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caev vif hijacks elonginb/c, cypa and cullin5 to assemble the e3 ubiquitin ligase complex stepwise to degrade oaa3z2-z3.caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) is a lentivirus that causes multisystemic chronic disorders in sheep and goats. it encodes vif to counteract the restriction of ovis aries a3z2-z3 (oaa3z2-z3) by inducing their degradation. nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying the interplay between caev vif and oaa3z2-z3 have yet to be elucidated. here, we identified the cellular factors elonginb/c, cypa and cullin5 as being hijacked by caev vif as well as several functional domains of caev vif requ ...201930941116
high prevalence of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) in taiwan revealed by large-scale serological survey.in this study, a large-scale serological survey of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) infection was conducted between march 2011 and october 2012. 3,437 goat blood or milk samples were collected from 65 goat farms throughout taiwan. a commercial elisa kit was used to detect antibodies against caev. the overall seropositive rate was 61.7% (2,120/3,437) in goats and in 98.5% (64/65) of goat farms. these results provide the first large-scale serological evidence for the presence of caev in ...201727916786
molecular characteristics and prevalence of small ruminant lentiviruses in goats in japan.small ruminant lentiviruses (srlvs), which comprise caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) and maedi-visna virus (mvv), are prevalent in goats and sheep worldwide, including in japan. however, little is known about the molecular characteristics of goat lentiviruses in japan. in this study, a molecular and phylogenetic analysis of the long gag region was performed. the phylogenic tree demonstrated that all samples belonged to srlv subtype b1. two clusters were identified, with one cluster di ...201728642977
blood and milk polymorphonuclear leukocyte and monocyte/macrophage functions in naturally caprine arthritis encephalitis virus infection in dairy goats.the exact influence of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) infection on blood and milk polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmnls) and monocyte/macrophages of goats remains unclear. thus, the present study sought to explore the blood and milk pmnl and monocyte/macrophage functions in naturally caev-infected goats. the present study used 18 healthy saanen goats that were segregated according to sera test outcomes into serologically caev negative (n=8; 14 halves) and positive (n=10; 14 halves) gr ...201728615124
development of a recombinase polymerase amplification lateral flow dipstick (rpa-lfd) for the field diagnosis of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) infection.caprine arthritis-encephalitis (cae) in goats is a complex disease syndrome caused by a lentivirus. this persistent viral infection results in arthritis in adult goats and encephalitis in lambs. the prognosis for the encephalitic form is normally poor, and this form of the disease has caused substantial economic losses for goat farmers. hence, a more efficient detection platform based on recombinase polymerase amplification (rpa) and a lateral flow dipstick (lfd) was developed in the present stu ...201728159666
first isolation and nucleotide comparison of the gag gene of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus circulating in naturally infected goats from argentina.caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) has been reported in different countries worldwide, based on serological and molecular detection. in argentina, the prevalence of caev infections is increasing, with goats showing symptoms associated mostly with cachexia and arthritis. although in argentina the virus has been detected by serology, it has never been isolated or characterized. thus, the objectives of this work were to isolate and analyze the nucleotide sequences of the gag gene of argent ...201728331831
a census to determine the prevalence and risk factors for caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus and visna/maedi virus in the swiss goat population.in switzerland, viruses belonging to two different phylogenetic groups of small ruminant lentiviruses (srlv) are currently circulating: the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) and visna/maedi virus (vmv). in the past two decades, a mandatory national control program has led to a very low prevalence of seropositivity, while completely eliminating cae as a clinical manifestation. however, in order to reduce the high costs and effort associated with this program, adjustments based on the mo ...201728107881
seroprevalence and risk factors of exposure to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in southern spain.the aim of the present transversal descriptive study was to determine the exposure and risk factors associated with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) in southern spain. a total of 3,312 serum samples were collected from goat belonging to three different breeds coming from 48 flocks located in different geographic areas from southern spain. in addition, health and productive parameters were surveyed during the visit to the herds. serum samples were analysed by ingezim maedi screening (i ...201728062845
caprine arthritis encephalitis: an example of risk assessment for embryo trading.the risk of transmission of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) during embryo transfer has been demonstrated in vivo through the detection of caev proviral dna in: (1) flushing media for embryo collection; (2) cells of the cumulus oophorus surrounding the oocytes, ovarian follicle, oviduct and uterine tissues; and (3) testis, epididymis, vas deferens and vesicular glands. experimentally infected embryos without a zona pellucida (zp), washed 10 times with minimum essential media (mem) and ...201628278792
generation of a molecular clone of an attenuated lentivirus, a first step in understanding cytopathogenicity and virulence.small ruminant lentiviruses infect goats and sheep, inducing clinical disease in a minority of infected animals. following an eradication campaign, clinical cases may disappear in a population. the complete elimination of these lentiviruses is however difficult to achieve and the spreading of less virulent strains often parallels the elimination of their virulent counterparts. here, we characterized three such strains isolated from a flock in the post-eradication phase. we completely sequenced t ...201626517396
serological survey of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection in japan.a serological survey of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) infection was conducted from september 2006 to february 2007 in japan. a total of 857 serum samples were collected from 113 herds in 28 prefectures and were analyzed for the presence of caev antibodies using agar gel immunodiffusion test. the seroprevalence of caev infection at the herd and animal levels was 15.0% (17/113) and 10.0% (86/857), respectively. large farms with more than 10 goats and with animals for dairy and breedi ...201626498401
detailed analysis of the promoter activity of an attenuated lentivirus.in spite of an eradication campaign that eliminated clinical cases of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus-induced arthritis in the swiss goat population, seroconversions are still observed. in the affected flocks, viruses belonging mainly to the small ruminant lentivirus a4 subtype are regularly isolated. these viruses are considered attenuated, except in the mammary gland, where high viral loads and histopathological lesions have been observed. we previously characterized and sequenced such fi ...201627114068
