| molecular investigation of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype a cases in south korea. | we investigated the molecular characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) subtype a isolates to clarify the transmission mode of hiv-2 within korea. these findings indicated that the viruses from the six patients infected within korea formed a distinct subcluster in the phylogenetic tree and might have been transmitted from one source. | 2006 | 16597889 |
| no association between gb virus c infection and disease progression in hiv-2-infected patients from the french anrs hiv-2 cohort. | out of 183 hiv-2-infected patients tested in the anrs co8 hiv-2 cohort, 69 were exposed to gb virus c (gbv-c), yielding a prevalence of 38% (95% ci 30.7, 45.2). there was no significant difference between the cd4 cell count and hiv-2-rna plasma viral load in patients exposed and not exposed to gbv-c. after adjusting for age and cd4 cell count, co-infection with gbv-c was not associated with clinical progression (hazard ratio 0.78; 95% ci 0.24-2.56, 16 clinical events). | 2006 | 16603866 |
| anti-hiv activity against immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-i) and type ii (hiv-ii) of compounds isolated from the stem bark of combretum molle. | in vitro anti-hiv activity of various extracts prepared from the stem bark of combretum molle (r. br. ex. g. don.) engl & diels (combretaceae), a plant widely used in ethiopian traditional medicine for the treatment of liver diseases, malaria and tuberculosis has been assessed against human imnmuunodeficiencvy virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2). the total extract was prepared by percolation with 80% methanol whilst the petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone and 100% methanol fractions were ob ... | 2005 | 16370525 |
| tipranavir: pnu 140690, tipranivir. | tipranavir [pnu 140690, tipranivir, aptivus] is a second-generation hiv dihydropyrone (a sulphonamide derivative), nonpeptidic protease inhibitor (nppi) discovered by pharmacia & upjohn (now pfizer) in the us. the compound is in development with boehringer ingelheim. tipranavir has potent in vitro activity against a variety of hiv-1 laboratory strains and clinical isolates, including those resistant to ritonavir, as well as hiv-2. tipranavir has been shown to act synergistically with other antir ... | 2006 | 16620137 |
| human immunodeficiency virus serotyping on dried serum spots as a screening tool for the surveillance of the aids epidemic. | many studies have demonstrated the utility of the dried blood spot (dbs) or dried plasma/serum spot (dss) method for serological and molecular diagnosis of hiv infection. here, we report on the description of a serotyping assay performed on dss, and its application to a national surveillance program of hiv variants. we combined serotyping assays that we developed previously to discriminate between hiv-1 and hiv-2, between hiv-1 group o and hiv-1 group m, and between b and non-b subtypes of hiv-1 ... | 2006 | 16622871 |
| theta-defensins prevent hiv-1 env-mediated fusion by binding gp41 and blocking 6-helix bundle formation. | retrocyclin-1, a -defensin, protects target cells from human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (hiv-1) by preventing viral entry. to delineate its mechanism, we conducted fusion assays between susceptible target cells and effector cells that expressed hiv-1 env. retrocyclin-1 (4 microm) completely blocked fusion mediated by hiv-1 envs that used cxcr4 or ccr5 but had little effect on cell fusion mediated by hiv-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus envs. retrocyclin-1 inhibited hiv-1 env-mediated fusi ... | 2006 | 16648135 |
| hiv type 2 demyelinating encephalomyelitis. | a human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 (hiv-2)-infected african patient developed inflammatory demyelinating lesions of the optic nerves, spinal cord, and brain, which coincided with a decreasing cd4 cell count and with active hiv-2 replication. this case provides evidence that hiv-2 is neurotropic, extends the range of known hiv-2-associated neurological complications, and confirms the overlap between the neurological complications of hiv type 1 and hiv-2 infection. | 2006 | 16652302 |
| sensitivity of the multispot hiv-1/hiv-2 rapid test using samples from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-positive individuals with various levels of exposure to highly active antiretroviral therapy. | the multispot hiv-1/hiv-2 rapid test detects human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gp41 antibodies, which can wane over time in some hiv-1-infected populations, resulting in false-negative screening results. multispot sensitivity was 100% using 248 sera from one such population, and it correctly identified serostatus in individuals who previously tested false negative with rapid testing. | 2006 | 16672414 |
| use of an acute seroconversion panel to evaluate a third-generation enzyme-linked immunoassay for detection of human immunodeficiency virus-specific antibodies relative to multiple other assays. | a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)/hiv-2 antibody screening assay, the genetic systems hiv-1/hiv-2 plus o eia, was compared to several established screening or confirmatory tests using an acute hiv seroconversion panel. the hiv-1/hiv-2 plus o eia showed an improved sensitivity over all tested antibody screening methods, and detected antibody in 7 of 19 specimens found to be negative by a first-generation eia but positive for the presence of hiv rna. | 2006 | 16672422 |
| (a3) hiv phenotypes, oral lesions, and management of hiv-related disease. | workshop participants discussed: the role of hiv subtypes in disease; the treatment of oral candidiasis; the relationship between and among viral load, cd4+ counts, oral candidiasis and oral hairy leukoplakia, pigmentation; and the development of a reliable oral index to predict disease progression. regarding hiv, the literature revealed that type i (hiv-i), in particular group m, is involved in the majority (90%) of documented infections, and groups n and o to a lesser extent. viral envelope di ... | 2006 | 16672562 |
| cleavage, a real turn-off? hiv-mediated proteolysis of pabp1. | in this issue of the biochemical journal, alvarez and colleagues have identified pabp1 [poly(a)-binding protein 1] as a target of protease cleavage during hiv infection. the study shows that hiv-1, hiv-2 and mouse mammary tumour virus, but not other retroviruses, target pabp1 for cleavage and identifies cleavage sites within the rna-recognition motifs and c-terminal region of the protein. this suggests that pabp1 cleavage may be important in the shut-off of host translation during hiv infection. ... | 2006 | 16703665 |
| uracils as a cellular weapon against viruses and mechanisms of viral escape. | uracil in dna is a deleterious event that may arise either by cytosine deamination or misincorporation of dutp. consequently, cells from all free-living organisms have developed strategies to protect their genome against the presence of uracils, by using uracil dna glycosylase (ung) and deoxyuridine triphosphatase (dutpase) enzymatic activities. in the viral kingdom, some (namely poxviruses and herpesviruses) but not all of the dna viruses encode their own ung and dutpase to control uracilation ... | 2006 | 16454709 |
| evolution of hiv/aids prevention programs--united states, 1981-2006. | when the first cases of what would become known as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) were reported in 1981, the magnitude of the epidemic and the numbers of deaths were unimaginable. during the next 25 years, an unprecedented mobilization of individual, community, and government resources was directed at stopping the epidemic. cdc currently supports a wide range of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) prevention activities in the united states, including 1) collection of behavioral and hiv ... | 2006 | 16741496 |
