| detection of emerging hiv variants in blood donors from urban areas of cameroon. | the u.s. food and drug administration has licensed several assays for use in donor testing and management of persons with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. however, the performance of these assays for detection and quantitation of emerging hiv genetic variants has not been studied extensively. we tested 240 human plasma specimens collected from two urban blood centers in cameroon where hiv genetic diversity and recombinant hiv strains are highly prevalent, using several fda licensed ... | 2007 | 17961114 |
| comparative evaluation of the inhibitory activities of a series of pyrimidinedione congeners that inhibit human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2. | seventy-three analogs of sj-3366 (1-(3-cyclopenten-1-ylmethyl)-5-ethyl-6-(3,5-dimethylbenzoyl)-2,4(1h,3h)-pyrimidinedione) were synthesized and comparatively evaluated for their ability to inhibit the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 and for their ability to suppress virus entry and reverse transcription. these studies were performed to identify inhibitors with activity greater than that of the current lead molecule (sj-3366) and to utilize structure-activity ... | 2008 | 17967909 |
| antiretroviral activity of ancestral trim5alpha. | the antiretroviral protein trim5alpha is known to have evolved different restriction capacities against various retroviruses, driven by positive darwinian selection. however, how these different specificities have evolved in the primate lineages is not fully understood. here we used ancestral protein resurrection to estimate the evolution of antiviral restriction specificities of trim5alpha on the primate lineage leading to humans. we used trim5alpha coding sequences from 24 primates for the rec ... | 2008 | 18077724 |
| dimerisation of hiv-2 genomic rna is linked to efficient rna packaging, normal particle maturation and viral infectivity. | retroviruses selectively encapsidate two copies of their genomic rna, the gag protein binding a specific rna motif in the 5' utr of the genome. in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), the principal packaging signal (psi) is upstream of the major splice donor and hence is present on all the viral rna species. cotranslational capture of the full length genome ensures specificity. hiv-2 rna dimerisation is thought to occur at the dimer initiation site (dis) located in stem-loop 1 (sl-1), do ... | 2007 | 18078509 |
| [neurological disorders associated with hiv infection]. | neurological diseases occur frequently in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). there are three main groups of central nervous system (cns) dysfunction: (1) direct effects of hiv; (2) opportunistic infections; (3) opportunistic neoplasms. on the basis of clinical characteristics it is possible to differentiate focal and diffuse pathologic alterations of cns. the starting point of evaluation of cns dysfunction is computed tomography (ct). if the focal lesions are not present ... | 1992 | 18170970 |
| hiv-1 broadly neutralizing antibody extracts its epitope from a kinked gp41 ectodomain region on the viral membrane. | although rarely elicited during natural human infection, the most broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnabs) against diverse human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 strains target the membrane-proximal ectodomain region (mper) of viral gp41. to gain insight into mper antigenicity, immunogenicity, and viral function, we studied its structure in the lipid environment by a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr), electron paramagnetic resonance (epr), and surface plasmon resonance (spr) technique ... | 2008 | 18191596 |
| performance evaluation of the new fully automated human immunodeficiency virus antigen-antibody combination assay designed for blood screening. | before the introduction of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) combination assays, serologic diagnosis of hiv infection was performed with assays that detected either antibodies or p24 antigen. owing to the capability to detect the early appearance of p24 antigen, combination assays that are designed for simultaneous detection of antibodies and antigen can significantly reduce the diagnostic window. | 2008 | 18194389 |
| selective downregulation of rhesus macaque and sooty mangabey major histocompatibility complex class i molecules by nef alleles of simian immunodeficiency virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) nef downregulates hla-a and -b molecules, but not hla-c or -e molecules, based on amino acid differences in their cytoplasmic domains to simultaneously evade cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) and natural killer cell surveillance. rhesus macaques and sooty mangabeys express orthologues of hla-a, -b, and -e, but not hla-c, and many of these molecules have unique amino acid differences in their cytoplasmic tails. we found that these differences also resulted i ... | 2008 | 18199657 |
| comparison of anti-viral activity of rhesus monkey and cynomolgus monkey trim5alphas against human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) strains vary widely in their ability to grow in old world monkey (owm) cells. we previously evaluated several hiv-2 isolates for their sensitivity to cynomolgus monkey (cm) trim5alpha, an anti-hiv factor in owm cells, and found that viruses carrying proline at the 120th position of the capsid protein were sensitive to cm trim5alpha, whereas those with either alanine or glutamine were resistant. in the study presented here, we tested these hiv-2 isolate ... | 2008 | 18201746 |
| human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 exhibit comparable sensitivities to zidovudine and other nucleoside analog inhibitors in vitro. | using an indicator cell assay that directly quantifies viral replication, we show that human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2, respectively) exhibit similar sensitivities to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (zidovudine) as well as other nucleoside analog inhibitors of reverse transcriptase. these data support the use of nucleoside analogs for antiviral therapy of hiv-2 infection. | 2008 | 17967913 |
| in vitro phenotypic susceptibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 clinical isolates to protease inhibitors. | we determine phenotypic susceptibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) isolates to amprenavir, atazanavir, darunavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, saquinavir, and tipranavir. saquinavir, lopinavir, and darunavir are potent against wild-type hiv-2 isolates and should be preferred as first-line options for hiv-2-infected patients. other protease inhibitors are less active against hiv-2 than against hiv-1. | 2008 | 18227188 |
| hivcleave: a web-server for predicting human immunodeficiency virus protease cleavage sites in proteins. | according to the ''distorted key theory'' [k.c. chou, analytical biochemistry, 233 (1996) 1-14], the information of cleavage sites of proteins by hiv (human immunodeficiency virus) protease is very useful for finding effective inhibitors against hiv, the culprit of aids (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). to meet the increasing need in this regard, a web-server called hivcleave was established at http://chou.med.harvard.edu/bioinf/hiv/. in this note we provide a step-to-step guide for how to u ... | 2008 | 18249180 |