evidence of scrapie transmission to sheep via goat milk.previous studies confirmed that classical scrapie can be transmitted via milk in sheep. the current study aimed to investigate whether scrapie can also be transmitted via goat milk using in vivo (new-born lambs fed milk from scrapie-affected goats due to the unavailability of goat kids from guaranteed scrapie-free herds) and in vitro methods (serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification [spmca] on milk samples).201627640200
low proviral small ruminant lentivirus load as biomarker of natural restriction in goats.small ruminant lentiviruses (srlv) globally affect welfare and production of sheep and goats and are mainly controlled through elimination of infected animals, independently of the viral kinetics within the single animal. control programs are based on highly sensitive serological tests, however the existence of low antibody responders leads to the permanent presence of seronegative infected animals in the flock, thus perpetuating the infection. on the other hand, long-term non-progressors show a ...201627527777
small ruminant lentiviral vif proteins commonly utilize cyclophilin a, an evolutionarily and structurally conserved protein, to degrade ovine and caprine apobec3 proteins.mammals have co-evolved with retroviruses, including lentiviruses, over a long period. evidence supporting this contention is that viral infectivity factor (vif) encoded by lentiviruses antagonizes the anti-viral action of cellular apolipoprotein b mrna editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (apobec3) of the host. to orchestrate e3 ubiquitin ligase complex for apobec3 degradation, vifs utilize mammalian proteins such as core-binding factor beta (cbfb; for primate lentiviruses) or cyclophili ...201627193350
efficacy of homeopathy in livestock according to peer-reviewed publications from 1981 to 2014.homeopathy is widely used in livestock, especially in order to reduce the use of antibiotics, although it is often seen as controversial. a comprehensive literature review has been conducted to assess the efficacy of homeopathy in cattle, pigs and poultry. only peer-reviewed publications dealing with homeopathic remedies, which could possibly replace or prevent the use of antibiotics in the case of infective diseases or growth promotion in livestock were included. search results revealed a total ...201627956476
small ruminant lentivirus-induced arthritis: clinicopathologic findings in sheep infected by a highly replicative srlv b2 genotype.we describe the clinicopathologic features of an arthritis outbreak in sheep induced by small ruminant lentivirus (srlv), linked to the presence of a new srlv isolate phylogenetically assigned to caprine arthritis encephalitis virus-like subgroup b2. thirteen srlv seropositive rasa aragonesa adult ewes were selected from 5 srlv highly infected flocks (mean seroprevalence, 90.7%) for presenting uni- or bilateral chronic arthritis in the carpal joint. a complete study was performed, including symp ...201524476938
caprine arthritis encephalitis virus: prevalence and risk factors in lebanon.an epidemiological survey, accompanied by a serological analysis,was conducted on samples taken from lebanese goat herds in order to determine the prevalence of infection with the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) in lebanon. the results of the survey provided information on various livestock production, animal health and herd management factors. serum samplesfrom 952 goats, including the local breeds (baladi and damascene) and imported breeds (alpine and saneen), were taken from 60 fa ...201527044161
a novel non-integrative single-cycle chimeric hiv lentivector dna vaccine.novel hiv vaccine vectors and strategies are needed to control hiv/aids epidemic in humans and eradicate the infection. dna vaccines alone failed to induce immune responses robust enough to control hiv-1. development of lentivirus-based dna vaccines deficient for integration and with a limited replication capacity is an innovative and promising approach. this type of vaccine mimics the early stages of virus infection/replication like the live-attenuated viruses but lacks the inconvenient integra ...201525825333
molecular characterization of the gag gene of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus from goats in the philippines.caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) causes caprine arthritis encephalitis syndrome, which is an emerging disease of goats in the philippines. dna sequence analysis showed homology of 86-93 % between philippine caev and available caev sequences in genbank. caev was detected using nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and new sets of primers were designed in order to amplify the gag gene, which is a highly conserved region of the viral genome. in addition, the philippine caev isolate clu ...201525655265
identification and characterization of an emerging small ruminant lentivirus circulating recombinant form (crf).the molecular epidemiology of small ruminant lentiviruses (srlvs) is constantly changing due to animal movements, cross species transmission and because of their rapid evolutionary rate. this study reports a comprehensive genetic and phylogenetic analysis based on consensus gag and pol sequences covering 3kb of the srlv genome from small ruminants in québec, canada. a group of strains obtained from goats originating from different flocks, segregated in a unique clade distinct from currently know ...201525462356
interspecific transmission of small ruminant lentiviruses from goats to sheep.this study was conducted in order to evaluate the transmission of caprine lentivirus to sheep using different experimental groups. the first one (colostrum group) was formed by nine lambs receiving colostrum from goats positive for small ruminant lentiviruses (srlv). the second group (milk group) was established by nine lambs that received milk of these goats. third was a control group, consisting of lambs that suckled colostrum and milk of negative mothers. another experimental group (contact g ...201526413072
cowpox helped against smallpox; will the goat lentivirus (caprine arthritis encephalitis virus) help against hiv-1? 201525844817
caprine arthritis encephalitis and caseous lymphadenitis in goats: use of bulk tank milk elisas for herd-level surveillance.the objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of two elisa tests applied to bulk tank milk (btm) as the first part of a two-step test scheme for the surveillance of caprine arthritis encephalitis (cae) and caseous lymphadenitis (cla) infections in goats. the herd-level btm tests were assessed by comparing them to the test results of individual serological samples. the potential for refining the cut-off levels for btm tests used as surveillance tools in a population recen ...201525344573
core-binding factor subunit beta is not required for non-primate lentiviral vif-mediated apobec3 degradation.viral infectivity factor (vif) is required for lentivirus fitness and pathogenicity, except in equine infectious anemia virus (eiav). vif enhances viral infectivity by a cullin5-elongin b/c e3 complex to inactivate the host restriction factor apobec3. core-binding factor subunit beta (cbf-β) is a cell factor that was recently shown to be important for the primate lentiviral vif function. non-primate lentiviral vif also degrades apobec3 through the proteasome pathway. however, it is unclear wheth ...201425122780
immunogenetics of small ruminant lentiviral infections.the small ruminant lentiviruses (srlv) include the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) and the maedi-visna virus (mvv). both of these viruses limit production and can be a major source of economic loss to producers. little is known about how the immune system recognizes and responds to srlvs, but due to similarities with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), hiv research can shed light on the possible immune mechanisms that control or lead to disease progression. this review will focus ...201425153344
