Publications

transformation by reticuloendotheliosis virus: development of a focus assay and isolation of a nontransforming virus.		1979	219596
morphologic characterization of proliferative cells and virus particles in turkeys with lymphoproliferative disease.	the tumors found in turkeys having lymphoproliferative disease (lpd) are histologically characterized by a pleomorphic population of cells of the lymphoid series. electron microscopy has shown that, despite marked differences in shape and size, the proliferating cells share basic ultrastructural features, indicating their lymphoid origin. virus particles morphologically and morphogenetically characteristic of type c oncorna-viruses of retraviridae were found in different organs and plasma sample ...	1979	220455
lymphomas resembling lymphoid leukosis in chickens inoculated with reticuloendotheliosis virus.	chickens inoculated as embyros or at hatching with the chick syncytial strain of reticuloendotheliosis virus developed a high incidence of lymphoid neoplasms between the 17th and 43rd weeks of age, involving principally the liver and bursa of fabricius. on the basis of organ distribution, latent period, pathology and surface igm production, the lymphomas closely resembled those of lymphoid leukosis. one inoculated chicken developed a myxosarcoma. no tumors were observed in uninoculated controls. ...	1979	222694
cell killing by spleen necrosis virus is correlated with a transient accumulation of spleen necrosis virus dna.	spleen necrosis virus productively infects avian and rat cells. the average number of molecules of unintegrated and integrated viral dna in cells at different times after infection was determined by hybridization and transfection assays. shortly after infection, there was a transient accumulation of an average of about 150 to 200 molecules of unintegrated linear spleen necrosis virus dna per chicken, turkey, or pheasant cell. no such accumulation was seen in infected rat cells. soon after infect ...	1979	225560
infection studies on a reticuloendotheliosis virus contaminant of a commercial marek's disease vaccine.	reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) was isolated in cell cultures from commercial marek's disease (herpesvirus of turkeys) vaccine and re-isolated from the organs of vaccinated chickens. runting and feathering abnormalities were produced when 1-day-old specific pathogen free chickens were inoculated with rev. histopathological lesions in infected chickens were hypoplasia of the thymus, bursa and spleen, and inflammation of the proventriculus, kidneys and liver. serological responses to rev were de ...	1979	223539
immunosuppression induced by avian reticuloendotheliosis virus: mechanism of induction of the suppressor cell.		1979	224111
isolation and development of a reticuloendotheliosis virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cell line from chicken spleen cells.	the establishment and characterization of a reticuloendotheliosis virus (strain t)-transformed lymphoblastoid cell line, designated tv-1, was reported. these cells, isolated from the spleen of a moribund chick infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus, were maintained in suspension culture for over 74 weeks at a stable generation time of 15 h. the cells were found to carry a female karyotype. both tv-1 cells and cell-free tv-1 culture supernatant produced lesions and mortality patterns in chicks ...	1979	226481
depression of vaccinal immunity to marek's disease by infection with reticuloendotheliosis virus.	the effect of infection with low-virulence, tissue culture-propagated strains of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) on protective vaccinal immunity against marek's disease (md) lymphomas was investigated. vaccinated chickens inoculated at hatching with greater than 10(4) focus-forming units of rev and challenged with md virus were poorly protected against md lesion development as indicated by protective indices of 53 to 79% for strain cs (p less than 0.05) and 42 to 49% for strain t (p less than ...	1979	227800
experimental infection of chickens with an australian strain of reticuloendotheliosis virus. i. clinical, pathological and haematological effects.	a wide range of clinical, pathological and haematological effects were found over a 40-week period in chickens inoculated at 1-day-old with a low-passage, cell-culture preparation of an australian strain of reticuloendotheliosis virus. feathering defects and statistically significant depression of body weights occurred in chickens up to 8 weeks of age. other findings in birds that died or were culled during the 40-week experimental period included mild anaemia, leucopenia, heterophilia, hypoplas ...	1979	18770427
experimental infection of chickens with an australian strain of reticuloendotheliosis virus. 2. serological responses and pathogenesis.	fifteen spf chickens were inoculated with an australian strain of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) at 1 day of age and five uninoculated chickens were readily infected by horizontal spread from this group. antibody detectable by the immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) test developed 3 to 6 weeks after infection, and usually persisted for 20-35 weeks, with maximum titres (40-1280) at 8 to 13 weeks. agar gel precipitin (agp) reactions developed more slowly and were variable in duration, the highest ...	1979	18770465
