| identification and characterization of hiv-2 strains obtained from asymptomatic patients that do not use ccr5 or cxcr4 coreceptors. | in vivo, human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection reveals several unique characteristics when compared to hiv-1 infection, the most remarkable of which is the extraordinarily long asymptomatic period. here we describe two hiv-2 primary isolates, obtained from asymptomatic individuals, which do not infect any coreceptor-expressing cell lines tested. in those cells, we show that the absence of replication is directly related to cell entry events. furthermore, productive infection obse ... | 2003 | 12951028 |
| down-modulation of mature major histocompatibility complex class ii and up-regulation of invariant chain cell surface expression are well-conserved functions of human and simian immunodeficiency virus nef alleles. | recently, it has been demonstrated that the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) nef from laboratory strains down-modulates cell surface expression of mature major histocompatibility complex class ii (mhc-ii) molecules, while up-regulating surface expression of the invariant chain (ii) associated with immature mhc-ii (p. stumptner-cuvelette, s. morchoisne, m. dugast, s. le gall, g. raposo, o. schwartz, and p. benaroch, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 98:12144-12149, 2001). these nef functions ... | 2003 | 12970439 |
| hepatitis b and c virus infections in the immune compromised. | this review compares and contrasts the natural history and treatment of hepatitis b and c virus infections in three principal populations of immune compromised individuals: (1) patients co-infected with hiv; (2) patients with liver failure secondary to hepatitis b or c virus infection who undergo liver transplantation, and (3) patients with hepatitis b or c virus infection who undergo anticancer chemotherapy. | 2003 | 14502001 |
| novel human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) inhibitors that have a dual mode of anti-hiv action. | we have found that novel pyridine oxide derivatives are inhibitors of a wide range of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 strains in cem cell cultures. some of the compounds showed inhibitory activities against recombinant hiv-1 reverse transcriptase (rt), whereas others were totally inactive against this viral protein in vitro. partial retention of anti-hiv-1 activity against virus strains that contain a variety of mutations characteristic of those for resistance to nonn ... | 2003 | 14506017 |
| replication of chimeric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) containing hiv-2 integrase (in): naturally selected mutations in in augment dna synthesis. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) integrase (in) protein augments the initiation of reverse transcription. chimeric hiv-1 containing hiv-2 in (sg3(in2)) is severely impaired in virus infectivity and dna synthesis. to analyze the nature of this defect, we infected t cells with the chimeric sg3(in2) virus and by continuous passage in cell culture selected for virus with improved replication properties. viruses from two different time points were chosen for further analysis, an early ... | 2003 | 14512553 |
| sexually transmitted diseases in japanese female commercial sex workers working in massage parlors with cell baths. | a cross-sectional study of japanese female commercial sex workers (fcsws) working in massage parlors with cell baths (mpcbs) was conducted between july 1999 and december 2001. the study subjects were 171 fcsws aged from 19 to 36 years. a questionnaire included sexual characteristics in addition to working name and date of birth. we serologically or bacteriologically confirmed the prevalence of hiv-1, hiv-2, hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorr ... | 2003 | 14513394 |
| synthesis and antiviral activity of some 5'-n-phthaloyl-3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine analogues. | a variety of substituted 5'-n-phthaloyl-3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine derivatives has been evaluated for their activity against hiv-1, hiv-2 and moloney murine sarcoma virus (msv) in cell culture. most of the 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (azt, zidovudine) derivatives showed antiviral activity in the lower micromolar concentration range and there was a close correlation between their anti-hiv and anti-msv activity (r = 0.99). the adamantyl phthaloyl derivative was active at submicromolar con ... | 2003 | 14521330 |
| synthetic peptides in the diagnosis of hiv infection. | peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays have been found to be enough sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus specific antibodies in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. this review provides an overview of the most important peptides developed for use as synthetic antigens in immunodiagnosis of hiv-infected patients. in particular, many studies have been devoted to discriminate between the two retroviruses hiv-1 and hiv-2, as well as different sub ... | 2003 | 14529535 |
| clinical potential of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates cidofovir, adefovir, and tenofovir in treatment of dna virus and retrovirus infections. | the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates hpmpc (cidofovir), pmea (adefovir), and pmpa (tenofovir) have proved to be effective in vitro (cell culture systems) and in vivo (animal models and clinical studies) against a wide variety of dna virus and retrovirus infections: cidofovir against herpesvirus (herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus [cmv], epstein-barr virus, and human herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8), polyomavirus, papillomavirus, adenovirus, and poxvirus (variola ... | 2003 | 14557287 |
| mobility and the spread of human immunodeficiency virus into rural areas of west africa. | in eastern and southern africa, the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) epidemic appeared first in urban centres and then spread to rural areas. its overall prevalence is lower in west africa, with the highest levels still found in cities. rural areas are also threatened, however, because of the population's high mobility. we conducted a study in three different communities with contrasting infection levels to understand the epidemiology of hiv infection in rural west africa. | 2003 | 14559743 |
| antiretroviral therapy in hiv-2-infected patients: changes in plasma viral load, cd4+ cell counts, and drug resistance profiles of patients treated in abidjan, côte d'ivoire. | to describe changes in plasma viral load, cd4+ cell counts, and drug resistance profiles of hiv-2-infected patients receiving antiretroviral (arv) therapy in abidjan, côte d'ivoire. | 2003 | 14565609 |
| construction and characterization of cd4-independent infectious recombinant hiv-2 molecular clones. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) differ in their pathogenic mechanisms as evidenced by lower rate of disease progression, lower transmission rates and lower viral load in peripheral blood for hiv-2. one of the many factors that are involved in these characteristics is the interaction between viral glycoproteins and cellular receptors. the study of these interactions in an hiv-2 model could lead to important conclusions regarding pathogenesis and transmission mechani ... | 2003 | 14602209 |
| the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4gi is cleaved by different retroviral proteases. | the initiation factor eif4g plays a central role in the regulation of translation. in picornaviruses, as well as in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), cleavage of eif4g by the viral protease leads to inhibition of protein synthesis directed by capped cellular mrnas. in the present work, cleavage of both eif4gi and eif4gii has been analyzed by employing the proteases encoded within the genomes of several members of the family retroviridae, e.g., moloney murine leukemia virus (momlv), mo ... | 2003 | 14610163 |
