| evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic test for detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus. | a new immunochromatographic rapid test, determine hiv-1/2, for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 in human whole blood, serum, and plasma was evaluated. determine hiv-1/2 is a sandwich immunoassay and uses a nitrocellulose strip with a capture site for the patient's results and a procedural control site to confirm the validity of the assay. the results can be read visually, and a positive result is indicated by the formation of a red line within ... | 1999 | 9889220 |
| quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 dna in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by using a quantitative-competitive pcr assay. | a new quantitative-competitive pcr-based human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) proviral dna assay (qc-pcr) was developed and used to determine the proviral load in hiv-2-infected individuals. proviral load varied considerably, with means of 1,831 copies per 10(6) peripheral blood mononuclear cells for asymptomatic subjects (n = 19) and 2,587 for aids patients (n = 2). hiv-2 viral and proviral loads also varied significantly over time in asymptomatic patients. these data suggest that a high ... | 1999 | 9889242 |
| primary dural leiomyosarcoma in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus: case report. | we report the magnetic resonance imaging, angiographic, and immunohistochemical characteristics of a dural leiomyosarcoma in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. | 1999 | 9894982 |
| hiv-2 infection throughout the world. a geographical perspective | the geographical distribution of hiv-2 is not fully understood. however, there is enough evidence to speculate about the origins and differentiation of this geographical pattern. foci of infection probably developed in some african countries, such as guinea-bissau, angola and mozambique, in the 1970s. the decolonization of these countries led to the movement of people, and the virus, to historically associated countries such as portugal, india and brazil. in ivory coast, a focus was probably cre ... | 1998 | 9917568 |
| effect of rantes on the infection of monocyte-derived primary macrophages by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2. | the effect of beta chemokines on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection of primary macrophages is controversial, and their effect on hiv-2 infection of these cells has not yet been documented. we examined the effect of synthetic and recombinant regulated-on-activation, normal t cell-expressed and -secreted (rantes) on hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection of primary monocyte-derived-macrophages (mdm) that were obtained as the adherent cells of 5-day cultures of blood mononuclear cells (pbmc), ... | 1998 | 9921414 |
| high-resolution solution nmr structure of the minimal active domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type-2 nucleocapsid protein. | the retroviral nucleocapsid (nc) protein is a multifunctional protein essential for rna genome packaging and viral infectivity. the nc protein, ncp8, of the human immunodeficiency virus type-ii (hiv-2) is a 49 amino acid peptide containing two zinc fingers, of the type c-x2-c-x4-h-x4-c, connected by seven amino acid residues, called the "basic amino acid cluster." it has been shown that the n-terminal zinc finger flanked by the basic amino acid cluster is the minimal active domain for the specif ... | 1998 | 9922136 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | | 1999 | 9934673 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase protein promotes reverse transcription through specific interactions with the nucleoprotein reverse transcription complex. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) integrase protein (in) is essential for integration of the viral dna into host cell chromosomes. since in is expressed and assembled into virions as part of the 160-kda gag-pol precursor polyprotein and catalyzes integration of the provirus in infected cells as a mature 32-kda protein, mutations in in are pleiotropic and may affect virus replication at different stages of the virus life cycle in addition to integration. several different phenotypes ... | 1999 | 9971795 |
| primary human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) isolates, like hiv-1 isolates, frequently use ccr5 but show promiscuity in coreceptor usage. | coreceptor usage of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) isolates varies according to biological phenotype. the chemokine receptors ccr5 and cxcr4 are the major coreceptors that, together with cd4, govern hiv-1 entry into cells. since cxcr4 usage determines the biological phenotype for hiv-1 isolates and is more frequent in patients with immunodeficiency, it may serve as a marker for viral virulence. this possibility prompted us to study coreceptor usage by hiv-2, known to be less ... | 1999 | 9971817 |
| origin of hiv-1 in the chimpanzee pan troglodytes troglodytes. | the human aids viruses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) represent cross-species (zoonotic) infections. although the primate reservoir of hiv-2 has been clearly identified as the sooty mangabey (cercocebus atys), the origin of hiv-1 remains uncertain. viruses related to hiv-1 have been isolated from the common chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), but only three such sivcpz infections have been documented, one of which involved a virus so divergent that it might represent a ... | 1999 | 9989410 |
| [hiv-2 infection in the world. a geographical perspective]. | the geographical distribution of hiv-2 is not fully understood. however, there is enough evidence to speculate about the origins and differentiation of this geographical pattern. foci of infection probably developed in some african countries, such as guinea-bissau, angola and mozambique, in the 1970s. the decolonization of these countries led to the movement of people, and the virus, to historically associated countries such as portugal, india and brazil. in ivory coast, a focus was probably cre ... | 1998 | 10064918 |
| human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 differ in the predominant mechanism used for selection of genomic rna for encapsidation. | retroviral rna encapsidation is a highly selective process mediated through recognition by the viral gag proteins of cis-acting rna packaging signals in genomic rna. this rna species is also translated, producing the viral gag gene products. the relationship between these processes is poorly understood. unlike that of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), the dominant packaging signal of hiv-2 is upstream of the major splice donor and present in both unspliced and spliced viral rnas, nece ... | 1999 | 10074152 |
| dissecting the role of the n-terminal domain of human immunodeficiency virus integrase by trans-complementation analysis. | the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) integrase protein (in) catalyzes two reactions required to integrate hiv dna into the human genome: 3' processing of the viral dna ends and integration. in has three domains, the n-terminal zinc-binding domain, the catalytic core, and the c-terminal sh3 domain. previously, it was shown that in proteins mutated in different domains could complement each other. we now report that this does not require any overlap between the two complementing proteins; an n-t ... | 1999 | 10074170 |