effects of infectious bursal disease virus and reticuloendotheliosis virus infection of chickens on the incidence of marek's disease and on local tumour development of the non-producer jmv transplant.	dual infection of chickens with the hprs-16 or hprs-b14 strains of marek's disease (md) virus and non-transforming reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev-c) was shown not to affect significantly the incidence of md or the incidence of md lymphomas. simultaneous infection of chickens with a pathogenic strain of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) and the hprs-b 14 strain of md virus resulted in a consistently reduced incidence of md and lengthening of the latent period, but the incidence of md lymph ...	1980	18770244
the relationship between feathering abnormalities ("nakanuke") and tumour production in chickens inoculated with reticuloendotheliosis virus.	high concentrations of t strain reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), which had been maintained by passage in 1-day-old chicks, produced reticuloendotheliosis tumours and deaths 8 to 13 days after inoculation. at lower concentrations fo virus inoculum, deaths did not occur but feathering abnormalities ("nakanuke") was regularly produced. these results indicate that the oncogenic t strain of rev may also produce abnormal feathering. the oncogenic potential was decreased when rev-t strain maintained ...	1980	18770271
experimental infection and vertical transmission of reticuloendotheliosis virus in the turkey.	groups of turkey poults were infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) at 1 day of age, 4 weeks of age and by contact exposure from 1 day of age. mortality from reticuloendotheliosis occurred in all three groups, but was at a lower level and later in life in turkeys inoculated at 4 weeks of age. using a plaque neutralisation test, antibody to rev was detected in birds inoculated when 4 weeks old and in contact exposed birds, but not in turkeys inoculated at 1 day of age. neutralising antib ...	1980	18770282
immunological relationships of omc-1, an endogenous virus of owl monkeys, with mammalian and avian type c viruses.	the relationships between omc-1, an endogenous oncovirus of owl monkey, and representatives of the three oncoviral genera have been investigated by radioimmunological techniques. the major structural protein of omc-1 was shown to share antigenic determinants with the corresponding proteins of certain type c viruses of rodent, feline, and cervine origin. it was not possible to demonstrate antigenic cross-reactivity between omc-1 and endogenous type c viruses of baboons. these findings argue that ...	1980	6154152
radioimmunological comparison of the dna polymerases of avian retroviruses.	125i-labeled dna polymerases of avian myeloblastosis virus and spleen necrosis virus were used in a radioimmunological characterization of avian retrovirus dna polymerases. it was shown that avian leukosis virus and reticuloendotheliosis virus dna polymerases do not cross-react in radioimmunoassays. within the avian leukosis virus species, species-specific and type-specific antigenic determinants of the dna polymerase were defined. the previous finding of genus-specific antigenic determinants in ...	1980	6154153
specific antigenic relationships between the rna-dependent dna polymerases of avian reticuloendotheliosis viruses and mammalian type c retroviruses.	immunoglobulin g directed against the dna polymerase of rauscher murine leukemia virus (r-mulv) could bind to 125i-labeled dna polymerase of spleen necrosis virus (snv), a member of the reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) species. competition radioimmunoassays showed the specificity of this cross-reaction. the antigenic determinants common to snv and r-mulv dna polymerases were shared completely by the dna polymerases of gross mulv, moloney mulv, rd 114 virus, rev-t, and duck infectious anemia vir ...	1980	6154804
low-molecular-weight rnas and initiation of rna-directed dna synthesis in avian reticuloendotheliosis virus.	the small rnas of avian reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) were analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and compared with those of murine leukemia virus and avian sarcoma virus. although there were some similarities among the three virus types, the patterns of small rnas were distinct. by characterizing the small rna which is most tightly associated with rev genome rna and which can be labeled in limited dna synthesis reactions, the primer for rev reverse transcription was ...	1980	6157836
hematopoietic cell transformation by reticuloendotheliosis virus: characterization of the genetic defect.		1980	6243436
attenuation of avian reticuloendotheliosis virus: loss of the defective transforming component during serial passage of oncogenic virus in fibroblasts.		1980	6243829