comparative study by computed radiography, histology, and scanning electron microscopy of the articular cartilage of normal goats and in chronic infection with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus.in the northeast of brazil, caprine arthritis-encephalitis (cae) is one of the key reasons for herd productivity decreasing that result in considerable economic losses. a comparative study was carried out using computed radiography (cr), histological analysis (ha), and scanning electronic microscopy (sem) of the joints of cae infected and normal goats. humerus head surface of positive animals presented reduced joint space, increased bone density, and signs of degenerative joint disease (djd). th ...201424190602
caprine arthritis encephalitis virus detection in blood by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay targeting the proviral gag region.caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev), of the genus lentivirus of the retroviridae family, causes persistent disease, which is characterized by polyarthritis and mastitis in adult goats and progressive paresis (leukoencephalomyelitis) in kids. a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay was developed for the detection of caev in blood samples. species-specific primers amplifying the gag gene region in the provirus were used for the detection of caev. the lamp assay result was obt ...201424630755
isolation of maedi/visna virus from a sheep in japan.maedi/visna (mv) is a lentiviral disease of sheep caused by the maedi/visna virus (mvv). although mv is prevalent in many countries, it had not been reported in japan. in 2011, however, three sheep in northern japan were reported to be seropositive against the mvv antigen, indicating a persistent mvv infection. in the present study, we isolated mvv from one sheep to confirm mvv infection and conducted genomic classification of the virus. the co-culture of leukocytes from a seropositive sheep wit ...201424141278
progress on ovine lentivirus and its resistant genes.ovine lentivirus, also termed as small ruminant lentiviruses (srlvs), includesmaedi-visna virus (mvv) and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev), which can infect sheep and goats. srlvs are wide spread throughout the world causing serious economic implications for animal industry. breed differences in susceptibility to mvv had suggested a strong genetic diversity in sheep. genome wide association study (gwas) indicated that a snp (e35k) in ovine transmemebrane protein 154 (tmem154) gene was ...201425487264
the validation of housekeeping genes as a reference in quantitative real time pcr analysis: application in the milk somatic cells and frozen whole blood of goats infected with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus.the validation of housekeeping genes (hkgs) for normalization of rna expression in real-time pcr is crucial to obtain the most reliable results. there is limited information on reference genes used in the study of gene expression in milk somatic cells and the frozen whole blood of goats. thus, the aim of this study was to propose the most stable housekeeping genes that can be used as a reference in real-time pcr analysis of milk somatic cells and whole blood of goats infected with caprine arthri ...201425068405
pathogens of zoonotic and biological importance in roe deer (capreolus capreolus): seroprevalence in an agro-system population in france.antibody prevalence for several infectious and parasitic diseases in a population of roe deer (capreolus capreolus) inhabiting a mixed agricultural landscape (south of france) has been analyzed. serological analyses with elisa in 245 animals captured from 2008 to 2012 has been performed. we found a high prevalence of toxoplasma gondii (46.4%), chlamydophila abortus (17.27%) and coxiella burnetii (11.26%) compared to other studies in europe. seroprevalence varied strongly among years for t. gondi ...201424576494
advances in diagnosis of respiratory diseases of small ruminants.irrespective of aetiology, infectious respiratory diseases of sheep and goats contribute to 5.6 percent of the total diseases of small ruminants. these infectious respiratory disorders are divided into two groups: the diseases of upper respiratory tract, namely, nasal myiasis and enzootic nasal tumors, and diseases of lower respiratory tract, namely, peste des petits ruminants (ppr), parainfluenza, pasteurellosis, ovine progressive pneumonia, mycoplasmosis, caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, ...201425028620
characterization of small ruminant lentivirus a4 subtype isolates and assessment of their pathogenic potential in naturally infected goats.small ruminant lentiviruses escaping efficient serological detection are still circulating in swiss goats in spite of a long eradication campaign that essentially eliminated clinical cases of caprine arthritis encephalitis in the country. this strongly suggests that the circulating viruses are avirulent for goats.to test this hypothesis, we isolated circulating viruses from naturally infected animals and tested the in vitro and in vivo characteristics of these field isolates.201424708706
diverse host-virus interactions following caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection in sheep and goats.interspecies transmissions substantially contribute to the epidemiology of small ruminant lentiviruses (srlvs), including caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) and visna-maëdi virus. however, comprehensive studies of host-virus interactions during srlv adaptation to the new host are lacking. in this study, virological and serological features were analysed over a 6 month period in five sheep and three goats experimentally infected with a caev strain. provirus load at the early stage of inf ...201323197577
diversity of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus promoters isolated from goat milk and passaged in vitro.transcriptional regulation in retroviruses resides in the u3 region of the proviral long terminal repeat (ltr). transcription binding sites (tbs) in the u3 region of proviral sequences derived from the milk of 17 goats infected with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) were analysed by nested pcr and sequencing. u3 sequences shared a high degree of homology (86-99%) and were closely related to isolates previously ascribed to small ruminant lentivirus subtype b1. multiple putative ap-1, ap ...201323183018
risk factors for subclinical intramammary infection in dairy goats in two longitudinal field studies evaluated by bayesian logistic regression.identification of risk factors for subclinical intramammary infections (imi) in dairy goats should contribute to improved udder health. intramammary infection may be diagnosed by bacteriological culture or by somatic cell count (scc) of a milk sample. both bacteriological culture and scc are imperfect tests, particularly lacking sensitivity, which leads to misclassification and thus to biased estimates of odds ratios in risk factor studies. the objective of this study was to evaluate risk factor ...201323182030
monoclonal antibodies against caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus epitopes in the p28 and p55(gag) viral proteins.the genome of the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) encodes the polycistronic precursor protein p55(gag). proteolytic cleavage of p55(gag) generates the viral core proteins. some studies suggest that the caev p55(gag) protein contains epitopes or antigenic determinants for these core proteins. this work reinforces this hypothesis and demonstrates that monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that are directed against the capsid protein (p28) of caev are also reactive against the precursor p55(gag) ...201323164996