| quantitative analysis of the interactions between hiv-1 integrase and retroviral reverse transcriptases. | the rt (reverse transcriptase) of hiv-1 interacts with hiv-1 in (integrase) and inhibits its enzymatic activities. however, the molecular mechanisms underling these interactions are not well understood. in order to study these mechanisms, we have analysed the interactions of hiv-1 in with hiv-1 rt and with two other related rts: those of hiv-2 and mlv (murine-leukaemia virus). all three rts inhibited hiv-1 in, albeit to a different extent, suggesting a common site of binding that could be slight ... | 2008 | 18260826 |
| hiv type 2 intergroup recombinant identified in cameroon. | a unique hiv-2 intergroup recombinant strain was identified in cameroon. the virus, cm-03-510-03, was amplified from blood collected from a 47-year-old female patient in douala, cameroon in 2003 who was seroreactive for hiv-2. a near full-length genome 9089 nucleotides in length was amplified from proviral dna. the genome for cm-03-510-03 is composed of segments of hiv-2 groups a and b with four recombination break-points and has open reading frames for all the structural and regulatory genes. a ... | 2008 | 18275352 |
| independent evolution of an antiviral trimcyp in rhesus macaques. | the antiretroviral restriction factor trim5 has recently emerged as an important mediator of innate immunity and species-specific inhibition of retroviral replication in mammals. selection pressure from pathogenic infection has driven rapid evolution of trim5 genes, leading to the antiviral specificities we see today. remarkably, the new world owl monkey (aotus trivirgatus) encodes a trim5 protein in which the antiviral determinants in the b30.2 domain have been replaced by cyclophilin a (cypa) ... | 2008 | 18287035 |
| [unusual venous thrombosis revealing a human immunodeficiency virus infection and a protein s deficiency. two cases and literature review]. | the authors report two cases of unusual venous thrombosis associated with protein s deficiency in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. the first case was a superior mesenteric vein thrombosis caused by hiv-1 infection associated with protein s deficiency in a 53-year-old patient. the second case was a cerebral venous thrombosis in a 34-year-old patient with hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections associated with protein s deficiency. none of the two patients were receiving antiretroviral the ... | 2008 | 18304701 |
| genetic recombination between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2, two distinct human lentiviruses. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 are genetically distinct viruses that each can cause aids. approximately 1 million people are infected with both hiv-1 and hiv-2. additionally, these two viruses use the same receptor and coreceptors and can therefore infect the same target cell populations. to explore potential genetic interactions, we first examined whether rnas from hiv-1 and hiv-2 can be copackaged into the same virion. we used modified near-full-length viruses that each ... | 2008 | 18057256 |
| alternative algorithms for human immunodeficiency virus infection diagnosis using tests that are licensed in the united states. | serodiagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in the united states has traditionally relied on a sequential two-test algorithm: an initial screen with an enzyme immunoassay (eia) and reflex testing of eia-reactive specimens with a more specific supplemental test such as western blotting or immunofluorescence. the supplemental tests are tedious, subjective, and expensive. in addition, there have been major improvements in the performance and accuracy of the eia tests as well as th ... | 2008 | 18322061 |
| a review of the epidemiology, prevention and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection in nigeria. | in order to amalgamate research findings on hiv/aids in nigeria as well as the trend of the infection in a concise manner, we reviewed published articles on the hiv/aids situation in nigeria. we categorized this review into several subheadings. the hiv prevalence rate has continued to rise steadily from less than 0.1% in 1987, to 5.8% in 2001, with a slight decrease in 2003 to 5.0%. although the knowledge about hiv and its mode of transmission is widespread, it is however disheartening to note t ... | 2007 | 18327471 |
| ccr5-restricted hiv type 2 variants from long-term aviremic individuals are less sensitive to inhibition by beta-chemokines than low pathogenic hiv type 1 variants. | many hiv-2-infected individuals maintain low, often undetectable, viral loads for prolonged periods. virus and/or host factors that contribute to this high level of virus control are largely unknown. previously we demonstrated that hiv-2 variants from long-term aviremic individuals have relatively low replication kinetics in vitro in comparison to hiv-1 variants. we hypothesized that the relatively low replication rates of hiv-2 in vitro as well as the high level of virus control in vivo might b ... | 2008 | 18327978 |
| population mobility and spread of hiv across the indo-nepal border. | the article reviews information on the epidemiology of hiv/aids and behavioural networking to examine the role of population mobility in spreading hiv across the indo-nepal border. documents were collected through a systematic search of electronic databases and web-based information resources, and the review focuses on studies about types of the virus, prevalence of hiv, and sexual and injecting networking. hiv-1 (subtype c) and hiv-2 were identified in nepal. the prevalence of hiv was higher am ... | 2007 | 18330059 |
| lack of evidence for complete resistance of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection. | there are reports that not all individuals exposed to hiv-1 become infected and the possibility exists that some individuals may be completely resistant to infection with this virus. this study aims to investigate, in vitro, whether certain peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) are completely resistant to hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection. pbmcs obtained from 130 unrelated healthy hiv-1- and hiv-2-seronegative volunteers were infected with four different isolates of hiv-1 (h995 and mn) and hiv-2 (c ... | 2008 | 18355126 |
| tenets of protection from progression to aids: lessons from the immune responses to hiv-2 infection. | in the past 25 years, life survival curves of many countries have been remodeled owing to hiv infection. both hiv-1 and hiv-2 can cause aids, yet patients infected with hiv-2 fare much better clinically and most will never experience detrimental effects of the infection. despite over two decades of comprehensive research into vaccine development, a prophylactic vaccine is not yet realized. an essential missing link in the innovation of a successful vaccine strategy is the description of a favora ... | 2008 | 18393602 |
| susceptibility to virus-cell fusion at the plasma membrane is reduced through expression of hiv gp41 cytoplasmic domains. | the cytoplasmic tail of the hiv transmembrane protein plays an important role in viral infection. in this study we analyzed the role of retroviral cytoplasmic tails in modulating the cytoskeleton and interfering with virus-cell fusion. helap4 cells expressing different hiv cytoplasmic tail constructs showed reduced acetylated tubulin levels whereas the cytoplasmic tail of mlv did not alter microtubule stability indicating a unique function for the lentiviral cytoplasmic tail. the effect on tubul ... | 2008 | 18400243 |