assembly of avian reticuloendotheliosis virus: association of the core precursor polypeptide with the intracellular ribonucleoprotein complex.	a virus-specific ribonucleoprotein complex is present in the cytoplasm of reticuloendotheliosis virus-transformed chicken bone marrow cells. this ribonucleoprotein complex contains viral reverse transcriptase activity and may represent a precursor to the budding virion. the major viral polypeptide associated with the ribonucleoprotein complex was a polypeptide with a molecular weight of 63,000. this protein exhibited a precursor-product relationship with the major reticuloendotheliosis virus str ...	1980	6246276
avian reticuloendotheliosis virus: characterization of the high-molecular-weight viral rna in transforming and helper virus populations.	reticuloendotheliosis virus strain t (rev-t) is a type c retrovirus known to transform avian fibroblasts, spleen cells, and bone marrow cells and to produce virulent reticuloendotheliosis in young chicks. analysis of rev-t high-molecular-weight rna by electrophoresis in denaturing gels and by electron microscopy revealed the presence of at least two classes of molecules. one class appeared in ch3hgoh gels to have a monomer length of 9.3 kilobases (kb); in electron microscopic spreads under mildl ...	1980	6247509
a transmissible chicken tumour associated with reticuloendotheliosis virus infection.	histiocytic lymphosarcomas of the intestine, liver, spleen and sciatic nerve were found at necropsy in a 36-week-old laying hen that was culled from a flock of 1800 birds because of emaciation. type c particles were observed in ultrathin sections of liver and spleen. the serum of the hen contained reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) antigen, and antibody against rev, but lacked antibodies reactive with marek's disease virus or subgroups a and b of rous sarcoma virus. the tumour was transmitted to ...	1980	6250524
performance of 3 successive generations of specified-pathogenfree chickens maintained as a closed flock.	no antibodies against salmonella pullorum, mycoplasma gallisepticum, mycoplasma synoviae, haemophilus gallinarum, fowl pox virus, marek's disease virus, herpes virus of turkey, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, avian adenovirus, avian reovirus, infectious bursal disease virus, reticuloendotheliosis virus, avian leukosis virus, avian encephalomyelitis virus and newcastle disease virus were detectable in the sera obtained from these chickens in 3 generations at various ages. antibodies against i ...	1980	6253742
the genomic rna of avian reticuloendotheliosis virus rev.		1980	6243435
analysis of the nucleic acid components in reticuloendotheliosis virus.	reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) is known to be capable of transforming chicken bone marrow cells in vivo and embryo fibroblasts in vitro. as with spleen necrosis virus, we have found that sequences related to rev are found in dna of several uninfected avian species. for example, about 15% of the [3h]cdna synthesized in the endogenous reverse transcriptase reaction reassociated with dna of uninfected chickens. kinetic analysis revealed only a few (less than five) such sequences per haploid geno ...	1980	6245235
infectious and noninfectious recombinant clones of the provirus of snv differ in cellular dna and are apparently the same in viral dna.	ten clones of charon 4a containing proviruses of spleen necrosis virus, an avian retrovirus, and flanking chicken dna sequences were isolated and characterized. some clones gave rise to progeny with viral dna sequences deleted or duplicated, probably as a result of crossing-over in the 600 bp terminal redundancy in viral dna. the cellular sequences are different in each clone, indicating that all the proviruses are integrated in different sites in cellular dna. six clones are infectious and four ...	1980	6248244
correlation of transient accumulation of linear unintegrated viral dna and transient cell killing by avian leukosis and reticuloendotheliosis viruses.		1980	6253212
partial phosphorylation in vivo of the avian retrovirus pp32 dna endonuclease.	avian retrovirus pp32, a dna endonuclease which is structurally related to the avian retrovirus dna polymerase beta polypeptide, has been demonstrated to be partially phosphorylated in vivo. unlabeled or [35s]methionine-labeled pp32 from avian sarcoma virus or avian myeloblastosis virus migrated as an electrophoretic doublet on discontinuous sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gels. however, pp32 immunoprecipitated from avian sarcoma virus labeled in vivo with [32p]orthophosphoric acid mi ...	1980	6257933
no apparent nucleotide sequence specificity in cellular dna juxtaposed to retrovirus proviruses.	the sequences of the virus-cell junctions of seven dna clones of spleen necrosis virus provirus were analyzed to determine the nucleotide sequence specificity of the cellular integration sites. as previously reported for one provirus, all clones contain a 5-base-pair direct repeat of cellular dna at the cell-virus junctions and a 3-base-pair inverted repeat at both ends of the provirus dna. the sequences of the 5-base-pair direct repeats are different in each clone and have no apparent homology ...	1980	6261252