molecular and genetic characteristics of small ruminant lentiviruses in slovenia.small ruminant lentiviruses (srlv) are spread throughout the world, including slovenia, where the first evidence of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) infection was found in 1996. this study was conducted to investigate the molecular and genetic characteristics of srlv infection in slovenia in order to classify our strains in relation to other known srlv strains worldwide as well as to establish molecular techniques in concordance with serology. in this study, 340 goats and sheep were t ...201323439298
small ruminant lentiviruses in jordan: evaluation of sheep and goat serological response using recombinant and peptide antigens.small ruminant lentiviruses infect sheep and goats worldwide, causing chronic progressive diseases and relevant economic losses. disease eradication and prevention is mostly based on serological testing. the goal of this research was to investigate the presence of the small ruminant lentiviruses (srlvs) in jordan and to characterize the serological response in sheep and goat populations. a panel of sera were collected from flocks located in northern jordan and jordan valley. the samples were tes ...201323392953
genetic characterization of small ruminant lentiviruses circulating in naturally infected sheep and goats in ontario, canada.maedi-visna virus (mvv) and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) are related members of a group of small ruminant lentiviruses (srlvs) that infect sheep and goats. srlvs are endemic in many countries, including canada. however, very little is known about the genetic characteristics of canadian srlvs, particularly in the province of ontario. given the importance of surveillance and eradication programs for the control of srlvs, it is imperative that the diagnostic tests used to identify in ...201323583225
quantitative estimation of the impact of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus infection on milk production by dairy goats.this retrospective study investigated milk production losses associated with serological evidence (serostatus) of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) infection over one lactation in 4543 murciano-granadina goats from 22 herds in spain. the seroprevalence of infection was 18%, ranging from 0% to 2% in 11 herds, 7% to 60% in 10 herds and was 100% in one herd. seropositive does had significantly shorter lactations, produced less milk and milk fat, lactose and dry extract and had higher soma ...201323384438
a retrospective study of brain lesions in goats submitted to three veterinary diagnostic laboratories.a retrospective study of brain lesions in goats was conducted to identify the range of lesions and diseases recognized and to make recommendations regarding the best tissues to examine and tests to conduct in order to maximize the likelihood of making a definitive diagnosis in goats that may have had clinical signs referable to the brain. one hundred thirty-nine goats with a brain lesion were identified. the most common lesion, in 52.5% of the goats, was suppurative inflammation. approximately t ...201323794017
expanding possibilities for intervention against small ruminant lentiviruses through genetic marker-assisted selective breeding.small ruminant lentiviruses include members that infect sheep (ovine lentivirus [ovlv]; also known as ovine progressive pneumonia virus/maedi-visna virus) and goats (caprine arthritis encephalitis virus [caev]). breed differences in seroprevalence and proviral concentration of ovlv had suggested a strong genetic component in susceptibility to infection by ovlv in sheep. a genetic marker test for susceptibility to ovlv has been developed recently based on the tmem154 gene with validation data fro ...201323771240
development of taqman-based qpcr method for detection of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) infection.a specific and sensitive two-step taqman real-time pcr has been developed for rapid diagnosis of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) infection by using a set of specific primers and a taqman probe targeting a highly conserved region within the gene encoding the viral capsid protein (ca). the assay successfully detected caev proviral dna in total dna extracts originating from cell culture, whole blood samples and isolated pbmcs, with a lower detection limit of 10(2) copies and a linear dy ...201323670072
distribution of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus provirus, rna, and antigen in the reproductive tract of one naturally and seven experimentally infected bucks.caprine arthritis encephalitis is a worldwide, multisystemic disease caused by a small ruminant lentivirus. although the main route of transmission is oral, detection of proviral dna of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) in caprine semen has been previously described. however, the presence of viral antigens in the male reproductive tract has apparently never been reported. the objective was to study lesions in the buck reproductive system and to detect, in these tissues, the presenc ...201323973050
retroviral infections in sheep and goats: small ruminant lentiviruses and host interaction.small ruminant lentiviruses (srlv) are members of the retrovirus family comprising the closely related visna/maedi virus (vmv) and the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev), which infect sheep and goats. both infect cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage and cause lifelong infections. infection by vmv and caev can lead to visna/maedi (vm) and caprine arthritis-encephalitis (cae) respectively, slow progressive inflammatory diseases primarily affecting the lungs, nervous system, joints and ...201323965529
a polytropic caprine arthritis encephalitis virus promoter isolated from multiple tissues from a sheep with multisystemic lentivirus-associated inflammatory disease.caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) is a lentivirus that infects both goats and sheep and is closely related to maedi-visna virus that infects sheep; collectively, these viruses are known as small ruminant lentiviruses (srlv). infection of goats and sheep with srlv typically results in discrete inflammatory diseases which include arthritis, mastitis, pneumonia or encephalomyelitis. srlv-infected animals concurrently demonstrating lentivirus-associated lesions in tissues of lung, mammary ...201323955501
an insight into a combination of elisa strategies to diagnose small ruminant lentivirus infections.a single broadly reactive standard elisa is commonly applied to control small ruminant lentivirus (srlv) spread, but type specific elisa strategies are gaining interest in areas with highly prevalent and heterogeneous srlv infections. short (15-residue) synthetic peptides (n=60) were designed in this study using deduced amino acid sequence profiles of srlv circulating in sheep from north central spain and srlv described previously. the corresponding elisas and two standard elisas were employed t ...201323375019
virological and phylogenetic characterization of attenuated small ruminant lentivirus isolates eluding efficient serological detection.three field isolates of small ruminant lentiviruses (srlvs) were derived from a mixed flock of goats and sheep certified for many years as free of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev). the phylogenetic analysis of pol sequences permitted to classify these isolates as a4 subtype. none of the animals showed clinical signs of srlv infection, confirming previous observations which had suggested that this particular subtype is highly attenuated, at least for goats. a quantitative real time pcr ...201323206411