| subtype and sequence analysis of hiv-1 strains in heilongjiang province. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1) is divided into two types, hiv-1 (groups m, n and o) and hiv-2. heilongjiang province located in the northeast of china, and the feature of the subtype distribution and sequence characteristics of hiv-1 strains prevalent in heilongjiang province is still uncertain. the aim of this study was to investigate the subtype distribution and genetic characteristics of hiv-1 strains in one hospital in heilongjiang province. | 2007 | 18067787 |
| a lentiviral vector with novel multiple cloning sites: stable transgene expression in vitro and in vivo. | gene delivery has become an important tool for biological research and gene therapy trials. lentiviral vector (lv) mediated gene transfer is a preferred approach for stable, sustained transgenic expression. we report here step-wise development of an indian human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) isolate derived third generation lentiviral vector with a novel, versatile multiple cloning site (mcs) that can also facilitate single step sub-cloning of a pcr amplified transgene cassette by t/a cl ... | 2008 | 18448070 |
| primate lentiviral vpx commandeers ddb1 to counteract a macrophage restriction. | primate lentiviruses encode four "accessory proteins" including vif, vpu, nef, and vpr/vpx. vif and vpu counteract the antiviral effects of cellular restrictions to early and late steps in the viral replication cycle. we present evidence that the vpx proteins of hiv-2/siv(sm) promote virus infection by antagonizing an antiviral restriction in macrophages. fusion of macrophages in which vpx was essential for virus infection, with cos cells in which vpx was dispensable for virus infection, generat ... | 2008 | 18451984 |
| lentiviral vpx accessory factor targets vprbp/dcaf1 substrate adaptor for cullin 4 e3 ubiquitin ligase to enable macrophage infection. | vpx is a small virion-associated adaptor protein encoded by viruses of the hiv-2/sivsm lineage of primate lentiviruses that enables these viruses to transduce monocyte-derived cells. this probably reflects the ability of vpx to overcome an as yet uncharacterized block to an early event in the virus life cycle in these cells, but the underlying mechanism has remained elusive. using biochemical and proteomic approaches, we have found that vpx protein of the pathogenic sivmac 239 strain associates ... | 2008 | 18464893 |
| inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in human cells by debio-025, a novel cyclophilin binding agent. | debio-025 is a synthetic cyclosporine with no immunosuppressive capacity but a high inhibitory potency against cyclophilin a (cypa)-associated cis-trans prolyl isomerase (ppiase) activity. a lack of immunosuppressive effects compared to that of cyclosporine was demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. for three cyclosporines, the inhibitory potential against ppiase activity was quantitatively correlated with that against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) replication. debio-025 selective ... | 2008 | 18212100 |
| simian immunodeficiency virus is susceptible to inhibition by carbohydrate-binding agents in a manner similar to that of hiv: implications for further preclinical drug development. | carbohydrate-binding agents (cbas), such as the plant lectins hippeastrum hybrid agglutinin (hha) and urtica dioica agglutinin (uda), but also the nonpeptidic antibiotic pradimicin a (prm-a), inhibit entry of hiv into its target cells by binding to the glycans of gp120. given the high sequence identity and similarity between the envelope gp120 glycoproteins of hiv and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), the inhibitory activity of a variety of cbas were evaluated against hiv-1, hiv-2, and siv. t ... | 2008 | 18474667 |
| performance characteristics of a new rapid immunochromatographic test for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types 1 and 2. | diagnostic kits for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibodies have reached an unprecedented number. but choice of an ideal, cost-effective, and rapid test for hiv infection is of immense value for use in developing countries like india, where resources are limited. in this study we have evaluated the performance characteristics of the rapid immunochromatographic hiv test kit first response hiv 1-2.o. first, the laboratory archived 450 characterized plasma/serum specimens, wh ... | 2008 | 18484656 |
| vpx is critical for reverse transcription of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 genome in macrophages. | the abilities of wild-type and vpx-defective human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) clones to synthesize viral dna in human monocyte-derived macrophages (mdms) and lymphocytic cells were comparatively and quantitatively evaluated. while the vpx-defective mutant directed the synthesis of viral dna comparably to the wild-type virus and normally in lymphocytic cells, no appreciable viral dna was detected in mdms infected with the mutant. to substantiate this finding and to determine whether th ... | 2008 | 18495778 |
| identification of calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand as a human host restriction to hiv-1 release overcome by vpu. | the hiv-1 vpu protein is required for efficient viral release from human cells. for hiv-2, the envelope (env) protein replaces the role of vpu. both vpu and hiv-2 env enhance virus release by counteracting an innate host-cell block within human cells that is absent in african green monkey (agm) cells. here we identify calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand (caml) as a vpu-interacting host factor that restricts hiv-1 release. expression of human caml (encoded by camlg) in agm cells conferred a str ... | 2008 | 18500349 |
| [hiv genetic diversity and its consequences]. | human immunodeficiency viruses hiv-1 and hiv-2 are the results of multi-interspecies transmissions from simian virus to humans. hiv-1 viruses are very divergent and are classified in three groups: m, n and o. the group m is subdivided in nine subtypes and numerous circulating recombinant forms. in 1996, protease inhibitors and haart disposal have modified the prognostic of the hiv infection. however, one of the major problems is the emergence of antiretroviral resistance. a major advance from th ... | 2009 | 18511216 |
| evaluation of the roche cobas s 201 system and cobas taqscreen multiplex test for blood screening: a european multicenter study. | the roche cobas taqscreen test, an automated, multiplex nucleic acid test for blood screening for hepatitis b virus (hbv) dna, hepatitis c virus (hcv) rna, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) groups m and o, and hiv-2 rna, on the cobas s 201 platform, was evaluated by six european blood screening laboratories. | 2008 | 18513254 |
| assembly with the cul4a-ddb1dcaf1 ubiquitin ligase protects hiv-1 vpr from proteasomal degradation. | many viruses subvert the host ubiquitin-proteasome system to optimize their life cycle. we recently documented such a mechanism for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vpr protein, which promotes cell cycle arrest by recruiting the dcaf1 adaptor of the cul4a-ddb1 ubiquitin ligase, a finding now confirmed by several groups. here we examined the impact of cul4a-ddb1(dcaf1) on vpr stability. we show that the vpr(q65r) mutant, which is defective in dcaf1 binding, undergoes proteasome-mediated de ... | 2008 | 18524771 |