| no association between seropositivity for hepatitis c virus and lichen planus: a case control study. | the epidemiological association of lichen planus (lp) with hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection has been recorded from some countries and hcv rna3 has been isolated from lesional skin in patients with lp and chronic hcv infection. the observed geographical differences regarding hcv infection and lp could be immuno-genetically related. | 2006 | 16766832 |
| multicenter evaluation of the bayer advia centaur hiv 1/o/2 enhanced (ehiv) assay. | it is important that serological assays detect antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in all infected individuals, including those infected with less prevalent, more diverse subtypes. | 2006 | 16769045 |
| role of invariant thr80 in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease structure, function, and viral infectivity. | sequence variability associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is useful for inferring structural and/or functional constraints at specific residues within the viral protease. positions that are invariant even in the presence of drug selection define critically important residues for protease function. while the importance of conserved active-site residues is easily understood, the role of other invariant residues is not. this work focuses on invariant thr80 at the apex of the ... | 2006 | 16809296 |
| in vitro replication capacity of hiv-2 variants from long-term aviremic individuals. | to establish whether efficient suppression of virus replication in hiv-2-infected individuals is associated with low replicative capacity of hiv-2, replication kinetics of hiv-2 variants from long-term aviremic individuals was analyzed and compared with that of the relatively slow-replicating hiv-1 variants from asymptomatics and long-term nonprogressors (as/ltnp). on average, hiv-2 from aviremic individuals had lower replication rates than hiv-1 variants from as/ltnp in cells of 8 donors (0.45 ... | 2006 | 16814357 |
| genomic sites of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) integration: similarities to hiv-1 in vitro and possible differences in vivo. | retroviruses have distinct preferences in integration site selection in the host cell genome during in vitro infection, with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) integration strongly favoring transcriptional units. additionally, studies with hiv-1 have shown that the genomic site of proviral integration may impact viral replication, with integration in heterochromatin associated with a block in viral transcription. hiv-2 is less pathogenic than hiv-1 and is believed to have a lower replic ... | 2006 | 16840312 |
| isolation of an active lv1 gene from cattle indicates that tripartite motif protein-mediated innate immunity to retroviral infection is widespread among mammals. | lv1/trim5alpha (tripartite motif 5alpha) has recently emerged as an important factor influencing species-specific permissivity to retroviral infection in a range of primates, including humans. old world monkey trim5alpha blocks human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infectivity, and the human and new world monkey trim5alpha proteins are inactive against hiv-1 but active against divergent murine (n-tropic murine leukemia virus [mlv-n]) and simian (simian immunodeficiency virus from rhesus ma ... | 2006 | 16840314 |
| peptides derived from hiv-1, hiv-2, ebola virus, sars coronavirus and coronavirus 229e exhibit high affinity binding to the formyl peptide receptor. | peptides derived from the membrane proximal region of fusion proteins of human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2, coronavirus 229 e, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and ebola virus were all potent antagonists of the formyl peptide receptor expressed in chinese hamster ovary cells. binding of viral peptides was affected by the naturally occurring polymorphisms at residues 190 and 192, which are located at second extracellular loop-transmembrane helix 5 interface. substitution of r190 ... | 2006 | 16842982 |
| prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection among tuberculosis suspect patients in accra, ghana. | acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a major public health concern worldwide, particularly in ghana, where recent reports indicate an increase of the disease. a close association between infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and tuberculosis (tb) is well known. a previous study showed a 16.8% seroprevalence of hiv in tb patients on admission at the chest clinic of the korle-bu teaching hospital. however this was in severely ill patients on admission and there was a likely selection ... | 2006 | 16722357 |
| coassembly and complementation of gag proteins from hiv-1 and hiv-2, two distinct human pathogens. | approximately one million people in the world are dually infected with both hiv-1 and hiv-2. to identify potential interactions between these two human pathogens, we examined whether hiv-1 and hiv-2 gag proteins can coassemble and functionally complement each other. we generated hiv-1- and hiv-2-based vectors with mutations in gag; compared with wild-type vectors, these mutants had drastically decreased viral titers. coexpression of the mutant hiv-1 and hiv-2 gag could generate infectious viruse ... | 2006 | 16857594 |
| worldwide molecular epidemiology of hiv. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is the worldwide disseminated causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). hiv is a member of the lentivirus genus of retroviridae family and is grouped in two types named hiv-1 and hiv-2. these viruses have a notable ability to mutate and adapt to the new conditions of human environment. a large incidence of errors at the transcriptional level results in changes on the genetic bases during the reproductive cycle. the elevated genomic variabili ... | 2006 | 16583048 |
| indeterminate human immunodeficiency virus western blot results in iranian patients with discordant screening assay results. | the western blot (wb) assay is the most widely accepted confirmatory assay for the detection and confirmation of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and 2 (hiv-2). however, indeterminate wb reactivity to hiv-1 and hiv-2 proteins may occur in individuals who do not appear to be infected with hiv. | 2006 | 16883439 |
| characterization of the human chemerin receptor--chemr23/cmklr1--as co-receptor for human and simian immunodeficiency virus infection, and identification of virus-binding receptor domains. | studies were conducted to elucidate co-receptor spectrum and function of the inflammatory receptor, cmklr1/chemr23, which was recently identified as the receptor for the cystatin-like chemoattractant, tig2, also named chemerin. an infection model was applied based on stably transfected np-2.cd4 host cells expressing various co-receptor constructs and exposed to panels of hiv-1, hiv-2 and siv primary isolates. in a panel of 27 hiv-1 isolates tested, 12 isolates could use cmklr1/chemr23. as expect ... | 2006 | 16904155 |
| carrageenan/miv-150 (pc-815), a combination microbicide. | the objective of this article is to study the effect of pc-815, a novel combination microbicide containing carrageenan and the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (nnrti) miv-150, in blocking hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections in vitro as compared with carraguard alone. | 2007 | 16924181 |
