Publications

characterization of cdnas species encoding the tat protein of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus.	two distinct species of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) tat cdnas were isolated early after infection of a himalayan tahr cell line. sequence analyses predicted that one cdna (pcev/e1) represented a polycistronic transcript that encodes tat and rev as well as an n-terminally truncated transmembrane protein and a protein, designated x, whose function is unknown; whereas the other cdna (pcev/f1) encodes tat and the env gene products. pcev/e1 trans-activated a caev ltr-chloramphenicol a ...	1994	7941354
streptococcus dysgalactiae polyarthritis in dairy goats.	two saanen does on the same farm developed signs of polyarthritis. streptococcus dysgalactiae was isolated on microbial culture of samples from multiple joints of both goats. antibiotic susceptibility testing of the s dysgalactiae revealed resistance to tetracycline, a commonly used antibiotic to treat arthritis in goats. the isolate was susceptible to penicillin. polyarthritis was clinically diagnosed in 25 saanen goats on this farm over a 2-year period. streptococcus dysgalactiae has been repo ...	1994	7989246
a rev protein is expressed in caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev)-infected cells and is required for efficient viral replication.	caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) is a lentivirus that is closely related to visna virus and more distantly related to the human lentivirus human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1). like other lentiviruses, the genome of caev contains multiple small orfs that encode viral regulatory proteins. sequence analysis of the caev genome and cdnas generated from mrna in infected cells has suggested that one of these orfs encodes a protein (rev-c) that is analogous to rev of visna virus and hiv. a ...	1994	8009824
the rev protein of visna virus is localized to the nucleus of infected cells.	visna virus is a lentivirus of sheep that is distantly related to the human lentivirus hiv-1. like other lentiviruses, the genome of visna virus contains multiple small open reading frames that encode viral regulatory proteins. the product of one of these regulatory genes is the visna virus rev protein, rev-v. in this report, immunoprecipitation of visna virus-infected cells using a specific anti-rev-v antibody, generated to a synthetic, carboxyl-terminal peptide of rev-v, brings down a 22.5-kda ...	1994	8009861
evaluation of a kinetic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus-specific antibodies.	a kinetic indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (k-elisa) was evaluated for detection of antibody to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev), using sodium dodecyl sulfate-treated caev-63 as antigen. two hundred fifteen caprine sera submitted to the diagnostic laboratory were tested for caev antibody by the k-elisa and by immunoprecipitation of [35s]-methionine-labeled caev. a k-elisa positive cutoff point of 80 yielded a sensitivity of 94.4% and a specificity of 100%, as compared with i ...	1994	8011778
characterization of caprine microglial cells and in vitro infection with caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus.	similar to human immunodeficiency virus-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus-1, microglial cells in brain tissue are a major cell target for infection with caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus (caev) in vivo. these observations have raised interest in the role of microglial cells in the development of lentivirus-induced neurologic lesions. to initiate in vitro studies into the pathogenesis of encephalomyelitis caused by caev, we characterized primary cultures of caprine microglia, determined ...	1994	8015297
neuropathologic aspects of lentiviral infections.	studies of lentiviral infections of various animals and man have shown that all may invade the cns and induce pathological lesions. this is well established in infections with vv, caev, siv, hiv-1, and fiv. although vv and caev do not cause an overt immunodeficiency, they share several features pertinent for the establishment of neuropathologic lesions with those that induce immunodeficiency. this holds especially true for the initial steps and early cns lesions. 1) infection of the cns is from ...	1994	8030977
hypothesis for retroviral causation of rheumatoid arthritis.	over the past year, convincing direct evidence that rheumatoid arthritis is caused by a retrovirus has not been presented. strong support for this hypothesis, however, comes from an impressive body of recent work demonstrating that human t-cell lymphotropic virus type i causes a destructive arthropathy that has many of the same features as rheumatoid arthritis. additional strong support for the hypothesis is provided by the resemblance of the arthropathies induced by caprine arthritis encephalit ...	1994	8060765
a dna fingerprinting band associated with the susceptibility to cae virus-induced arthritis in goats.	caprine arthritis-encephalitis (cae) virus-induced arthritis can be found in all swiss goat breeds and it has been shown that there is a genetic pre-disposition for this disease. the 10 toggenburg, 32 chamois coloured and 40 saanen goats, specially selected for this study, were naturally infected with cae virus. within each breed there was an equal distribution between clinically healthy animals and animals suffering from arthritis. in the case of the saanen goats, a dna fingerprint band generat ...	1994	8076168
identification of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus rev protein and its cis-acting rev-responsive element.	caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) is a lentivirus closely related to visna virus of sheep and more distantly related to the human lentivirus hiv-1. the genomes of lentiviruses contain additional genes that regulate the lentivirus gene expression; one of these is rev, a protein that regulates the expression of viral proteins via post-transcriptional mechanisms. a cdna clone was isolated from caev infected cells and shown to encode the 18-kda rev protein of caev. antibodies against caev ...	1994	8116254
antibody prevalence of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) in goats in turkey.	in this study, a serological survey in goat herds for antibodies against caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) in turkey is described. 808 serum samples were collected from three state farms and seven private flocks in different regions of turkey. the serologic examination was performed by agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) technique. 16 (1.9%) out of 808 sera deriving from two state farms (n = 14) and one private herd (n = 2) were found to be serologically positive. the findings are discusse ...	1994	7851298