| epithelin/granulin growth factors: extracellular cofactors for hiv-1 and hiv-2 tat proteins. | epithelin/granulin growth factor is synthesized as a 593 amino acid precursor protein that contains 7.5 imperfectly conserved repeats of approximately 57 amino acids. processed epithelin/granulin peptides have been isolated from vertebrate/invertebrate species and are growth factors implicated in epithelial and haemic cell function. here they are identified as human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) tat binding proteins using the yeast two-hybrid assay. intracellularly in yeast, mutation of selected ... | 1999 | 10079180 |
| pmti, a broadly active unusual single-stranded polyribonucleotide, inhibits human immunodeficiency virus replication by multiple mechanisms. | poly(1-methyl-6-thioinosinic acid), or pmti, is a single-stranded polyribonucleotide and is the first homopolyribonucleotide devoid of watson-crick hydrogen bonding sites to show potent human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) inhibition. pmti was found to be active when evaluated against a variety of low passage clinical hiv isolates in fresh human peripheral blood cells, including t cell-tropic and monocyte-macrophage-tropic viruses, syncytium-inducing and non-syncytium-inducing viruses and viruses ... | 1999 | 10079876 |
| kaposi's sarcoma: breeding ground of herpesviridae - a tour de force over viral evolution (review). | after reviewing the molecular biological basis of prominent theories for the integration of viruses into the earliest forms of living matter, an account is given on the immunoevasive strategies viruses have had to acquire in order to secure their existence against the most sophisticated anti-viral defensive mechanisms evolving in their hosts. herpes-viridae and kaposi's sarcoma illustrate the complexity of host-virus relationship. in following the evolutionary steps of simians and hominoids to h ... | 1999 | 10087309 |
| tyrosine sulfation of the amino terminus of ccr5 facilitates hiv-1 entry. | chemokine receptors and related seven-transmembrane-segment (7tms) receptors serve as coreceptors for entry of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (hiv-1, hiv-2, and siv) into target cells. each of these otherwise diverse coreceptors contains an n-terminal region that is acidic and tyrosine rich. here, we show that the chemokine receptor ccr5, a principal hiv-1 coreceptor, is posttranslationally modified by o-linked glycosylation and by sulfation of its n-terminal tyrosines. sulfated tyros ... | 1999 | 10089882 |
| characterization of antigens expressed in normal baboon trophoblast and cross-reactive with hiv/siv antibodies. | electron microscopic studies have revealed the presence of endogenous retroviral (erv) particles in normal primate placental tissues. these particles have ultrastructural similarities to type c retroviral particles and are mainly associated with the trophoblast. in normal human placental tissues, they have antigenic similarity with exogenous retroviruses, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), and may have a role to play in the regulation of cellular gene expression, syncytiotrophoblast ... | 1999 | 10098831 |
| effect of 3-hydroxyphthaloyl-beta-lactoglobulin on vaginal transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus in rhesus monkeys. | heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is the major cause of the ongoing aids epidemic. application of chemical barrier methods is expected to contribute to the worldwide control of this epidemic. bovine beta-lactoglobulin modified by 3-hydroxyphthalic anhydride (3-hydroxyphthalovyl-beta-lactoglobulin [3hp-beta-lg]) was shown to inhibit hiv-1, hiv-2, simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2, and chlamydia trachomatis infection in vi ... | 1999 | 10103216 |
| laboratory tests for human immunodeficiency viruses. | two types of human immunodeficiency viruses are known. both type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) can lead to aids. this article describes laboratory tests that are used for diagnosis of hiv infection and for monitoring disease progression or the effects of therapy. these tests are based on detection of host antibodies, viral antigens, viral nucleotide sequences, or cultivation of the virus in vitro. the principles underlying test methods for differentiation between hiv-1 and hiv-2 are described. | 1995 | 10155721 |
| cutaneous infections by papillomavirus, herpes zoster and candida albicans as the only manifestation of idiopathic cd4+ t lymphocytopenia. | selective depletion of cd4+ t lymphocytes is common in both primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. idiopathic cd4+ t lymphocytopenia (icl) cases are defined as a persistent cd4+ t lymphocyte count of less than 300x10(6) cells/l and/or less than 20% of the total t-cell count. | 1999 | 10192160 |
| diagnostic challenges for rapid human immunodeficiency virus assays. performance using hiv-1 group o, hiv-1 group m, and hiv-2 samples. | we sought to determine the ability of seven rapid assays for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) to detect antibodies in a panel of sera from individuals infected with different types and groups of hiv. | 1997 | 10195230 |
| kaposi's sarcoma in the gambia, west africa is less frequent in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 than in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection despite a high prevalence of human herpesvirus 8. | to investigate the distribution of kaposi's sarcoma (ks) cases in patients with human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) infection in the gambia; to document the prevalence of human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8) infection in various population groups in the gambia. | 1998 | 10195242 |
| low peripheral blood viral hiv-2 rna in individuals with high cd4 percentage differentiates hiv-2 from hiv-1 infection. | to elucidate why the virulence of hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections differ in west african populations. study design/method: peripheral blood plasma virion rna and cellular proviral dna levels were measured in a cross-section of 59 hiv-1 and 49 hiv-2 singly infected individuals representing all stages of infection in the gambia, west africa. novel reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assays specific and sensitive for virus quantification of non-clade b hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections wer ... | 1998 | 10195267 |
| cyanovirin-n binds to gp120 to interfere with cd4-dependent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virion binding, fusion, and infectivity but does not affect the cd4 binding site on gp120 or soluble cd4-induced conformational changes in gp120. | cyanovirin-n (cv-n), an 11-kda protein isolated from the cyanobacterium nostoc ellipsosporum, potently inactivates diverse strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus. while it has been well established that the viral surface envelope glycoprotein gp120 is a molecular target of cv-n, the detailed mechanism of action is of further interest. we compared matched native and cv-n-treated virus preparations in a panel of assays that measure viral re ... | 1999 | 10196334 |
| novel potential agents for human cytomegalovirus infection: synthesis and antiviral activity evaluation of benzothiadiazine dioxide acyclonucleosides. | the first acyclonucleosides based on the benzothiadiazine dioxide system were synthesized following the silylation procedure. several acyclic moieties, including acetoxyethoxymethyl, benzyloxymethyl, and propargyloxymethyl groups, were introduced. two synthetic strategies were designed to selectively obtain the n-1 or n-3 derivatives. lipase-mediated deacylation was used for the deprotection of the acyclonucleosides. some of the benzothiadiazine dioxide acyclonucleosides, in particular 16, prove ... | 1999 | 10197958 |