| the absence of anti-tat antibodies is associated with risk of disease progression in hiv-2 infection. | the tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is essential for viral replication and has extracellular pathogenic activity. we sought to determine whether the anti-tat antibody response was predictive of disease progression in 144 hiv type 2 (hiv-2)-infected subjects observed longitudinally between 1985 and 2003. sixty-eight percent of the subjects tested positive for anti-tat antibodies, with reactivity notably established early after seroconversion and stably maintained over the course ... | 2006 | 16941341 |
| non-nucleoside hiv-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors, part 7. synthesis, antiviral activity, and 3d-qsar investigations of novel 6-(1-naphthoyl) hept analogues. | a series of novel 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-6-(phenylthio)thymine (hept) analogues bearing a 6-(1-naphthoyl) group of non-nucleoside human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) reverse transcriptase inhibitors were synthesized and evaluated for their activity against hiv-1 and hiv-2. it was found that most of these compounds showed good activity against hiv-1. among them, compound 5-isopropyl-6-(1-naphthoyl)-1-[(2e)-3-phenylallyl]-2,4-pyrimidinedione (23) displayed the greatest inhibitory potency (ic(5 ... | 2006 | 16946529 |
| morphological study on biologically distinct vpx/vpr mutants of hiv-2. | we have previously shown that human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) without functional vpx and vpr genes is severely defective for viral growth in lymphocytic cells, and suggested that the virions produced in the absence of vpx and vpr are critically damaged. to examine the nature of replication-defect for the vpx/vpr double mutant, we quantitatively and morphologically studied the virions produced in cells transfected or infected with wild type clone, single (vpx and vpr mutants) or the d ... | 2006 | 16953064 |
| high frequency of genetic recombination is a common feature of primate lentivirus replication. | recent studies indicate that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) recombines at exceedingly high rates, approximately 1 order of magnitude more frequently than simple gammaretroviruses such as murine leukemia virus and spleen necrosis virus. we hypothesize that this high frequency of genetic recombination is a common feature of primate lentiviruses. alternatively, it is possible that hiv-1 is unique among primate lentiviruses in possessing high recombination rates. among other primate len ... | 2006 | 16973569 |
| a hiv-2-based self-inactivating vector for enhanced gene transduction. | the employment of hiv-1-based vectors in clinical trials is controversial mainly due to the lethal nature of the virus. hiv-2 is less pathogenic in nature and therefore is likely to be safer for vector design and production. we developed hiv-2-based self-inactivating vectors in which 520 bp out of 554 bp of the viral u3 was deleted. interestingly, high titers were obtained only when an exogenous promoter was used to drive expression of viral rna. it was found that the vectors could target a wide ... | 2007 | 16979253 |
| nuclear export of simian immunodeficiency virus vpx protein. | lentiviruses, human immunodeficiency viruses (hivs), and simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) are distinguished from oncoretroviruses by their ability to infect nondividing cells such as macrophages. retroviruses must gain access to the host cell nucleus for replication and propagation. hiv and siv preintegration complexes (pic) enter nuclei after traversing the central aqueous channel of the limiting nuclear pore complex without membrane breakdown. among the nucleophilic proteins, namely, mat ... | 2006 | 16987982 |
| using hidden markov models and observed evolution to annotate viral genomes. | motivation: ssrna (single stranded) viral genomes are generally constrained in length and utilize overlapping reading frames to maximally exploit the coding potential within the genome length restrictions. this overlapping coding phenomenon leads to complex evolutionary constraints operating on the genome. in regions which code for more than one protein, silent mutations in one reading frame generally have a protein coding effect in another. to maximize coding flexibility in all reading frames, ... | 2006 | 16613911 |
| increased frequency of circulating ccr5+ cd4+ t cells in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection. | ccr5 expression determines susceptibility to infection, cell tropism, and the rate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) disease progression. ccr5 is also considered the major hiv-2 coreceptor in vivo, in spite of broad coreceptor use in vitro. here we report a significantly increased proportion of memory-effector cd4 t cells expressing ccr5 in hiv-2-infected patients correlating with cd4 depletion. moreover, hiv-2 proviral dna was essentially restricted to memory-effector cd4, suggesti ... | 2006 | 17035326 |
| multicenter evaluation of a new 4th generation hiv screening assay elecsys hiv combi. | fourth-generation screening assays which permit a simultaneous detection of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antigen and antibody reduce the diagnostic window on average by four days in comparison to third-generation antibody assays. recently, the new automated elecsys hiv combi was compared in a multicenter study to alternative fourth- and third-generation assays, p24 antigen test and hiv-1 rna rt-pcr. a total of 104 serocon-version panels, samples of the acute phase of infection after seroco ... | 2006 | 17078473 |
| human trim5alpha mediated restriction of different hiv-1 subtypes and lv2 sensitive and insensitive hiv-2 variants. | in order to characterize the antiviral activity of human trim5alpha in more detail human derived indicator cell lines over expressing wild type human trim5alpha were generated and challenged with hiv-1 and hiv-2 viruses pseudotyped with hiv envelope proteins in comparison to vsv-g pseudotyped particles. hiv envelope protein pseudotyped particles (hiv-1[nl4.3], hiv-1[bal]) showed a similar restriction to infection (12 fold inhibition) compared to vsv-g pseudotyped viruses after challenging tzm-hu ... | 2006 | 17087820 |
| the sivmac239 pr55gag isoform, siv p43, suppresses proteolytic cleavage of pr55gag. | in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) the gag gene encodes the precursor polyprotein pr55gag, which is cleaved by the viral protease to produce the major structural proteins. recently, it has been shown that hiv and siv gag rnas contain internal ribosome entry sites (iress) that mediate translation of pr55gag [pr57gag in hiv type 2 (hiv-2)] isoforms. previously, we demonstrated that sivmac239 p43(-), a mutant that does not express the pr55gag isof ... | 2007 | 17092530 |
| quantitative detection of plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype a rna by the nuclisens easyq assay (version 1.1). | no commercial viral load assay has yet been approved for use for measurement of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) rna levels in plasma. we assessed the performance of the nuclisens easyq (version 1.1) assay (easyq; biomérieux, boxtel, the netherlands) to quantify hiv-2 viremia. a viral stock was prepared from an hiv-2 (subtype a)-infected patient. culture supernatant was subjected to viral particle counting by electron microscopy. serial dilutions of the viral stock were made in hiv-ne ... | 2007 | 17093034 |