caprine arthritis encephalitis virus infection changes caprine blood monocyte responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide stimulation in vitro.	the effects of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) infection on cytokine activity of caprine monocytes stimulated with escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (lps) were examined. compared with supernatants from lps-stimulated monocytes of caev-negative goats, supernatants from caev-positive goats stimulated less proliferation of murine thymocytes in the mtt (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay, showed about 50% less il-1 activity on the il-1-dependent cell li ...	1994	7856074
[caprine arthritis-encephalitis in algeria].	during an outbreak of caprine arthritis-encephalitis on an experimental farm, the virus responsible for this disease was isolated from imported animals. a serological survey was then carried out with the purpose of determining the prevalence of the disease among other imported herds of goats, local herds and mixed herds. positive serological results were found at relatively high levels in both imported and mixed herds. all the local herds, however, yielded negative serological results, suggestin ...	1994	7863063
pathogenic mechanisms of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus.	goats infected with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) show chronic arthritis and cachexia, which are progressive in nature. the immunopathogenic mechanisms responsible for these progressive clinical symptoms have not been fully elucidated. various haematological and immunological parameters were evaluated in experimentally-infected goats showing typical signs of caev-induced disease. infected goats showed recurrent lymphocytosis that may be due to constant presentation of antigen by in ...	1994	7701786
double-nested polymerase chain reaction for detection of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus proviral dna in blood, milk, and tissues of infected goats.	a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for detecting proviral dna of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) in biological samples was developed. primers for both gag and pol sequences of the caev genome were included in a single tube for simultaneous amplification ('double' pcr), and the resulting bands were resolved visually in ethidium bromide-stained agarose gels. internal gag and pol probes were used to verify the identity of the amplified products by non-radioactive southern hybridiz ...	1994	7714032
study of a prevention programme for caprine arthritis-encephalitis.	a prevention programme for caprine viral arthritis-encephalitis was monitored in 363 goat herds between 1988 and 1990. the level of contamination in the female kids fell from 49.5 to 25% by the end of the 2-yr period during which the programme was applied. some 19% of the female kids that had been substitute colostrum (cow colostrum or goat colostrum heated to 56 degrees c for 1 h) were contaminated compared with 45% of those that had been given raw colostrum. the segregation between the animals ...	1994	8038808
[caprine arthritis-encephalitis: detection of specific antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid and synovia].	following transmission studies cerebrospinal fluid and synovia were checked for the presence of specific antibodies from ten seronegative goats derived from seropositive females and from 16 seropositive goats showing typical clinical symptoms. in the samples from the seronegative goats it was not possible to detect any specific antibodies whereas in 14 of the 16 seropositive goats specific antibodies were found in the synovia and in two goats specific antibodies could be found in the cerebrospin ...	1994	7741847
comparative functional analysis of the various lentivirus long terminal repeats in human colon carcinoma cell line (sw480 cells) and feline renal cell line (crfk cells).	basal promoter activities of various lentiviral long terminal repeats (ltrs) in a human colon carcinoma cell line (sw480 cells) and a feline renal cell line (crfk cells) were examined by the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) assay using the ltr-cat reporter plasmids. in sw480 cells, the basal promoter activities induced by ltrs of visna virus, caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev), and simian immunodeficiency virus (sivagm) were moderate, and those induced by ltrs of human immunodefi ...	1994	7865591
evaluation of agar gel immunodiffusion serology using caprine and ovine lentiviral antigens for detection of antibody to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus.	the sensitivity of the agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) test for the detection of antibody to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) was investigated with caev or ovine progressive pneumonia virus (oppv) as the source of antigen. a total of 218 goat serum specimens were tested for anti-caev antibody by agid and immunoprecipitation of [35s]methionine-labeled caev. in comparison with that of immunoprecipitation, the sensitivity of the caev agid test was 0.91, and that of the oppv agid test was ...	1994	8126191
detection of antibodies to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus using recombinant gag proteins.	the coding sequences of the core proteins p17 and p28 of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction and cloned into the plasmid expression vector p-gex-2t. both p17 and p28 were expressed as fusion proteins with glutathione s-transferase. the recombinant proteins were affinity purified from induced bacterial lysates using glutathione-agarose beads. the purified proteins were used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect antibod ...	1994	8129621
antibody prevalence of eight ruminant infectious diseases in california mule and black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus).	we tested 276 sera from 18 free-ranging black-tailed and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) herds in california (usa) collected from 1987 to 1991 in five biogeographical habitat types, for antibodies against eight infectious disease agents. overall antibody prevalence was 56% for anaplasma marginale, 31% for borrelia burgdorferi, 16% for bluetongue virus serotype 17, 15% for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, 7% for coxiella burnetii and toxoplasma gondii, respectively, and 0% for bovine leukosis ...	1994	8151824
the caev tat gene trans-activates the viral ltr and is necessary for efficient viral replication.	caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) is a lentivirus which is closely related by nucleotide sequence and biological properties to visna virus. sequence analysis of the caev genome revealed the presence of a small open reading frame (orf) which shares amino acid identity with the visna virus tat gene. using an infectious molecular clone of caev the role of the tat orf in viral replication was examined. mutations were made in the tat orf that introduced two in frame stop codons six amino ac ...	1993	8212571
cae virus seroprevalence in a mixed goat herd.		1993	8236673
[viral encephalitis transmitted by arthropods].		1993	8247314