| preclinical evaluation of 1h-benzylindole derivatives as novel human immunodeficiency virus integrase strand transfer inhibitors. | we have identified 1h-benzylindole analogues as a novel series of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) integrase inhibitors with antiretroviral activities against different strains of hiv type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus strain mac(251) [siv(mac(251))]. molecular modeling and structure-activity relationship-based optimization resulted in the identification of chi/1043 as the most potent congener. chi/1043 inhibited the replication of hiv-1(iii(b)) in mt-4 cells at a 50% eff ... | 2008 | 18541726 |
| higher homologous and lower cross-reactive gag-specific t-cell responses in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) than in hiv-1 infection. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection results in slower cd4(+) t-cell decline, lower plasma viral load levels, and hence slower progression of the disease than does hiv-1 infection. although the reasons for this are not clear, it is possible that hiv-2 replication is more effectively controlled by host responses. we used aligned pools of overlapping hiv-1 and hiv-2 gag peptides in an enhanced gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot assay to compare the levels of homologous and ... | 2008 | 18562522 |
| a formylpeptide receptor, fprl1, acts as an efficient coreceptor for primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus. | more than 10 members of seven-transmembrane g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs) have been shown to work as coreceptors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv type 2 (hiv-2), and simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs). as a common feature of hiv/siv coreceptors, tyrosine residues are present with asparagines, aspartic acids or glutamic acids in the amino-terminal extracellular regions (ntrs). we noticed that a receptor for n-formylpeptides, fprl1, also contains two tyrosine residues ... | 2008 | 18577234 |
| capsid proteins from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and simian immunodeficiency virus sivmac can coassemble into mature cores of infectious viruses. | we have recently shown that the gag polyproteins from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 can coassemble and functionally complement each other. during virion maturation, the gag polyproteins undergo proteolytic cleavage to release mature proteins including capsid (ca), which refolds and forms the outer shell of a cone-shaped mature core. less than one-half of the ca proteins present within the hiv-1 virion are required to form the mature core. therefore, it is unclear whether ... | 2008 | 18579598 |
| a human trim5alpha b30.2/spry domain mutant gains the ability to restrict and prematurely uncoat b-tropic murine leukemia virus. | human trim5alpha restricts n-tropic murine leukemia virus (n-mlv) but not b-tropic mlv (b-mlv) infection. here we study b30.2/spry domain mutants of human trim5alpha that acquire the ability to inhibit b-mlv infection prior to reverse transcription without losing the ability to restrict n-mlv infection. remarkably, these mutants gain the ability to decrease the amount of particulate b-mlv capsids in the cytosol of infected cells. in addition, these mutants gain the ability to restrict siv(mac) a ... | 2008 | 18586294 |
| functional analysis of the complex trans-activating response element rna structure in simian immunodeficiency virus. | transcription of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) is activated through binding of the viral tat protein to the trans-activating response (tar) element at the 5' end of the nascent transcript. whereas hiv type 1 (hiv-1) tar folds a simple hairpin structure, the corresponding domains of hiv-2 and sivmac exhibit a more complex structure composed of three stem-loops. this structural polymorphism may be attributed to additional functions of tar in hiv-2/sivma ... | 2008 | 18596090 |
| molecular ecology and natural history of simian foamy virus infection in wild-living chimpanzees. | identifying microbial pathogens with zoonotic potential in wild-living primates can be important to human health, as evidenced by human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) and ebola virus. simian foamy viruses (sfvs) are ancient retroviruses that infect old and new world monkeys and apes. although not known to cause disease, these viruses are of public health interest because they have the potential to infect humans and thus provide a more general indication of zoonotic expo ... | 2008 | 18604273 |
| characterization of conserved motifs in hiv-1 vif required for apobec3g and apobec3f interaction. | apolipoprotein b mrna-editing catalytic polypeptide-like 3g (apobec3g, or a3g) and related cytidine deaminases such as apolipoprotein b mrna-editing catalytic polypeptide-like 3f (apobec3f, or a3f) are potent inhibitors of retroviruses. formation of infectious human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 requires suppression of multiple cytidine deaminases by vif. hiv-1 vif suppresses various apobec3 proteins through a common mechanism by recruiting cullin5, elonginb, and elonginc e3 ubiquitin ligase to ... | 2008 | 18619467 |
| quality control assessment of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) viral load quantification assays: results from an international collaboration on hiv-2 infection in 2006. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) rna quantification assays used in nine laboratories of the achi(e)v(2e) (a collaboration on hiv-2 infection) study group were evaluated. in a blinded experimental design, laboratories quantified three series of aliquots of an hiv-2 subtype a strain, each at a different theoretical viral load. quantification varied between laboratories, and international standardization of quantification assays is strongly needed. | 2008 | 18434556 |
| mutagenesis of gln294 of the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type-2 and its effects on the ribonuclease h activity. | despite the high homology between human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1) and human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (hiv-2) reverse transcriptases (rts), the ribonuclease h (rnase h) level of hiv-2 rt is lower than that of hiv-1 rt, while the dna polymerase of both rts is similar. we conducted mutagenesis of hiv-2 rt gln294 (shown to control the rnase h activity level when modified to a pro in the smaller p54 subunit and not in the larger p68 subunit) to various residues, and assayed the activ ... | 2008 | 18625228 |
| lentiviral rnas can use different mechanisms for translation initiation. | the full-length genomic rna of lentiviruses can be translated to produce proteins and incorporated as genomic rna in the viral particle. interestingly, both functions are driven by the genomic 5'-utr (5'-untranslated region), which harbours structural rna motifs for the replication cycle of the virus. recent work has shown that this rna architecture also functions as an ires (internal ribosome entry site) in hiv-1 and -2, and in siv (simian immunodeficiency virus). in addition, the ires extends ... | 2008 | 18631141 |
| increased prevalence of htlv-1 in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis coinfected with hiv, but not in hiv-negative patients with tuberculosis. | few and inconclusive results have been presented regarding the influence of human t-lymphotropic virus 1 (htlv-1) infection on the risk of acquiring tuberculosis (tb). | 2008 | 18645510 |
| gag-specific cd4+ t-cell frequency is inversely correlated with proviral load and directly correlated with immune activation in infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) but not hiv-1. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection, unlike hiv-1 infection, is normally characterized by low rates of cd4 depletion and low-to-undetectable viremia. we found that the frequency of gag-specific cd4(+) t cells featured positive correlations with the expression of markers of cd4 activation and a negative correlation with peripheral blood mononuclear cell-associated proviral load in infection with hiv-2, in contrast with hiv-1. moreover, hiv-2-infected individuals exhibited a grea ... | 2008 | 18653457 |