| [primary human immunodeficiency virus infection revealed by psychiatric symptoms]. | any atypical psychiatric disorder, especially if associated with somatic manifestations and when any psychiatric antecedents are missing, should lead to search for an organic pathology, and notably a human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. in the case of primary human immunodeficiency virus infection (phi), which is often symptomatic, the diagnosis is seldom made, probably because of atypical or non specific manifestations. therefore, it is essential to consider such a diagnosis, because i ... | 2006 | 17099559 |
| an adaptation of recombinant vaccinia-based elispot and intracellular cytokine staining for a comparative measurement of cellular immune responses in hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections in west africa. | an efficient and quantitative tool for rapid assessment of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-induced cellular immune responses is important for resource-limited settings, such as in sub-saharan africa. modifications are required to previously reported methods for evaluating ex-vivo antigen-specific cellular responses based on direct recombinant vaccinia virus (rvv) stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elispot) and by flow cytometry intr ... | 2006 | 17100767 |
| characterization of hiv-1 integrase n-terminal mutant viruses. | during infection, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase engages a number of molecules and mechanisms, both of viral and cellular origin. in one of such instances, integrase is thought to be degraded by the n-end rule proteasome pathway a process that targets the n-terminal residue of its substrates. here we describe the properties of hiv-1 viruses in which the first amino acid residue of integrase has been substituted to render it resistant to the n-end rule pathway. as result of this ex ... | 2007 | 17109911 |
| contribution of vpu, env, and nef to cd4 down-modulation and resistance of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected t cells to superinfection. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) utilizes vpu, env, and nef to down-modulate its primary cd4 receptor from the cell surface, and this function seems to be critical for the pathogenesis of aids. the physiological relevance of cd4 down-modulation, however, is currently not well understood. in the present study, we analyzed the kinetics of cd4 down-modulation and the susceptibility of hiv-1-infected t cells to superinfection using proviral hiv-1 constructs containing individual and combi ... | 2006 | 16873261 |
| natural polymorphisms of hiv type 2 pol sequences from drug-naive individuals. | until today, the susceptibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) to protease and nucleosidic reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (pi and nrti, respectively) has not been clearly documented. in this report we studied hiv-2 proviral sequences (n = 30) from drug-naive patients. our results revealed that several amino acid positions in the protease and reverse transcriptase coding sequence harbored residues that have been associated with drug resistance in hiv-1-infected patients. in part ... | 2006 | 17147507 |
| tar-rna recognition by a novel cyclic aminoglycoside analogue. | the formation of the tat-protein/tar-rna complex is a crucial step in the regulation of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-gene expression. to obtain full-length viral transcripts the tat/tar complex has to recruit the positive transcription elongation factor complex (p-eftb), which interacts with tar through its cyclin t1 (cyct1) component. mutational studies identified the tar hexanucleotide loop as a crucial region for contacting cyct1. interfering with the interaction between the tat/cyct1 c ... | 2006 | 16855296 |
| antiviral activity obtained from aqueous extracts of the chilean soapbark tree (quillaja saponaria molina). | natural, aqueous extracts of quillaja saponaria, the chilean soapbark tree, contain several physiologically active triterpenoid saponins that display strong adjuvant activity when used in either human or animal vaccines. in this paper, we describe studies that demonstrate a novel antiviral activity of quillaja extracts against six viruses: vaccinia virus, herpes simplex virus type 1, varicella zoster virus, human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 (hiv-1, hiv-2) and reovirus. we demonstrate that m ... | 2007 | 17170461 |
| nfat5 regulates hiv-1 in primary monocytes via a highly conserved long terminal repeat site. | to replicate, hiv-1 capitalizes on endogenous cellular activation pathways resulting in recruitment of key host transcription factors to its viral enhancer. rna interference has been a powerful tool for blocking key checkpoints in hiv-1 entry into cells. here we apply rna interference to hiv-1 transcription in primary macrophages, a major reservoir of the virus, and specifically target the transcription factor nfat5 (nuclear factor of activated t cells 5), which is the most evolutionarily diverg ... | 2006 | 17173480 |
| chimeric hiv-1 and hiv-2 lentiviral vectors with added safety insurance. | lentiviruses are unique in their ability to infect both dividing and non-dividing cells. this makes the vectors derived from them particularly useful for gene transfer into non-dividing cells, including stem cells. lentiviral vectors are becoming the vectors of choice for si/shrna delivery. the utility of the lentiviral vectors will be enhanced if additional elements of safety are built into their design. one safety concern is the generation of replication competent virus by recombination. we re ... | 2007 | 17177309 |
| nitroimidazoles, part 2: synthesis, antiviral and antitumor activity of new 4-nitroimidazoles. | a series of 5-alkylamino and 5-alkylsulfanyl derivatives of 1-aryl-2-alkyl-4-nitro-1h-imidazoles 12-21, 31, and 34 were synthesized by a simple method with the aim to develop novel hiv non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrtis). all the new compounds were tested against hiv-1 and hiv-2 in mt-4 cells. compound 21, with an arylsulfanyl group at c(5) of the 4-nitro-1h-imidazole backbone showed an ec(50) value of 0.22 microg/ml against hiv-1 with a therapeutic index of 13. this means t ... | 2006 | 17193287 |
| rna recognition mechanism of the minimal active domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type-2 nucleocapsid protein. | ncp8 of hiv-2 contains two cchc-type zinc fingers connected by a linker, and is involved in many critical steps of the virus life cycle. it was previously shown that the first zinc finger flanked by the linker is the minimal active domain for specific binding to viral rna. in our previous study, we determined the three-dimensional structure of ncp8-f1, including the minimal active domain, and found that a hydrogen bond between asn(11) n(delta)h and arg(27) o stabilized the conformation of the li ... | 2007 | 17202191 |
| an extended stem-loop 1 is necessary for human immunodeficiency virus type 2 replication and affects genomic rna encapsidation. | genomic rna encapsidation in lentiviruses is a highly selective and regulated process. the unspliced rna molecules are selected for encapsidation from a pool of many different viral and cellular rna species. moreover, two molecules are encapsidated per viral particle, where they are found associated as a dimer. in this study, we demonstrate that a 10-nucleotide palindromic sequence (pal) located at the 3' end of the psi encapsidation signal is critical for human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hi ... | 2007 | 17229705 |