| simian-human immunodeficiency virus escape from cytotoxic t-lymphocyte recognition at a structurally constrained epitope. | virus-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) exert intense selection pressure on replicating simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) in infected individuals. the immunodominant mamu-a(*)01-restricted gag p11c, c-m epitope is highly conserved among all sequenced isolates of siv and therefore likely is structurally constrained. the strategies used by virus isolates to mutate away from an immunodominant epitope-specific ctl response are not well defined. ... | 2003 | 14610180 |
| peracetic acid-ethanol treatment of allogeneic avital bone tissue transplants--a reliable sterilization method. | based on the european standard en 1040, the validation guidelines of the german federal institute for drugs and medical devices and cpmp guidelines we tested the antimicrobial effectiveness of a peracetic acid-ethanol sterilization procedure (pes) in allogenic avital bone transplants. | 2003 | 14626574 |
| quantification of human t-lymphotropic virus type i (htlv-i) provirus load in a rural west african population: no enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 pathogenesis, but htlv-i provirus load relates to mortality. | human t-lymphotropic virus type i (htlv-i) provirus load was examined in a cohort of a population in guinea-bissau among whom human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 is endemic. geometric mean of hiv-2 rna load among htlv-i-coinfected subjects was significantly lower than that in subjects infected with hiv-2 alone (212 vs. 724 copies/ml; p=.02). adjusted for age, sex, and hiv status, the risk of death increased with htlv-i provirus load; mortality hazard ratio was 1.59 for each log10 increase ... | 2003 | 14639534 |
| heterocyclic rimantadine analogues with antiviral activity. | 2-(1-adamantyl)pyrrolidines 6, 7, 2-(1-adamantyl)piperidines 10, 12a-c, 15a,b and 2-(1-adamantyl)hexahydroazepines 19, 21, 22 were synthesized and tested for their antiviral activity against influenza a, b viruses and the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2). the synthetic procedure followed for the preparation of the parent piperidine 10 represents a general method for the synthesis of 2-alkyl- or cycloalkyl-substituted piperidine alkaloids. parent aminoadamantanes 6, ... | 2003 | 14642592 |
| sexually transmitted infections among prostitutes in bratislava, slovakia. | sera from 18 prostitutes from bratislava were examined for the presence of antibodies to several sexually transmitted pathogens, namely herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2), human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2), hepatitis b and c viruses (hbv and hcv), chlamydia trachomatis, and treponema pallidum. results of this screening indicated that 11 prostitutes (61%) carried 1 or more sexually transmitted infections. the most prevalent antibodies were directed against hsv-2 (9 cases, i.e. ... | 2003 | 14658845 |
| synthesis and biological evaluation of iodinated and fluorinated 9-(2-hydroxypropyl) and 9-(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl purine nucleoside analogues. | the novel fluorinated and iodinated purine derivatives containing 9-(2-hydroxypropyl) (1a-7a and 9a-13a) and 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl) (1b-3b, 5b, and 7b-12c) side chains were synthesized by a multistep synthetic route involving baltz-schiemann's fluorination and diazotation/iodination as key reactions. an unequivocal proof for the stereostructure of 5b was obtained by x-ray structure analysis. new compounds were evaluated for their cytostatic activity against murine leukemia (l1210); mammary ca ... | 2003 | 14667229 |
| a simple semi-rapid hiv-1&2 confirmatory immunoassay using magnetic particles. | the bionor hiv-1&2 confirmatory test is a semi-rapid simple immunoassay based on magnetic particles for the confirmation of serological status to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). the specificity and sensitivity of this assay was evaluated by comparison with the diagnostic biotechnology hiv-1 western blot (wb) 2.2 and the hiv-2/sbl-6669 wb. bionor's confirmatory test demonstrated 98% specificity when testing sero-negative blood donors and false positive sera in screening tests compared to 81.5 ... | 2004 | 14667535 |
| enhancement of a human immunodeficiency virus env dna vaccine using a novel polycationic nanoparticle formulation. | in an effort to develop a more effective dna immunization strategy for hiv, we synthesized an hiv-2 env dna vaccine and delivered it in a novel polycationic adjuvant formulation that forms nanoparticles in solution and enhances protein expression. the polycationic adjuvant contained imidazole moieties to facilitate endosomal escape. nanoparticles containing the dna vaccine plasmid were formed by electrostatic condensation with the polycationic adjuvant. we hypothesized that this formulation woul ... | 2003 | 14687705 |
| emergence of the hiv type 1 epidemic in the twentieth century: comparing hypotheses to evidence. | the existence of multiple groups of hiv-1 and hiv-2 suggests that zoonotic transmissions of siv have occurred at a low rate for centuries. hence, an increase in the rate of human-to-human transmission may be necessary and sufficient to explain the emergence of hiv as an epidemic in the twentieth century. three common hypotheses to explain accelerated transmission are (1) social changes accelerated sexual transmission, (2) health care changes accelerated parenteral transmission, and (3) serial pa ... | 2003 | 14709242 |
| multicenter evaluation of a new, automated enzyme-linked immunoassay for detection of human immunodeficiency virus-specific antibodies and antigen. | a collaborative multicenter study was conducted to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and precision of a three-step, fully automated, qualitative microparticle-based enzyme-linked immunoassay (axsym hiv ag/ab combo; abbott laboratories), designed to simultaneously detect (i). antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and/or type 2 (hiv-2) and (ii). hiv p24 antigen. a significant reduction in the hiv seroconversion window was achieved by combining detection of hiv antibod ... | 2004 | 14715727 |
| stampidine prevents mortality in an experimental mouse model of viral hemorrhagic fever caused by lassa virus. | the potential use of microorganisms as agents of biological warfare (bw) is a growing concern. lassa virus, a member of the arenavirus class of hemorrhagic fever (hf) viruses has emerged as a worldwide concern among public health officials. the purpose of the present study was to further elucidate the antiviral activity spectrum of stampidine, a novel nucleoside analog with potent anti-viral activity against the immunodeficiency viruses hiv-1, hiv-2, and fiv, by examining its effects on survival ... | 2004 | 14720304 |
| susceptibility of feline immunodeficiency virus/human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase chimeras to non-nucleoside rt inhibitors. | to map the determinants of the lack of susceptibility of feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) reverse transcriptase (rt) to anti human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) non-nucleoside rt inhibitors (nnrtis), a variety of chimeric hiv-1/fiv rts were constructed. the majority of chimeric rts had an affinity (km) for their natural substrates comparable with that of the wild-type hiv-1 and fiv rts, but their catalytic efficacy was decreased. whereas hiv-1 rt could be made entirely insensitive to ... | 2004 | 14722257 |