| structure of the myristylated human immunodeficiency virus type 2 matrix protein and the role of phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate in membrane targeting. | during the late phase of retroviral replication, newly synthesized gag proteins are targeted to the plasma membrane (pm), where they assemble and bud to form immature virus particles. membrane targeting by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gag is mediated by the pm marker molecule phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate [pi(4,5)p(2)], which is capable of binding to the matrix (ma) domain of gag in an extended lipid conformation and of triggering myristate exposure. here, we show that, ... | 2008 | 18657545 |
| suppression of hiv replication in vitro by cpg and cpg conjugated to the non toxic b subunit of cholera toxin. | administration of oligodeoxynucleotides (odns) containing cpg motifs generates a rapid and potent response of cc-chemokines, known as ligands of the hiv-1 co-receptor ccr5, in the murine female genital tract. the present study explored the potential hiv inhibitory activities of different human cpg prototypes either alone or conjugated to the non-toxic subunit of cholera toxin (ctb). results showed that in vitro replication of both hiv-1 and hiv-2 can be suppressed by different human cpg prototyp ... | 2008 | 18473786 |
| transportin-sr2 imports hiv into the nucleus. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and other lentiviruses have the capacity to infect nondividing cells like macrophages. this requires import of the preintegration complex (pic) through the nuclear pore. although many cellular and viral determinants have been proposed, the mechanism leading to nuclear import is not yet understood. | 2008 | 18722123 |
| seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus-2 in and around amritsar. | a total of 14555 serum samples collected between january, 2001 to april, 2006 were screened for hiv infection. antibodies to hiv-1/ hiv-2 were present in 985 (6.76%) of which 964 (97.86%) and 2 (0.22%) were positive for hiv-1 and hiv-2 alone respectively and 19 (1.92 %) for both hiv-1 and hiv-2. of the 21 in whom hiv-2 infection was detected (alone and dual), 19 (90.5%) were in the age group of 21-40 years and 2 were children below the age of 11 years. predominantly mode of transmission in them ... | 2007 | 18306608 |
| settings for identifying recent hiv infections: the portuguese experience. | portugal has been the western european country with the highest rate of notified acquired immunodeficiency [corrected] syndrome (aids) cases since 1999 and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection cases since 2000. nonetheless, exact information on the magnitude and trends of recently acquired infections is missing. in a cross-sectional study we aimed to determine hiv prevalence, the proportion of recently acquired infections and the incidence among patients attending a sexually transmitted ... | 2008 | 18775290 |
| amino acid preferences of retroviral proteases for amino-terminal positions in a type 1 cleavage site. | the specificities of the proteases of 11 retroviruses were studied using a series of oligopeptides with amino acid substitutions in the p1, p3, and p4 positions of a naturally occurring type 1 cleavage site (val-ser-gln-asn-tyr downward arrowpro-ile-val-gln) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). previously, the substrate specificity of the p2 site was studied for the same representative set of retroviral proteases, which included at least one member from each of the seven genera of the ... | 2008 | 18701588 |
| virtual screening, identification, and biochemical characterization of novel inhibitors of the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type-1. | the reverse transcriptase (rt) of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1) is a leading target in current antiretroviral therapy. unfortunately, drug-resistant rt mutants evolve under the pressure of these drugs, and therefore, new anti-rt inhibitors are constantly required for hiv-1/aids treatment. we virtually screened a large chemical library of compounds against two crystal structures of hiv-1 rt to identify novel inhibitors. top-scoring compounds were tested experimentally; 71 inhibited ... | 2008 | 18800765 |
| hiv-2 amino acid substitutions in gag and env proteins occurring simultaneously with viral load upsurge in a drug-naïve patient. | it has been reported that the peptides of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) most frequently recognized by cytotoxic t lymphocytes are firstly in gag and secondly in env proteins. in the present case study, we attempted to observe amino acid substitutions in gag and env proteins and related parameters possibly associated with an increase in hiv-2 load. a sudden, eightfold, increase in hiv-2 load occurred in a drug-naïve patient with human leukocyte antigen-b*5801 during the last phase o ... | 2008 | 18622680 |
| full-length genome characterization of an hiv type 2 isolate from india. | an infectious indian human immunodeficiency virus-2 (hiv-2) subtype a isolate was completely sequenced and analyzed and its phylogenetic relatedness was investigated. the unusual limited size of the long terminal repeat (ltr) from the isolate was caused due to a truncation within the nef open reading frame (orf) located at the u3 region of the ltr. the genetic relatedness and lineage of this hiv-2 strain were investigated. the close relatedness of this isolate to west african hiv-2 isolates conf ... | 2008 | 18821845 |
| nanoscale organization of cd4 molecules of human t helper cell mapped by nsom and quantum dots. | cd4 molecule, the surface marker of t helper cell, has been confirmed to be the main cellular receptor for the human immunodeficiency viruses hiv-1, hiv-2 and siv. recent research demonstrated the importance of the spatial arrangement of cd4 on the cell membrane to its binding efficiency to virus. in this article, the combined near-field scanning optical microscopy (nsom) and quantum dots (qds) fluorescent labeling technology were performed to investigate the nanoscale organization of cd4 molecu ... | 2008 | 18828144 |
| characterization of simian immunodeficiency virus sivsm/human immunodeficiency virus type 2 vpx function in human myeloid cells. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)/simian immunodeficiency virus siv(sm) vpx is incorporated into virion particles and is thus present during the early steps of infection, when it has been reported to influence the nuclear import of viral dna. we recently reported that vpx promoted the accumulation of full-length viral dna following the infection of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (dcs). this positive effect was exerted following the infection of dcs with cognate viruses and with ... | 2008 | 18829761 |
| structural evidence for effectiveness of darunavir and two related antiviral inhibitors against hiv-2 protease. | no drug has been targeted specifically for hiv-2 (human immunodeficiency virus type 2) infection despite its increasing prevalence worldwide. the antiviral hiv-1 (human immunodeficiency virus type 1) protease (pr) inhibitor darunavir and the chemically related grl98065 and grl06579a were designed with the same chemical scaffold and different substituents at p2 and p2' to optimize polar interactions for hiv-1 pr (pr1). these inhibitors are also effective antiviral agents for hiv-2-infected cells. ... | 2008 | 18834890 |