a survey of non-specific cross-protective immunities induced by avian retroviruses.	reticuloendotheliosis virus strain t (rev-t) induced immunity in chicks to challenge by representative subgroup members of the avian leukosis-sarcoma virus (alsv) complex. immunity levels were compared to determine the extent of antigenic relation between rev-t and the alsv complex. reciprocal studies using alsv subgroup members and pheasant viruses as immunogens and rev-t as challenge were also performed. it was concluded that reciprocity of immunity is not equal between the viruses studied, no ...	1980	6268039
antigenic determinants shared by the dna polymerases of reticuloendotheliosis virus and mammalian type c retroviruses.		1980	6158162
nucleic acid homology between avian and mammalian type c viruses: relatedness of reticuloendotheliosis virus cdna to cloned proviral dna of the endogenous colobus virus cpc-1.		1981	6269291
avian reticuloendotheliosis virus: identification of the hematopoietic target cell for transformation.	non-virus-producing hematopoietic cells transformed in vitro by reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev-t) induce lethal "reticuloendotheliosis" when inoculated into histocompatible chickens. this is the first direct demonstration that an in vivo target cell of an avian acute leukemia virus can be transformed in vitro. the tumorigenic, rev-t-transformed non-virus-producing cells fail to express helper-virus-coded proteins. rev-t transformed tumorigenic cells therefore do not require helper-virus functi ...	1981	6269747
characterization of reticuloendotheliosis virus strain t dna and isolation of a novel variant of reticuloendotheliosis virus strain t by molecular cloning.	reticuloendotheliosis virus strain t (rev-t) is a highly oncogenic avian retrovirus which causes a rapid neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular system. upon infection, this virus gives rise to two species of unintegrated linear viral dna, which are 8.3 and 5.5 kilobase pairs long and represent the helper virus (rev-a) and the oncogenic component (rev-t), respectively. restriction endonuclease cleavage maps of these two dna components indicate that rev-t dna has a large portion of the genome d ...	1981	6275117
staphylococcal protein-a agglutination assay for avian viruses.	protein-a rich staphylococci were used to develop an agglutination assay for the detection and quantitation of avian reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) and herpes virus of turkeys (hvt). rabbit anti-rev or anti-hvt were used to coat the staphylococci and these reagents were mixed with rev or various other viral antigen preparations. an agglutination titer was determined for antigen preparations of varying purity and the results indicated that in addition to being rapid, this assay allows the dete ...	1981	6274147
formation of infectious progeny virus after insertion of herpes simplex thymidine kinase gene into dna of an avian retrovirus.	we have prepared several infectious stocks of an avian retrovirus, spleen necrosis virus, containing the herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (tk) gene. the viruses were produced after cotransfection of chicken cells with dna from recombinants between cloned spleen necrosis virus and tk dnas and dna of cloned reticuloendotheliosis virus strain a. removal of sequences in the tk gene for the end of tk mrna increased a thousand fold the yield of infectious recombinant virus. infection of ch ...	1981	6276009
in vitro and in vivo investigations on reticuloendotheliosis virus infection.	experimental transmission of reticuloendotheliosis (re) in 1-day-old spf chickens was achieved by intraperitoneal inoculation of cell-associated and cell-free re virus (rev). rev-inoculated chickens exhibited an immune response throughout the entire observation period. viremia persisted for 5--6 months in chickens hatched from rev-inoculated spf embryonated eggs. the natural occurrence of re was detected in turkey flocks of farms bc.	1981	6277083
specific integration of rev proviruses in avian bursal lymphomas.		1981	6273749
modification of low virulent newcastle disease virus infection in chickens infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus.	one-day-old spf chicks were inoculated with reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) which had been isolated from contaminated marek's disease vaccine. then they were subjected to super infection with the b1 or tcnd strain of newcastle disease virus (ndv) and examined for virus recovery, antibody response and the appearance of symptoms. regardless of the time, from 0 to 8 weeks, of inoculation with the ndv-b1 strain after the rev infection, the antibody response was suppressed and the duration of the n ...	1981	6264326
[serological survey on the status of infection with reticuloendotheliosis virus in northern germany with regard to epidemiological aspects (author's transl)].		1981	6260453