| isolation of cd4-independent primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates that are syncytium inducing and acutely cytopathic for cd8+ lymphocytes. | previous studies have established the existence of cd4-independent simian immunodeficiency virus, human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), and laboratory strains of hiv-1. however, whether cd4-independent viruses may also exist in hiv-1-infected patients has remained unclear. we have recently reported the isolation of viruses from an aids patient that were able to infect cd8(+) cells independent of cd4, using cd8 as a receptor. using a similar approach, here we examined viruses from 12 rando ... | 2004 | 14722279 |
| no differences in cellular immune responses between asymptomatic hiv type 1- and type 2-infected gambian patients. | fewer people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 progress to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, compared with those infected with hiv-1. to understand the immune mechanisms leading to slow progression in hiv-2 infection, cell-mediated immune responses were compared between the 2 infections in asymptomatic subjects with a cd4 cell count > or =20%. interferon- gamma release from t lymphocytes and the cytotoxicity of cd8+ t lymphocytes were measured by elispot and 51cr release ... | 2004 | 14745708 |
| conservation of a stepwise, energy-sensitive pathway involving hp68 for assembly of primate lentivirus capsids in cells. | previously we have described a stepwise, energy-dependent pathway for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) capsid assembly in a cell-free system. in this pathway, gag polypeptides utilize the cellular factor hp68 and assemble into immature capsids by way of assembly intermediates that have defined biochemical characteristics. here we address whether this pathway is universally conserved among primate lentiviruses and can be observed in mammalian cells. we demonstrate that hiv-2 gag associ ... | 2004 | 14747530 |
| chimeric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) virions containing hiv-2 or simian immunodeficiency virus nef are resistant to cyclosporine treatment. | the viral protein nef and the cellular factor cyclophilin a are both required for full infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) virions. in contrast, hiv-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) do not incorporate cyclophilin a into virions or need it for full infectivity. since nef and cyclophilin a appear to act in similar ways on postentry events, we determined whether chimeric hiv-1 virions that contained either hiv-2 or siv nef would have a direct effect on cyclophilin a ... | 2004 | 14747548 |
| comparative study of adaptive molecular evolution in different human immunodeficiency virus groups and subtypes. | molecular adaptation, as characterized by the detection of positive selection, was quantified in a number of genes from different human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) group m subtypes, group o, and an hiv-2 subtype using the codon-based maximum-likelihood method of yang and coworkers (z. h. yang, r. nielsen, n. goldman, and a. m. k. pedersen, genetics 155:431-449, 2000). the env gene was investigated further since it exhibited the strongest signal for positive selection compared to those ... | 2004 | 14747561 |
| lv2, a novel postentry restriction, is mediated by both capsid and envelope. | the characterization of restrictions to lentivirus replication in cells identifies critical steps in the viral life cycle and potential therapeutic targets. we previously reported that a human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) isolate was restricted to infection in some human cells, which led us to identify a step in the life cycle of hiv-2 detected after reverse transcription but prior to nuclear entry. the block is bypassed with a vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein g (vsv-g) envelope ... | 2004 | 14747565 |
| evaluation of three commercial rapid tests for detecting antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus. | determine hiv-1/2, chembio hiv-1/2 stat-pak and pentest are simple/rapid tests for the detection of antibodies to hiv-1 and hiv-2 in human whole blood, serum and plasma samples. the assay is one step and the result is read visually within 15 minutes. using 92 known hiv-1 reactive sera and 108 known hiv-1 negative sera, the 3 hiv tests correctly identified all the known hiv-1 reactive and negative samples. the results indicated that determine hiv-1/2, chembio hiv-1/2 stat-pak and pentest hiv are ... | 2003 | 14750391 |
| the history of sivs and aids: epidemiology, phylogeny and biology of isolates from naturally siv infected non-human primates (nhp) in africa. | simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) naturally infects non-human primates in africa. to date, 40 sivs have been described both in natural hosts and in heterologous species. these viruses are highly diverse and the majority cluster in 6 relatively equidistant phylogenetic lineages. at least 8 sivs are currently considered as recombinant viruses, based on different clustering patterns in different genomic regions. only three types of genomes are known, based on the number of accessory genes: vpr-co ... | 2004 | 14766362 |
| polymorphism and drug-selected mutations in the protease gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 from patients living in southern france. | the susceptibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) to protease inhibitors (pi) is largely unknown. we studied hiv-2 protease genes from 21 hiv-2-infected patients who were exposed or not exposed to pi. the aim of this study was (i). to characterize the polymorphism of hiv-2 protease in the absence of drug, (ii). to know whether the hiv-2 protease gene naturally harbors hiv-1 drug resistance codons, and (iii). to identify mutations emerging under pi-selective pressure. sixty-five h ... | 2004 | 14766818 |
| potent and selective inhibition of hiv and siv by prostratin interacting with viral entry. | prostratin, a non-tumour promoting phorbol ester, exhibit a potent anti-hiv activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). however, the antiviral mechanism of prostratin is not well defined. in the present study, we report that prostratin exhibits potent antiviral activity against different strains of hiv-1 (subtypes b and d), a clinical hiv isolate (l1), hiv-2 (rod and eho) and siv (mac251) with ec50-values ranging from 0.02-0.09 microg/ml. prostratin was equally active against h ... | 2003 | 14968938 |
| [hiv-2 and htlv-i/ii infections in spain]. | up to december 2002, a total of 56, 566 and 109 cases of human t-lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-i), htlv-ii and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection, respectively, were identified in spain. most htlv-i- and hiv-2-infected subjects were immigrants from endemic areas or spaniards who had traveled to, or had sexual contacts with natives from, these areas. in contrast, htlv-ii infection was mainly limited to spanish intravenous drug users (idu) who were frequently coinfected with h ... | 2004 | 14987538 |
| [hiv seroprevalence in ophthalmologic patients of cameroon]. | it is difficult to estimate the exact hiv infection rates in countries such as cameroon because of diagnostic and statistical problems. the majority of people seek help from traditional healers outside the health system. | 2004 | 14999411 |
| evaluation of genetic immunization adjuvants to improve the effectiveness of a human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) envelope dna vaccine. | in an effort to develop a more effective genetic immunization strategy for hiv, we developed an hiv-2 env dna vaccine and evaluated three adjuvant formulations. the gp140 gene from hiv-2(uc2 )was synthesized using mammalian codons and cloned into a plasmid vector that expresses eukaryotic genes at high levels. we found that after three immunizations in mice, a novel cationic liposome formulation (vaxfectin) was superior at inducing systemic and mucosal antibody responses compared to a naked dna, ... | 2004 | 15000750 |
