and hiv-1 replication, a set of deletion mutants that successively lacked three amino acids was constructed and analyzed in a variety of biochemical and virus infection assays. hiv-1/2 chimers, which harbored the analogous 23-mer hiv-2 tail in place of the hiv-1 se ... | 2009 | 19840380 |
| changes in the level of apoptosis-related proteins in jurkat cells infected with hiv-1 versus hiv-2. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection-induced apoptosis of infected cd4 t cells as well as uninfected (bystander) cd4 t cells and other types of cells is a major factor in the pathogenesis of aids. clinically, hiv-2 patients have a higher cd4 cell count at the time of an aids diagnosis, and generally have longer survival after development of symptoms. the mortality after an aids diagnosis has been reported to be more influenced by cd4 cell count than hiv type. previous studies have shown ... | 2010 | 19841866 |
| label-free electrochemical dna biosensor array for simultaneous detection of the hiv-1 and hiv-2 oligonucleotides incorporating different hairpin-dna probes and redox indicator. | a label-free electrochemical dna biosensor array was developed as a model system for simultaneous detection of multiplexed dnas using microlitres of sample. a novel multi-electrode array was comprised of six gold working electrodes and a gold auxiliary electrode, which were fabricated by gold sputtering technology, and a printed ag/agcl reference electrode was fabricated by screen-printing technology. the dna biosensor array for simultaneous detection of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) ol ... | 2010 | 19850463 |
| debio-025 inhibits hiv-1 by interfering with an early event in the replication cycle. | cyclophilin a is a peptidyl-propyl isomerase that binds the capsid (p24) protein of hiv-1 and facilitates replication. we report a cyclophilin inhibitor, a non-immunosuppressive cyclosporine analogue, debio-025, that is about 15-times more potent than cyclosporine a and less toxic resulting in a selectivity index of more than 300. it was equally active against virus strains that were resistant toward inhibitors of the viral entry, fusion, or reverse transcription while it was not inhibitory to h ... | 2010 | 19857522 |
| concentrated and linked epidemics of both hsv-2 and hiv-1/hiv-2 infections in senegal: public health impacts of the spread of hiv. | the objective of this article is to report seroprevalences on hiv and herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) in female sex workers (fsw) and in two sentinel populations of pregnant women living in senegal. serosurveys of hiv and hsv-2 were conducted in two unselected sentinel populations from dakar, senegal, and its provinces, including in 2003 only pregnant women and 2006 pregnant women and fsw. the population study involved 888 pregnant women and 604 fsw. in pregnant women, hiv and hsv-2 seroprevalenc ... | 2009 | 19875833 |
| restrictions to cross-species transmission of lentiviral infection gleaned from studies of fiv. | more than 40 species of primates and over 20 species of cats harbor antibodies that sero-react to lentiviral antigens. in nearly all cases where viral genetic analysis has been conducted, each host species is infected with a unique lentivirus. though lentivirus clades within a species can be substantially divergent, they are typically monophyletic within that species. a notable significant departure from this observation is apparent cross-species transmission of fiv between bobcats (lynx rufus) ... | 2010 | 19896218 |
| antiviral activity of the interferon-induced cellular protein bst-2/tetherin. | pathogenic microorganisms encode proteins that antagonize specific aspects of innate or adaptive immunity. just as the study of the hiv-1 accessory protein vif led to the identification of cellular cytidine deaminases as host defense proteins, the study of hiv-1 vpu recently led to the discovery of the interferon-induced transmembrane protein bst-2 (cd317; tetherin) as a novel component of the innate defense against enveloped viruses. bst-2 is an unusually structured protein that restricts the r ... | 2009 | 19929170 |
| direct relationship between virus load and systemic immune activation in hiv-2 infection. | immune activation is a hallmark of disease progression in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv type 2 (hiv-2) infection. however, the relationship between viremia and systemic immune activation is unclear. we assessed the relationship between hiv-2 plasma virus load and immune system activation in a cross-sectional study in a community cohort of hiv-1-positive, hiv-2-positive, and hiv-negative patients, in which many hiv-2-positive patients had nonprogressing infection. hla- ... | 2010 | 19938978 |
| the pharmacologic management of insomnia in patients with hiv. | insomnia is common in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) seropositive populations. some studies have estimated as many as 70% of hiv patients experience insomnia at some point during their illness. insomnia has been linked to reduced quality of life as well as treatment non-adherence in these patients. however, there has been very limited research on the treatment of insomnia in this setting. lacking treatment trials, we carried out a review of the available literature relevant to the pharmacolo ... | 2009 | 19960648 |