| broadly cross-reactive hiv-specific cytotoxic t-lymphocytes in highly-exposed persistently seronegative donors. | hiv-specific cytotoxic t-lymphocytes (ctl) are believed to play a key part in the control of virus levels throughout hiv infection. an important goal of a potential prophylactic vaccine against hiv is therefore to elicit a strong ctl response which is broadly cross-reactive against a diverse range of hiv strains. we have detected hiv-specific ctl in two groups of highly-exposed but persistently seronegative female sex workers in africa which show extensive cross-reactivity between different vira ... | 1999 | 10203028 |
| suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by a soluble factor produced by cd8+ lymphocytes from hiv-2-infected baboons. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)-infected baboons (papio cynocephalus) provide a valuable animal model for the study of acquired immunodefidency syndrome (aids) pathogenesis since many features of disease progression resemble hiv-1-infection of humans. in some hiv-2-infected baboons that are clinically healthy, a cd8+ cell antiviral response, that is partly mediated by a soluble factor, controls viral replication in vitro. in the present study, we demonstrate that cd8+ cells derived f ... | 1999 | 10203048 |
| multicenter evaluation of a new rapid automated human immunodeficiency virus antigen detection assay. | although human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antigen assays are of limited value for monitoring antiretroviral therapy, they play an important role for confirmatory testing of fourth generation hiv screening enzyme immunoassay (eia) reactive samples. in a multicenter study, a new automated rapid p24 antigen assay, elecsys hiv ag (roche diagnostics boehringer mannheim gmbh, penzberg, germany), was compared to fda licensed tests (abbott hiv-1 ag monoclonal and coulter hiv-1 p24 antigen assay). in t ... | 1999 | 10204697 |
| chicoric acid analogues as hiv-1 integrase inhibitors. | the present study was undertaken to examine structural features of l-chicoric acid (3) which are important for potency against purified hiv-1 integrase and for reported cytoprotective effects in cell-based systems. through a progressive series of analogues, it was shown that enantiomeric d-chicoric acid (4) retains inhibitory potency against purified integrase equal to its l-counterpart and further that removal of either one or both carboxylic functionalities results in essentially no loss of in ... | 1999 | 10212126 |
| increasing prevalence of hiv-2 and dual hiv-1-2 infections among high risk group hospital admitted patients in mumbai (bombay). | between 1993 and 1996, we carried out a serological screening for differentially identifying hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections among the high risk group persons admitted in the various wards of byl nair hospital, mumbai, using the immunocomb kit. this study indicates that although hiv-1 is the predominant virus prevalent in mumbai, dual hiv-1-2 and hiv-2 infections are gradually increasing. | 1998 | 10218292 |
| development and validation of a western immunoblot assay for detection of antibodies to porcine endogenous retrovirus. | reports that pig endogenous retrovirus (perv) infects human cells in vitro have heightened the importance of molecular and serologic monitoring of xenograft recipients for evidence of infection with perv. we report the development and validation of a perv-specific western immunoblot assay for the diagnostic testing of porcine xenografts recipients. this assay is based upon the serological cross-reactivity observed between perv variants capable of infecting human cells in vitro and other mammalia ... | 1999 | 10221475 |
| predominance of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype b in abidjan, ivory coast. | we analyzed the genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships among 28 hiv-2 strains collected from patients enrolled in an hiv epidemiologic study in abidjan, ivory coast, during 1995-1996. although both subtype a (n = 8; 29%) and subtype b (n = 20; 71%) were present in this sampling, the majority of infections were caused by subtype b viruses. these findings contrasted with the reported predominance of hiv-2 subtype a in other african countries. the broad genetic diversity identified amon ... | 1999 | 10221538 |
| development of hiv/aids vaccine using chimeric gag-env virus-like particles. | we attempted to develop a candidate hiv/aids vaccine, by using unprocessed hiv-2 gag pr45 precursor protein. we found that a 45 kda unprocessed hiv-2 gag precursor protein (pr45), with a deletion of a portion of the viral protease, assembles as virus-like particles (vlp). we mapped the functional domain of hiv-2 gag vlp formation in order to find the minimum length of gag protein to form vlp. a series of deletion mutants was constructed by sequentially removing the c-terminal region of hiv-2 gag ... | 1999 | 10223338 |
| processing and routage of hiv glycoproteins by furin to the cell surface. | proteolytic activation of hiv-1 and hiv-2 envelope glycoprotein precursors (gp160 and gp140, respectively) occurs at the carboxyl side of a consensus motif consisting of the highly basic amino acid sequence. we have shown previously (hallenberger et al., 1997) and confirmed in this report, that furin and pc7 can be considered as the putative physiological enzymes involved in the proteolytic activation of the hiv-1 and hiv-2 envelope precursors. in this study, we show by cell surface biotinylatio ... | 1999 | 10225274 |
| potent inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gene expression and virus production by an hiv-2 tat activation-response rna decoy. | tat activation-response region (tar) decoys have been developed for use in gene therapy for people infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). when a tar rna decoy is overexpressed, it will bind tat, thus leaving less of this crucial protein to bind to and activate the natural transcriptional promoter of hiv-1. previous tar decoy constructs have used hiv-1 tar. however, recent epidemiological and biological data began to suggest that the tar region from the human immunodeficiency ... | 1999 | 10233987 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 produces a defect in cd3-gamma gene transcripts similar to that observed for human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | t cells are central players in the immune response to infectious disease, with the specificity of their responses controlled by the t-cell receptor (tcr)/cd3 complex on the cell surface. impairment of tcr/cd3-directed cd4(+) t-cell immune responses is frequently observed in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2). virus replication is also regulated by t-cell activation factors, with hiv-1 and hiv-2 responding to different tcr/cd3-directed cellular ... | 1999 | 10233990 |
| an orphan g protein-coupled receptor, gpr1, acts as a coreceptor to allow replication of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in brain-derived cells. | twelve g protein-coupled receptors, including chemokine receptors, act as coreceptors and determinants for the cell tropisms of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). we isolated hiv-1 variants from t-cell-line (t)- and macrophage (m)-tropic (i.e., dualtropic) (r5-r3-x4) hiv-1 strains and also produced six hiv-1 mutants carrying single-point amino acid substitutions at the tip of the v3 region of the env protein of hiv-1. these variants and t ... | 1999 | 10233994 |
| inhibition of hiv-1 replication by newly developed adamantane-containing polyanionic agents. | newly developed antiviral compounds consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-soluble polyanionic matrix were shown to inhibit hiv-1 infection in lymphoblastoid cells, hela cd4+ beta-galactosidase (magi) cells and macrophages. the effect of the compounds was recorded by measuring viral reverse transcriptase activity and p24 by elisa in culture supernatant and by immunoblotting of cell lysates. in this paper we describe the data obtained with one of the most promising co ... | 1999 | 10320046 |