small ruminant lentiviruses (srlvs) break the species barrier to acquire new host range.zoonotic events of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) from non-human primates to humans have generated the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), one of the most devastating infectious disease of the last century with more than 30 million people dead and about 40.3 million people currently infected worldwide. human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1 and hiv-2), the two major viruses that cause aids in humans are retroviruses of the lentivirus genus. the genus includes arthritis-encephalitis viru ...201323881276
caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) replicates productively in cultured epididymal cells from goats.the transmission of caev from male goats has not been well studied and the target cells that support viral replication are not well characterized. epididymal epithelial cells (eecs) are important and play a key role in the fertility and motility of spermatozoa. during their transit, spermatozoa incorporate several eec-produced proteins into their plasma membranes to stabilize them and prevent premature acrosomal reaction. this intimate interaction between spermatozoa and eecs may increase the li ...201323623734
small ruminant lentiviruses: immunopathogenesis of visna-maedi and caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus.the small ruminant lentiviruses include the prototype for the genus, visna-maedi virus (vmv) as well as caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev). infection of sheep or goats with these viruses causes slow, progressive, inflammatory pathology in many tissues, but the most common clinical signs result from pathology in the lung, mammary gland, central nervous system and joints. this review examines replication, immunity to and pathogenesis of these viruses and highlights major differences from ...201222237012
small ruminant lentivirus genotype b and e interaction: evidences on the role of roccaverano strain on reducing proviral load of the challenging caev strain.live attenuated vaccines provide the most consistent protective immunity in experimental models of lentivirus infections. in this study we tested the hypothesis that animals infected with a naturally attenuated small ruminant lentivirus field strain of genotype e may control a challenge infection with a virulent strain of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev-co). within genotype e, roccaverano strain has been described as attenuated since decreased arthritic pathological indexes were r ...201223290119
fatal caprine arthritis encephalitis virus-like infection in 4 rocky mountain goats (oreamnos americanus).over a 3.5-year period, 4 rocky mountain goats (oreamnos americanus), housed at a single facility, developed clinical disease attributed to infection by caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev). ages ranged from 1 to 10 years. three of the goats, a 1-year-old female, a 2-year-old male, and a 5-year-old male, had been fed raw domestic goat milk from a single source that was later found to have caev on the premises. the fourth animal, a 10-year-old male, had not ingested domestic goat milk but ...201222379056
large-scale serological survey of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) in korean black goats (capra hircus aegagrus).a national serological survey of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) infection was conducted using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and an agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) test. a total of 658 black goats of various breeds were sampled from 59 farms in three regions of korea. the caev-positive goats were predominantly detected in the southern region (n=17) as compared with the northern (n=1) and central regions (n=0) (χ(2)=6.26, p=0.044). among 658 goats tested, 18 were positi ...201222814087
development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus proviral dna.a rapid detection assay based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) has been developed for detecting caprine arthritis-encephalitis (caev) proviral dna. the lamp assay utilized a set of five primers designed against highly conserved sequences located within the p25 gene region. the assay successfully detected caev proviral dna in total dna extracts originating from cell culture, whole blood samples and separated pbmcs. there was no cross-reaction with the negative control. amplificati ...201222566005
is caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) transmitted vertically to early embryo development stages (morulae or blastocyst) via in vitro infected frozen semen?the aim of this study was to determine, in vivo, whether in vitro infected cryopreserved caprine sperm is capable of transmitting caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) vertically to early embryo development stages via artificial insemination with in vitro infected semen. sperm was collected from caev-free bucks by electroejaculation. half of each ejaculate was inoculated with caev-pbsca at a viral concentration of 10(4) tcid(50)/ml. the second half of each ejaculate was used as a negative ...201222341707
twelve-year cohort study on the influence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection on milk yield and composition.this long-term observational cohort study was carried out to evaluate the effect of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) infection on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of milk production in dairy goats. for this purpose, a dairy herd comprising both caev-infected and uninfected female goats was observed for 12 consecutive years. records on daily milk yield, somatic cell count (scc), and contents of the major milk components (fat, protein and lactose) were collected every mo ...201222459809
immunogenicity of a lentiviral-based dna vaccine driven by the 5'ltr of the naturally attenuated caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) in mice and macaques.increasing the safety and the efficacy of existing hiv vaccines is one of the strategies that could help to promote the development of a vaccine for human use. we developed a hiv dna vaccine (δ4-shivku2) that has been shown to induce potent polyfunctional hiv-specific t cell responses following a single dose immunization of mice and macaques. δ4-shivku2 also induced protection when immunized macaques were challenged with homologous pathogenic viruses. in the present study, our aim was to examine ...201222387218
goat uterine epithelial cells are susceptible to infection with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) in vivo.the aim of this study was to determine, using immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization, whether caev is capable of infecting goat uterine epithelial cells in vivo. five caev seropositive goats confirmed as infected using double nested polymerase chain reaction (dnpcr) on leucocytes and on vaginal secretions were used as caev positive goats. five caev-free goats were used as controls. samples from the uterine horn were prepared for dnpcr, in situ hybridization, and immunofluorescence. the res ...201222276529
[comparative characteristics of the biological properties of small ruminant lentiviruses].the infections caused by small ruminant lentiviruses include diseases, such as maedi-visna (mv) and caprine arthritis-encephalitis (cae). according to phylogenetic findings and their common origination, small ruminant lentiviruses were divided into groups a, b, c, d, and e. cultivation of the lentiviruses displayed the cytopathic effect of the cae virus strain 75 g-63 in the primary culture of goatling synovial membrane cells, which was shown by monolayer destruction and polynuclear cell formati ...201121899070