detection of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus by polymerase chain reaction.	detection of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) infection in goats is currently limited to serologic testing or cell culture. we developed a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay to detect caev sequences in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc), synovial fluid cells (sfc), and milk cells (mc) obtained from infected goats. results were positive for 18 of 20 pbmc, 8 of 8 mc, and 5 of 5 sfc samples from seropositive goats, whereas 3 of 33 pbmc samples and none of 8 mc or 5 sfc samples ...	1993	8263195
delayed seroconversion following naturally acquired caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection in goats.	one hundred eight milking goats from a dairy that had been using a modified caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) eradication program were tested for caev antibodies by serologic methods and for proviral caev dna by use of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technology. all goats were free of clinical symptoms of caev infection. twenty-seven of the 108 goats were considered seropositive, on the basis of elisa results. proviral caev dna was detected, using pcr techniques, in mononuclear leukocy ...	1993	8291763
[comparison of various antigens in the diagnosis of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus using the elisa test].	the most adequate means of diagnosing infections with caprine arthritis encephalitis (cae) and maedi-visna (mv) viruses is the demonstration of antibodies to these viruses in milk or in blood serum. various techniques and a range of different antigen preparations can be used for this purpose. we have evaluated two different whole virus antigen preparations derived from lamb synovial cells infected with cae and mv viruses and recombinant antigen containing the capsid protein expressed in e. coli ...	1993	8390123
[caprine arthritis-encephalitis: trial of an adjuvant vaccine preparation. i. clinical and virological study].	in purpose to protect goats against caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev), the first group of kids (i) was inoculated with purified, inactivated and adjuvant-treated virions, the second group (ii) with adjuvant and the third one (iii) with culture medium. 2-4 months later, the three groups were challenged with virulent caev by intraarticular route. on the clinical level, vaccinated and challenged kids show more early and severe arthritis than other groups. on the virological level, isolati ...	1993	8391411
[caprine arthritis-encephalitis: trial of an adjuvant vaccine preparation. ii. study of the antibody response].	in an experiment of vaccination against caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev), the antibody response in three groups of young goats was followed by agidt, elisa, seroneutralization, western blot. goats of group i, inoculated with inactivated virus mixed with adjuvant, showed a few weeks after vaccination a high antibody response, clearly enhanced after infectious intraarticular challenge. these antibodies did not protect against arthritis, which appeared more severe in this group. in the o ...	1993	8391412
autoimmune diseases in humans, e.g. autoimmune rheumatic diseases.	in spite of increasing evidence that viruses and especially retroviruses could act as etiologic factors in autoimmune and especially autoimmune rheumatic diseases, clear-cut evidence for an involvement of these agents is still missing. findings, which, for example, indirectly support the hypothesis that retroviruses might play a part, are the demonstration of antibodies to the gp24 in sle and sjögren's patients as well as the description of retroviral antigens in the inflamed synovium of rheumat ...	1993	8407245
cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocytes against antigenic variants of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus.	cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) specific for caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) were characterized using a colorimetric immunocytochemistry assay to measure surviving target cells. peripheral blood lymphocytes from a caev-infected goat were cytotoxic to autologous, caev-infected dermal fibroblast target cells following in vitro stimulation of the lymphocytes with caev antigen. the lymphocytes were not cytotoxic to infected allogeneic target cells or to mock-infected autologous or allogene ...	1993	8409935
plasma amino acid dysregulation after lentiviral infection.	the absence of aids-like symptoms in hiv-infected chimpanzees and siv-infected african green monkeys (agms) may provide important clues about the pathogenic mechanism of aids and about mechanisms of resistance. hiv-infected persons and siv-infected rhesus macaques have, on the average, markedly decreased cysteine, cystine, and glutathione levels and elevated plasma glutamate concentrations. glutamate inhibits the membrane transport of cystine and a combination of low plasma glutamate and high cy ...	1993	7903043
retrovirus infections of the nervous system.	mammalian retroviruses of all three subfamilies infect the nervous system. the leukemia viruses (oncovirinae) and lentiviruses (lentivirinae, eg, human immunodeficiency virus) cause serious disease, while the foamy viruses (spumavirinae) have not yet been shown to cause any disease. this review illustrates these diseases by referring particularly to three viruses: the human and murine leukemia viruses (human t-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus type i and murine leukemia virus), and the human immunode ...	1993	8386955
[clinical aspect of caprine arthritis and encephalitis].	the symptoms of arthritis and encephalitis of goats (cae) are described following our own observations and with regard to the current literature. cae virus infections can produce a chronic arthritis (especially carpitis), an interstitial mastitis and a subclinical pneumonia. encephalitis in kids caused by caev-infection is very rare in germany.	1993	8122237
failure of neutralizing antibody to regulate cae lentivirus expression in vivo.	sequential isolates of caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus (caev) were obtained from clinically arthritic carpal joints of three saanen goats between 36.4 and 44.9 months after infection with biologically cloned caev isolate 63. these virus isolates and the caev-63 inoculum were evaluated for neutralization by autologous sera. neutralizing antibody to caev-63 persisted throughout the period of virus isolations. five caev isolates from cell-free synovial fluid and six isolates from synovial ...	1993	8396810
effect of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection on milk cell count and n-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity in dairy goats.	bacteriology, somatic cell counts (scc) and n-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (nagase) activity determinations were conducted on milk samples collected from does in three dairy herds with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) infection. in two herds, caev-infected does were more likely to have a subclinical bacterial infection of the udder than caev-free does (p < 0.05). does with caev but no bacterial udder infection had significantly greater mean scc and nagase activity than caev-free does w ...	1993	8397230