| antiviral efficacy of the novel compound bit225 against hiv-1 release from human macrophages. | building on previous findings that amiloride analogues inhibit hiv-1 replication in monocyte-derived macrophages (mdm), biotron limited has generated a library of over 300 small-molecule compounds with significant improvements in anti-hiv-1 activity. our lead compound, bit225, blocks vpu ion channel activity and also shows anti-hiv-1 activity, with a 50% effective concentration of 2.25+/-0.23 microm (mean+/-the standard error) and minimal in vitro toxicity (50% toxic concentration, 284 microm) i ... | 2010 | 19995924 |
| pradimicin s, a highly soluble nonpeptidic small-size carbohydrate-binding antibiotic, is an anti-hiv drug lead for both microbicidal and systemic use. | pradimicin s (prm-s) is a highly water-soluble, negatively charged derivative of the antibiotic pradimicin a (prm-a) in which the terminal xylose moiety has been replaced by 3-sulfated glucose. prm-s does not prevent human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) adsorption on cd4(+) t cells, but it blocks virus entry into its target cells. it inhibits a wide variety of hiv-1 laboratory strains and clinical isolates, hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) in various cell culture systems (50% and 90% ... | 2010 | 20047920 |
| treatment preferences: impact of risk and benefit in decision-making. | understanding treatment preferences of seriously ill patients is complex. previous studies have shown a correlation between the burden and outcome of a treatment and the likelihood a patient will accept a given intervention. in this study the willingness to accept life sustaining treatment (walt) survey was used in a predominantly latino population receiving care at a large urban safety net hospital. eligible patients were cared for by one of four clinics: (1) human immunodeficiency virus (hiv); ... | 2010 | 20050792 |
| the importance of hiv antenatal screening programs for pregnant women. | to investigate retrospectively the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 and 2 among pregnant women during a 10-year period. | 2010 | 20062902 |
| inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by triciribine involves the accessory protein nef. | triciribine (tcn) is a tricyclic nucleoside that inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) replication by a unique mechanism not involving the inhibition of enzymes directly involved in viral replication. this activity requires the phosphorylation of tcn to its 5' monophosphate by intracellular adenosine kinase. new testing with a panel of hiv and simian immunodeficiency virus isolates, including low-passage-number clinical isolates and selected subgroups of hiv-1, multidrug resistant ... | 2010 | 20086149 |
| inhibition of hiv-1 replication by a bis-thiadiazolbenzene-1,2-diamine that chelates zinc ions from retroviral nucleocapsid zinc fingers. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) nucleocapsid p7 (ncp7) protein holds two highly conserved "cchc" zinc finger domains that are required for several phases of viral replication. basic residues flank the zinc fingers, and both determinants are required for high-affinity binding to rna. several compounds were previously found to target ncp7 by reacting with the sulfhydryl group of cysteine residues from the zinc fingers. here, we have identified an n,n'-bis(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl)benz ... | 2010 | 20124006 |
| low prevalence rate of indeterminate serological human immunodeficiency virus results among pregnant women from burkina faso, west africa. | rapid human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibody tests have been adopted into national guidelines for hiv testing in many countries in sub-saharan africa. one goal of hiv rapid testing is to minimize the occurrence of indeterminate results. from january 2005 to december 2007, plasma (or serum) samples from pregnant women in bobo-dioulasso (burkina faso, west africa) were screened for hiv by using two rapid tests (the determine hiv1/2 test [abbott] and genie ii hiv-1/hiv-2 [bio-rad]) through a s ... | 2010 | 20129958 |
| lentiviral nef proteins utilize pak2-mediated deregulation of cofilin as a general strategy to interfere with actin remodeling. | nef is an accessory protein and pathogenicity factor of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) which elevates virus replication in vivo. we recently described for hiv type 1(sf2) (hiv-1(sf2)) the potent interference of nef with t-lymphocyte chemotaxis via its association with the cellular kinase pak2. mechanistic analysis revealed that this interaction results in deregulation of the actin-severing factor cofilin and thus blocks the chemokine-mediated actin rem ... | 2010 | 20147394 |