Can caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) be transmitted by in vitro fertilization with experimentally infected sperm?For each of the five fertilization trials of the experiment, frozen semen was prepared for in vitro capacitation at a concentration of 1 × 10(7) spz/ml and divided into three groups. One group was used as a control, while the two others were inoculated with 100 µl/ml of either culture medium from non-infected cells (placebo group) or cell culture medium containing virus at a concentration of 10(5) TCID(50)/ml (infected group). A total of 789 oocytes were used for IVF. For each of the five trials ...201122015154
influence of chronic caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection on the population of peripheral blood leukocytes.the influence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis (cae) virus infection on the population of peripheral blood leukocytes in goats was evaluated. for this purpose two groups of adult dairy female goats were formed. the experimental group consisted of 17 goats, which had been naturally infected for many years. the control group comprised 29 non-infected goats, which originated from cae-free herd. all goats were clinically healthy. whole blood was collected and tested in hematological analyzer and li ...201122439329
possible effect of association with cooperatives in the control of caprine arthritis-encephalitis in rio de janeiro, brazil. 201121908550
molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of small ruminant lentiviruses isolated from canadian sheep and goats.abstract: background: small ruminant lentiviruses (srlv) are widespread in canadian sheep and goats and represent an important health problem in these animals. there is however no data about the genetic diversity of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) or maedi visna virus (mvv) in this country. findings: we performed a molecular and phylogenetic analysis of sheep and goat lentiviruses from a small geographic area in canada using long sequences from the gag region of 30 infected sheep and ...201121639904
serological evidence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) infection in indigenous goats in the sultanate of oman.caprine arthritis encephalitis (cae) is a chronic debilitating disease of goats caused by a lentivirus responsible for economic losses as a result of a drop in milk production and weight loss. the objective of the study was to determine if indigenous goats from five different regions in the sultanate of oman exhibit serological evidence of exposure to caev using a competitive-inhibition elisa technique. blood samples were collected from slaughtered goats (nôçë=ôçë1,110) and from the national ser ...201121660649
phage display identifies two caprine arthritis encephalitis virus env epitopes.abstract: using phage display and igg of a goat infected with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) we obtained families of 7mer constrained peptides with consensus motifs lxsdpf/y and swn/khwsy and mapped the epitopes mimicked by them at the env 6-lisdpy-11 and 67-wntyhw-72 sites of the mature gp135 amino acid sequence. the first epitope fell into the n-terminal immunogenic aa1-edytlisdpygfs- aa14 site identified previously with a synthetic peptide approach; the second epitope has not bee ...201121781322
propagating and detecting an infectious molecular clone of maedi-visna virus that expresses green fluorescent protein.maedi-visna virus (mvv) is a lentivirus of sheep, causing slowly progressive interstitial pneumonia and encephalitis. the primary target cells of mvv in vivo are considered to be of the monocyte lineage. certain strains of mvv can replicate in other cell types, however. the green fluorescent protein is a commonly used marker for studying lentiviruses in living cells. we have nserted the egfp gene into the gene for dutpase of mvv. the dutpase gene is well conserved in most lentivirus strains of s ...201122005550
development and field testing of a real-time pcr assay for caprine arthritis-encephalitis-virus (caev).caprine arthritis/encephalitis (cae) of goats and occasionally sheep are persistent virus infections caused by a lentivirus (caev). this viral infection results in arthritis in adult animals and encephalitis in kids. prognosis for the encephalitic form is normally poor, with substantial economic loss for the farm. in this context an early/fast laboratory diagnosis for caev infection could be useful for effective prophylactic action. in this work we performed a quantitative real time pcr designed ...201122888382
diagnostic performance of pcr and elisa on blood and milk samples and serological survey for small ruminant lentiviruses in central spain.the diagnostic performance of an elisa for the detection of antibodies to the small ruminant lentiviruses (srlvs) maedi-visna virus and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in milk and corresponding blood samples was evaluated in 50 sheep. the agreement between elisa results in blood and milk was 90 per cent, and the ? value was 0.79. in addition, a serological survey in the central zone of spain was performed using milk samples from 413 animals (250 sheep and 163 goats) from 12 flocks/herds. al ...201121257533
The presence or absence of the gamma-activated site determines IFN gamma-mediated transcriptional activation in CAEV promoters cloned from the mammary gland and joint synovium of a single CAEV-infected goat.The caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) long terminal repeat promoter was cloned and sequenced from mammary gland and carpal joint synovium isolated from a 15.5 year old, CAEV-infected Toggenburg doe with chronic mastitis and carpal arthritis. A deletion of the CAEV gamma activated site (GAS) was identified in the mammary gland but not the synovial isolate. Subsequent promoter-reporter gene construct experiments indicated that the GAS is necessary for interferon ?-mediated promoter activ ...201122178805
diagnostic performance of elisa and pcr in identifying srlv-infected sheep and goats using serum, plasma and milk samples and in early detection of infection in dairy flocks through bulk milk testing.the objective of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic performances of the elitest-mvv elisa for detection of antibodies against small ruminant lentiviruses and of two recently published pcrs for the detection of proviral dna of srlv in blood and corresponding individual milk samples. in addition, the feasibility of bulk milk testing was investigated by titrating elisa positive pooled milk samples in negative milk, and by investigating bulk milk samples by elisa and pcr in relation to the srl ...201019913363
srlvs: a genetic continuum of lentiviral species in sheep and goats with cumulative evidence of cross species transmission.lentiviruses from distinct animal species have in common their genomic organization, the induction of slowly progressive diseases over months or years, the large spectrum of induced symptoms and concerned organs, the frequent inapparent infection without any detectable clinical signs, their ability to persist into their hosts despite an often strong and mature immune response. lentiviruses are also characterized by their genomic plasticity and the rapid evolution of the viral species. srlvs infe ...201020210785
pathogenesis of natural goat scrapie: modulation by host prnp genotype and effect of co-existent conditions.after detection of a high prevalence of scrapie in a large dairy goat herd, 72 infected animals were examined by immunohistochemistry with prion protein (prp) antibody bar224 to study the pathogenesis of the infection. tissues examined included the brain and thoracic spinal cord (tsc), a wide selection of lymphoreticular system (lrs) tissues, the distal ileum and its enteric nervous system (ens), and other organs, including the mammary gland. the whole open reading frame of the prnp gene was seq ...201020374697