occurrence of caprine leucocyte class i and ii antigens in saanen goats affected by caprine arthritis (cae).	the distribution of cla class i and ii antigens in cae virus-infected, diseased and healthy saanen goats has been investigated. three class i antigens and two class ii antigens showed a statistically different frequency in the two groups.	1993	8399124
caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection.		1993	8307813
caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus su is the ligand for infection of caprine synovial membrane cells.	infection of goat synovial membrane (gsm) cells by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) was inhibited by incubation of cells with caev gp 135 envelope glycoprotein (su) expressed by recombinant vaccinia virus. incubation of cells with protein expressed by a control recombinant vaccinia virus without the caev envelope gene did not inhibit caev infection. removal of recombinant su from blocking medium by adsorption with anti-su igg/protein g-sepharose complexes resulted in loss of caev inhi ...	1993	8390759
neurotoxicity of peptide analogues of the transactivating protein tat from maedi-visna virus and human immunodeficiency virus.	infection by lentiviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus, maedi-visna virus and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, is associated with a variety of neurological syndromes, but the mechanism by which the damage occurs to the nervous system is not known. the viruses do not infect neurons and so the neurotoxic actions must be mediated indirectly. here we applied synthetic peptide analogues derived from basic regions of maedi-visna virus and human immunodeficiency virus transactivating prote ...	1993	7682293
multiple coding and the evolutionary properties of rna secondary structure.	this article evaluates evolutionary properties of the transition from rna primary sequence to rna secondary structure. it focuses on the restrictions that the conservation of a protein code in an rna sequence puts on its potential to evolve towards a specific secondary structure. restricting the mutations to those that do not affect the coding for a protein restricts both the accessibility and the connectivity of the sequence space. the accessibility is restricted because only certain point muta ...	1993	7507189
caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus: isolation and identification in rio grande do sul, brazil.	we describe the first report of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) isolation in brazil. in december 1989 a four-year old anglonubian arthritic doe was submitted to euthanasia and its synovial membranes were cultured by explantation. this doe was positive for antibodies to the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev). the reverse transcriptase activity detected in culture supernatants, the characteristic cytopathic effect of lentivirus in these cultures, the detection of viral antigen ...	1993	7511015
risk factors associated with the incidence of seroconversion to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in goats on california dairies.	incidence of seroconversion to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) was determined for 1,194 goats on 11 dairies, using 2 repeated annual herd tests for caev. current life table methods were used to compare age-specific incidence of seroconversion for pasteurized milk-raised and unpasteurized milk-raised goats. logistic regression models were used to determine the risk factors associated with caev seroconversion, and to estimate odds ratios for seroconversion for various factor levels. go ...	1992	1335710
identification and evaluation of new primer sets for the detection of lentivirus proviral dna.	we have developed sets of degenerate oligonucleotides designed to detect pol gene sequences from any member of the lentivirus subfamily when used as primers in amplification techniques such as the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). this pan-lentivirus-specific primer set (plsps) consists of primers, lv1, lv2, and lv3, based on conserved regions common to lentiviruses only. our protocol is based on primary amplification with lv1 and lv2 followed by secondary amplification with a nested primer set b ...	1992	1337258
mononuclear phagocytes as targets, tissue reservoirs, and immunoregulatory cells in human immunodeficiency virus disease.	we have presented evidence in this review for the following: 1. macrophages are likely the first cell infected by hiv. studies document recovery of hiv into macrophages in the early stages of infection in which virus isolation in t cells is unsuccessful and detectable levels of antibodies against hiv are absent. 2. macrophages are major tissue reservoirs for hiv during all stages of infection. unlike the lytic infection of t cells, many hiv-infected macrophages show little or no virus-induced cy ...	1992	1424782
neurological aspects of lentiviral infections in animals.		1992	1344653
lentiviral arthritis and encephalitis in goats in north-west syria.	a survey for antibodies against caprine arthritis and encephalitis (cae) virus was undertaken in north-west syria. out of 72 sera, using agar immuno-diffusion test, 12.5% showed a positive reaction. despite the seropositiveness, no clinical evidence of the infection was found in the tested animals. the findings indicate that the infection is endemic in the area studied.	1992	1339988
caprine arthritis-encephalitis (cae). occurrence of positive sera in goats raised in brazil.		1992	1339003
genomic heterogeneity of small ruminant lentiviruses detected by pcr.	in order to detect a large spectrum of small ruminant lentiviruses, primers for pcr were chosen in conserved parts of the ltr and gag genes of icelandic visna virus 1514 and of the pol gene of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. this set of primers was tested in six different caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev)- and maedi-visna virus isolates of dutch, american and swiss origin. the ltr primers allowed the detection of the corresponding fragments of all isolates. the gag primers allowe ...	1992	1336245
pestivirus is a common contaminant in maedi-visna and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus stocks.	eight different laboratory stocks of maedi-visna or caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus were examined for the presence of pestiviruses by a fixed-cell immunoperoxidase assay with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. all of the viral stocks examined were found to contain noncytopathic pestivirus contaminants. the panel of monoclonal antibodies could not type the isolates as being more related to bovine virus diarrhea virus or border disease virus. however, the results did indicate that all isol ...	1992	1335836
caprine arthritis-encephalitis control in france.		1992	1335189
[the lymphocytes of the milk of ewes infected by the maedi-caev virus at the moment of lambing].		1992	1329606