| performance evaluation of the new roche cobas ampliprep/cobas taqman hiv-1 test version 2.0 for quantification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 rna. | despite fda approval and ce marking of commercial tests, manufacturer-independent testing of the technical aspects of newly developed tests is important. to evaluate the analytical performance and explore the clinical applicability of the new roche cobas ampliprep cobas taqman hiv-1 test, version 2.0 (cap/ctm v2.0), platform comparison was performed with the roche cap/ctm test, version 2.0, the cobas amplicor hiv-1 monitor test, version 1.5 (cap/ca v1.5), the cobas ampliprep cobas taqman hiv-1 t ... | 2010 | 20164281 |
| anti-tetherin activities in vpu-expressing primate lentiviruses. | the anti-viral activity of the cellular restriction factor, bst-2/tetherin, was first observed as an ability to block the release of vpu-minus hiv-1 from the surface of infected cells. however, tetherin restriction is also counteracted by primate lentiviruses that do not express a vpu protein, where anti-tetherin functions are provided by either the env protein (hiv-2, sivtan) or the nef protein (sivsm/mac and sivagm). within the primate lentiviruses, vpu is also present in the genomes of sivcpz ... | 2010 | 20167081 |
| interaction of vpx and apolipoprotein b mrna-editing catalytic polypeptide 3 family member a (apobec3a) correlates with efficient lentivirus infection of monocytes. | the accessory protein vpx is encoded by lentiviruses of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and the simian immunodeficiency sivsm/sivmac lineage. it is packaged into virions and is indispensable in early steps of monocyte infection. hiv-1, which does not encode vpx, is not able to infect human monocytes, but vpx enables infection with hiv-1. the underlying mechanism is not completely understood. in this work, we focus on vpx-mediated intracellular postentry events as counteraction of ... | 2010 | 20178977 |
| microbial translocation correlates with the severity of both hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections. | microbial translocation has been linked to systemic immune activation during human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 infection. here, we show that an elevated level of microbial translocation, measured as plasma lipopolysaccharide (lps) concentration, correlates with aids in both individuals infected with hiv type 1 and individuals infected with hiv type 2. lps concentration also correlates with cd4+ t cell count and viral load independently of hiv type. furthermore, elevated plasma lps concen ... | 2010 | 20199244 |
| a rapid and automated sample-to-result hiv load test for near-patient application. | current viral load tests for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) can only be performed in laboratory environments, require highly trained operators and expensive equipment, and have a turnaround time of several hours to days. the liat hiv quant assay proves that such nucleic acid testing can be performed rapidly and easily, allowing application at the point of care. | 2010 | 20225947 |
| synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-(hydroxyimino)arylmethyl diarylpyrimidine analogues as potential non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors against hiv. | a series of novel diarylpyrimidine analogues featuring a hydroxyiminomethyl group between the pyrimidine scaffold and the aryl wing i have been synthesized and tested in mt-4 cells culture as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). most of these new congeners exhibited moderate to excellent activity against wild-type virus with an ec(50) value ranging from 0.569microm to 0.005microm. 4-(4-((hydroxyimino) (3-methoxyphenyl)methyl)pyrimidin-2-ylam ... | 2010 | 20307984 |
| dipyridodiazepinone analogs as human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: an overview. | according to world health organization (who)/joint united nations programme on human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) (unaids) report in 2007, 33.2 million people are living with hiv, 2.5 million ones have been newly infected with hiv, and 2.1 million ones died from aids, including 330,000 children. therefore, hiv/aids still remains a public health emergency and a leading cause of mortality worldwide. it is believed that reverse transcriptase (rt) is a cruc ... | 2010 | 20377515 |
| limelight on two hiv/siv accessory proteins in macrophage infection: is vpx overshadowing vpr? | hiv viruses encode a set of accessory proteins, which are important determinants of virulence due to their ability to manipulate the host cell physiology for the benefit of the virus. although these viral proteins are dispensable for viral growth in many in vitro cell culture systems, they influence the efficiency of viral replication in certain cell types. macrophages are early targets of hiv infection which play a major role in viral dissemination and persistence in the organism. this review f ... | 2010 | 20380700 |
| higher mortality in hiv-2/htlv-1 co-infected patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in guinea-bissau, west africa, compared to hiv-2-positive htlv-1-negative patients. | to investigate the effect of human t-lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-1) on cd4 counts and mortality in tuberculosis (tb) patients with or without human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). | 2010 | 20395161 |