| increasing prevalence of dual hiv-1-2 infections among voluntary blood donors in mumbai (bombay). | between 1993 and 1996, we carried out a serological screening for differentially identifying hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections among the high risk group persons admitted in the various wards of byl nair hospital, mumbai, using the immunocomb kit. this study indicates that although hiv-1 is the predominant virus prevalent in mumbai, dual hiv-1-2 and hiv-2 infections are gradually increasing. | 1998 | 10327793 |
| hiv coreceptors, cell tropism and inhibition by chemokine receptor ligands. | hiv is a persistent virus that survives and replicates despite an onslaught by the host's immune system. a strategy for cell entry, requiring the use of two receptors, has evolved that may help evade neutralizing antibodies. hiv and siv usually require both cd4 and a seven transmembrane (7tm) coreceptor for infection. at least eleven different 7tm coreceptors have been identified that confer hiv and/or siv entry. for hiv-1, the major coreceptors are ccr5 and cxcr4, while the role of other corece ... | 1999 | 10332737 |
| characterization of neutralizing sites in the second variable and fourth variable region in gp125 and a conserved region in gp36 of human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | several determinants of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) have been suggested to harbor sites important for neutralization. the third variable region (v3) of the envelope glycoprotein (gp) is an important neutralizing determinant for both serotypes of hiv. the localization of additional neutralizing regions is an urgent task because the virus appears to mutate to phenotypes that escape neutralizing antibodies. therefore, we have focused on the possibility of finding other immunodominant regions ... | 1999 | 10333245 |
| inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus replication by rd6-y664, a novel benzylhydroxylamine derivative. | we have examined novel benzylhydroxylamine derivatives for their inhibitory effects on the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in cell cultures. among the series, o-(2-chloro-6-fluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine (rd6-y664) was found to be the most potent inhibitor of hiv-1. the ec50 for hiv-1 strain iiib was 1.6 micrograms/ml with a selectivity index greater than 38 in mt-4 cells. it also inhibited the replication of other hiv strains including a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (rt) i ... | 1999 | 10335401 |
| pyrido [1,2a] indole derivatives identified as novel non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | pyrido [1,2a] indole derivatives were identified as potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) replication during a random screening programme. the compounds showed no antiviral activity against hiv-2 or in cells chronically infected with hiv-1, but had good inhibitory effect against purified hiv-1 reverse transcriptase (rt) in an in vitro assay. they were therefore classified as non-nucleoside rt inhibitors (nnrti). the synthesis of additional compounds of the same class r ... | 1999 | 10335402 |
| multiplex detection of four pathogenic retroviruses using molecular beacons. | we describe a multiplex nucleic acid assay that identifies and determines the abundance of four different pathogenic retroviruses (hiv-1, hiv-2, and human t-lymphotrophic virus types i and ii). retroviral dna sequences are amplified in a single, sealed tube by simultaneous pcr assays, and the resulting amplicons are detected in real time by the hybridization of four differently colored, amplicon-specific molecular beacons. the color of the fluorescence generated in the course of amplification id ... | 1999 | 10339598 |
| coreceptor usage of bob/gpr15 and bonzo/strl33 by primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | primary isolates of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (hiv and siv) use the chemokine receptor ccr5, in association with cd4, as coreceptor. during aids progression, hiv-1 and hiv-2 often adapt to use additional cofactors, particularly cxcr4. in contrast, siv isolates do not use cxcr4, but other coreceptors such as bob/gpr15 and bonzo/strl33. only limited information is currently available on usage of bob/gpr15 and bonzo/strl33 by hiv-1. therefore, we investigated a panel of gp160 clones ... | 1999 | 10355771 |
| analysis of the effect of natural sequence variation in tat and in cyclin t on the formation and rna binding properties of tat-cyclin t complexes. | the biological activity of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) tat (tat1) transcriptional activator requires the recruitment of a tat1-cyclint1 (cyct1) complex to the tar rna target encoded within the viral long terminal repeat (ltr). while other primate immunodeficiency viruses, such as hiv-2 and mandrill simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmnd), also encode tat proteins that activate transcription via rna targets, these proteins differ significantly, both from each other and from tat ... | 1999 | 10364329 |
| inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type (hiv-1) replication by some diversely functionalized spirocyclopropyl derivatives. | inhibition of hiv-1 replication by differently substituted spirocyclopropyl compounds has been evaluated. compound 21 showed a moderate activity (ec50 ranging from 2.3 to 5.8 micrograms/ml) against different hiv-1 strains (iiib, rf, ndk, and an azt-resistant strain) in different cell lines (mt-4 and c-8166 cells), while it was cytotoxic at 77.7 micrograms/ml, resulting in a selectivity index of 34. this compound was inactive against hiv-2 (rod) and siv (mac251). from "time-of-addition" experimen ... | 1999 | 10366901 |
| a simple saliva-based test for detecting antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus. | this study was performed to determine the feasibility of using saliva as a diagnostic medium for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 under nonlaboratory conditions and to evaluate the performance characteristics of such a test. we developed for this purpose a self-contained kit (saliva. strip [st]), which combines the collection and processing, as well as the analysis, of the specimen. the kit's performance was evaluated in a blinded study. saliva ... | 1999 | 10391866 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection in spain. the hiv-2 spanish study group. | the first cases of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection in spain were identified in 1988, in 3 african immigrants living in barcelona. since then, up to december 1998, 92 individuals with hiv-2 infection have been reported in spain. most are adult men, infected through heterosexual contacts, originating from west african countries, and currently living in the largest urban spanish cities. fifteen individuals have developed aids, meanwhile the rest remain asymptomatic. for 22 sub ... | 1999 | 10393502 |
| v3 loop-derived peptide spc3 inhibits infection of cd4- and galactosylceramide- cells by lav-2/b. | spc3, a synthetic multibranched peptide including the gpgraf consensus motif of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gp120 v3-loop is a potent inhibitor of hiv infection of human cd4+ lymphocytes, macrophages and cd4-/galactosylceramide+ human colon epithelial cells and is currently tested in phase ii clinical trials (fda protocol 257 a). the antiviral property of spc3 was further investigated for its ability to inhibit lav-2/b, an hiv-2 clone with a cd4-independent tropism. spc3 inhi ... | 1999 | 10408339 |