defective viral particles in caprine arthritis encephalitis virus infection.	attempts to isolate full-length unintegrated circular forms of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) genome yielded only a large number of molecules with deletions. the 3' borders of most of these deletions were near the u3 region of the long terminal repeat whereas the 5' edges were found at various upstream sites within pol or env. with one exception, gag sequences were always present. analysis of molecular clones derived from integrated proviral caev genomes from the same infected c ...	1992	1318611
prevalence of antibody to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in goats in the united states.	goats from 28 states were tested for antibodies to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. of 3,790 goats, 1,175 (31%) tested positive, and of 196 herds tested, 143 (73%) had 1 or more seropositive members. this prevalence, based on serum samples from all goats in the participating herds, was lower than most rates reported in other studies. such studies were based on fewer samples, incomplete sampling of herds, or smaller geographic base. prevalence was highest in western pacific and northern plai ...	1992	1314795
transmembrane protein oligomers of caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus are immunodominant in goats with progressive arthritis.	to dissect mechanisms of caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus-induced arthritis, an undefined immunodominant viral glycoprotein, gp90 (g. c. johnson, a. f. barbet, p. klevjer-anderson, and t. c. mcguire, infect. immun. 41:657-665, 1983), was characterized. monoclonal antibody to gp90 and specific antiserum to env gene products demonstrated that gp90 was a transmembrane protein (tm) dimer. goats with progressive arthritis had high antibody titers to oligomeric and monomeric (38-kda) tm.	1992	1313930
evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in goat serum.	an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), was evaluated for its ability to detect serum antibodies against caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev). the elisa was compared to three other serological immunoassays, agar gel immunodiffusion test (agidt), immunoblot assay (iba), and a fixed-cell immunoperoxidase assay (fcipa). a total of 511 samples, from 40 farms representing a variety of goat breeds and ages were tested. an estimate of the elisa sensitivity and specificity was made ...	1992	1330278
cohort study of natural transmission and two methods for control of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection in goats on a california dairy.	a prospective observational cohort study of 361 dairy goat kids was conducted to compare 2 methods of controlling caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection under commercial dairy conditions. to compare effectiveness of feeding kids pasteurized milk vs serologic testing and segregation in addition to pasteurized milk feeding, goats were monitored up to the age of 30 months by use of monthly agar gel immunodiffusion testing. survival analysis methods were used to determine whether age at sero ...	1992	1335709
genetic structure of the pol-env region of the caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus genome.	the nucleotide sequence of the pol-env intergenic region of two isolates of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) was determined. two open reading frames (orfs) were identified, designated q and s by homology with visna virus. caev orf s is a single exon encoding a deduced 87-amino acid gene product sharing 36 amino acid identities with the visna trans-acting transcriptional activator (tat). ten of these identities comprise a conserved cgcrlcnpgw sequence similar to a cysteine-rich domain ...	1991	1845832
neurobiology of simian and feline immunodeficiency virus infections.	experimental and clinical evidence indicates that all lentiviruses of animals and humans are neurotropic and potentially neurovirulent. the prototypic animal lentiviruses, visna virus in sheep and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus in goats have been known for decades to induce neurologic disease. more recently, infection of the brain with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has been linked to an associated encephalopathy and cognitive/motor complex. while the visna virus and caprine arthri ...	1991	1669709
structure and genetic variability of envelope glycoproteins of two antigenic variants of caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus.	to define the structure of the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) env gene and characterize genetic changes which occur during antigenic variation, we sequenced the env genes of caev-63 and caev-co, two antigenic variants of caev defined by serum neutralization. the deduced primary translation product of the caev env gene consists of a 60- to 80-amino-acid signal peptide followed by an amino-terminal surface protein (su) and a carboxy-terminal transmembrane protein (tm) separated by an ...	1991	1656067
neutralization-resistant antigenic variants of caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus associated with progressive arthritis.	fifteen newborn saanen goats were orally infected with a biologically cloned isolate of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev-63). at 33.5 months after infection, 8 of 12 seropositive goats had caev-63-specific neutralizing antibody. five neutralization-positive goats developed clinically apparent arthritis of carpal joints, three of which had periarticular swelling indicating severe synovitis. arthritis was not evident in age-matched controls or infected goats without neutralizing antibody ...	1991	1654355
expression in escherichia coli and sequencing of the coding region for the capsid protein of dutch maedi-visna virus strain zzv 1050: application of recombinant protein in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of caprine and ovine lentiviruses.	maedi-visna in sheep and caprine arthritis-encephalitis in goats are caused by two closely related and widespread lentiviruses. the infections are characterized by life-long virus persistence and slow induction of antiviral antibodies. the diagnosis is based on the detection of antiviral antibodies. we have used the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to amplify a part of the gag gene coding for the entire capsid protein and for parts of the matrix and nucleocapsid proteins. sequencing of the pcr fr ...	1991	1653261
rev-like transcripts of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus.	the pattern of expression of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus genome (caev) in acutely infected tahr lung cells was found to be complex and temporally regulated. employing northern analysis, five caev-specific transcripts, 9, 6.5, 5.0, 2.5, and 1.4 kb, were detected. nucleotide sequence analysis established the genetic structure of two species of cdna, isolated from a library of caev-infected tahr cells, and suggested that they represent rev-like transcripts. one of these cdna species wa ...	1991	1649509