| highly avid, oligoclonal, early-differentiated antigen-specific cd8+ t cells in chronic hiv-2 infection. | hiv-1-specific cd8(+) t cells are present in most hiv-1-infected people and play an important role in controlling viral replication, but the characteristics of an effective hiv-specific t-cell response are largely unknown. the majority of hiv-2-infected people behave as long-term non-progressors while those who progress to aids do so in a manner indistinguishable from hiv-1. a detailed study of hiv-2 infection may identify protective immune responses. robust gag p26-specific t-cell responses are ... | 2010 | 20411566 |
| syndecan-fc hybrid molecule as a potent in vitro microbicidal anti-hiv-1 agent. | in the absence of a vaccine, there is an urgent need for the development of safe and effective topical microbicides to prevent the sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). in this study, we proposed to develop a novel class of microbicides using syndecan as the antiviral agent. specifically, we generated a soluble syndecan-fc hybrid molecule by fusing the ectodomain of syndecan-1 to the fc domain of a human igg. we then tested the syndecan-fc hybrid molecule for variou ... | 2010 | 20439611 |
| functional hiv-2- and sivsmmpbj- derived lentiviral vectors generated by a novel polymerase chain reaction-based approach. | lentiviral vectors allow stable gene transfer into nonreplicating cells and are increasingly used in clinical gene therapy approaches. vectors derived from different origins can show distinct target cell transduction properties. therefore, the construction of modern vector systems of different viral origin remains desirable. the generation of safe and efficient lentivirus-derived transfer vectors by gradual enhancing cloning steps is a time-consuming process that depends on the presence of suita ... | 2010 | 20440755 |
| ebola virus glycoprotein counteracts bst-2/tetherin restriction in a sequence-independent manner that does not require tetherin surface removal. | bst-2/tetherin is an interferon-inducible protein that restricts the release of enveloped viruses from the surface of infected cells by physically linking viral and cellular membranes. it is present at both the cell surface and in a perinuclear region, and viral anti-tetherin factors including hiv-1 vpu and hiv-2 env have been shown to decrease the cell surface population. to map the domains of human tetherin necessary for both virus restriction and sensitivity to viral anti-tetherin factors, we ... | 2010 | 20444895 |
| hiv-2 crf01_ab: first circulating recombinant form of hiv-2. | five hiv-2-seropositive cases were recently identified in japan, outside the hiv-2 endemic area of west africa. to clarify the molecular epidemiology of hiv-2 in japan, we analyzed sequences of these cases in detail. | 2010 | 20502347 |
| hiv-2 capsids distinguish high and low virus load patients in a west african community cohort. | hiv-2 causes aids similar to hiv-1, however a considerable proportion of hiv-2 infected patients show no disease and have low plasma virus load (vl). an analysis of hiv-2 capsid (p26) variation demonstrated that proline at p26 positions 119, 159 and 178 are more frequent in lower vl subjects while non-proline residues at all three sites are more frequent in subjects with high vl. in vitro replication levels of viruses bearing changes at the three sites suggested that these three residues influen ... | 2010 | 20510746 |
| influence of hla class i and hla-kir compound genotypes on hiv-2 infection and markers of disease progression in a manjako community in west africa. | overall, the time to aids after hiv-2 infection is longer than with hiv-1, and many individuals infected with hiv-2 virus remain healthy throughout their lives. multiple hla and kir gene products have been implicated in the control of hiv-1, but the effect of variation at these loci on hiv-2 disease is unknown. we show here for the first time that hla-b*1503 is associated significantly with poor prognosis after hiv-2 infection and that hla-b*0801 is associated with susceptibility to infection. i ... | 2010 | 20519398 |
| structure-activity analysis of vinylogous urea inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus-encoded ribonuclease h. | vinylogous ureas 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4h-cyclohepta[b]thiophene-3-carboxamide and n-[3-(aminocarbonyl)-4,5-dimethyl-2-thienyl]-2-furancarboxamide (compounds 1 and 2, respectively) were recently identified to be modestly potent inhibitors of the rnase h activity of hiv-1 and hiv-2 reverse transcriptase (rt). both compounds shared a 3-conh(2)-substituted thiophene ring but were otherwise structurally unrelated, which prevented a precise definition of the pharmacophore. we have therefore exam ... | 2010 | 20547794 |