| modest human immunodeficiency virus coreceptor function of cxcr3 is strongly enhanced by mimicking the cxcr4 ligand binding pocket in the cxcr3 receptor. | the chemokine receptor cxcr3 can exhibit weak coreceptor function for several human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 strains and clinical isolates. these viruses produced microscopically visible cytopathicity in u87.cd4.cxcr3 cell cultures, whereas untransfected (cxcr3-negative) u87.cd4 cells remained uninfected. depending on the particular virus, the coreceptor efficiency of cxcr3 was 100- to >10,000-fold lower compared to that of cxcr4. a cxcr3 variant carrying the cxcr4 binding ... | 2007 | 17251291 |
| long-term intrapatient viral evolution during hiv-2 infection. | background. disease progression and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 are attenuated, compared with hiv-1, which is consistent with the lower plasma viral loads observed in hiv-2 infection. although numerous studies have characterized the intrapatient evolution of viral sequences during hiv-1 infection, prospective studies examining intrapatient evolution during hiv-2 infection have been limited.methods. we examined viral sequence evolution in the c2v3c3 region of the vir ... | 2007 | 17262716 |
| efficient transduction of simian cells by hiv-1-based lentiviral vectors that contain mutations in the capsid protein. | recently, the cyclophilin a (cypa)-binding region of the hiv-1 capsid protein was identified as a viral determinant involved in the post-entry restriction in old world monkey cells. here, we constructed a panel of hiv-1-based lentiviral vectors (lvs) that contain either mutations in the cypa-binding region or the cypa-binding region of the related viruses hiv-1 group o and hiv-2. we demonstrated that amino-acid changes in the cypa-binding region of the capsid can alter the phenotype of the virus ... | 2007 | 17299408 |
| comparison of heterologous neutralizing antibody responses of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)- and hiv-2-infected senegalese patients: distinct patterns of breadth and magnitude distinguish hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections. | neutralizing antibody responses against heterologous isolates in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 infections were compared, and their relationships with established clinical markers of progression were examined. neutralizing responses against 7 heterologous primary isolates and 1 laboratory strain were compared between 32 untreated hiv-1-infected subjects and 35 untreated hiv-2-infected subjects using a pseudotyped reporter virus assay. the breadth of the neutralizing respon ... | 2007 | 17301136 |
| molecular mechanisms of simian immunodeficiency virus siv(agm) rna encapsidation. | primate lentiviruses are composed of several distinct lineages, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus sivagm. hiv-1 and hiv-2 have significant differences in the mechanisms of viral rna encapsidation. therefore, the rna packaging mechanisms of sivagm cannot be predicted from the studies of hiv-1 and hiv-2. we examined the roles of the nucleocapsid (nc) zinc finger motifs on rna packaging by mutating the conserved zinc finger (cchc) motifs ... | 2007 | 17321560 |
| cross-clade inhibition of recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus sivcpz reverse transcriptases by rna pseudoknot aptamers. | reverse transcriptase (rt) remains a primary target in therapies directed at human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). rna aptamers that bind rt from hiv-1 subtype b have been shown to protect human cells from infection and to reduce viral infectivity, but little is known about the sensitivity of the inhibition to amino sequence variations of the rt target. therefore, we assembled a panel of 10 recombinant rts from phylogenetically diverse lentiviral isolates (including strains of hiv-1, simi ... | 2007 | 17329328 |
| direct evidence of lower viral replication rates in vivo in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection than in hiv-1 infection. | studies have shown that human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is less pathogenic than hiv-1, with a lower rate of disease progression. similarly, plasma viral loads are lower in hiv-2 infection, suggesting that hiv-2 replication is restricted in vivo in comparison to that of hiv-1. however, to date, in vivo studies characterizing replication intermediates in the viral life cycle of hiv-2 have been limited. in order to test the hypothesis that hiv-2 has a lower replication rate in vivo than ... | 2007 | 17329334 |
| development and evaluation of an oligonucleotide ligation assay for detection of drug resistance-associated mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 pol gene. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is naturally resistant to several antiretroviral drugs, including all of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and the entry inhibitor t-20, and may have reduced susceptibility to some protease inhibitors. these resistance properties make treatment of hiv-2 patients difficult, with very limited treatment options. therefore, early detection of resistance mutations is important for understanding treatment failures and guiding subsequent the ... | 2007 | 17329450 |
| proviral progeny of heterodimeric virions reveal a high crossover rate for human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), the causative agent of aids in humans, exhibits a very high rate of recombination. bearing in mind the significant epidemiological and clinical contrast between hiv-2 and hiv-1 as well as the critical role that recombination plays in viral evolution, we examined the nature of hiv-2 recombination. towards this end, a strategy was devised to measure the rate of crossover of hiv-2 by evaluating recombinant progeny produced exclusively by heterodimeric vi ... | 2006 | 17020945 |
| mechanism and history of evolution of symbiotic hiv strains into lethal pandemic strains: the key event may have been a 1927 trial of pamaquine in leopoldville (kinshasa), congo. | in previous papers, i have rejected both the zoonosis and the serial transfer hypotheses of the origin and evolution of the current lethal pandemic strains of hiv. the hypothesis that fits the critical observations is that all the human and nonhuman primate species in central africa (an area of hyper-endemic malaria) have shared (through inter-species transfers) a "primate t-cell retrovirus" (ptrv), which has adapted to each host species. this retrovirus is believed to assist primate t-cells att ... | 2007 | 17368749 |
| a novel bis-tetrahydrofuranylurethane-containing nonpeptidic protease inhibitor (pi), grl-98065, is potent against multiple-pi-resistant human immunodeficiency virus in vitro. | we designed, synthesized, and identified grl-98065, a novel nonpeptidic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) protease inhibitor (pi) containing the structure-based designed privileged cyclic ether-derived nonpeptide p2 ligand, 3(r),3a(s),6a(r)-bis-tetrahydrofuranylurethane (bis-thf), and a sulfonamide isostere, which is highly potent against laboratory hiv-1 strains and primary clinical isolates (50% effective concentration [ec(50)], 0.0002 to 0.0005 microm) with minimal cytotoxicity (50% ... | 2007 | 17371811 |
| out of africa: what can we learn from hiv-2 about protective immunity to hiv-1? | most people infected with human immunodeficiency virus 2 (hiv-2) do not progress to disease, even though the minority who do cannot be distinguished clinically from hiv-1-infected patients. here we review what is known about the basis of viral control in hiv-2 infection. | 2007 | 17375091 |