avian reticuloendotheliosis virus: characterization of genome structure by heteroduplex mapping.	the genome structure of defective, oncogenic avian reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) was studied by heteroduplex mapping between the full-length complementary dna of the helper virus rev-t1 and the 30s rev rna. the rev genome (5.5 kilobases) had a deletion of 3.69 kilobases in the gag-pol region, confirming the genetic defectiveness of rev. in addition, rev lacked the sequences corresponding to the env gene but contained, instead, a contiguous stretch (1.6 to 1.9 kilobases) of the specific seque ...	1981	6262534
avian reticuloendotheliosis virus contains a new class of oncogene of turkey origin.		1981	6263007
hematopoietic cells transformed in vitro by revt avian reticuloendotheliosis virus express characteristics of very immature lymphoid cells.		1981	6274086
tolerance, viral shedding, and neoplasia in chickens infected with non-defective reticuloendotheliosis viruses.	chickens inoculated as embryos with non-defective reticuloendotheliosis viruses (ndrevs) generally developed a "tolerant" infection characterized by lack of immunofluorescent antibody and by a viremia that persisted through 93 weeks. chickens inoculated at hatching generally developed a "non-tolerant" infection characterized by antibody development that gradually waned as the chickens aged and by a transient or intermittent viremia. although chickens tolerantly infected with ndrev strain t were ...	1981	6266388
secretion of a virus-regulated factor by clonal variants of reticuloendotheliosis virus-transformed hematopoietic cells.		1981	6267788
characterization of transformation- and replication-specific sequences of reticuloendotheliosis virus.		1981	6267804
chemical and immunological characterization of the major structural protein (p28) of mmc-1, a rhesus monkey endogenous type c virus: homology with the major structural protein of avian reticuloendotheliosis virus.	the major core protein (p28) of mmc-1, an endogenous type c virus of the rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta), was purified and subjected to structural and immunological analyses. the nh2-terminal amino acid sequence of mmc-1 p28 showed extensive homology to the sequences of the major structural proteins (p30) of known mammalian type c viruses. similarly, interspecies antigenic determinants shared by all the above viral proteins were detected in mmc-1 p28. competition radioimmunoassays together with t ...	1981	6169843
continuous cell culture from chick embryos inoculated with rev strain t.	oncogenic reticuloendotheliosis virus strain t (rev-t) was inoculated into 9-day-old embryonated eggs of specific pathogen free chickens. a continuous cell line was established from the liver cells of one embryo harvested the day before hatching which had the following properties: it formed loose aggregates and propagated floating in the medium. the cell doubling time was about 24 hours. viral antigen was demonstrated in the cytoplasm by the direct immunofluorescent antibody technique. c-type pa ...	1981	18770134
further studies on vertical transmission of reticuloendotheliosis virus in turkeys.	turkey hens were inseminated with infected semen from rev tolerant turkey stags at weekly intervals for 6 weeks, and subsequently with semen from uninfected control stags for a further 6 weeks. cell cultures prepared from eggs produced during the experimental period were assayed for rev by an indirect fluorescent antibody test. poults hatched from such eggs were also assayed for rev at 1 day of age or maintained to 28 weeks of age to study lateral spread of virus to uninfected hatch mates. rev w ...	1981	18770135
experimental infection of chickens with an australian strain of reticuloendotheliosis virus 3. persistent infection and transmission by the adult hen.	vertical transmission of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) infection was demonstrated in embryonated eggs from an adult hen with persistent rev viraemia but no serum antibody. pooling of infected embryos from this hen with those from antibody-positive hens appeared to inhibit the infectivity of congenitally-transmitted rev. rev was detected in vaginal swabs from this hen on 11 occasions over a period of 26 weeks of adult life and infectious rev was shed from the eye, mouth and in the droppings. ...	1981	18770151
effects of reticuloendotheliosis virus on the response of chickens to infectious laryngotracheitis virus.	effects of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) on the response to infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv) were investigated in young chickens with and without maternally derived antibody (mab) to rev. in the first experiment a group of 1-day-old chickens without rev mab were inoculated at 1 day of age with rev whilst another group of similar chickens were left uninoculated. all chickens were vaccinated with iltv at 7 days of age. there was a significantly higher proportion of infectious laryngot ...	1982	18770210
serological investigations of infectious bursal disease virus and reticuloendotheliosis virus infections in new zealand chickens.		1982	16030899