| [current situation of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and human t lymphotropic virus in spain]. | the spanish hiv-2 and htlv group was founded in 1989. since then, a total of 144 cases of htlv-1 and 717 cases of infection with htlv-2 have been reported. most patients infected with htlv-1 are immigrants from latin america and sub-saharan africa. a total of 34 patients had developed diseases associated with htlv-1: 21 tropical spastic paraparesis and 13 leukemias. the profile of patients infected with htlv-2 is of males, native spaniards, intravenous drug users and coinfected with hiv-1. the m ... | 2010 | 20570417 |
| semen-mediated enhancement of hiv infection is donor-dependent and correlates with the levels of sevi. | hiv-1 is usually transmitted in the presence of semen. we have shown that semen boosts hiv-1 infection and contains fragments of prostatic acid phosphatase (pap) forming amyloid aggregates termed sevi (semen-derived enhancer of viral infection) that promote virion attachment to target cells. despite its importance for the global spread of hiv-1, however, the effect of semen on virus infection is controversial. | 2010 | 20573198 |
| improving hiv-2 detection by a combination of serological and nucleic acid amplification test assays. | the ability to detect hiv-2 and to discriminate between hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections was evaluated in 46 serum samples from guinea-bissau (gb) and guinea-conakry (gc) using serological tests and commercial (hiv-1) and in-house (hiv-2) real-time pcr assays. samples were first identified as hiv-2 positive by genie i/ii assay in gb and gc. hiv positivity was detected in 44 of 46 samples by all screening and confirmatory assays. a diagnostic strategy based on inno-lia and hiv-1/2 rna detection assays ... | 2010 | 20573872 |
| cd4+ lymphocyte values and trends in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus and/or co-infected with hepatitis c virus in the gambia. | this study was undertaken to monitor the cd4+ lymphocyte count in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and/or co-infected with hepatitis c virus (hcv) and to compare this with the counts in normal individuals in the gambia. | 2009 | 20589139 |
| identification of a critical t(q/d/e)x5adx2(i/l) motif from primate lentivirus vif proteins that regulate apobec3g and apobec3f neutralizing activity. | primate lentiviruses are unique in that they produce several accessory proteins to help in the establishment of productive viral infection. the major function of these proteins is to clear host resistance factors that inhibit viral replication. vif is one of these proteins. it functions as an adaptor that binds to the cytidine deaminases apobec3g (a3g) and apobec3f (a3f) and bridges them to a cullin 5 (cul5) and elongin (elo) b/c e3 ubiquitin ligase complex for proteasomal degradation. so far, 1 ... | 2010 | 20592083 |
| human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type-1, hiv-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus nef proteins. | the genomes of all retroviruses encode the gag pol and env structural proteins. human and simian lentiviruses have acquired non-structural proteins among which nef plays a major role in the evolution of viral infection towards an immunodeficiency syndrome. indeed, in the absence of a functional nef gene, primate lentiviruses are far less pathogenic than their wild type counterparts. the multiple protein-protein interactions in which nef is involved all contribute to explain the role played by ne ... | 2010 | 20594957 |
| fundamental difference in the content of high-mannose carbohydrate in the hiv-1 and hiv-2 lineages. | the virus-encoded envelope proteins of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) typically contain 26 to 30 sites for n-linked carbohydrate attachment. n-linked carbohydrate can be of three major types: high mannose, complex, or hybrid. the lectin proteins from galanthus nivalis (gna) and hippeastrum hybrid (hha), which specifically bind high-mannose carbohydrate, were found to potently inhibit the replication of a pathogenic cloned siv from rhesus macaques, sivm ... | 2010 | 20610711 |
| sensitivity of five rapid hiv tests on oral fluid or finger-stick whole blood: a real-time comparison in a healthcare setting. | health authorities in several countries recently recommended the expansion of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibody testing, including the use of rapid tests. several hiv rapid tests are now licensed in europe but their sensitivity on total blood and/or oral fluid in routine healthcare settings is not known. | 2010 | 20657834 |
| seroepidemiology of hepatitis-b surface antigenaemia in hiv positive patients. | hepatitis b virus (hbv) co-infection with hiv is a potential and significant cause of mortality and morbidity in hiv-positive patients. | 2010 | 20665460 |
| endogenous cd317/tetherin limits replication of hiv-1 and murine leukemia virus in rodent cells and is resistant to antagonists from primate viruses. | human cd317 (bst-2/tetherin) is an intrinsic immunity factor that blocks the release of retroviruses, filoviruses, herpesviruses, and arenaviruses. it is unclear whether cd317 expressed endogenously in rodent cells has the capacity to interfere with the replication of the retroviral rodent pathogen murine leukemia virus (mlv) or, in the context of small-animal model development, contributes to the well-established late-phase restriction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). here, we sh ... | 2010 | 20702620 |