a highly divergent proviral dna clone of siv from a distinct species of african green monkey.	simian immunodeficiency viruses from african green monkeys (sivagm) are the most genetically heterogeneous type of non-human primate lentivirus. to further examine the extent of genetic divergence within the sivagm type, we generated and sequenced a biologically active proviral dna clone representing a lentivirus isolated from a distinct african green monkey species (grivet). overall, this clone (gri-1/lambda ii) was highly divergent from previously characterized sivagm clones. specifically, the ...	1991	2024476
lessons from caprine and ovine retrovirus infections.	two lentiviruses that infect sheep and goats have been shown to be closely related to the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). these ungulate lentiviruses cause a spectrum of diseases, including arthritis in their natural hosts. the molecular and cellular biology of these viruses as well as possible pathogenic mechanisms is compared to hiv-1 in order to identify common features and significant differences between the human and animals pathogens.	1991	1645879
epitope analysis of capsid and matrix proteins of north american ovine lentivirus field isolates.	monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed against two phenotypically distinct ovine lentivirus (ovlv) strains were generated by fusion of balb/c sp2/0-ag 14 myeloma cells with spleen cells from mice immunized with purified ovlv. hybridomas were selected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and analysis of reactivity on immunoblots. the majority (17 of 21) of the mabs recognized the gag-encoded capsid protein, ca p27, of both strains. four other mabs recognized a smaller structural p ...	1991	1715884
recombinant gp135 envelope glycoproteins of caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus variants inhibit homologous and heterologous variant-specific neutralizing antibodies.	the envelope (env) genes of two antigenic variants of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev), defined by serum neutralization, were expressed in vaccinia virus. recombinant gp135 envelope glycoprotein competitively inhibited neutralizing activity of serum from caev-infected goats, indicating gp135 is a dominant target antigen of caev neutralizing antibody. in addition, type-specific neutralizing activity of goat serum directed against one variant was inhibited by both homologous and heterol ...	1991	1718084
risk factors associated with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection in goats on california dairies.	log-linear methodology was used to examine relations among caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) seroreactivity and host/management factors in a cross-sectional study of 2,826 goats on 13 california dairies. the caev serologic status was associated with age and feeding method (pasteurized/unpasteurized milk), but not with breed. data from a prevalence survey of 321 goats from 2 additional dairies demonstrated very good fit of the selected log-linear model (p = 1.00), indicating that the mo ...	1991	1852145
[responses of kids to monocytes infected in vitro by the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus].	retroviruses from small ruminants are spread between susceptible animals by mononuclear phagocytes which are also virus targets. young seronegative goats were inoculated with in vitro infected monocytes producing caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (10(5) cells/animal) by intravenous route corresponding to 10(5) syncytia forming units. after 3 months the same goats received dexamethasone treatment (5 mg/animal each 2 days over a 10-day period). the observed immune response differed if the anima ...	1990	2167626
caprine arthritis-encephalitis antibodies in indigenous sheep in saudi arabia.	a serological survey was conducted in indigenous sheep from saudi arabia for detection of antibodies against the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. only 0.8% of the sera examined were positive. epizootiological considerations of the disease in the country are discussed.	1990	1966759
animal diseases caused by retroviruses: enzootic bovine leukosis, equine infectious anaemia and caprine arthritis-encephalitis.	this article presents the essential features of three retroviral infections of animals: enzootic bovine leukosis, equine infectious anaemia and caprine arthritis-encephalitis. a unique feature of these diseases is persistent infection, maintained throughout the life of the host animal by the presence of a provirus integrated into the cells of the host, thereby making an infected animal a continuous source of the pathogen. information currently available on the epidemiology and detection of these ...	1990	1966754
comparative features of retroviral infections of livestock.	retroviral infections of livestock have become of increasing importance due to their usefulness as comparative models for human retroviral infections and their effects upon animal health and marketability of animals and animal products nationally and internationally. this paper presents a perspective on the retroviruses of economic concern in veterinary medicine with emphasis on the importance of understanding the modes of virus transmission and the species specificity of the viruses. the retrov ...	1990	1963391
nucleotide sequence and transcriptional analysis of molecular clones of caev which generate infectious virus.	the lentivirus caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) is closely related by nucleotide sequence homology to visna virus and other sheep lentiviruses and shows less similarity to the other animal and human lentiviruses. the genomic organization of caev is very similar to that of visna virus and the south african ovine maedi visna virus (sa-omvv) as well as to those of other primate lentiviruses. the caev genome includes the small open reading frames (orf) between pol and env which are the ha ...	1990	2171210
blood leukocyte infection rates in caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus-infected goats.		1990	2171480
ovine progressive pneumonia, caprine arthritis-encephalitis, and related lentiviral diseases of sheep and goats.	history and syndromes of pneumonia, encephalitis, arthritis, and mastitis are reviewed. occurrence, etiology, pathogenesis, transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of these diseases are discussed.	1990	2173967
presence of virus particles in neural cells of goats with caprine arthritis encephalitis.	the possible neurotropism of ungulate lentivirus was examined in clinical cases. brain and ganglion tissue samples were examined from six female goats with caprine arthritis encephalitis and from six healthy controls. ultrastructural examination revealed typical cytoplasmic a type retrovirus particles in the neural tissue of the diseased does. none were seen in the respective controls. furthermore, no budding or extracellular retrovirus particles were seen in any of the neural tissue samples exa ...	1990	2176339