establishment of b-lymphoblastoid cell lines from marek's disease virus-induced tumors in turkeys.	four lymphoblastoid cell lines were established from tumours of turkeys inoculated with high doses of the ga strain of marek's disease virus (mdv). unlike other md lymphoblastoid cell lines of chicken origin, these mdv transformed turkey line appear to be b lymphocytes and produce immunoglobulin. growth characteristics of these cell lines are slightly different; however, they all produce low levels of mdv-specific antigen and carry the complete genome of the virus as determined by virus rescue i ...	1982	6277804
serologic evidence in commercial chicken and turkey flocks of infection with reticuloendotheliosis virus.	a serologic survey has documented probable infection with reticuloendotheliosis (re) virus in 21.0% of 101 layer flocks, 23.5% of 85 broiler and broiler-breeder flocks, 2.3% of 43 backyard chicken flocks, and 4.8% of 125 turkey production and breeder flocks. however, no infection was detected in 72 grandparent lines of chicken breeding stocks representing meat-type and layer strains. the existence of natural infection was further supported by isolation of re virus from one experimental chicken f ...	1982	6186237
establishment of a chicken lymphoblastoid cell line infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus.		1982	6296206
morphological, immunological, and biochemical analyses of chicken spleen cells transformed in vitro by reticuloendotheliosis virus strain t.	reticuloendotheliosis virus strain t (rev-t) is a highly oncogenic avian retrovirus which causes a rapid neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular system. we derived six cell lines (1-3, 1-5, 2-10, 2-14, 2-16, and 2-20) from chicken spleen cells infected with rev-t. these cells can produce both the rev-t and its associated reticuloendotheliosis helper virus, rev-a. histochemical analyses of these cells indicate that, while they are not stained by benzidine, peroxidase, beta-glucuronidase or acid ...	1982	6282448
in situ hybridization: general infectivity assay for retroviruses.	we have devised a general infectivity assay for retroviruses. a virus-specific [32p]dna probe is hybridized in situ to a monolayer culture, and foci of infected cells in the monolayer are detected by exposure of the hybridized culture to x-ray films. the method is quantitative, in that it gives the same titer for moloney murine leukemia virus as does the standard uv-xc test. the specificity of the assay is indicated by the fact that murine leukemia virus and baboon endogenous virus do not cross ...	1982	6292448
dna sequence relationship of the baboon endogenous virus genome to the genomes of other type c and type d retroviruses.	baboon endogenous virus (baev) is a type c retrovirus present in multiple proviral copies in the dna of baboons. although interspecies antigenic determinants present on reverse transcriptase and gag proteins are shared among all mammalian type c viruses, no nucleic acid homology between baev and other type c viruses (except rd-114) has been found in conventional liquid hybridization experiments. in this study, we used restriction fragments of cloned baev dna immobilized on nitrocellulose to test ...	1982	6284972
effect of endogenous leukosis virus genes on response to infection with avian leukosis and reticuloendotheliosis viruses.	we examined the effect of the presence or absence of endogenous viral gene (ev) 3, which controls expression of group-specific viral and envelope antigens (gs+chf+ phenotype), and ev2, which controls the production of a complete subgroup e virus (v-e+ phenotype), on the response of chickens to rav-1, an exogenous avian leukosis virus (alv) with an antigenic relationship to endogenous virus. after inoculation at one day of age, the chickens lacking either ev gene expression had a lower frequency ...	1982	6285878
substitution of 5' helper virus sequences into non-rel portion of reticuloendotheliosis virus strain t suppresses transformation of chicken spleen cells.	the genome of the highly oncogenic avian retrovirus reticuloendotheliosis virus strain t (rev-t) differs from that of the helper virus reticuloendotheliosis virus strain a by a substitution (rel and a large deletion. further deletions, constructed in vitro, within the helper-virus-related sequences of rev-t have little effect on the ability of the virus to transform chicken spleen cells in vitro. however, deletions that extend into rel abolish transformation. substitution of helper-virus-related ...	1982	6297744
an igm-producing b lymphoblastoid cell line established from lymphomas induced by a non-defective reticuloendotheliosis virus.	chick syncytial virus (csv), a strain of avian reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) causes lymphoid tumours in chickens after a prolonged incubation period. a number of csv-induced tumours were examined for cell surface antigen and were found to be of the b cell type and to produce immunoglobulin. attempts were made to grow in vitro cell lines from csv-induced tumours and a lymphoblastoid cell line was established from a liver tumour of a chicken that was inoculated with csv via the yolk sac in emb ...	1982	6278061
helper viruses associated with avian acute leukemia viruses inhibit the cellular immune response.		1982	6278717