| global analysis of host-pathogen interactions that regulate early-stage hiv-1 replication. | human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv-1 and hiv-2) rely upon host-encoded proteins to facilitate their replication. here, we combined genome-wide sirna analyses with interrogation of human interactome databases to assemble a host-pathogen biochemical network containing 213 confirmed host cellular factors and 11 hiv-1-encoded proteins. protein complexes that regulate ubiquitin conjugation, proteolysis, dna-damage response, and rna splicing were identified as important modulators of early-stage hiv- ... | 2008 | 18854154 |
| functional region mapping of hiv-2 vpx protein. | to determine functional regions of hiv-2 vpx, we analyzed a series of site-specific vpx-mutants for their growth potentials in lymphocytic cells and compared the results with those in macrophages. we found that amino acid residues important for virus growth in lymphocytic cells, in macrophages, and in both are clustered separately in vpx. through generation and characterization of new vpx-mutants, we further demonstrated that a remarkable proline-stretch present at the c-terminus of vpx is criti ... | 2008 | 18771746 |
| the role of the humoral immune response in the molecular evolution of the envelope c2, v3 and c3 regions in chronically hiv-2 infected patients. | this study was designed to investigate, for the first time, the short-term molecular evolution of the hiv-2 c2, v3 and c3 envelope regions and its association with the immune response. clonal sequences of the env c2v3c3 region were obtained from a cohort of eighteen hiv-2 chronically infected patients followed prospectively during 2-4 years. genetic diversity, divergence, positive selection and glycosylation in the c2v3c3 region were analysed as a function of the number of cd4+ t cells and the a ... | 2008 | 18778482 |
| grl-02031, a novel nonpeptidic protease inhibitor (pi) containing a stereochemically defined fused cyclopentanyltetrahydrofuran potent against multi-pi-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in vitro. | we generated a novel nonpeptidic protease inhibitor (pi), grl-02031, by incorporating a stereochemically defined fused cyclopentanyltetrahydrofuran (cp-thf) which exerted potent activity against a wide spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) isolates, including multidrug-resistant hiv-1 variants. grl-02031 was highly potent against laboratory hiv-1 strains and primary clinical isolates, including subtypes a, b, c, and e (50% effective concentration [ec(50)] range, 0.015 to 0.038 ... | 2009 | 18955518 |
| hiv-2: the forgotten aids virus. | hiv type 2 (hiv-2), a closely related retrovirus discovered a few years after hiv type 1, causes aids in only a minority of infected individuals. determining why hiv-2 causes asymptomatic infection in most patients could further our understanding of hiv immunopathogenesis. studies to date have suggested that both enhanced immune responses and lower viral replication could play a role. we summarize the important findings to date and highlight areas that warrant further exploration. | 2008 | 18964021 |
| randomization and in vivo selection reveal a ggrg motif essential for packaging human immunodeficiency virus type 2 rna. | the packaging signal (psi) of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is present in the 5' noncoding region of rna and contains a 10-nucleotide palindrome (pal; 5'-392-ggagugcucc) located upstream of the dimerization signal stem-loop 1 (sl1). pal has been shown to be functionally important in vitro and in vivo. we previously showed that the 3' side of pal (gcucc-3') is involved in base-pairing interactions with a sequence downstream of sl1 to make an extended sl1, which is important for repl ... | 2009 | 18971263 |
| [evaluation of an anti-hiv-1/2 antibodies detection kit based on counting immunoassay in whole blood]. | we evaluated a novel anti-human immunodeficiency virus type-1/2 (hiv-1/2) antibody detection kit for detecting anti-hiv-1/2 antibodies in whole blood based on the counting immunoassay (cia) using an automated immunochemical analyzer (pamia-40i). this kit to detected all antibodies tested including those against hiv-1 subtype a to f, b/d in group m, hiv-1 group o, and hiv-2, and captured antibodies 4 to 7 days earlier than immunochoromatocraphic tests in the commercial seroconversion panel. in th ... | 2008 | 18975588 |
| neurological morbidity among human t-lymphotropic-virus-type-1-infected individuals in a rural west african population. | community-based neurological data about human t lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-1) morbidity in sub-saharan africa are scarce. | 2009 | 18977823 |
| hiv seroconversion without infection after receipt of adenovirus-vectored hiv type 1 vaccine. | we analyzed human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) seroresponses from 3 phase i hiv-1 vaccine trials to assess the frequency of vaccine-induced seroconversion. | 2008 | 18990058 |
| profiling the specificity of neutralizing antibodies in a large panel of plasmas from patients chronically infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes b and c. | identifying the viral epitopes targeted by broad neutralizing antibodies (nabs) that sometimes develop in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-infected subjects should assist in the design of vaccines to elicit similar responses. here, we investigated the activities of a panel of 24 broadly neutralizing plasmas from subtype b- and c-infected donors using a series of complementary mapping methods, focusing mostly on jr-fl as a prototype subtype b primary isolate. adsorption with gp120 immo ... | 2008 | 18815292 |
| lower levels of hiv-2 than hiv-1 in the female genital tract: correlates and longitudinal assessment of viral shedding. | the differing magnitude of the hiv-1 and hiv-2 epidemics is likely a consequence of differing transmission rates between the two viruses. similar to other sexually transmitted pathogens, risk of hiv-1 and hiv-2 transmission is likely associated with the presence and amount of hiv in the genital tract. thus, understanding patterns of, and risk factors for hiv genital tract shedding is critical to effective control of hiv transmission. | 2008 | 19005275 |
| isolation of a new hiv-2 group in the us. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) emerged following cross-species transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) from sooty mangabeys to humans several decades ago. the epidemic groups of hiv-2 have been established in the human population for at least 50 years. however, it is likely that new divergent sivs can infect humans and lead to new outbreaks. we report the isolation of a new strain of hiv-2, hiv2-nwk08f, from an immunodeficient sierra leone immigrant. health care provider ... | 2008 | 19014599 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)/hiv-1 envelope chimeras detect high titers of broadly reactive hiv-1 v3-specific antibodies in human plasma. | deciphering antibody specificities that constrain human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope (env) diversity, limit virus replication, and contribute to neutralization breadth and potency is an important goal of current hiv/aids vaccine research. transplantation of discrete hiv-1 neutralizing epitopes into hiv-2 scaffolds may provide a sensitive, biologically functional context by which to quantify specific antibody reactivities even in complex sera. here, we describe a novel hiv-2 pro ... | 2009 | 19019969 |