| actinohivin, a novel anti-human immunodeficiency virus protein from an actinomycete, inhibits viral entry to cells by binding high-mannose type sugar chains of gp120. | we searched human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) entry inhibitors and found a novel anti-hiv protein, actinohivin (ah), in a culture filtrate of the newly discovered genus actinomycete longispora albida gen. nov., sp. nov. this paper deals with the mechanism of action of the anti-hiv activity of ah. ah exhibited potent anti-hiv activities against various strains of hiv-1 and hiv-2. ah bound to the glycoprotein gp120 of various strains of hiv-1 and gp130 of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), but ... | 2004 | 15003531 |
| quantitative real-time pcr on lightcycler for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2). | similar to hiv-1, the viral load in hiv-2 is a marker of the evolution of infection and the success of therapy. no approved or commercially distributed assay exists to determine the plasma viral load of hiv-2. we therefore developed a quantitative real-time pcr to determine the plasma rna viral load of hiv-2, based on the reference strains rod and eho, which represent subtypes a and b of hiv-2, respectively. after testing several pairs of primers, a set was chosen that recognised the 5'-ltr regi ... | 2004 | 15019261 |
| antiretroviral drug resistance in non-subtype b hiv-1, hiv-2 and siv. | patients infected with hiv-1 of subtype other than b ('non-subtype b') or with hiv-2 are being treated with antiretroviral drugs in increasing numbers. in addition, healthcare providers and laboratory workers working with clinical specimens or animals infected with hiv, siv or shiv are at risk of being exposed to the virus and might require post-exposure prophylactic treatment. thus, it is important to understand the inherent antiviral susceptibility of non-subtype b hiv-1, hiv-2 and siv to curr ... | 2004 | 15040531 |
| susceptibility of hiv-2, siv and shiv to various anti-hiv-1 compounds: implications for treatment and postexposure prophylaxis. | limited information is available on the activity of antiretroviral drugs against human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) strains to guide their use in treatment or prophylaxis. we evaluated the antiviral activity of 16 approved drugs and one experimental drug, amd3100, against two wild-type hiv-2 (rod and eho) isolates, two strains of siv (mac251 and b670), and two strains of simian-human immunodeficiency virus (shiv) that contain the reverse transcrip ... | 2004 | 15040537 |
| in vivo analysis of nef function. | the nef gene is present in all primate lentiviruses (hiv-1, hiv-2, and sivs). in vivo, nef has been shown to be a major determinant of virus pathogenicity. in vitro, many different nef activities have been reported, including cd4 and mhc i downregulation, enhanced virion infectivity, and t-cell activation. these four different activities have been extensively investigated and appear to increase the pathogenicity of the virus. however, the contribution that these activities (individually or toget ... | 2003 | 15043211 |
| a single amino acid substitution in human apobec3g antiretroviral enzyme confers resistance to hiv-1 virion infectivity factor-induced depletion. | hiv-1 and other retroviruses occasionally undergo hypermutation, characterized by a high rate of g-to-a substitution. recently, the human apolipoprotein b mrna-editing, enzyme-catalytic, polypeptide-like 3g (apobec3g), first identified as cem15, was shown to be packaged into retroviral virions and to deaminate deoxycytidine to deoxyuridine in newly synthesized viral minus-strand dna, thereby inducing g-to-a hypermutation. this innate mechanism of resistance to retroviral infection is counteracte ... | 2004 | 15054139 |
| enigmas and paradoxes: the genetic diversity and prevalence of the primate lentiviruses. | in a comparatively few years a previously unknown virus has spread from its animal host to infect more than 40 million people by the end of 2003, causing an estimated 3 million deaths in that year (world health organization figures). the size of this human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) epidemic and its associated health, social and economic problems make it imperative that we understand how its two types, hiv-1 and hiv-2, have evolved from their simian relatives, the primate lentiviruses (plvs). ... | 2004 | 15078176 |
| anti-hiv-1 gene expressing lentiviral vectors as an adjunctive therapy for hiv-1 infection. | lentiviral based gene therapy may provide a valuable addition to the current anti-hiv arsenal. many lentiviral vector systems have been described including those based on feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv), human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv) and 2 (hiv-2/siv) as well as replication incompetent, self-inactivating (sin) vs. conditionally replicating (mobilizable) vectors. lentiviral vectors offer promise in treating hiv-1 infection as they are capable of stably transducing both dividing and non ... | 2004 | 15078182 |
| frequent dual initiation in human immunodeficiency virus-based vectors containing two primer-binding sites: a quantitative in vivo assay for function of initiation complexes. | we previously demonstrated that murine leukemia virus (mlv)-based vectors containing two primer-binding sites (pbss) have the capacity to initiate reverse transcription more than once (y. a. voronin and v. k. pathak, virology 312:281-294, 2003). to determine whether human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-based vectors also have the capacity to initiate reverse transcription twice, we constructed an hiv type 1 (hiv-1)-based vector containing the hiv-1 pbs, a green fluorescent protein reporter gene (g ... | 2004 | 15113919 |
| prevalence of markers of transfusion transmissible diseases in voluntary and replacement blood donors. | transfusion of safe blood requires a safe donor. the voluntary donor movement encompasses the concept of a donor who is free from transfusion transmissible infections. it is now mandatory to screen blood for hepatitis b surface antigen, antibodies to hiv-1 and hiv-2, antibodies to hepatitis c virus, syphilis and malarial parasites. | 2004 | 15115227 |
| the crystal structure of the monomeric reverse transcriptase from moloney murine leukemia virus. | reverse transcriptases (rts) are multidomain enzymes of variable architecture that couple both rna- and dna-directed dna polymerase activities with an rnase h activity specific for an rna:dna hybrid in order to replicate the single-stranded rna genome of the retrovirus. previous structural work has been reported for the heterodimeric hiv-1 and hiv-2 rts. we now report the first crystal structure of the full-length moloney murine leukemia virus (mmlv) rt at 3.0 a resolution. the structure reveals ... | 2004 | 15130474 |
| current status of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | almost fifteen years ago, the first non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (rt) inhibitor (nnrti) lead compounds have been discovered. nowadays, three nnrtis are approved for treatment of hiv-1-infected individuals and several others are subject of (advanced) clinical trials. although the nnrtis target hiv-1 rt, they are clearly different from the nucleoside rt inhibitors (nrtis). they are highly selective for hiv-1 and do not inhibit hiv-2 or any other (retro)virus. they target hiv-1 rt by a dire ... | 2004 | 15134549 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 dna vaccine provides partial protection from acute baboon infection. | we determined if the genetic adjuvants, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (gm-csf) and b7-2, could improve the immunogenicity and efficacy of an hiv-2 dna vaccine. the vaccine consisted of the hiv-2 tat, nef, gag, and env genes synthesized using optimized codons and formulated with cationic liposomes. baboons (papio cynocephalus hamadryas) were immunized by the intramuscular, intradermal, and intranasal routes with these expression constructs and challenged with hiv-2(uc2) by the ... | 2004 | 15149785 |