genome of reticuloendotheliosis virus: characterization by use of cloned proviral dna.	reticuloendotheliosis virus is an avian type c retrovirus that is capable of transforming fibroblasts and hematopoietic cells both in vivo and in vitro. this virus is highly related to the three other members of the reticuloendotheliosis virus group, including spleen necrosis virus, but it is apparently unrelated to the avian leukosis-sarcoma virus family. previous studies have shown that it consists of a replication-competent helper virus (designated rev-a) and a defective component (designated ...	1982	6283142
monoclonal antibody to chicken fetal antigens on normal erythroid cells and hematopoietic-lymphoid tumor cell lines.	hybridoma cell lines secreting antibodies to chicken fetal antigens (cfas) were generated by the fusion of mouse p3x63ag8 myeloma cells with spleen cells from a mouse immunized with intact sc chicken strain one-day-hatched red blood cells. immunodepletion studies show monoclonal anti-cfa to be detecting a subset of the mr 50,000 cfa molecules recognized by polyclonal anti-cfa. monoclonal anti-cfa is erythroid specific against in vivo-derived hematopoietic-lymphoid cells. exceptions to the erythr ...	1982	6751524
spontaneous changes in nucleotide sequence in proviruses of spleen necrosis virus, an avian retrovirus.	we determined the nucleotide sequence of about 1 kilobase of dna 3' to the 5' long terminal repeat of three noninfectious ad one infectious proviral dna clones of spleen necrosis virus, an avian retrovirus, to determine if the types of nucleic acid changes involved in retrovirus mutation shed light on special features of retrovirus replication. an open reading frame was found starting 411 base pairs from the end of the long terminal repeat. it contained sequences coding for the 36 amino acids at ...	1982	6951170
surface antigens on marek's disease lymphoblastoid tumor cell lines.	a total of 32 marek's disease virus (mdv)-induced cell lines, 1 avian leukosis virus-induced cell line, and 1 reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev)-induced lymphoblastoid cell line were investigated for the presence of fc receptors, surface igm, and ia-like antigen. surface igm and fc receptors could not be demonstrated on any of the cell lines. ia-like antigen was detected on all mdv-induced cell lines and on the 1 rev-induced cell line. ia-like antigen was unrelated to other antigens reported to b ...	1982	6955560
cytopathic effects and focus formation by reticuloendotheliosis viruses in a quail fibroblast cell line.	the t and cs (chick syncytial) strains of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) induced focus formation and cytonecrotic changes in a japanese quail fibroblast cell line designated qt35. the focus was distinctive and readily discernible, consisting of rounded refractile and larger dark-appearing (syncytia) cells usually aggregated along the periphery of a hole within a focus. the foci and cytopathic effects induced by the two strains of rev were morphologically indistinguishable. the focus formation ...	1983	6303292
studies of reticuloendotheliosis virus-induced lymphomagenesis in chickens.	seventy-three percent of chickens inoculated with the chick syncytial strain of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) at hatching developed lymphomas by 39 weeks of age. neonatal treatment with cyclophosphamide or surgical bursectomy at 2, 4, 8, or 12 weeks of age significantly (p less than 0.01) reduced lymphoma development. in a further experiment, surgical bursectomy of rev-infected chickens followed by intravenous inoculation of the chickens with a single cell suspension of their own bursa cells ...	1983	6303293
reticuloendotheliosis virus-transformed cells contain infectious and noninfectious proviral sequences in different chromosomes.	the integration site of reticuloendotheliosis virus proviral dna in the dna from a cloned reticuloendotheliosis virus-transformed bone marrow cell line was studied. these reticuloendotheliosis virus-transformed bone marrow cells produce a replication-defective transforming virus (rev-t) and a nontransforming helper virus, designated reticuloendotheliosis-associated virus (rev-at). the dna from this rev-t transformed bone marrow cell line was hybridized with 3h-labeled in vitro synthesized dna co ...	1983	6303538
detection of antibodies against reticuloendotheliosis viruses by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	a microplate indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for antibodies against reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) was consistently more sensitive than indirect immunofluorescent-antibody tests. limits of antibody detection were comparable to those obtained in virus neutralizations. detection of rev-infected chickens long after infection and after immunofluorescent antibody has waned makes elisa especially suitable for screening chicken flocks.	1983	6303290