| nucleoside and nucleotide analogs select in culture for different patterns of drug resistance in human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2. | recent findings suggest bidirectional antagonisms between the k65r mutation and thymidine analogue mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-infected, treatment-experienced patients, yet little is known about hiv-2 in this regard. this study addressed the effects of innate polymorphisms in hiv-2 on emergent resistance to nucleoside/nucleotide analogues. emergent drug resistance profiles in hiv-2 subtypes a (n = 3) and b (n = 1) were compared to those of hiv-1 subtypes b and c. dru ... | 2009 | 19064892 |
| prevalence of human herpes virus-8 and hepatitis b virus among hiv seropositive pregnant women enrolled in the mother-to-child hiv transmission prevention program at saint camille medical centre in burkina faso. | the aims of this research are: i) to evaluate the prevalence of hhv-8, hbv and hiv among pregnant women, ii) to determine the percentage of these co-infections and iii) to estimate the frequency of the mother-to-child transmission of hiv among hbv and hhv-8 positive mothers. thus, 379 pregnant women attending ante-natal consultation in saint camille medical centre were subject to hiv, hhv-8 antibodies and the viral marker hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) detection. we observed 48/379 (12.66%) ... | 2007 | 19090184 |
| [diagnosis of hiv-1 non-b subtypes and hiv-2]. | the high genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) poses a significant challenge to the diagnosis and microbiological characterization of hiv infection. because of the continual emergence of new variants and the global spread of hiv groups, subtypes and recombinant forms, accurate diagnostic tools are of prime importance. the present review analyzes the problems posed by hiv assays for antibody screening, nucleic acid testing and patient monitoring in hiv-1 non-b subtypes, as well ... | 2008 | 19100170 |
| rt-pcr detection of hiv in republic of macedonia. | the aim of the study was to detect hiv rna in seropositive patients using rt-pcr method and thus, to establish pcr methodology in the routine laboratory works. the total of 33 examined persons were divided in two groups: 1) 13 persons seropositive for hiv; and 2) 20 healthy persons - randomly selected blood donors that made the case control group. the subjects age was between 25 and 52 years (average 38,5). elfa test for combined detection of hiv p24 antigen and anti hiv-1+2 igg and elisa test f ... | 2008 | 19125707 |
| a comparative analysis of viral matrix proteins using disorder predictors. | a previous study (goh g.k.-m., dunker a.k., uversky v.n. (2008) protein intrinsic disorder toolbox for comparative analysis of viral proteins. bmc genomics. 9 (suppl. 2), s4) revealed that hiv matrix protein p17 possesses especially high levels of predicted intrinsic disorder (pid). in this study, we analyzed the pid patterns in matrix proteins of viruses related and unrelated to hiv-1. | 2008 | 18947403 |
| an accurate confirmation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and 2 (hiv-2) infections with a dot blot assay using recombinant p24, gp41, gp120 and gp36 antigens. | | 2008 | 19156933 |
| validation, performance under field conditions, and cost-effectiveness of capillus hiv-1/hiv-2 and determine hiv-1/2 rapid human immunodeficiency virus antibody assays using sequential and parallel testing algorithms in tanzania. | rapid human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibody tests support the effort to expand access to hiv testing and counseling services in remote, rural, and poor parts of the world. we validated the capillus hiv-1/hiv-2 (trinity biotech plc, bray, county wicklow, ireland) and determine hiv-1/2 (abbott laboratories, abbott park, il) rapid tests in a reference laboratory using patient samples from tanzania and evaluated the performance of the tests under field conditions in northern tanzania. we used ... | 2008 | 18923015 |
| characterization of hiv-2 chimeric viruses unable to use ccr5 and cxcr4 coreceptors. | we have previously shown the existence of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 2 isolates (mic97 and mjc97) unable to use major coreceptors to entry into peripheral blood mononuclear cells, including ccr5 and cxcr4. we have now created a set of chimeric viruses derived from hiv-2(rod), to study the contribution of env gene products in chemokine receptors usage and replication kinetics phenotype. the results obtained indicate that an env gene fragment, corresponding to the c1-c4 region of su ... | 2009 | 19200444 |
| martel randolph. rare virus, rare strength. a struggle against the lesser-known hiv-2. | | 2008 | 19230291 |
| the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 vpx protein usurps the cul4a-ddb1 dcaf1 ubiquitin ligase to overcome a postentry block in macrophage infection. | the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) genomes encode several auxiliary proteins that have increasingly shown their importance in the virus-host relationship. one of these proteins, vpx, is unique to the hiv-2/sivsm lineage and is critical for viral replication in macrophages. the functional basis for this requirement, as well as the vpx mode of action, has remained unexplained, and it is all the more enigmatic that hiv type 1 (hiv-1), which has no vpx cou ... | 2009 | 19264781 |
| human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antigens and rna in hiv-seronegative women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. | while investigating whether proteins retrieved by cervicovaginal lavages (cvl) from women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin) might correlate with risk of progression to invasive cervical cancer, we unexpectedly identified hiv gag and env glycoprotein in cvl from women with hiv-negative serology. hiv antigens were consistently identified by mass spectrometry (ms) in cvl from 4 women but were absent in cvl from the remaining 16 women. hiv serologies of all 20 patients were negative for ... | 2009 | 19292595 |
| high titer hiv-1 v3-specific antibodies with broad reactivity but low neutralizing potency in acute infection and following vaccination. | identifying the earliest neutralizing antibody specificities that are elicited following infection or vaccination by hiv-1 is an important objective of current hiv/aids vaccine research. we have shown previously that transplantation of hiv-1 v3 epitopes into an hiv-2 envelope (env) scaffold provides a sensitive and specific means to detect and quantify hiv-1 v3 epitope specific neutralizing antibodies (nabs) in human sera. here, we employ this hiv-2/hiv-1 v3 scaffolding strategy to study the kin ... | 2009 | 19298995 |
| dendritic cell differentiation and maturation in the presence of hiv type 2 envelope. | dendritic cells (dcs) are fundamental for the initiation of immune responses and are important players in aids immunopathogenesis. impairment of dc function may result from bystander effects of hiv-1 envelope proteins independently of direct hiv-1 infection. hiv-2 envelope proteins are thought to interact with a broader range of receptors than those of hiv-1, and have been shown to have t cell immunosuppressive properties mediated by monocytes. the effects of hiv-2 envelope on dc differentiation ... | 2009 | 19320568 |