| dissecting the neutralizing antibody specificities of broadly neutralizing sera from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected donors. | attempts to elicit broadly neutralizing antibody responses by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) vaccine antigens have been met with limited success. to better understand the requirements for cross-neutralization of hiv-1, we have characterized the neutralizing antibody specificities present in the sera of three asymptomatic individuals exhibiting broad neutralization. two individuals were infected with clade b viruses and the third with a clade a virus. the broadly neutralizing activit ... | 2007 | 17409160 |
| transmission electron microscopy on simian immunodeficiency virus-infected cocultures of vervet monkeys. | healthy african green monkeys are the natural reservoirs for certain hiv-related sivs. more research is now focused on these nonhuman primates that are asymptomatic, so as to answer questions of origins, pathogenesis and therapy with respect to hiv in man. the present study involves the isolation and subsequent co-cultivation of siv variants from two healthy vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops pygerythrus). western blots (new lav blot 1 and new lav blot 2, pasteur) revealed sero cross-reactiv ... | 1996 | 17451298 |
| inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transcription by n-aminoimidazole derivatives. | this study describes the mechanism of antiviral action of the n-aminoimidazole derivatives which exclusively inhibit retroviruses such as hiv-1, hiv-2, siv and msv. these antiretroviral compounds, with lead prototype nr-818, were found to inhibit hiv-1 replication at the transcriptional level. analysis of each individual step of viral transcription, including transcriptional activation mediated by nf-kappab, the chromatin remodeling process at the viral promoter and viral mrna transcription medi ... | 2007 | 17459445 |
| a single amino acid of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 capsid affects its replication in the presence of cynomolgus monkey and human trim5alphas. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) strains vary widely in their abilities to grow in old world monkey (owm) cells such as those of cynomolgus monkeys (cm). we evaluated eight hiv-2 isolates for their sensitivities to cm trim5alpha, an anti-hiv factor in owm cells. we found that different hiv-2 isolates showed differences in their sensitivities to cm trim5alpha. sequence analysis showed that trim5alpha-sensitive viruses had proline at the 120th position of the capsid protein (ca), wherea ... | 2007 | 17475650 |
| virus subtype-specific features of natural simian immunodeficiency virus sivsmm infection in sooty mangabeys. | simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) siv(smm) naturally infects sooty mangabeys (sms) and is the source virus of pathogenic infections with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and siv(mac) of humans and macaques, respectively. in previous studies we characterized siv(smm) diversity in naturally siv-infected sms and identified nine different phylogenetic subtypes whose genetic distances are similar to those reported for the different hiv-1 group m subtypes. here we report that, within the ... | 2007 | 17507488 |
| false-positive result of a confirmatory human immunodeficiency virus line immuno assay in an apparently healthy individual--a case report. | a case of a false-positive result of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) confirmatory immunoblot-based assay is described. repeatedly borderline reactive anti-hiv screening enzyme immunoassay result obtained in a local hospital resulted in directing the sample to the slovenian hiv/aids reference laboratory. in the reference laboratory, both anti-hiv screening assays and confirmatory western blot were negative, while a confirmatory test inno-lia hiv i/ii score (innogenetics, ghent, belgium) was an ... | 2006 | 17508473 |
| hydrophilicity dependent budding and secretion of chimeric hiv gag-v3 virus-like particles. | virus-like particles (vlps) of numerous viruses have been considered as possible candidates for vaccine development. we have constructed hiv chimeric genes by coupling the gag gene of hiv-2 with the v3 domain of the gp120 gene of either hiv-1 or hiv-2 and expressed the chimeric genes in sf21 cells using the recombinant baculovirus expression system. although the level of expression of the chimeric hiv-2 gag gene with the v3 domain of either hiv-1 gp120 (gagc-1v3) or hiv-2 gp120 (gagc-2v3) was hi ... | 2007 | 17510784 |
| study on the blood-borne virus co-infection and t lymphocyte subset among intravenous drug users. | to investigate the features of various blood-borne virus infections and co-infection in intravenous drug users (idus), and to examine the correlation of t lymphocyte subsets with virus co-infection. | 2007 | 17511038 |
| [hiv-2 infection and human lymphotropic type 1 and type 2 virus in spain]. | | 2007 | 17570181 |
| in vitro selection and characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 with decreased susceptibility to lopinavir. | lopinavir (lpv)-ritonavir has demonstrated durable antiviral activity in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-infected antiretroviral-naïve and protease inhibitor (pi)-experienced patients. however, information on lpv activity against hiv-2 and the patterns of mutations in hiv-2 in response to selection by lpv is limited. the activity of lpv against three strains of hiv-2 was assessed and compared to activity against a reference hiv-1 strain. lpv demonstrated activity similar to that obse ... | 2007 | 17576848 |
| role of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-specific t-cell immunity in control of dual hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection. | progressive immune dysfunction and aids develop in most cases of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection but in only 25 to 30% of persons with hiv-2 infection. however, the natural history and immunologic responses of individuals with dual hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection are largely undefined. based on our previous findings, we hypothesized that among patients with dual infection the control of hiv-1 is associated with the ability to respond to hiv-2 gag epitopes and to maintain hiv-spec ... | 2007 | 17582003 |
| synthesis of some novel thiourea derivatives obtained from 5-[(4-aminophenoxy)methyl]-4-alkyl/aryl-2,4-dihydro-3h-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones and evaluation as antiviral/anti-hiv and anti-tuberculosis agents. | as a continuation of our previous efforts on n-alkyl/aryl-n'-[4-(4-alkyl/aryl-2,4-dihydro-3h-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione-5-yl)phenyl]thioureas 1-19 and n-alkyl/aryl-n'-[4-(3-aralkylthio-4-alkyl/aryl-4h-1,2,4-triazole-5-yl)phenyl]thioureas 20-22, a series of novel 5-[(4-aminophenoxy)methyl]-4-alkyl/aryl-2,4-dihydro-3h-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones 23-26 and several related thioureas, n-alkyl/aryl-n'-{4-[(4-alkyl/aryl-5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1h-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methoxy]phenyl}thioureas 27-42 were synthesize ... | 2008 | 17583388 |
| monitoring the dynamics of the hiv epidemic using assays for recent infection and serotyping among new hiv diagnoses: experience after 2 years in france. | new tools to better monitor dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) transmission are needed. | 2007 | 17597452 |
| defect of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 gag assembly in saccharomyces cerevisiae. | we have previously shown that the expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gag protein in saccharomyces cerevisiae spheroplasts produces gag virus-like particles (vlps) at the plasma membrane, indicating that yeast has all the host factors necessary for hiv-1 gag assembly. here we expand the study by using diverse primate lentiviral gags and show that yeast does not support the production of hiv-2 or simian immunodeficiency virus sivmac gag vlps but allows the production of siva ... | 2007 | 17609278 |