| iatrogenic transmission of human t cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and hepatitis c virus through parenteral treatment and chemoprophylaxis of sleeping sickness in colonial equatorial africa. | the simultaneous emergence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 group m and hiv-2 into human populations, circa 1921-1940, is attributed to urbanization and changes in sexual behavior. we hypothesized that the initial dissemination of hiv-1, before sexual transmission predominated, was facilitated by the administration, via reusable syringes and needles, of parenteral drugs against tropical diseases. as proxies for highly lethal hiv-1, we investigated risk factors for hepatitis c virus (hcv) ... | 2010 | 20735238 |
| mother-to-child transmission of hiv-2 infection from 1986 to 2007 in the anrs french perinatal cohort epf-co1. | management of pregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 infection remains unclear because of its low prevalence and important differences from hiv-1. methods: pregnant women monoinfected with hiv-2 or hiv-1 and their infants enrolled in the prospective, national, multicenter french perinatal cohort between 1986 and 2007. | 2010 | 20804413 |
| trim5 suppresses cross-species transmission of a primate immunodeficiency virus and selects for emergence of resistant variants in the new species. | simian immunodeficiency viruses of sooty mangabeys (sivsm) are the source of multiple, successful cross-species transmissions, having given rise to hiv-2 in humans, sivmac in rhesus macaques, and sivstm in stump-tailed macaques. cellular assays and phylogenetic comparisons indirectly support a role for trim5alpha, the product of the trim5 gene, in suppressing interspecies transmission and emergence of retroviruses in nature. here, we investigate the in vivo role of trim5 directly, focusing on tr ... | 2010 | 20808775 |
| multiple sites in the n-terminal half of simian immunodeficiency virus capsid protein contribute to evasion from rhesus monkey trim5α-mediated restriction. | we previously reported that cynomolgus monkey (cm) trim5α could restrict human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) strains carrying a proline at the 120th position of the capsid protein (ca), but it failed to restrict those with a glutamine or an alanine. in contrast, rhesus monkey (rh) trim5α could restrict all hiv-2 strains tested but not simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from macaque (sivmac), despite its genetic similarity to hiv-2. | 2010 | 20825647 |
| seroprevalence of hepatitis b and c virus in hiv-1 and hiv-2 infected gambians. | the prevalence of hiv/hepatitis co-infection in sub-saharan africa is not well documented, while both hiv and hbv are endemic in this area. | 2010 | 20843322 |
| potent and broadly reactive hiv-2 neutralizing antibodies elicited by a vaccinia virus vector prime-c2v3c3 polypeptide boost immunization strategy. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection affects about 1 to 2 million individuals, the majority living in west africa, europe, and india. as for hiv-1, new strategies for the prevention of hiv-2 infection are needed. our aim was to produce new vaccine immunogens that elicit the production of broadly reactive hiv-2 neutralizing antibodies (nabs). native and truncated envelope proteins from the reference hiv-2ali isolate were expressed in vaccinia virus or in bacteria. this source iso ... | 2010 | 20844029 |
| a novel envelope mediated post entry restriction of murine leukaemia virus in human cells is ref1/trim5α independent. | 'intrinsic' resistance to retroviral infection was first recognised with the friend virus susceptibility gene (fv1), which determines susceptibility to murine leukaemia virus (mlv) infection in different murine species. similarly, the tripartite motif (trim) family of proteins determine lentiviral restriction in a primate host-species specific manner. for example rhesus trim5α (rhtrim5α) can potently restrict hiv-1 infection while human trim5α (hutrim5α) only has a mild effect on sivmac and hiv- ... | 2010 | 20929586 |
| comparative analysis of transduced primary human dendritic cells generated by the use of three different lentiviral vector systems. | lentiviral gene transfer vectors are suitable for genetically modifying non-cycling primary human cells. in this study, we analyzed transduced human dendritic cells (dc) generated by the use of three different gfp-encoding lentiviral vectors, hiv-2 rod a δenv-gfp (rod a), sivsmm pbj δe egfp (pbj), and sivmac δe egfp (sivmac). cd14+ monocytes were isolated from buffy coat, transduced, and differentiated to immature and mature dc. cytofluometric analysis of dc revealed high transduction efficienci ... | 2011 | 20938757 |
| [human immunodeficiency virus type 1, type 2 (hiv-1, hiv-2)]. | | 2010 | 20942107 |