| je-2147: a dipeptide protease inhibitor (pi) that potently inhibits multi-pi-resistant hiv-1. | we designed, synthesized, and identified je-2147, an allophenylnorstatine-containing dipeptide hiv protease inhibitor (pi), which is potent against a wide spectrum of hiv-1, hiv-2, simian immunodeficiency virus, and various clinical hiv-1 strains in vitro. drug-resistant clinical hiv-1 strains, isolated from seven patients who had failed 9-11 different anti-hiv therapeutics after 32-83 months, had a variety of drug-resistance-related amino acid substitutions and were highly and invariably resist ... | 1999 | 10411934 |
| in vitro phenotype of sdf1 gene mutant that delays the onset of human immunodeficiency virus disease in vivo. | inheritance of a mutant allele of the sdf1 gene delays the onset of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) disease. because the mutation lies in the 3' untranslated region of the gene, it was suggested that this mutation may upregulate transcription of the gene, resulting in more abundant sdf1, which in turn inhibits t-tropic hiv-1 and delays disease onset. this implies that this segment of sdf1 gene contains a negative regulatory element. we directly tested this hypothesis in vitro. | 1999 | 10413364 |
| transactivation is a conserved function among primate lentivirus vpr proteins but is not shared by vpx. | to investigate the transactivating activity of vpr proteins from human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) and simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) on various primate lentivirus long terminal repeats (ltrs), and to determine whether the vpx proteins shared by hiv-2 and siv are able to transactivate any hiv or siv promoter. | 1999 | 10413368 |
| modulation of major histocompatibility complex antigen expression by human immunodeficiency virus-2 gp36. | | 1999 | 10424452 |
| thrombotic microangiopathy in the hiv-2-infected macaque. | thrombotic microangiopathy (tma) has been increasingly reported in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected humans over the past decade. the pathogenesis is unknown. we prospectively analyzed the renal pathology and function of 27 pigtailed macaques (macaca nemestrina), infected intravenously with a virulent hiv-2 strain, hiv-2(287), in addition to that of four uninfected control macaques. necropsies were performed between 12 hours and 28 days after infection. hiv-2 antigen was detectable in ... | 1999 | 10433958 |
| identification of a window period for susceptibility to dual infection with two distinct human immunodeficiency virus type 2 isolates in a macaca nemestrina (pig-tailed macaque) model. | the potential to establish dual retroviral infections was investigated in this study. groups of macaques infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) isolate (either gb122 or cdc77618) were exposed to the other virus at 2, 4, 8, 12, 14, or 72 weeks after primary inoculation. dual infections were established in macaques simultaneously exposed to both viruses. in other groups, secondary infections were observed only if challenge occurred at early intervals after primary infection but ... | 1999 | 10438354 |
| roles of p53 and caspases in the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by hiv-1 vpr. | the vpr gene from the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1) encodes a 14-kda protein that prevents cell proliferation by causing a block in the g(2) phase of the cell cycle. this cellular function of vpr is conserved in evolution because other primate lentiviruses, including hiv-2, siv(mac), and siv(agm) encode related genes that also induce g(2) arrest. after g(2) arrest, cells expressing vpr undergo apoptosis. the signaling pathways that result in vpr-induced cell cycle arrest and apopto ... | 1999 | 10438581 |
| primary human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) isolates infect cd4-negative cells via ccr5 and cxcr4: comparison with hiv-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus and relevance to cell tropism in vivo. | cell surface receptors exploited by human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) for infection are major determinants of tropism. hiv-1 usually requires two receptors to infect cells. gp120 on hiv-1 virions binds cd4 on the cell surface, triggering conformational rearrangements that create or expose a binding site for a seven-transmembrane (7tm) coreceptor. although hiv-2 and siv strains also use cd4, several laboratory-adapted hiv-2 strains infect cells without cd4 ... | 1999 | 10438870 |
| truncation of the human immunodeficiency virus-type-2 envelope glycoprotein allows efficient pseudotyping of murine leukemia virus retroviral vector particles. | the incorporation of human immunodeficiency virus-type-2 (hiv-2) envelope glycoprotein into murine leukemia virus (mulv) particles was studied in a transient transfection packaging cell system. we observed that wild-type hiv-2 envelope protein or a frameshift mutant with 187 unrelated carboxyl-terminal residues did not allow the formation of infectious retroviral particles. in view of recent findings that an hiv-1 envelope protein variant with a shortened cytoplasmic domain was incorporated into ... | 1999 | 10441556 |
| sero-prevalence of hiv antibodies in tuberculosis patients in ile-ife, nigeria. | the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) is of major public health concern worldwide more so in sub-saharan africa where there is an upsurge in the incidence of the disease. reports from developed countries have shown that a close link exists between the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and pulmonary tuberculosis. no such study has ever been carried out in ile-ife, nigeria. | 1999 | 10442110 |
| human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence among inmates of the penitentiary complex of the region of campinas, state of são paulo, brazil. | six hundred and ninety three male inmates from three penitentiaries, two (a and b) maximum-security systems and one (c) minimum-security facility, located in campinas, state of são paulo, brazil were studied for the presence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibodies, using a cross-sectional design. the search for anti-hiv antibodies in 693 samples of sera collected was carried out by two serological tests: (a) the microparticle enzyme immunoassay-hiv-1 and hiv-2 (meia) (abbott laboratorie ... | 1999 | 10446005 |
| the influence of perceived responsibility and personality characteristics on the emotional and behavioral reactions to people with aids. | the present study examined the effect of a target's personality and responsibility for a misdeed on a perceiver's emotions and behavior by determining the variables' impact on the perceiver's emotional reactions and willingness to help the target. a total of 134 germans and 171 americans were given information about the level of responsibility (low, medium, or high) for a person's infection with hiv, 2 variations of information about the target's personality (positive vs. negative), and the tran ... | 1999 | 10457763 |
| on the etiology of tropical spastic paraparesis and human t-cell lymphotropic virus-i-associated myelopathy. | the purpose of this review is to present some concepts on the etiology of tropical spastic paraparesis or human t-cell lymphotropic virus-i (htlv-i)-associated myelopathy (tsp/ham). the large number of syndromes that have been associated with htlv-i (60 to date), the existence of tsp/ham cases associated with other retroviruses (human immunodeficiency virus-2 [hiv-2], htlv-ii), the existence of many tsps without htlv-i, and the evidence of clear epidemiologic contradictions in tsp/ham indicate t ... | 1999 | 10460931 |