| a second human antiretroviral factor, apobec3f, is suppressed by the hiv-1 and hiv-2 vif proteins. | the hiv-1 vif protein suppresses the inhibition of viral replication caused by the human antiretroviral factor apobec3g. as a result, hiv-1 mutants that do not express the vif protein are replication incompetent in 'nonpermissive' cells, such as primary t cells and the t-cell line cem, that express apobec3g. in contrast, vif-defective hiv-1 replicates effectively in 'permissive' cell lines, such as a derivative of cem termed cem-ss, that do not express apobec3g. here, we show that a second human ... | 2004 | 15152192 |
| chronic hiv-2 infection protects against total cd4+ cell depletion and rapid disease progression induced by shiv89.6p challenge. | to better understand hiv-1 sexual transmission risk, we have studied the susceptibility of hiv-2-exposed, uninfected (eu) female pig-tailed macaques to intravaginal (ivag) re-challenge with the homologous hiv-2 strain, followed by heterologous shiv89.6p. | 2004 | 15166528 |
| tracking global patterns of n-linked glycosylation site variation in highly variable viral glycoproteins: hiv, siv, and hcv envelopes and influenza hemagglutinin. | human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (hiv and siv), influenza virus, and hepatitis c virus (hcv) have heavily glycosylated, highly variable surface proteins. here we explore n-linked glycosylation site (sequon) variation at the population level in these viruses, using a new web-based program developed to facilitate the sequon tracking and to define patterns (www.hiv.lanl.gov). this tool allowed rapid visualization of the two distinctive patterns of sequon variation found in hiv-1, hiv-2, an ... | 2004 | 15175256 |
| expression and biochemical analysis of the entire hiv-2 gp41 ectodomain: determinants of stability map to n- and c-terminal sequences outside the 6-helix bundle core. | the folding of hiv gp41 into a 6-helix bundle drives virus-cell membrane fusion. to examine the structural relationship between the 6-helix bundle core domain and other regions of gp41, we expressed in escherichia coli, the entire ectodomain of hiv-2(st) gp41 as a soluble, trimeric maltose-binding protein (mbp)/gp41 chimera. limiting proteolysis indicated that the cys-591-cys-597 disulfide-bonded region is outside a core domain comprising two peptides, thr-529-trp-589 and val-604-ser-666. a bioc ... | 2004 | 15178320 |
| hiv type 2 primary isolates induce a lower degree of apoptosis "in vitro" compared with hiv type 1 primary isolates. | to determine whether subtypes of hiv-1 and hiv-2 vary in their ability to induce t cell apoptosis in vitro, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from healthy donors and cem.nkr-ccr5 cells were infected with a variety of hiv-1 and hiv-2 isolates in vitro. apoptotic cell levels and chemokine and cytokine production were analyzed. significant variations in cytopathic effects following in vitro infection with primary isolates of hiv-1 or hiv-2 subtypes were observed in pbmcs. the percent ... | 2004 | 15186525 |
| current status and potential application of iscoms in veterinary medicine. | the immune stimulating complex (iscom) is a 40 nm nanoparticle used as a delivery system for vaccine antigens, targeting the immune system both after parenteral and mucosal administration. the iscom is made up of saponin, lipids and antigen usually held together by hydrophobic interaction between these three components. the compulsory elements to form the iscom structure are cholesterol and saponin. when the antigen is omitted the iscom-matrix is formed. there are a number of saponins that can f ... | 2004 | 15191787 |
| potent neutralizing serum immunoglobulin a (iga) in human immunodeficiency virus type 2-exposed igg-seronegative individuals. | the mechanisms behind the resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection are still not fully understood. in the present study, we explored the hiv-2-specific humoral serum immunoglobulin a (iga) immune response in hiv-2-exposed igg-seronegative (egsn) individuals. serum samples from heterosexual egsn individuals and their known hiv-2-infected partners, as well as controls originating from guinea-bissau in africa, were studied. antibody reactivity to native and recombinant en ... | 2004 | 15194778 |
| differential regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus promoter activity. | promoter activity of the hiv-1 long terminal repeat (ltr) is largely dependent on intact nf-kb and spi binding sites in the u3 region. in contrast, upstream ltr sequences allow efficient simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac) transcription in the absence of the core enhancer promoter region. in the present study, we investigated whether the regulation of hiv-2 rod ltr activity is more reminiscent of hiv-1 having the same host or of sivmac239 belonging to the same phylogenetic group. viral promot ... | 2004 | 15207635 |
| hiv-2-infected individuals with undetectable plasma viremia carry replication-competent virus in peripheral blood lymphocytes. | using an optimized hiv co-culture protocol it was possible to isolate infectious hiv-2 variants from 6 hiv-2-infected individuals who had undetectable plasma viremia and maintained high cd4 t-cell numbers for prolonged periods. this shows for the first time that hiv-2-infected individuals with no demonstrable in vivo virus production carry replication-competent virus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs). the frequency of pbmcs with infectious virus was low, ranging from 0.01-0.9 infecti ... | 2004 | 15213560 |
| elevated expression of gm3 in receptor-bearing targets confers resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 fusion. | gm3, a major ganglioside of t lymphocytes, promotes human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) entry via interactions with hiv-1 receptors and the viral envelope glycoprotein (env). increased gm3 levels in t lymphocytes and the appearance of anti-gm3 antibodies in aids patients have been reported earlier. in this study, we investigated the effect of gm3 regulation on hiv-1 entry by utilizing a mouse cell line (b16f10), which expresses exceptionally high levels of gm3. strikingly, b16 cells bear ... | 2004 | 15220409 |
| the phenylmethylthiazolylthiourea nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (rt) inhibitor msk-076 selects for a resistance mutation in the active site of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 rt. | the phenylmethylthiazolylthiourea (pett) derivative msk-076 shows, besides high potency against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), marked activity against hiv-2 (50% effective concentration, 0.63 microm) in cell culture. time-of-addition experiments pointed to hiv-2 reverse transcriptase (rt) as the target of action of msk-076. recombinant hiv-2 rt was inhibited by msk-076 at 23 microm. as was also found for hiv-1 rt, msk-076 inhibited hiv-2 rt in a noncompetitive manner with respect t ... | 2004 | 15220416 |
| prevalence and incidence of hiv, hepatitis b virus, and hepatitis c virus infections among males in rhode island prisons. | we evaluated prevalence and intraprison incidence of hiv, hepatitis b virus, and hepatitis c virus infections among male prison inmates. | 2004 | 15226146 |