| replication-competent variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 lacking the v3 loop exhibit resistance to chemokine receptor antagonists. | entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 requires interactions between the envelope glycoprotein (env) on the virus and cd4 and a chemokine receptor, either ccr5 or cxcr4, on the cell surface. the v3 loop of the hiv gp120 glycoprotein plays a critical role in this process, determining tropism for ccr5- or cxcr4-expressing cells, but details of how v3 interacts with these receptors have not been defined. using an iterative process of deletion mutagenesis and in vitro adaptat ... | 2007 | 17609282 |
| the origins of hiv and implications for the global epidemic. | hiv type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) are the result of several cross-species transmissions from primates to humans. recently, the ancestral strains of hiv-1 groups m and n were shown to still persist in today's wild chimpanzee populations (pan troglodytes troglodytes) in south cameroon. lately, hiv-1 group o-related viruses have been identified in western gorillas (gorilla gorilla), called sivgor, but chimpanzees are most likely the original reservoir of this simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) ... | 2007 | 17618555 |
| the hiv1 protein vpr acts to promote g2 cell cycle arrest by engaging a ddb1 and cullin4a-containing ubiquitin ligase complex using vprbp/dcaf1 as an adaptor. | the roles of the hiv1 protein vpr in virus replication and pathogenesis remain unclear. expression of vpr in dividing cells causes cell cycle arrest in g(2). vpr also facilitates low titer infection of terminally differentiated macrophages, enhances transcription, promotes apoptosis, and targets cellular uracil n-glycosylase for degradation. using co-immunoprecipitation and tandem mass spectroscopy, we found that hiv1 vpr engages a ddb1- and cullin4a-containing ubiquitin-ligase complex through v ... | 2007 | 17620334 |
| aptamer displacement identifies alternative small-molecule target sites that escape viral resistance. | aptamers targeting reverse transcriptase (rt) from hiv-1 inhibit viral replication in vitro, presumably by competing with binding of the primer/template complex. this site is not targeted by the currently available small-molecule anti-hiv-1 rt inhibitors. we have identified sy-3e4, a small-molecule inhibitor of hiv-1 rt, by applying a screening assay that utilizes a reporter-ribozyme regulated by the anti-hiv-1 rt aptamer. sy-3e4 displaces the aptamer from the protein, selectively inhibits dna-d ... | 2007 | 17656317 |
| evaluation of an indigenous western blot kit for human immunodeficiency virus. | the western blot test is considered a gold standard test for the confirmation of an elisa and/or rapid assay screened reactive sample in the diagnosis of hiv infection, especially in the low risk population. in this study, an indigenously developed hiv w. blot kit (j.mitra & co., new delhi, india) was compared for its performance characteristics with a widely used western blot kit, hiv blot 2.2 (genelabs, singapore). antigens of both hiv-1 and the indicator antigen gp36 of hiv-2 are included in ... | 2002 | 17657070 |
| adaptation of a diverse simian immunodeficiency virus population to a new host is revealed through a systematic approach to identify amino acid sites under selection. | simian immunodeficiency viruses (siv) have had considerable success at crossing species barriers; both human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 and hiv-2 have been transmitted on multiple occasions from siv-infected natural host species. however, the precise evolutionary and ecological mechanisms characterizing a successful cross-species transmission event remain to be elucidated. here, in addition to expanding and clarifying our previous description of the adaptation of a diverse, naturally occurri ... | 2007 | 17159231 |
| mechanisms of cd4 downregulation by the nef and vpu proteins of primate immunodeficiency viruses. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) are the etiological agents of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in humans and a related disease in non-human primates. these viruses infect t cells and macrophages that express the surface glycoprotein, cd4, because this glycoprotein acts as a co-receptor for incoming virus particles. once infection has occurred, however, the presence of cd4 poses problems for ... | 2007 | 17346169 |
| evaluation of the murex hiv ag/ab combination assay when used with dried blood spots. | this study evaluated the ability of the murex hiv ag/ab combination assay to detect human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibodies in 12 617 dried blood spots (dbss) on filter paper. the assay had an overall sensitivity of 99.6% and a specificity of 99.9%. in view of its ability to detect p24 antigen and both hiv-1 and hiv-2 antibodies in samples collected in the form of dbss, the murex ag/ab combination assay is suitable for use as a standard screening assay for seroprevalence studies, as well a ... | 2007 | 17725648 |
| efficient thymopoiesis contributes to the maintenance of peripheral cd4 t cells during chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection leads to a lifelong asymptomatic period in the majority of patients. even in patients with progressive disease, a slow cd4 count decline characterizes the chronic phase of hiv-2 infection, suggesting that peripheral t-cell homeostasis is controlled better following hiv-2 infection than following hiv-1 infection. herein we showed that, in contrast to hiv-1-infected patients, hiv-2-infected patients demonstrate enhanced thymic function compared ... | 2007 | 17804512 |
| molecular characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 in yaounde, cameroon: evidence of major drug resistance mutations in newly diagnosed patients infected with subtypes other than subtype b. | prior to current studies on the emergence of drug resistance with the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (art) in cameroon, we performed genotypic analysis on samples from drug-naïve, human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected individuals in this country. of the 79 hiv type 1 (hiv-1) pol sequences analyzed from cameroonian samples, 3 (3.8%) were identified as hiv-1 group o, 1 (1.2%) was identified as an hiv-2 intergroup b/a recombinant, and the remaining 75 (95.0%) were identified as hiv-1 ... | 2008 | 17855574 |
| programmed ribosomal frameshifting in siv is induced by a highly structured rna stem-loop. | simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), like its human homologues (hiv-1, hiv-2), requires a -1 translational frameshift event to properly synthesize all of the proteins required for viral replication. the frameshift mechanism is dependent upon a seven-nucleotide slippery sequence and a downstream rna structure. in siv, the downstream rna structure has been proposed to be either a stem-loop or a pseudoknot. here, we report the functional, structural and thermodynamic characterization of the siv fra ... | 2007 | 17868691 |
| dendritic cells are less susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection than to hiv-1 infection. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection of dendritic cells (dcs) has been documented in vivo and may be an important contributor to hiv-1 transmission and pathogenesis. hiv-1-specific cd4(+) t cells respond to hiv antigens presented by hiv-1-infected dcs and in this process become infected, thereby providing a mechanism through which hiv-1-specific cd4(+) t cells could become preferentially infected in vivo. hiv-2 disease is attenuated with respect to hiv-1 disease, and host immune ... | 2007 | 17913821 |