| activity of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors against hiv-2 and siv. | after the initial discovery of 1-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)-6-(phenylthio)thymine (hept) and tetrahydroimidazo[4,5,1-jk][1,4]benzodiazepin-2(1h)-one and thione (tibo) derivatives, several other non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (rt) inhibitors (nnrti), including nevirapine (bi-rg-587), pyridinone derivatives (l-696,229 and l-697,661), delavirdine (u-90152), alpha-anilinophenylacetamides (alpha-apa) and various other classes of nnrti have been described. the hallmark of nnrti has been based on th ... | 1999 | 10465070 |
| human neutralizing human immunodeficiency virus type 2-specific fab molecules generated by phage display. | a panel of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)-neutralizing, recombinant fab fragments was generated by using the phage display technique. the combinatorial library was derived from an asymptomatic, hiv-2-seropositive individual and constructed on the surface of filamentous phage by using the pcomb3 phagemid vector and then screened against native hiv-2 envelope glycoprotein (gp125). ten of 30 fab fragments generated displayed strong reactivity in an elisa and were therefore selected for ... | 1999 | 10466795 |
| postexposure immunoprophylaxis of primary isolates by an antibody to hiv receptor complex. | mab b4 is a monoclonal antibody directed against hiv receptor complex. the antibody had broad neutralizing activity against hiv and provided postexposure prophylaxis to hu-peripheral blood leukocyte (pbl)-severe combined immunodeficient mice and chimpanzees. b4 recognized a complex receptor site for hiv on the t cell surface that includes cd4 and also may be influenced by interaction with hiv coreceptors. mab b4 preferentially neutralized primary hiv-1 isolates compared with t cell line-adapted ... | 1999 | 10468614 |
| lower human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 viral load reflects the difference in pathogenicity of hiv-1 and hiv-2. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is less pathogenic than hiv type 1 (hiv-1), but the mechanisms underlying this difference have not been defined. we developed an internally controlled quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction to measure hiv-2 viral load and determined levels of plasma virus in a cohort of registered commercial sex workers in dakar, senegal. the assay has a lower limit of detection of 100 copies/ml and is linear over 4 logs. hiv-2 viral rna was detec ... | 1999 | 10479138 |
| targeting human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 integrase protein into hiv type 1. | integrase (in) is the only retroviral enzyme necessary for the integration of retroviral cdna into the host cell's chromosomes. the structure and function of in is highly conserved. the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) in has been shown to efficiently support 3' processing and strand transfer of hiv-1 dna substrate in vitro. to determine whether hiv-2 in protein (in(2)) could substitute for hiv-1 in function in vivo, we used hiv-1 vpr to deliver the in(2) into in mutant hiv-1 virions ... | 1999 | 10482639 |
| effect of substrate residues on the p2' preference of retroviral proteinases. | the substrate sequence requirements for preference toward p2' glu residue by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) proteinase were studied in both the matrix protein/ capsid protein (ma/ca) and ca/p2 cleavage site sequence contexts. these sequences represent typical type 1 (-aromatic*pro-) and type 2 (-hydrophobic* hydrophobic-) cleavage site sequences, respectively. while in the type 1 sequence context, the preference for p2' glu over ile or gln was found to be strongly dependent on the i ... | 1999 | 10491141 |
| seroprevalence of hiv infection among jail inmates in orissa. | seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection was carried out in three prisons in orissa from march 1994 to december 1995. all the prisoners of indian origin (300), housed in these jails tested negative for hiv infection. on the other hand, 33.8 per cent (26/77) of jail inmates from foreign countries (thailand and myanmar), serving short terms in orissa jails were found positive for hiv infection. while all the 26 hiv positive prisoners had hiv-1 infection, five of them had anti ... | 1999 | 10491909 |
| identification of a functionally important amino acid residue near to the amino-terminus of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vif protein. | previous studies have reported the importance of residues in the central and carboxy-terminal regions of hiv-1 vif as being important for a vif+ phenotype. mutants in a residue (trp21) near to the amino-terminus of vif, which is conserved between hiv-1, hiv-2, and sivmac, were generated in the permissive c8166 cell line, and their vif phenotype determined by monitoring their growth on the nonpermissive h9 cell line. of seven variants at position 21 of vif only phenylalanine substituted successfu ... | 1999 | 10499446 |
| molecular characterization of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 and -2 in individuals from guinea-bissau with single or dual infections: predominance of a distinct hiv-1 subtype a/g recombinant in west africa. | guinea-bissau in west africa has the highest prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-2 infection in the world, but recently the hiv-1 prevalence increased rapidly with the subsequent appearance of hiv-1 and hiv-2 dual infections. information about the genetic subtypes of hiv in the region is limited. therefore, we characterized the env v3 region of hiv-1 and hiv-2 variants through direct dna sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples from 18 individuals with hiv-1 only and ... | 1999 | 10502510 |
| inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in acutely and chronically infected cells by em2487, a novel substance produced by a streptomyces species. | in a search for effective hiv-1 transcription inhibitors, we have evaluated more than 75,000 compounds for their inhibitory effects on tat-induced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) long terminal repeat (ltr)-driven reporter gene expression and found that em2487, a novel small-molecule substance produced by a streptomyces species, is a potent and selective inhibitor of hiv-1 replication in both acutely and chronically infected cells. its 50% effective concentration for acute hiv-1 infec ... | 1999 | 10508005 |
| in vitro induction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants resistant to phosphoralaninate prodrugs of z-methylenecyclopropane nucleoside analogues. | two methylenecyclopropane nucleoside analogues with a phenylphosphoralaninate moiety, qyl-685 and qyl-609, exert potent and specific activities against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain lai (hiv-1(lai)) and hiv-2 in vitro. in this study, we induced hiv-1 variants resistant to qyl-685 by exposing hiv-1(lai) to increasing concentrations of qyl-685. after 16 passages, the virus (hiv-1(p16)) was less sensitive to qyl-685 (104-fold), qyl-609 (>41-fold), and (-)-beta-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacyti ... | 1999 | 10508028 |
| synthesis and structure-activity relationships of phenylenebis(methylene)-linked bis-azamacrocycles that inhibit hiv-1 and hiv-2 replication by antagonism of the chemokine receptor cxcr4. | bis-tetraazamacrocycles such as the bicyclam amd3100 are a class of potent and selective anti-hiv-1 and hiv-2 agents that inhibit virus replication by binding to the chemokine receptor cxcr4, the co-receptor for entry of x4 viruses. with the aim of optimizing the anti-hiv-1 and hiv-2 activity of bis-azamacrocycles, a series of analogues were synthesized which contain neutral heteroatom (oxygen, sulfur) or heteroaromatic (of lower pk(a) than a secondary amine) replacements for the amino groups of ... | 1999 | 10508445 |