| highly active antiretroviral therapy and viral response in hiv type 2 infection. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), the second human retrovirus known to cause aids, is endemic to west africa but is infrequently found outside this region. we present a case series of 10 hiv-2--infected individuals treated in the united states. physicians applied the principles of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart), normally used in treating hiv type 1, with modifications considered appropriate for treating hiv-2. cd4+ cell count, hiv-2 virus load, and clinical status were f ... | 2004 | 15227626 |
| identification of a highly divergent hiv type 2 and proposal for a change in hiv type 2 classification. | we report the complete genome sequence of a highly divergent strain of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), 96fr12034, identified in france from a patient of west african origin. this lineage, h, represents only the third definitive instance of a monkey-to-human transfer of sivsm that has given rise to pathogenic hiv-2. as the different "subtypes" of hiv-2 are analogous to the different groups of hiv-1 we propose that hiv-2 subtypes henceforth by renamed groups in agreement with the hiv ... | 2004 | 15242544 |
| [siv as a source of hiv. on the origin of human immunodeficiency viruses from non-human primates]. | it is assumed that hiv, the human immunodeficiency virus, started its spread after the second world war. molecular analysis of the genome of various hiv-1 types has shown that this virus can be divided into the groups m, n, and o and that these genome sequences fit perfectly to the genomes found in siv of chimpanzees (sivcpz) living in the area of west and central africa. sivcpz is nonpathogenic for chimpanzees indicating that the virus and host have adapted for a long period. hiv-2 genome seque ... | 2004 | 15254823 |
| comparison of the efficacy of virus inactivation methods in allogeneic avital bone tissue transplants. | several procedures for inactivating viruses are used presently in the context of bone tissue transplants. common methods used are gamma irradiation (25 kgy), treatment with moist heat (82.5 degrees c/15 min., lobator-sd2-system) as well as chemical sterilisation using peracetic acid-ethanol treatment (pes, 2% peracetic acid, 96% ethanol, aqua [2:1:1], 200 mbar, agitation, 4 hours). based on national and international guidelines, we tested the antivirucidal effectiveness of these methods in human ... | 2001 | 15256903 |
| a capillary electrophoretic assay for ribonuclease h activity. | a capillary electrophoretic assay was developed to measure the ribonuclease (rnase) h activity of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 reverse transcriptase. cleavage of a fluorescein-labeled rna-dna heteroduplex was monitored by capillary electrophoresis. this new assay was used as a secondary assay to confirm hits from a high-throughput screening program. since autofluorescent compounds in samples migrated differently from both substrate and product in most cases, the assay was extremely ... | 2004 | 15265735 |
| [guillain-barré syndrome in hiv-infected patients at bobo-dioulasso hospital (burkina faso)]. | neurological manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection are frequent and several associated peripheral neuropathies have been recognized. among them, guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) may occur either early or during the course of the illness. we present a prospective study of 32 consecutive cases of gbs managed over a 5-year period at bobo-dioulasso hospital where hiv prevalence reaches 20.1p.cent. male gender predominated (24/32). gbs occurred during the dry season for 65.7p.ce ... | 2004 | 15269674 |
| transduction of cell lines and primary cells by fiv-packaged hiv vectors. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), simian immunodeficiency virus, and feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) are capable of packaging viral rna derived from heterologous as well as homologous lentiviruses, a phenomenon referred to as "cross packaging." to remove the possibility of seroconversion to hiv proteins, and to avoid potential problems arising due to targeting of vector or packaging construct by antiviral genes, we investigated the feasibility of using an fiv-based packaging syste ... | 2004 | 15272479 |
| analysis of 15 novel full-length bk virus sequences from three individuals: evidence of a high intra-strain genetic diversity. | to determine the variability of bk virus (bkv) in vivo, the sequences of nine full-length molecular clones from the striated muscle and heart dna of a patient with bkv-associated capillary leak syndrome (bkvcap), as well as three clones each from the urine of one human immunodeficiency virus type 2-positive (bkvhi) and one healthy control subject (bkvhc), were analysed. the regulatory region of all clones corresponded to the archetypal regulatory region usually found in urine isolates. analysis ... | 2004 | 15302959 |
| cerebrospinal fluid viral load, virus isolation, and intrathecal immunoactivation in hiv type 2 infection. | four patients with hiv-2 infection were followed longitudinally with cerebrospinal fluid (csf) analyses. two patients had positive csf hiv-2 isolations. these two patients had cd4 cell count below 200 x 10(6)/liter and maximum csf hiv-2 rna viral loads above 4000 copies/ml. intrathecal immune activation was demonstrated by elevated csf neopterin concentrations (14-18 nmol/liter). no opportunistic infections were diagnosed. after antiretroviral treatment csf viral counts decreased to below 125 co ... | 2004 | 15307916 |
| codon optimization of the tat antigen of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 generates strong immune responses in mice following genetic immunization. | dna vaccines have been successful in eliciting potent immune responses in mice. their efficiency, however, is restricted in larger animals. one reason for the limited performance of the dna vaccines is the lack of molecular strategies to enhance immune responses. additionally, genes directly cloned from pathogenic organisms may not be efficiently translated in a heterologous host expression system as a consequence of codon bias. to evaluate the influence of codon optimization on the immune respo ... | 2004 | 15308713 |
| splicing affects presentation of rna dimerization signals in hiv-2 in vitro. | during retroviral replication, full-length viral rnas are encapsidated into new virus particles, while spliced rnas are excluded. the retroviridae are unique among viruses in that infectious viral particles contain a dimer of two identical genomic rna strands. a variety of experimental data has suggested that dimerization and encapsidation of full-length viral rnas are linked processes, although whether dimerization is a prerequisite for encapsidation, or conversely, dimerization follows encapsi ... | 2004 | 15333691 |
| chemokine receptor ccr5: insights into structure, function, and regulation. | cc chemokine receptor 5 (ccr5) is a seven-transmembrane, g protein-coupled receptor (gpcr) which regulates trafficking and effector functions of memory/effector t-lymphocytes, macrophages, and immature dendritic cells. it also serves as the main coreceptor for the entry of r5 strains of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1, hiv-2). chemokine binding to ccr5 leads to cellular activation through pertussis toxin-sensitive heterotrimeric g proteins as well as g protein-independent signalling pathways ... | 2004 | 15337520 |
| the natural history of hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections in adults in africa: a literature review. | about 30 million people in africa are estimated to be living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (hiv/aids), yet data about the natural history of infection on the continent are sparse. we reviewed the literature on the natural history of hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections among african adults. only one study, conducted in rural uganda, has reported on survival from the time of hiv-1 seroconversion: the median was 9.8 years, which is similar to that reported in develope ... | 2004 | 15356940 |