sequence comparison on gag gene of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus from korea.caprine arthritis encephalitis (cae) is a lentiviral infection in goats characterized by arthritis. although cae has been identified in most goat-rearing countries around the world, korea had been considered to be free from this disease. here, we determine the partial sequence on the gag gene of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) suspect from korea using nested pcr. genetic analysis of our isolate showed 93.5 and 90.9% sequence homology with the standard strain caev cork and lentivirus ...201020379771
ovine progressive pneumonia virus capsid antigen as found in cd163- and cd172a-positive alveolar macrophages of persistently infected sheep.in situ detection of ovine progressive pneumonia virus (oppv) and the phenotypic identification of the cells that harbor oppv have not been described for the oppv-affected tissues, which include lung, mammary gland, synovial membranes of the carpal joint, and choroid plexus of the brain. in this study, the authors first developed a single enzyme-based automated immunohistochemical (ihc) analysis for detection of oppv capsid antigen (ca) on oppv-affected tissues, using 2 anti-caev ca monoclonal a ...201020382821
immunomodulation of caprine lentiviral infection by interleukin-16.interleukin-16 (il-16) is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by a variety of cells including lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and eosinophils. we have shown in our previous studies increased expression of il-16 mrna and protein in caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev)-infected goats blood. in this study, we determined the immunomodulatory effects of il-16 in vitro using cells derived from caev infected and uninfected goats. human recombinant il-16 (rhil-16) significantly increased ch ...201019811834
tissue tropism and promoter sequence variation in caprine arthritis encephalitis virus infected goats.caprine arthritis encephalitis virus is a lentivirus that infects goats and is closely related to maedi-visna virus of sheep. infection with caev results in multiple discrete disease manifestations in goats which can include chronic arthritis, mastitis, pneumonia or encephalomyelitis. presently, no satisfactory mechanistic rationale for viral tropism has been put forward. we propose that specific sequences in the lentiviral promoter (u3 region of the viral long terminal repeat) are associated wi ...201020466024
influence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection on the activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes.non-specific lymphocyte transformation assay using phytohemagglutinin (pha) as a mitogen was applied to evaluate influence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) infection on activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes. animals were selected for the caev-infected and caev-non-infected groups according to the results of two serological surveys carried out at one year interval, with the use of an elisa test. in goats which were not infected with caev, lymphocytes stimulation index (si) reveal ...201020731174
recombinant small ruminant lentivirus subtype b1 in goats and sheep of imported breeds in mexico.nucleotide sequences of small ruminant lentiviruses (srlvs) were determined in sheep and goats, including progeny of imported animals, on a farm in mexico. on the basis of gag-pol, pol, env and ltr sequences, srlvs were assigned to the b1 subgroup, which comprises caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev)-like prototype sequences mainly from goats. in comparison with caev-like env sequences of american and french origin, two putative recombination events were identified within the v3-v4 and v4 ...201020932787
epidemiological features of morel's disease in goats.morel's disease caused by staphylococcus aureus subsp. anaerobius was diagnosed for the first time in poland in october 2006 in a goat flock. a second infected flock was found two months later. the course of the disease in both flocks was observed for 15-17 months. clinical manifestation was confined to abscesses located near major superficial lymph nodes, mostly: superficial cervical, subiliac, parotid and mandibular. at necropsy no other lesions were found. the incubation period was estimated ...201021033557
immunological parameters in goats experimentally infected with srlv genotype e, strain roccaverano.genotype e of small ruminant lentivirus has been recently described in goats from different breeds in italy. genotype e infection may differ from known genotypes since deletions of dutpase and vpr proteins have been confirmed in different independent areas and goat breed, and play a key role on virus replication and pathogenesis. in particular, genotype e roccaverano strain has been described as low pathogenic since does not lead to clinical symptoms in goats. in contrast, classical caev infecte ...201021122927
elimination of small ruminant lentivirus infection from sheep flocks and goat herds aided by health schemes in great britain.over a period of 11 years, 33 sheep or goat holdings lost their maedi-visna or caprine arthritis-encephalitis accredited status (mean 2.8 per year [0.09 per cent] of the accredited holdings in great britain). of these, 22 sheep flocks and two goat herds eradicated the infection and regained their accredited status. in addition, 10 sheep flocks and two goat herds managed to eradicate infection, having joined the scheme with infected animals. in flocks and herds with a high initial prevalence of i ...201021257509
the effect of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus infection on production in goats.three consecutive years of monitoring 248 goats in the same flock, found that the first lactation milk yield was significantly higher in seronegative (578l) than in seropositive (447l) animals but this difference disappeared in the subsequent second to fourth lactations. no significant differences were found in the proportions of seronegative and seropositive does in the flock, the percentage of animals culled, the number of offspring, or in the number of cases of udder bacterial infection, irre ...201019157929
aspects of the epidemiology, research, and control of lentiviral infections of small ruminants and their relevance to dutch sheep and goat farming.in 1862, the veterinarian loman reported the first sheep in the netherlands with symptoms associated with lentiviral infection, although at the time the symptoms were ascribed to ovine progressive pneumonia. in the following century, similar cases were reported by south african, french, american, and icelandic researchers. extensive research into the pathology, aetiology, and epidemiology of this slowly progressive and ultimately fatal disease was initiated in several countries, including the ne ...201020822040
evaluation of a caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus/maedi-visna virus indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the serological diagnosis of ovine progressive pneumonia virus in u.s. sheep.a caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev)/maedi-visna virus (mvv) indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ielisa) was validated with samples from u.s. sheep and by the use of radioimmunoprecipitation as the standard for comparison. the sensitivity and the specificity were 86.0% (+ or - 5.8%) and 95.9% (+ or - 2.9%), respectively. the ielisa format and phylogenetic differences based on the mvv gag sequence contribute to the reduced sensitivity.201020016044
development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibody against caprine arthritis encephalitis virus using recombinant protein of the precursor of the major core protein, p55gag.an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) by using recombinant caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) p55gag antigen (relisa), an indirect elisa by using whole caev (welisa), and western blot analysis by using the recombinant p55gag antigen (rwb) were developed for detection of caev-specific antibodies in goats. seven hundred and forty-five sera from goats were tested by relisa, welisa, rwb, and agar gel immunodiffusion test (agid), and the results were compared with those of wb ...201020453217