| co-receptor usage of bob/gpr15 in addition to ccr5 has no significant effect on replication of simian immunodeficiency virus in vivo. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and the closely related simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) frequently use the orphan receptor bob/gpr15 in addition to the chemokine receptor ccr5 for efficient entry and replication. however, the role of bob/gpr15 in replication and pathogenesis of hiv-2 and siv in vivo is unclear. this study shows that a single amino acid substitution in the v3 loop of the pathogenic sivmac239 clone, 321p-->s, impaired the ability to use bob/gpr15 for entry and r ... | 1999 | 10515808 |
| field evaluation of the determine rapid human immunodeficiency virus diagnostic test in honduras and the dominican republic. | rapid detection of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection can result in improved patient care and/or faster implementation of public health preventive measures. a new rapid test, determine (abbott, abbott park, ill.), detects hiv type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 antibodies within 15 min by using 50 microl of serum or plasma. no specialized equipment or ancillary supplies are required, and results are read visually. a positive result is noted by the appearance of a red line. an operational control ... | 1999 | 10523577 |
| serological diagnosis of human immuno-deficiency virus in burkina faso: reliable, practical strategies using less expensive commercial test kits. | reported are the results of a cross-sectional survey in burkina faso to identify reliable, practical strategies for the serological diagnosis of hiv-1 and/or hiv-2 infections, using less-expensive commercial test kits in various combinations, as an alternative to the conventional western blot (wb) test, which costs us$ 60. serum samples, collected from blood donors, patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and pregnant women, were tested between december 1995 and january 1997. twe ... | 1999 | 10534896 |
| selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase modules encoded by rna viruses. | glutathione peroxidase (gpx) is the prototypical eukaryotic selenoprotein, with the rare amino acid selenocysteine (sec) at the enzyme active site, encoded by the uga codon in rna. a dna virus, molluscum contagiosum, has now been shown to encode a functional selenium-dependent gpx enzyme. using modifications of conventional sequence database searching techniques to locate potential viral gpx modules, combined with structurally guided comparative sequence analysis, we provide compelling evidence ... | 1999 | 10535520 |
| small amino acid changes in the v3 loop of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 determines the coreceptor usage for cxcr4 and ccr5. | hiv-2 gh-1 is a molecular clone derived from an aids patient from ghana. in contrast to the prototypic molecular clone rod, gh-1 exhibits a narrow range of target cell specificity. by an infectious assay using hela-cd4 cells stably transfected with an hiv-1 ltr-beta-galactosidase reporter gene and transiently expressing various cloned chemokine receptors, we have examined the coreceptor usage of gh-1. in contrast to rod, which uses principally cxcr4, gh-1 was found to use mainly if not exclusive ... | 1999 | 10544150 |
| antiviral chemokines: intracellular life of recombinant c-c chemokine rantes. | select c-c and c-x-c chemokines can suppress hiv infection. this is because their receptors are the gateways for hiv-1 entry, determinants of viral tropism and sensitivity. c-c chemokines are most effective against macrophage-tropic viruses, and c-x-c chemokines are most effective against t-tropic viruses. the epitopes on the chemokine molecule responsible for virus inhibition and for chemokines' specificities are not known. the objective of this study was to map the functional domains of protot ... | 1999 | 10551733 |
| hiv infection in adults: a therapeutic update. | audience: this article is designed to update physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and other healthcare providers on therapeutic advances concerning human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. goals: to provide a review of the pathophysiology of hiv infection as well as an update on current guidelines, acute infection, medications, adherence, and monitoring. recommendations regarding treatment in pregnancy and postexposure prophylaxis will also be discussed. lastly, the impact on managed care will ... | 1999 | 10558128 |
| synthetic dna minor groove-binding drugs. | in this review, both cationic and neutral synthetic ligands that bind in the minor groove of dna are discussed. certain bis-distamycins and related lexitropsins show activities against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 and hiv-2 at low nanomolar concentrations. dapi binds strongly to at-containing polymers and is located in the minor groove of dna. dapi intercalates in dna sequences that do not contain at least three consecutive at bp. berenil can also exhibit intercalative, as well as minor ... | 1999 | 10580832 |
| antigen-specific cytokine responses in vaccinated macaca nemestrina. | we describe a new surrogate assay for cd8 + t lymphocyte activity that has the capability of discriminating between cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) activity and cytokine-mediated suppressive activity. we applied this approach to two groups of macaca nemestrina vaccinated with a minimally pathogenic strain of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 [hiv-2 (hiv-2(kr))] as a model of an attenuated virus vaccine. group 1 was then inoculated with a non-infectious stock of a pathogenic strain, hiv-2287. both ... | 1999 | 10593484 |
| a cxc chemokine receptor, cxcr5/blr1, is a novel and specific coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | g protein-coupled receptors serve as coreceptors in the infection process of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1), type-2 (hiv-2), and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). in this study, we showed that a cxc-ckr, cxcr5/blr1, is a novel coreceptor for hiv-2, but for neither hiv-1 nor siv. the expression of cxcr5 was detected by polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription of cellular mrna from s+l-hos/cd4 cells and mt-2 human t cells, and the cxcr5 gene was cloned into an expressi ... | 1999 | 10600598 |
| [treatment of visceral leishmaniasis: recent modalities]. | an endemic disease: visceral leishmaniasis is an endemic disease in 47 countries and continues to be a difficult therapeutic challenge. the emergence of leishmania strains resistant to pentavalent antimony derivatives and the growing incidence of visceral leishmaniasis among aids patients in the mediterranean area emphasizes the need for optimal therapeutic management. more effective strategies: during the last few years, alternatives to pentavalent antimony derivatives has disclosed the contrib ... | 1999 | 10605480 |
| pharmacokinetics of (-)-beta-d-dioxolane guanine and prodrug (-)-beta-d-2,6-diaminopurine dioxolane in rats and monkeys. | (-)-beta-d-dioxolane guanine (dxg) is a nucleoside analog possessing potent activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2), and hepatitis b virus (hbv) in vitro. owing to the limited aqueous solubility of dxg, (-)-beta-d-2,6-diaminopurine dioxolane (dapd), a more water-soluble prodrug of dxg, is being developed for clinical use. the purpose of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of dxg after administration of dxg and dapd to rats and monkeys. afte ... | 1999 | 10606085 |