| humoral immunity and the evolution of hiv-2. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) evolved from the zoonotic transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) that naturally infects sooty mangabeys found in west africa. using sera from hiv-2-infected humans, we discovered that an hypervariable region (the v4 loop) of hiv-2 induces antibody responses only weakly reactive against itself but strongly reactive against analogous sequences from the v4 loop of strains of siv. available sequence data indicates that all strains of hiv-2 hav ... | 2004 | 15357909 |
| field evaluation of a rapid human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) serial serologic testing algorithm for diagnosis and differentiation of hiv type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and dual hiv-1-hiv-2 infections in west african pregnant women. | we evaluated a two-rapid-test serial algorithm using the determine and genie ii rapid assays, performed on-site in four peripheral laboratories during the french agence nationale de recherches sur le sida (anrs) 1201/1202 ditrame plus cohort developed for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in côte d'ivoire. a total of 1,039 specimens were retested by two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas). the following specimens were te ... | 2004 | 15365003 |
| mannose-specific plant lectins from the amaryllidaceae family qualify as efficient microbicides for prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection. | the plant lectins derived from galanthus nivalis (snowdrop) (gna) and hippeastrum hybrid (amaryllis) (hha) selectively inhibited a wide variety of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 strains and clinical (cxcr4- and ccr5-using) isolates in different cell types. they also efficiently inhibited infection of t lymphocytes by a variety of mutant virus strains. gna and hha markedly prevented syncytium formation between persistently infected hut-78/hiv cells and uninfected t lymphocy ... | 2004 | 15388446 |
| sequential modification of translation initiation factor eif4gi by two different foot-and-mouth disease virus proteases within infected baby hamster kidney cells: identification of the 3cpro cleavage site. | infection of cells by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes the rapid inhibition of cellular cap-dependent protein synthesis that results from cleavage of the translation initiation factor eif4g, a component of the cap-binding complex eif4f. two fmdv proteins, the leader (l) and 3c proteases, have been shown individually to induce cleavage of eif4gi at distinct sites within baby hamster kidney (bhk) cells. here, sequential cleavage of eif4gi by the l and 3c proteases was demonstrated in fmd ... | 2004 | 15448358 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 gag interacts specifically with prp4, a serine-threonine kinase, and inhibits phosphorylation of splicing factor sf2. | using a yeast two-hybrid screen of a t-cell cdna library to identify cellular proteins that bind to the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) gag polyprotein, we identified prp4, a serine-threonine protein kinase. specific interaction of prp4 and hiv-2 gag was confirmed in in vitro and in vivo assays. the interacting region of hiv-2 gag is located in the conserved matrix and capsid domains, while both the rs (arginine-serine-rich) domain and the ks (kinase) domain of prp4 are able to bind ... | 2004 | 15452250 |
| antigenic activity of three chimeric synthetic peptides of the transmembrane (gp41) and the envelope (gp120) glycoproteins of hiv-1 virus. | the antigenicity of three chimeric synthetic peptides (qm, qm-16, and qm-17) incorporating an immunodominant epitope of the gp41 transmembrane protein (587-617) and the different epitopes of the gp120 envelope protein (495-516), (301-335), (502-516) of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1), separated by two glycine residues, was evaluated by ultramicroenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (umelisa) by using panels of anti-hiv-1 positive sera (n = 47). the specificity was evaluated with samples from h ... | 2004 | 15461139 |
| t-cell activation leads to poor activation of the hiv-1 clade e long terminal repeat and weak association of nuclear factor-kappab and nfat with its enhancer region. | the enhancer region in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) 5'-long terminal repeat (ltr) is very important for viral transcription. this promoter sequence binds both nuclear factor-kappab and nfat, two important modulators of hiv-1 gene expression. previous studies have indicated that the enhancer regions of the different hiv-1 clade ltrs differ in their number of nf-kappab-binding sites. in this study, we have compared the activation potential of the different hiv-1 clade and hiv-2 ... | 2004 | 15466412 |
| vpx proteins of sivmac239 and hiv-2rod interact with the cytoskeletal protein alpha-actinin 1. | vpx genes of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and immunodeficiency viruses from macaques (sivmac), sooty mangabeys (sivsm) and red-capped mangabeys (sivrcm) encode a 112 aa protein that is packed into virion particles via interaction with the p6 domain of p55(gag). vpx localizes to the nucleus when expressed in the absence of other viral proteins. moreover, vpx is necessary for efficient nuclear import of the pre-integration complex (pic) and critical for virus replication in quiescen ... | 2004 | 15483243 |
| aids as a zoonosis? confusion over the origin of the virus and the origin of the epidemics. | based on findings demonstrating the simian ancestry of hiv, aids has been reported to be a zoonosis. however, this theory has never been proved and must seriously be questioned. several arguments show that hiv-aids is not a zoonosis. (i) if aids were a zoonosis, there must be evidence of aids being directly acquired from an animal species, as is rabies, a disease that is directly acquired from animals. (ii) despite long-term and frequent human exposure to siv-infected monkeys in africa, only 11 ... | 2004 | 15525322 |
| characterization of virus infectivity and cell-free capsid assembly of sivmnecl8. | we have previously described a cell-free system that reconstitutes immature capsid assembly of gag polypeptides from viruses belonging to three major primate lentiviral lineages, including hiv-1, hiv-2 and sivagm. studies described here examine a member of the sivmac/mne lineage, sivmnecl8, using assays for virus production and infectivity as well as cellular events in capsid formation. we report that sivmnecl8, a molecular clone with properties typical of transmitted viral variants, is less inf ... | 2004 | 15525327 |
| new multiple antigenic peptide-based enzyme immunoassay for detection of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in nonhuman primates and humans. | infections with human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2, respectively) are zoonotic infections. in africa, the potential exists for additional cross-species transmissions from at least 33 different species of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)-infected nonhuman primates (nhps) through hunting and butchering of these animals for food. here we describe a highly sensitive and specific enzyme immunoassay (eia) with chemically modified, multiple antigenic peptides (maps) develope ... | 2004 | 15528710 |
| inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus replication by a dual ccr5/cxcr4 antagonist. | here we report that the n-pyridinylmethyl cyclam analog amd3451 has antiviral activity against a wide variety of r5, r5/x4, and x4 strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 (50% inhibitory concentration [ic(50)] ranging from 1.2 to 26.5 microm) in various t-cell lines, ccr5- or cxcr4-transfected cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs), and monocytes/macrophages. amd3451 also inhibited r5, r5/x4, and x4 hiv-1 primary clinical isolates in pbmcs (ic(50), 1.8 to 7.3 ... | 2004 | 15542651 |
| determination of hiv-1 infectivity by lymphocytic cell lines with integrated luciferase gene. | we have established lymphocytic cell lines h9 and m8166 that contain integrated copy of luciferase gene under the control of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) long terminal repeat (ltr). while h9 is known to be non-permissive for or insensitive to some particular mutant strains of hiv/simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), m8166 is one of the most susceptible lines to various hiv/sivs. the luciferase gene driven by hiv-1 ltr was transfected into h9 and m8166 cells with the neo gene, and ... | 2004 | 15547676 |
| optimization of unique, uncharged thioesters as inhibitors of hiv replication. | a combinatorial chemistry approach was employed to prepare a restricted library of n-substituted s-acyl-2-mercaptobenzamide thioesters. it was shown that many members of this chemotype display anti-hiv activity via their ability to interact with hiv-1, hiv-2, siv-infected cells, cell-free virus, and chronically and latently infected cells in a manner consistent with targeting of the highly conserved hiv-1 ncp7 zinc fingers. compounds were initially screened using two different in vitro antiviral ... | 2004 | 15556761 |
| tmc125, a novel next-generation nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor active against nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrtis) are potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1); however, currently marketed nnrtis rapidly select resistant virus, and cross-resistance within the class is extensive. a parallel screening strategy was applied to test candidates from a series of diarylpyrimidines against wild-type and resistant hiv strains carrying clinically relevant mutations. serum protein binding and metabolic stability were addressed early in the s ... | 2004 | 15561844 |
| comparison of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-specific t-cell responses in hiv-1- and hiv-2-infected individuals in senegal. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection is typically less virulent than hiv-1 infection, which may permit the host to mount more effective, sustained t-cell immunity. we investigated antiviral gamma interferon-secreting t-cell responses by an ex vivo elispot assay in 68 hiv-1- and 55 hiv-2-infected senegalese patients to determine if differences relate to more efficient hiv-2 control. homologous hiv-specific t cells were detected in similar frequencies (79% versus 76%, p = 0.7) and ... | 2004 | 15564501 |
| are seroepidemiological surveys for human immunodeficiency virus infection based on tests on pools of serum specimens accurate and cost-effective? | serum specimens (n = 17668) from uk antenatal patients in the thames regions were tested by wellcozyme hiv 1/2 eia singly and in pools of 6, 12 and 24: 35 (0.2%, 1 in 505) were confirmed as anti-hiv positive. the pools of 12 were also tested for anti-hiv 1/2 by iaf biochem, behring and diagnostics pasteur eias. all 35 positive specimens were easily detectable after pooling in groups of 12. the false positive rate for wellcozyme was nearly halved compared with individual testing (1 in 309 false p ... | 1993 | 15566730 |
| no direct relationship between hiv1/2 infection and hhv-6 antibody response in a large-scale european and african trial. | tropism of both human herpesvirus-6 (hhv-6) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) for cd4+ lymphocytes, and several studies on hiv enhancer transactivation by hhv-6 have suggested that hhv-6 could be implicated as a cofactor in the progression of hiv infection to aids. | 1995 | 15566794 |
| isolation of an in vitro transmissible agent with reverse transcriptase activity from a blood donor with a borderline-positive hiv-1 serology for more than five years. | reverse transcriptase (rt) is present in all infectious retrovirus particles. sensitive rt tests should thus detect all such particles. a family of ultrasensitive rt tests, product-enhanced reverse transcriptase (pert) assays, have been designed. accumulated results show that (i) a first version of the pert assay that uses microtiter/elisa technology detects rt of only 3-11 retroviral particles, (ii) very different human and animal lenti- and oncoviruses are detected very sensitively, (iii) hiv- ... | 1996 | 15566879 |
| phenotypic susceptibility to nonnucleoside inhibitors of virion-associated reverse transcriptase from different hiv types and groups. | to evaluate a phenotype assay based on plasma reverse transcriptase (rt) to assess hiv susceptibility to nonnucleoside rt inhibitors (nnrtis). to compare rt-based phenotype with recombinant virus assay (rva) phenotype- and genotype-based analysis. to assess group o and hiv-2 susceptibility to nnrtis in correlation with genotype polymorphisms. | 2004 | 15577405 |
| rapid discrimination between human immunodeficiency virus type 2 groups a and b by real-time pcr. | we studied the feasibility of genotyping human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 groups a and b by real-time pcr. two group-specific pcrs were developed. real-time genotyping of 22 samples of genotype a, 10 samples of genotype b, and the isolate of new group h were compared to genotyping by sequencing and phylogeny. the group-specific pcrs specifically identified 84.3% of group a or b samples; isolate h was not detected. this method allowed rapid and specific discrimination between hiv-2 group ... | 2004 | 15583327 |
| functional analysis of vif protein shows less restriction of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 by apobec3g. | viral infectivity factor (vif) is one of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) accessory proteins and is conserved in the primate lentivirus group. this protein is essential for viral replication in vivo and for productive infection of nonpermissive cells, such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc). vif counteracts an antiretroviral cellular factor in nonpermissive cells named cem15/apobec3g. although hiv type 1 (hiv-1) vif protein (vif1) can be functionally replaced by hiv-2 vif protein ... | 2005 | 15613310 |
| the rationale for pathogen-inactivation treatment of blood components. | blood transfusion provides an ideal portal of entry for microorganisms. although current residual risks of microbial infection by transfusion are extremely low in the developed world, the requirements for even safer blood are paradoxically increasing. such requirements are partly a legacy of the tragic transmissions of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) by blood early in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome pandemic and are legally expressed in consumer protection laws imposing strict product ... | 2004 | 15615254 |
| [the detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1/2 antibody using synthetic peptides]. | four peptides of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) located in the regions of gp41, gp120, p24 of hiv-1 and gp36 of hiv-2 have been synthesized according to the published amino acid sequences and the positions of antigenetic determinants of viruses by a solid-phase method. an indirect elisa for detecting antibody against hiv 1/2 was established using these synthetic peptides as the coating antigens. we detected 41 control sera provided by national institute for the control of pharmaceutical and ... | 1997 | 15619912 |