affinity (tropism) of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus for brain cells.one of the constraints in unraveling the mysteries blurring the advancement of research in the quest to totally put hiv problems under control is getting the appropriate animal model that would truly simulate human cases. this problem is more apparent in studies involving the central nervous system. consequently, a viable animal model to generate information for the production of drugs and vaccines for the prevention and or control of lentiviral induced dementia in affected host animals is perti ...201022416649
prevention strategies against small ruminant lentiviruses: an update.small ruminant lentiviruses (srlvs), including maedi-visna virus (mvv) of sheep and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev), are widespread, cause fatal diseases and are responsible for major production losses in sheep and goats. seventy years after the legendary maedi-visna sheep epidemic in iceland, which led to the first isolation of a srlv and subsequent eradication of the infection, no vaccine or treatment against infection has been fully successful. research during the last two decades ...200918755622
impact of natural sheep-goat transmission on detection and control of small ruminant lentivirus group c infections.dissemination of small ruminant lentivirus (srlv) infections in norway is affected by the different control strategies used for maedi-visna virus (mvv) infections in sheep and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) infections in goats. here we investigated srlv phylogenetic group variants in sheep. caev-like isolates, belonging to phylogenetic group c, were found among both seropositive sheep and goats in mixed flocks, in which sheep and goats are kept together. intra-herd clustering confir ...200918986775
small ruminant lentivirus tat protein induces apoptosis in caprine cells in vitro by the intrinsic pathway.the small ruminant lentiviruses, caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) and maedi visna virus (mvv) naturally cause inflammatory disease in goats and sheep, provoking chronic lesions in several different organs. we have previously demonstrated that in vitro infection of caprine cells by caev induces apoptosis through the intrinsic pathway (rea-boutrois, a., pontini, g., greenland, t., mehlen, p., chebloune, y., verdier, g. and legras-lachuer, c. 2008). in the present study, we used tat dele ...200919007964
a gag peptide encompassing b- and t-cell epitopes of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus functions as modular carrier peptide.short synthetic peptides are important tools in biomedical research permitting to generate hapten specific polyclonal sera for analytical purposes or functional studies. in this paper we provide proof of principle that a peptide located in a highly conserved portion of the gag protein of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus and carrying an immunodominant t helper cell epitope functions as an efficient carrier peptide, mediating a strong antibody response to a peptidic hapten encompassing a w ...200919118559
phylogenetic analysis of srlv sequences from an arthritic sheep outbreak demonstrates the introduction of caev-like viruses among spanish sheep.small ruminant lentiviruses (srlvs) cause different clinical forms of disease in sheep and goats. so far in spain, maedi visna virus-like (mvv-like) sequences have been found in both species, and the arthritic srlv disease has never been found in sheep until a recent outbreak. knowing that arthritis is common in goats, it was of interest to determine if the genetic type of the virus involved in the sheep arthritis outbreak was caprine arthritis encephalitis virus-like (caev-like) rather than mvv ...200919339126
systemic and in vitro expression of goat alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein during caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection.the present study was carried out in order to investigate the systemic and local expression of the acute-phase protein alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein (agp, orosomucoid) during caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) natural infection. the aminoacid sequence of goat agp (gagp), which was unknown, was determined by cdna sequencing of the gene. agp serum concentration was analyzed from 40 healthy and 36 caev-induced arthritis-affected goats. the mean concentration of agp in healthy goats was of 219 ...200919375174
development of specific diagnostic test for small ruminant lentivirus genotype e.small ruminant lentivirus (srlv) belonging to the highly divergent genotype e has recently been identified in the italian goat breed roccaverano. in this report we have developed a specific serological test based on recombinant matrix/capsid antigen fusion protein. performance has been evaluated and compared with a similar test based on genotype b antigen. herds under study were selected according to the infectious status characterized by blood pcr and sequencing. results clearly showed that b a ...200919406590
frequency of the serological reactivity against the caprine arthritis encephalitis lentivirus gp135 in children who consume goat milk.caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) is a retrovirus belonging to the lentivirus genus that also includes the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). caev may be transmitted to humans by goat milk consumption. it has been suggested that caev may also be involved in the immunological protection process against hiv, but this has not been demonstrated. here we identified serological reactivity against caev gp135 in children who consumed goat milk.200919427972
serological characterization of the new genotype e of small ruminant lentivirus in roccaverano goat flocks.maedi visna virus (mvv) and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) are a heterogeneous group of infectious agents affecting sheep and goats. due to their natural cross-species infection they are referred to as small-ruminant lentiviruses (srlv). recently a new genetic cluster, highly divergent from mvv and caev was identified in the north-west part of italy. a panel of genotype e specific antigens was developed and evaluated in flocks infected with b1 and e strains. the results clearly indi ...200919629741
isolation and characterization of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus in goats from poland.the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) was isolated from monocyte-derived macrophages (m/m), but not from pbmc of seropositive goats by co-cultivation with goat synovial membrane cells. out of eight m/m co-cultures, caev was evidenced by the syncytia formation and presence of proviral dna in two and four cultures, respectively. two virus isolates from co-cultures showing cytopathic effects were further confirmed as caev by western blotting, pcr, and sequence analysis. the nucleotide seq ...200919645347
seroprevalence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in goats in the cariri region, paraiba state, brazil.the seroprevalence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) in the cariri region of paraíba state, brazil, was determined in 60 goat herds using the agar gel immunodiffusion test. the overall seroprevalence was 8.2%, with seropositivity in 21/60 (35%) herds and 13/15 (86.6%) municipalities. bucks had a significantly higher frequency of infection (28.3%) than does (5.9%), and bucks that originated in other states had a significantly higher frequency of infection (76.5%) than those from para ...200918675568
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