| reduced immune activation and t cell apoptosis in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 compared with type 1: correlation of t cell apoptosis with beta2 microglobulin concentration and disease evolution. | this study analyzes the degree of immune activation and characterizes apoptosis in lymphocytes from healthy west african donors or patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 or -2. the lower decline of cd4 t cells in hiv-2- compared with hiv-1-infected donors is associated with lower levels of immune activation, evaluated by hla-dr expression on lymphocytes and sera concentrations of igg and beta2 microglobulin (beta2m). ex vivo apoptosis was found in both infections in all lymp ... | 2000 | 10608752 |
| a second target for the peptoid tat/transactivation response element inhibitor cgp64222: inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus replication by blocking cxc-chemokine receptor 4-mediated virus entry. | the peptoid cgp64222 has been previously demonstrated to inhibit the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) tat/transactivation response element complex formation. it has previously been shown that cgp64222 selectively inhibits hiv-1 long terminal repeat-driven gene expression and hiv-1(lav) replication in lymphocytes. here, we show that cgp64222 inhibits the replication of a wide range of laboratory strains of hiv-1 and hiv-2 in mt-4 cells. however, cgp64222 proved inactive in mt-4 cells against hi ... | 2000 | 10617686 |
| a putative g protein-coupled receptor, rdc1, is a novel coreceptor for human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. | more than 10 g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs) have been shown to act as coreceptors for infection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). we have isolated hiv-1 variants infectious to primary brain-derived cd4-positive cells (bt-3 and bt-20/n) and u87/cd4 glioma cells that are resistant to t-cell line-tropic (t-tropic), macrophage-tropic (m-tropic), and t- and m-tropic (dualtropic) (x4, r5, and r5x4) hiv-1 strains. these primary brain-de ... | 2000 | 10623723 |
| low plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 2 viral load is independent of proviral load: low virus production in vivo. | levels of virus in the plasma are closely related to the pathogenicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). hiv-2 is much less pathogenic than hiv-1, and infection with hiv-2 leads to significantly lower plasma viral load. to identify the source of this difference, we measured both viral rna and proviral dna in matched samples from 34 hiv-2-infected individuals. nearly half had undetectable viral rna loads (<100 copies/ml), but levels of proviral dna were relatively high and confirmed ... | 2000 | 10627569 |
| temperature inducible beta-sheet structure in the transactivation domains of retroviral regulatory proteins of the rev family. | the interaction of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) regulatory protein rev with cellular cofactors is crucial for the viral life cycle. the hiv-1 rev transactivation domain is functionally interchangeable with analog regions of rev proteins of other retroviruses suggesting common folding patterns. in order to obtain experimental evidence for similar structural features mediating protein-protein contacts we investigated activation domain peptides from hiv-1, hiv-2, visna virus, fel ... | 1999 | 10629982 |
| the hiv-2 genotype and the hiv-1 syncytium-inducing phenotype are associated with a lower virus replication in dendritic cells. | during sexual transmission, hiv infects the mucosal dendritic cells and is transferred to cd4 t cells. whether hiv variants of a particular genetic (sub)type or phenotype selectively infect dendritic cells (dc) or are preferentially transferred to t cells remains highly controversial. to avoid the cumbersome use of primary dendritic cells, in vitro dendritic cell models were generated from precursors, either hematopoietic progenitor cells (hpc) or monocytes (mo). productive infection in the dend ... | 2000 | 10630963 |
| broadening of coreceptor usage by human immunodeficiency virus type 2 does not correlate with increased pathogenicity in an in vivo model. | the pathogenic properties of four primary human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) isolates and two primary hiv-2 biological clones were studied in an in vivo human-to-mouse chimeric model. the cell-associated viral load and the ability to reduce the severity of the induced graft-versus-host disease symptoms, the cd4/cd8 ratio and the level of repopulation of the mouse tissues by the graft, were determined. all hiv-2 strains, irrespective of their in vitro biological phenotype, replicated to ... | 2000 | 10644850 |
| virus safety of avital bone tissue transplants: evaluation of sterilization steps of spongiosa cuboids using a peracetic acid-methanol mixture. | the aim of this study was to validate the virus-inactivating/eliminating capacity of the manufacturing process of spongiosa cuboids. both the sterilization step with peracetic acid (paa)/ethanol and the defatting step of bones with chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v) were investigated. relevant enveloped, non-enveloped, and model viruses belonging to different virus families were included in the investigation: human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), hepatitis a virus (hav), poliovirus (pv-1), ps ... | 1999 | 10652175 |
| performance of a multiplex qualitative pcr lcx assay for detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) group m subtypes, group o, and hiv-2. | early detection of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in blood and blood products can be achieved by a sensitive nucleic acid amplification-based assay. we report on the performance of a pcr-based qualitative assay that detects both hiv type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 with a sensitivity of 20 to 50 copies/ml. the assay has a specificity of 99.6% and an inhibition rate of 1.7%. one milliliter of sample is processed with a manifold system and qiagen columns, and one-third of the extracted sample is used ... | 2000 | 10655373 |
| synthesis and anti-hiv activity of 1,1,3-trioxo-2h,4h-thieno[3,4-e][1,2,4]thiadiazines (ttds): a new family of hiv-1 specific non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. | the anti-hiv activity of a novel series of 1,1,3-trioxo-2h,4h-thieno[3,4-e][1,2,4]thiadiazines (ttds) has been described. the compounds were synthesized via curtius rearrangement of appropriate sulfamoylcarboxy azides which, in turn, were prepared from known starting materials. several 4-substituted-2-benzyl-derivatives were found to selectively inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 [hiv-1 (iiib)] replication in mt-4 and cem cells. these ttds were also effective against other strains of hi ... | 1999 | 10658585 |
| dependence of cd8+ t-cell-mediated suppression of hiv type 1 on viral phenotypes and mediation of phenotype-dependent suppression by viral envelope gene and not by beta-chemokines. | cd8+ t-cell-mediated hiv-1 suppressive activity has been shown against a number of strains of hiv-1 and hiv-2. in this study using a semiquantitative assay, we showed that cd8+ t cells from seropositive subjects and herpes virus saimiri transformed cd8+ t-cell clones from hiv-1-infected subjects exhibited 5 to 100-fold higher suppressive activity against slow replicating nonsyncytia-inducing strains (slow/nsi) as compared to fast replicating syncytia-inducing strains (fast/si) of hiv-1. such dif ... | 2000 | 10659051 |
| seronegative hiv-2 carriers in india. | the discordant cases of seronegative, but culture and proviral hiv-2 dna positive were found in mumbai, india. this was corroborated by the successful isolation of hiv-2-rna in culture medium, hiv-2 cdna sequence determination and the detection of the antigen. the sequence of the isolated hiv-2 genomic rna does not seem to be altered to the extent that the change will alter antibody binding. furthermore, antibody from the same individual (even at 8 months from initial sampling) from whom hiv-2 w ... | 2000 | 10667898 |