role of mononuclear phagocytes in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection.	we have presented evidence in this review for the following: (a) macrophages are likely the first cell infected by hiv. recovery of hiv from macrophages has been documented in the early stages of infection in which virus isolation in t cells is unsuccessful and detectable levels of antibodies against hiv are absent. (b) macrophages are major reservoirs for hiv during all stages of infection. unlike the lytic infection of t cells, hiv-infected macrophages show little or no virus-induced cytopathi ...	1990	2188662
severity of arthritis is predicted by antibody response to gp135 in chronic infection with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus.	antibody titers to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus surface glycoprotein gp135 and core protein p28 in synovial fluid and serum from 35 goats infected for 3 years were compared with the histologic severity of arthritis in these animals. anti-gp135 antibody titers in synovial fluid and serum directly reflect the severity of carpal arthritis in chronically infected goats.	1990	2325206
studies with canine sera that contain antibodies which recognize human immunodeficiency virus structural proteins.	in a serological survey, using the immunoblotting technique, we found that substantial numbers of dog sera from both normal and diseased dogs, including dogs with neoplasia, reacted with one or more human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) recombinant proteins. a total of 144 dog sera were tested, and 72 (50%) of them reacted with one or more hiv recombinant structural proteins. ten dog sera were also tested for reactivity with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv), ...	1990	2386966
[caprine arthritis-encephalitis in switzerland: epidemiologic and clinical studies].	the prevalence of infection with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus was assessed using an indirect elisa. antiviral antibodies could be detected in 42% of 5974 goat serum specimens included in this study (switzerland except ticino and graubünden 61%). infected animals were found in all breeds of goats and in all regions of the country, with the lowest prevalence in the canton ticino in southern switzerland. a comparison of clinical and serological data showed that only 20-30% of the infected a ...	1990	2171140
pathogenesis of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus. cellular localization of viral transcripts in tissues of infected goats.	pathologic specimens of 18 goats with classical lesions of caprine arthritis-encephalitis (cae) virus infection were examined morphologically and by in situ hybridization using molecularly cloned caev deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) to determine which tissues and cells of naturally infected goats supported virus replication. large numbers of cells with viral transcripts were detected in inflamed brain, spinal cord, lung, joints, and mammary gland. these cells were morphologically compatible with mac ...	1990	2327471
analysis of binding of a technetium-99m-labeled monoclonal antibody to lentivirus-infected cells.	caprine arthritis-encephalitis (cae) is a model for the study of lentiviral infections. the authors' hypothesis is that radioimmunodetection has the potential to detect lentiviral proteins at the surface of infected cells. a monoclonal antibody (caev92a1) specific for a cae virus (caev)-associated glycoprotein and a control antibody were radiolabeled with technetium-99m (99mtc) using the pretinning method. cell binding assays were used to evaluate immunoreactivity and binding properties of 99mtc ...	1990	2174835
inhibition of caev expression in goats experimentally and naturally infected.		1990	2178122
retroviruses and multiple sclerosis. i. analysis of seroreactivity by western blot and radioimmune assay.	we were unable to identify an antibody to either htlv-i or hiv-1 in patients with multiple sclerosis (ms) by elisa, by radioimmune assay, or by radioimmune precipitation techniques. immunoblot studies for htlv-i-specific antibodies revealed faintly reactive bands in 2 of 44 ms patients but not in patients with other neurologic diseases. we did not find seroreactivity to hiv-1 or to the distantly related retrovirus, caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev). these findings suggest that ms is no ...	1990	2381534
the viral hypothesis of alzheimer's disease. absence of antibodies to lentiviruses.	to evaluate the possible role of lentiviruses in alzheimer's disease we searched for cross-reactive antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1, caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, and equine infectious anemia virus in alzheimer's disease, down's syndrome, and related dementing illnesses in serum samples and cerebrospinal fluid samples and in healthy age-matched control subjects. no cross-reactive antibodies were detected.	1990	2302089
molecular cloning of feline immunodeficiency virus.	feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) is a t-lymphotropic retrovirus associated with immunodeficiency and opportunistic infections in cats. the discovery of fiv provides an opportunity for the development of a small animal model for aids. to initiate the molecular and biological characterization of fiv, cdna clones were synthesized and used to isolate a proviral clone of fiv. molecular cross-hybridization analysis of fiv with five lentiviruses revealed that nucleotide-sequence similarities exist b ...	1989	2928341
retroviruses and chronic arthritis. possible significance of some recent observations.	retroviruses have been proposed as etiologic agents for the development of chronic arthritis in humans. the arthritis seen in goats infected by caprine arthritis encephalitis virus and the spontaneous arthritis of inbred mrl/l mice illustrate how retroviruses may cause the development of a disorder closely resembling human rheumatoid arthritis. several investigators have searched for evidence of retrovirus infection in patients with chronic arthritis, but in most cases the results have been disa ...	1989	2559478
[syncytia formation in cultures and analysis of the protein composition of various strains of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev)].	the syncytia forming activity of 9 caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) strains isolated from lesions or normal goat tissue was evaluated in vitro. no discrepancies were seen between the structural proteins of the 9 strains by gel electrophoresis. goat synovial membrane cells were the most susceptible to the 9 caev strains. goat monocytes in culture were susceptible to all the strains tested. at 39 degrees c, all the strains produced more syncitial lesions. in nasal turbinate cells, 2 str ...	1989	2546478
modulation of lentivirus replication by antibodies. non-neutralizing antibodies to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus enhance early stages of infection in macrophages, but do not cause increased production of virions.	non-neutralizing antibodies to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) enhance the early stages of the virus life cycle but do not potentiate enhanced production of virus particles by macrophages. in primary macrophages used for these studies, there was enhancement in binding, internalization and uncoating of virus pretreated with non-neutralizing sera in comparison to virus pretreated with a non-immune serum. however, this did not lead to enhanced production of virus particles. failure of n ...	1989	2549189