| coreceptor usage by hiv-1 and hiv-2 primary isolates: the relevance of ccr8 chemokine receptor as an alternative coreceptor. | the human immunodeficiency virus replication cycle begins by sequential interactions between viral envelope glycoproteins with cd4 molecule and a member of the seven-transmembrane, g-protein-coupled, receptors' family (coreceptor). in this report we focused on the contribution of ccr8 as alternative coreceptor for hiv-1 and hiv-2 isolates. we found that this coreceptor was efficiently used not only by hiv-2 but particularly by hiv-1 isolates. we demonstrate that cxcr4 usage, either alone or toge ... | 2010 | 20947116 |
| simian immunodeficiency virus from the sooty mangabey and rhesus macaque is modified with o-linked carbohydrate. | although stretches of serine and threonine are sometimes sites for o-linked carbohydrate attachment, specific sequence and structural determinants for o-linked attachment remain ill defined. the gp120 envelope protein of sivmac239 contains a serine-threonine-rich stretch of amino acids at positions 128 to 139. here we show that lectin protein from jackfruit seed (jacalin), which binds to non- and monosialylated core 1 o-linked carbohydrate, potently inhibited the replication of sivmac239. select ... | 2010 | 20962077 |
| enfuvirtide: from basic investigations to current clinical use. | drug resistance is a major challenge in the treatment of hiv infection. enfuvirtide is the first entry inhibitor to have been approved for clinical use. | 2010 | 20977403 |
| hiv type 2 in new york city, 2000-2008. | antibody cross-reactivity complicates differential diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 (hiv-2) using standard serologic screening and confirmatory tests for hiv. hiv type 1 (hiv-1) viral load testing does not detect hiv-2. although hiv-2 is, in general, less pathogenic than hiv-1, it can lead to immunosuppression and clinical aids, and there are important differences in the selection of antiretroviral therapy for hiv-2-related immunosuppression that make it imperative to diffe ... | 2010 | 21039219 |
| epidemiology and seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | hiv-2 infection is detected sporadically mostly from the southern states of india. we did a retrospective analysis to find the seroprevalence of hiv-2 in and around delhi. the study included all attendees of an integrated counseling and testing center (ictc) from january 2004 to january 2009. as per naco guidelines, samples showing positive results in three rapid tests were declared hiv-positive. samples that were reactive for hiv-2 were further confirmed by western blot assay. 8.8% (n = 1,938) ... | 2010 | 21051901 |
| a conserved structure within the hiv gag open reading frame that controls translation initiation directly recruits the 40s subunit and eif3. | translation initiation on hiv genomic rna relies on both cap and internal ribosome entry site (ires) dependant mechanisms that are regulated throughout the cell cycle. during a unique phenomenon, the virus recruits initiation complexes through rna structures located within gag coding sequence, downstream of the initiation codon. we analyzed initiation complexes paused on the hiv-2 gag ires and revealed that they contain all the canonical initiation factors except eif4e and eif1. we report that e ... | 2010 | 21071421 |
| replication of biotinylated human immunodeficiency viruses. | previous work demonstrated recently the adaptation of the escherichia coli biotin ligase bira - biotin acceptor sequence (bas) labeling system to produce human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viruses with biotinylated integrase (nlxin(b)) and matrix (nlxma(b)) proteins (belshan et al., 2009). this report describes the construction of an hiv permissive cell line stably expressing bira (supt1.bira). consistent with the results in the previous report, nlxma(b) replicated similar to wild-type levels a ... | 2010 | 21087640 |
| high prevalence of hiv-1, hiv-2 and other sexually transmitted infections among women attending two sexual health clinics in bissau, guinea-bissau, west africa. | the objective was to examine the prevalence of hiv-1, hiv-2 and 10 other sexually transmitted infections (stis), and to explore the relationship between hiv and those stis in women attending two sexual health clinics in bissau, guinea-bissau. in all, 711 women with urogenital problems were included. clinical examination was performed and hiv-1, hiv-2, human t-cell lymphotropic virus (htlv)-1, htlv-2 and syphilis were diagnosed by serology. trichomonas vaginalis was examined using wet mount micro ... | 2010 | 21097735 |
| polymorphisms of hiv-2 integrase and selection of resistance to raltegravir. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 is naturally resistant to some antiretroviral drugs, restricting therapeutic options for patients infected with hiv-2. regimens including integrase inhibitors (ini) seem to be effective, but little data on hiv-2 integrase (in) polymorphisms and resistance pathways are available. | 2010 | 21114823 |
| detection, quantification, and characterisation of hiv/siv. | selected techniques for the detection, quantification, and characterisation of hiv1, hiv2, and siv, as applied to diagnostic and research purposes, are described. representative nucleic acid testing protocols including nested pcr, rt-pcr, and quantitative real-time pcr, as well as protocols based on virus infectivity, are presented. | 2011 | 21116800 |