| synthesis, antiviral and anticancer activity of some novel thioureas derived from n-(4-nitro-2-phenoxyphenyl)-methanesulfonamide. | due to a continuing effort to develop new antiviral agents, a series of 1-[4-(methanesulfonamido)-3-phenoxyphenyl]-3-alkyl/aryl thioureas 3a-i have been synthesized by the reaction of alkyl/aryl isothiocyanates with 4-amino-2-phenoxymethanesulfonanilide. these derivatives were structurally characterized by the use of spectral techniques and evaluated for their anticancer and antiviral activities. none of the tested compounds showed significant anticancer properties on a549 and l929 cell lines. a ... | 2009 | 19324473 |
| hiv diversity in venezuela: predominance of hiv type 1 subtype b and genomic characterization of non-b variants. | the aim of this study was the analysis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) diversity in venezuela, and the characterization of variants other than subtype b. a total of 425 hiv isolates, collected between 2003 and 2008, were analyzed. the sequence of at least one genomic region (pol, env, vif, or nef ) was available for all of them and at least two genomic regions were analyzed in 46% of them. from the 425 hiv isolates analyzed, 421 (99.1%) were classified as hiv-1 subtype b. the four non-subt ... | 2009 | 19327054 |
| the rna recognition mechanism of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 ncp8 is different from that of hiv-1 ncp7. | the nucleocapsid (nc) protein of hiv, which contains two cchc-type zinc fingers connected by a linker, is a multifunctional protein involved in many of the critical steps of the hiv life cycle. hiv-1 and hiv-2 contain nc proteins ncp7 and ncp8, respectively. the amino acid sequences of both nc proteins are 67% identical. for ncp7, the important elements for rna binding were found to be the first zinc finger flanked by the linker, as the minimal active domain, and the 3(10) helix in the n-terminu ... | 2009 | 19334676 |
| impact of a single amino acid in the variable region 2 of the old world monkey trim5alpha spry (b30.2) domain on anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 2 activity. | variable region 1 (v1) of the spry domain of trim5alpha is a major determinant for species-specific virus restriction in primates. we previously reported that a chimeric trim5alpha containing baboon v1 in the background of cynomolgus monkey trim5alpha showed potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) activity. since baboons are reportedly sensitive to hiv-2 infection, there was a discrepancy between the ability of baboon trim5alpha v1 to restrict hiv-2 and baboon sensitivity to hiv- ... | 2009 | 19342071 |
| host cell-specific effects of lentiviral accessory proteins on the eukaryotic cell cycle progression. | lentiviral accessory proteins are thought to play important roles in regulating the viral replication through modulation of host cell functions. for example, vpr of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) induces the cell cycle g2 arrest in a host cell-specific manner. similarly, hiv-2 vpr, but not vpx, has been shown to induce g2 arrest in primate cells. it has also been reported that orf-a of feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) induces g2 arrest in a simian cell line. however, activities o ... | 2009 | 19344781 |
| antiretroviral drug resistance in hiv-2: three amino acid changes are sufficient for classwide nucleoside analogue resistance. | genotypic surveys suggest that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 evolve different sets of mutations in response to nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (nrtis). we used site-directed mutagenesis, culture-based phenotyping, and cell-free assays to determine the resistance profiles conferred by specific amino acid replacements in hiv-2 reverse transcriptase. although thymidine analogue mutations had no effect on zidovudine sensitivity, the addition of q151m together with ... | 2009 | 19358668 |
| [human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and human t-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and type 2 infections in spain: an update]. | | 2009 | 19361888 |
| [analysis of genetic recombination between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2]. | it is estimated that one million people are dually infected with human immunodeficiency virus type-i (hiv-1) and type-ii (hiv-2) in west africa and parts of india. hiv-1 and hiv-2 use the same receptor and coreceptors for entry into cells, and thus target the same cell populations in the host. additionally, we first examined whether rnas from hiv-1 and hiv-2 can be copackaged into the same virion. therefore these properties suggest that in the dually infected population, it is likely that some c ... | 2009 | 19364034 |
| hiv-1 superinfection in an hiv-2-infected woman with subsequent control of hiv-1 plasma viremia. | a human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)-infected woman experienced asymptomatic superinfection with hiv-1 subtype ag. she did not have cross-neutralizing autologous hiv-1 antibodies before and shortly after hiv-1 superinfection. this evidence supports a mechanism other than cross-neutralizing antibodies for the mild course of hiv-1 infection in this woman. | 2009 | 19382874 |
| emergence of multiclass drug-resistance in hiv-2 in antiretroviral-treated individuals in senegal: implications for hiv-2 treatment in resouce-limited west africa. | the efficacy of various antiretroviral (arv) therapy regimens for human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection remains unclear. hiv-2 is intrinsically resistant to the nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors and to enfuvirtide and may also be less susceptible than hiv-1 to some protease inhibitors (pis). however, the mutations in hiv-2 that confer arv resistance are not well characterized. | 2009 | 19143530 |
| synthesis and studies of new 2-(coumarin-4-yloxy)-4,6-(substituted)-s-triazine derivatives as potential anti-hiv agents. | novel 2-(coumarin-4-yloxy)-4,6-(substituted)-s-triazine derivatives i. e., diaryltriazine (data) are reported as novel non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrtis), were synthesized and their activities against human immunodeficiency virus hiv-1 (iii-b), hiv-2 (rod), and the double rt mutant hiv-1 (k103n and y181c) were assessed. modifications at positions 4 and 6 of the coumarinyl-triazine scaffold generated interesting derivatives displaying good to moderate anti-hiv activity again ... | 2009 | 19415671 |
| [iatrogenic cushing's syndrome, diabetes mellitus and secondary adrenal failure in a human immunodeficiency virus patient treated with ritonavir boosted atazanavir and fluticasone]. | ritonavir and atazanavir (atz) are protease inhibitors (pi) that inhibit the p450 3a4 cytochrome. they are used together to boost atz levels and reduce pill burden in human immunodeficiency virus infection, but association with medications metabolized by this cytochrome can cause serious adverse effects. several cases of cushing's syndrome have been reported when patients received inhaled therapy with fluticasone for asthma, sometimes complicated by secondary adrenal failure after stopping fluti ... | 2009 | 19419710 |
| virological response to highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and in patients dually infected with hiv-1 and hiv-2 in the gambia and emergence of drug-resistant variants. | drug design, antiretroviral therapy (art), and drug resistance studies have focused almost exclusively on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), resulting in limited information for patients infected with hiv-2 and for those dually infected with hiv-1 and hiv-2. in this study, 20 patients, 12 infected with hiv-2 and 8 dually infected with hiv-1 and hiv-2, all treated with zidovudine (zdv), lamivudine (3tc), and lopinavir-ritonavir (lpv/r), were followed up longitudinally for about 3 years. ... | 2009 | 19420165 |