evidence for interference, coinfections, and intertypic virus enhancement of infection by ovine-caprine lentiviruses.	the ovine-caprine lentiviruses share nucleotide homology and serological properties in their gag-pol genes and gene products but constitute two distinct biological groups represented by ovine visna virus of icelandic origin and by caprine arthritis-encephalitis and ovine progressive pneumonia viruses of u.s. origin. two members of each group, visna 1514 and its antigenic variant lv1-1 in the first group and caev/co and s93, a field isolate virus from a local arthritic sheep, in the second group, ...	1989	2552145
analysis of regulatory elements of the equine infectious anemia virus and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus long terminal repeats.	we analyzed the equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) long terminal repeat (ltr) for sequences that influence its promoter activity and ability to be trans-activated by the eiav tat gene product. a series of ltr deletion mutants and recombinants between ltr and simian virus 40 (sv40) regulatory sequences were used for these studies. we were able to identify the eiav promoter region and showed that sequences within the u3 region significantly inhibited ltr-directed transcription. however, when pl ...	1989	2552171
augmentation of lymphocyte and macrophage proliferation by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus contributes to the development of progressive arthritis.	infection by the lentivirus, caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev), may lead to an intermittent arthritis due to the presence of lymphocytes and macrophages in synovial membranes. we have observed that the presence of caev increases the division of lymphocytes and macrophages. in association, antigen-induced arthritis is more severe in goats concurrently infected by caev than in noninfected goats. from these observations we propose that infection by this lentivirus increases reactivity of ...	1989	2558408
detection of antibodies to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus by protein g enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting.	sera from goats suffering from caprine arthritis-encephalitis contained antibodies to virus proteins of 15, 17, 28, 40, and 130 kilodaltons in immunoblots of maedi-visna virus. we propose to use immunoblotting as a validation test for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and demonstrate that the specificity of indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay can be improved by replacing second antibody by a protein g-avidin-biotin conjugate.	1989	2541170
lentivirus-induced interferon inhibits maturation and proliferation of monocytes and restricts the replication of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus.	in this study, we investigated the effect of a lentivirus-induced interferon (lv-ifn) on the interaction of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus and its host cell, the monocyte-macrophage. lv-ifn was produced in culture supernatant 48 h after adding fresh goat lymphocytes to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus-infected goat macrophages. the culture supernatant contained ifn activity at a titer of 1:360 as assayed by inhibition of vesicular stomatitis virus-induced lysis of fibroblasts. lv-ifn i ...	1989	2470918
[the mammary gland: target organ for infection with the caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus].	fifteen goats, culled from herds in which infection with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) was important, were studied. eleven animals presented, at clinical examination, the signs ('hard udder' and lymphoid nodes hyperplasia) of a subclinical viral mammary infection confirmed by the interstitial accumulation of lymphocytes and the presence of caev in the mammary gland. lactation induced in 2 goats suggests that the viral expression depends on the physiological status of the udder. thi ...	1989	2539038
[caprine enzootic arthritis-encephalitis in france: epidemiological and experimental studies].	in an epidemiological study on caev-induced caprine arthritis, the elisa carried out on mixed sera appeared to be an efficient pointer to viral articular pathology in flocks; the breed and origin of goats, the selection of flocks with high milk production proved to be factors which favour viral arthritis, the serological diagnosis of which remains a flock diagnosis. in addition, in an experimental infection, only one type ii caprine strain induced significant cases of arthritis; the disease coul ...	1988	2838219
antigenic variation of neutralization-sensitive epitopes of caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus during persistent arthritis.	caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev), a naturally occurring lentivirus of goats, causes disease characterized by virus persistence and recurrent arthritis. these studies demonstrate in vitro neutralization of caev infectivity by serum from goats infected with caev. serum neutralizing activity was not detectable until 10 to 36 months postinfection, and titers were relatively low (less than or equal to 1:8). serum neutralization was caused by antibody and was virus specific. antigenic varia ...	1988	2457116
high levels of interferon in synovial fluid of retrovirus-infected goats.	a high level of interferon (ifn) was found in the synovial fluid of goats with naturally acquired caprine arthritis-encephalitis (cae), a disease caused by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev), a nononcogenic retrovirus of the lentivirus group. intraarticular injection of caev or control inoculum in the joints of affected goats caused increased amounts of ifn production in synovial fluid.	1988	2452849
effects of infection with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus on milk production in goats.	a recently assembled commercial herd of alpine goats was studied. milk production criteria--305-day milk production (m), butter fat content (bf), and solids nonfat content (snf)--and somatic cell counts (linear score) were monitored by dairy herd improvement association test records. milk samples from all milking goats in the herd were obtained for bacteriologic culture for mastitis organisms on 2 occasions; the infection rate ascribed to major pathogens was 3%. in november 1985, serum specimens ...	1988	2843492
lentivirus-host interactions: lessons from visna and caprine arthritis-encephalitis viruses.	the biological properties of the ruminant animal lentiviruses, visna and caprine arthritis-encephalitis viruses, closely resemble those of their human counterparts, the human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv). all of these viruses are morphologically identical and are disseminated from host to host in nature during exchange of body fluids. artificial conditions that favor excess exchange of such fluids precipitate epidemics by these viruses. the strategy of replication of the animal viruses in tiss ...	1988	2831808