| prevalence and genetic diversity of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in wild-living red colobus monkeys (piliocolobus badius badius) from the taï forest, côte d'ivoire sivwrc in wild-living western red colobus monkeys. | numerous african primates are infected with simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs). it is now well established that the clade of sivs infecting west-central african chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) and western gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) represent the progenitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), whereas hiv-2 results from different cross-species transmissions of sivsmm from sooty mangabeys (cercocebus atys atys). we present here the first molecular epidemiological ... | 2008 | 17916449 |
| nef-mediated enhancement of virion infectivity and stimulation of viral replication are fundamental properties of primate lentiviruses. | nef is a multifunctional accessory protein of primate lentiviruses. recently, it has been shown that the ability of nef to downmodulate cd4, cd28, and class i major histocompatibility complex is highly conserved between most or all primate lentiviruses, whereas nef-mediated downregulation of t-cell receptor-cd3 was lost in the lineage that gave rise to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). whether or not other nef activities are preserved between different groups of primate lentiviruses r ... | 2007 | 17928336 |
| natural polymorphisms in the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 protease can accelerate time to development of resistance to protease inhibitors. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) contains numerous natural polymorphisms in its protease (pr) gene that are implicated in drug resistance in the case of hiv-1. this study evaluated emergent pr resistance in hiv-2. three hiv-2 isolates were selected for resistance to amprenavir (apv), nelfinavir (nfv), indinavir (idv), and tipranavir (tpv) in cell culture. genotypic analysis determined the time to the appearance of protease inhibitor (pi)-associated mutations compared to hiv-1. phenoty ... | 2007 | 17116674 |
| [evaluation of new fourth-generation human immunodeficiency virus antigen and antibody detection assay with enzyme-linked fluorescent immunoassay]. | we evaluated the fourth-generation hiv screening assay vidas hiv duoii (duoii) based on elfa for simultaneous detection of anti-hiv-1 and anti-hiv-2 antibodies and hiv-1 p24 antigen through comparison with other hiv antigen-antibody detection assays. materials were 1228 hiv-negative specimens, 95 hiv-antibody-positive specimens, and hiv commercial panels. the specificity of duoii was 99.8% and sensitivity 100%, detecting all of hiv-1 group m subtype a, b, b', c, d, a/e, f, g, b/d, hiv-1 group o, ... | 2007 | 17966638 |
| the impact of hiv status and type on the clearance of human papillomavirus infection among senegalese women. | persistent infection with human papillomavirus (hpv) is associated with the development and progression of hpv-related disease, including cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin) and invasive cervical cancer. | 2007 | 17703420 |
| protective immunity against hiv infection: lessons from hiv-2 infection. | despite two decades of intensive research, the correlates of protective immunity to hiv-1 infection remain elusive. much less attention has been paid to the related human virus strain, hiv-2, which can cause aids, but does not usually do so in the majority of infected people. what can be learned from hiv-2 infection about how the human host can peacefully coexist with a pathogenic retrovirus? | 2006 | 17661633 |
| broad antiretroviral activity and resistance profile of the novel human immunodeficiency virus integrase inhibitor elvitegravir (jtk-303/gs-9137). | integrase (in), an essential enzyme of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), is an attractive antiretroviral drug target. the antiviral activity and resistance profile in vitro of a novel in inhibitor, elvitegravir (evg) (also known as jtk-303/gs-9137), currently being developed for the treatment of hiv-1 infection are described. evg blocked the integration of hiv-1 cdna through the inhibition of dna strand transfer. evg inhibited the replication of hiv-1, including various subtypes and multiple-d ... | 2008 | 17977962 |
| antiviral potentials of medicinal plants. | medicinal plants have been widely used to treat a variety of infectious and non-infectious ailments. according to one estimate, 25% of the commonly used medicines contain compounds isolated from plants. several plants could offer a rich reserve for drug discovery of infectious diseases, particularly in an era when the latest separation techniques are available on one hand, and the human population is challenged by a number of emerging infectious diseases on the other hand. among several other ai ... | 2008 | 17981353 |
| the minimal fusion peptide of simian immunodeficiency virus corresponds to the 11 first residues of gp32. | we had previously predicted successfully the minimal fusion peptides (fps) of the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) gp41 and the bovine leukemia virus (blv) gp30 using an original approach based on the obliquity/fusogenicity relationship of tilted peptides. in this paper, we have used the same method to predict the shortest fp capable of inducing optimal fusion in vitro of the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) mac isolate and of other sivs and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-2) isolates ... | 2008 | 17994611 |
| hsp40 facilitates nuclear import of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 vpx-mediated preintegration complex. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) vpx is required for nuclear translocation of the viral preintegration complex (pic) in quiescent cells. in order to decipher the mechanism of action of vpx, a cdna library was screened with the yeast two-hybrid assay, resulting in the identification of heat shock protein 40, hsp40/dnajb6, as a vpx-interactive protein. interaction with vpx was confirmed by glutathione s-transferase (gst) pull-down and coimmunoprecipitation assays. overexpression of hsp4 ... | 2008 | 18032501 |
| isothiazole derivatives as antiviral agents. | we recently described the synthesis and antiviral activity of the compounds 5-phenyl-3-(4-cyano-5-phenylisothiazol-3-yl) disulphanyl-4-isothiazolecarbonitrile and s-(4-cyano-5-phenylisothiazol -3-yl)-o-ethyl thiocarbonate, which were found to be effective against both hiv-1 (iiib) and hiv-2 (rod). we have now evaluated these compounds against both rna and dna viruses, obtaining high selectivity indexes for poliovirus 1 (si: 223 and 828, respectively) and echovirus 9 (si: 334 and 200, respectivel ... | 2007 | 18046960 |
| human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 exhibit comparable sensitivities to zidovudine and other nucleoside analog inhibitors in vitro. | using an indicator cell assay that directly quantifies viral replication, we show that human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2, respectively) exhibit similar sensitivities to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (zidovudine) as well as other nucleoside analog inhibitors of reverse transcriptase. these data support the use of nucleoside analogs for antiviral therapy of hiv-2 infection. | 2008 | 17967913 |