| cell-associated viral burden provides evidence of ongoing viral replication in aviremic hiv-2-infected patients. | viremia is significantly lower in hiv-2 than in hiv-1 infection, irrespective of disease stage. nevertheless, the comparable proviral dna burdens observed for these two infections indicate similar numbers of infected cells. here we investigated this apparent paradox by assessing cell-associated viral replication. we found that untreated hiv-1-positive (hiv-1(+)) and hiv-2(+) individuals, matched for cd4 t cell depletion, exhibited similar gag mrna levels, indicating that significant viral transc ... | 2010 | 21159859 |
| seroprevalence of hcv and its co-infection with hbv and hiv among liver disease patients of south tamil nadu. | to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis c virus (hcv) and its co-infection with hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis delta agent (hdv) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) among liver disease patients of south tamil nadu. | 2010 | 21160955 |
| immune responses of mice to prime-boost vaccination with the recombinant dna and fowlpox virus both expressing hiv-2 gag-gp105. | human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 (hiv-1, 2) present a public health problem for which there is neither an effective antiviral therapy nor a preventive vaccine. in this study, the immune responses of mice to prime-boost vaccination with the recombinant dna (rdna) and recombinant fowlpox virus (rfpv) both expressing hiv-2 gag-gp105 chimeric protein, were compared to those elicited by each vector alone. mice primed with the rdna and boosted with the rfpv showed hiv-2-specific antibody levels, ... | 2010 | 21175253 |
| human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types western blot (wb) band profiles as potential surrogate markers of hiv disease progression and predictors of vertical transmission in a cohort of infected but antiretroviral therapy naïve pregnant women in harare, zimbabwe. | expensive cd4 count and viral load tests have failed the intended objective of enabling access to hiv therapy in poor resource settings. it is imperative to develop simple, affordable and non-subjective disease monitoring tools to complement clinical staging efforts of inexperienced health personnel currently manning most healthcare centres because of brain drain. besides accurately predicting hiv infection, sequential appearance of specific bands of wb test offers a window of opportunity to dev ... | 2011 | 21211021 |
| a highly sensitive and specific time resolved fluorometric bridge assay for antibodies to hiv-1 and -2. | this study addresses the continuing need to develop human immunodeficiency virus-1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 immunoassays with increased sensitivity. two chimeric antigens, r-hiv-1env, incorporating immunoreactive regions of hiv-1 glycoprotein (gp) 120 and gp41, and r-hiv-2env, incorporating hiv-2 gp125 and gp36, and their corresponding in vivo biotinylated versions, r-bio-hiv-1env and r-bio-hiv-2env, were expressed in escherichia coli and purified by single step affinity chromatography. these antigens ... | 2011 | 21232554 |
| what is a quasispecies? | a quasispecies is a well-defined distribution of mutants that is generated by a mutation-selection process. selection does not act on a single mutant but on the quasispecies as a whole. experimental systems have been designed to study quasispecies evolution under laboratory conditions. more recently, virus populations have been called quasispecies to indicate their extensive genetic heterogeneity. the most prominent examples are probably the human immunodeficiency viruses hiv-1 and hiv-2. the qu ... | 1992 | 21235976 |
| compensatory changes in the cytoplasmic tail of gp41 confer resistance to tetherin/bst-2 in a pathogenic nef-deleted siv. | tetherin (bst-2 or cd317) is an interferon-inducible transmembrane protein that inhibits virus release from infected cells. whereas hiv-1 vpu and hiv-2 env counteract human tetherin, most sivs use nef to antagonize the tetherin proteins of their nonhuman primate hosts. here, we show that compensatory changes in the cytoplasmic domain of siv gp41, acquired by a nef-deleted virus that regained a pathogenic phenotype in infected rhesus macaques, restore resistance to tetherin. these changes facilit ... | 2011 | 21238946 |
| the antiviral spectra of trim5a orthologues and human trim family proteins against lentiviral production. | rhesus monkey trim5a (trim5arh) recognizes the incoming hiv-1 core through its c-terminal b30.2(pryspry) domain and promotes its premature disassembly or degradation before reverse transcription. previously, we have shown that trim5arh blocks hiv-1 production through the n-terminal rbcc domain by the recognition of gag polyproteins. although all trim family proteins have rbcc domains, it remains elusive whether they possess similar late-restriction activities. | 2011 | 21264255 |