effect of reticuloendotheliosis virus on the response of chickens to salmonella typhimurium infection.	groups of 25 chickens free of maternal antibody to reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) were inoculated with either third or seventh passage rev at either one or seven days of age. some of the birds inoculated at day 1 with rev were inoculated with salmonella typhimurium either concurrently or six or 13 days later while some of those inoculated with rev at day 7 were inoculated concurrently with s typhimurium. at day old, infection with s typhimurium alone caused the death of 12 of 25 chicks wherea ...	1983	6304835
the organization of c-rel in chicken and turkey dnas.	the process of transduction of a proto-oncogene involves the loss of intervening sequences, the loss of 3' mrna terminal sequences, and possible base changes. it is not possible to know how similar the c-rel sequences we studied are to sequences from which v-rel arose. if one of the alleles we studied is identical to progenitor sequences of v-rel, then base changes must have occurred during the process of transduction. alternatively, there may exist an allele of c-rel which did not need to under ...	1983	6306690
isolation and characterization of genomic mouse dna clones containing sequences homologous to trnas and 5s rrna.	we have cloned and characterized three fragments of balb/c mouse dna which hybridize to mouse cell trnas. fractionation of the trnas which hybridize to these clones reveals that two of the clones, lambda mt-4a and lambda mt-6a hybridize to only one or two trnas, while one clone, lambda mt-4b, hybridizes to at least seven trnas. two of the trnas were identified as trnaproccg and trnaglygga, and others have been identified as trnas which are selectively encapsidated into virions of murine leukemia ...	1983	6308561
relative efficiency of techniques for detecting avian reticuloendotheliosis virus as a vaccine contaminant.	three techniques were compared for sensitivity in detecting reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) in a deliberately contaminated marek's disease vaccine. the most sensitive and rapid test was the indirect fluorescent antibody test (fat). the indirect immunoperoxidase test, although simple to perform and only marginally less sensitive than the fat, was difficult to interpret at low levels of rev. using immunoelectron microscopy, virions were seen only after three subcultures and then not to the same ...	1983	6308736
high-efficiency ligation and recombination of dna fragments by vertebrate cells.	dna-mediated gene transfer (transfection) is used to introduce specific genes into vertebrate cells. events soon after transfection were quantitatively analyzed by determining the infectivity of the dna from an avian retrovirus and of mixtures of subgenomic fragments of this dna. the limiting step of transfection with two dna molecules is the uptake by a single cell of both dna's in a biologically active state. transfected cells mediate ligation and recombination of physically unlinked dna's at ...	1983	6301012
avian lymphoproliferative diseases and their virus associations.		1983	6316767
pathogenesis of reticuloendotheliosis virus infection in ducks.	a new isolate of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) from ducks, ru-1, was used to experimentally infect white pekin ducks. embryonal or neonatal infection usually resulted in persistent viremias, no rev antibody development, and inability to mount antibody responses against bovine serum albumin (bsa) or sheep red blood cells (srbc). in contrast, infection at 21 days of age resulted in transient viremias, which terminated coincident with rev antibody development. these ducks remained persistently ...	1983	6316895
a monoclonal antibody reactive with marek's disease tumor-associated surface antigen.	an antibody-secreting hybridoma, rph-6, to marek's disease tumor-associated surface antigen (matsa) was produced by somatic-cell hybridization between the mouse myeloma sp2/o-ag/14 and spleen cells from msb1 immunized mice. the antibody reacted with 95 to 100% of the cells from eight of 10 chicken md cell lines and one of two turkey md cell lines. it did not react with chicken md cell lines rp1 and sk3, turkey md cell line rp19, lymphoid leukosis (ll) cell lines, rp9 and rp12, and reticuloendoth ...	1983	6294177
structure and expression of c-rel, the cellular homolog to the oncogene of reticuloendotheliosis virus strain t.	the cellular homolog of the onc sequences in the avian retrovirus reticuloendotheliosis virus strain t (v-rel) was studied by molecular cloning and nucleic acid hybridization. in contrast to v-rel sequences, which are 1.4 kilobase pairs long, the cellular homolog, c-rel, from line 15b chickens is at least 25 kilobase pairs long, with multiple apparent introns. a 4.0-kilobase polyadenylic acid-containing rna transcript is the primary species of c-rel rna present in uninfected chicken cells. seque ...	1983	6296425
nucleotide sequence of v-rel: the oncogene of reticuloendotheliosis virus.	the nucleotide sequence of v-rel, the oncogene carried by reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), has been determined. the defective transforming genome rev arose through the insertion of v-rel (1,415 nucleotides) into the env gene of the helper virus rev-a. the predicted rel protein (503 amino acids) employs the rev-a env initiator and terminates within the p20e region of env. because there are no natural antisera that detect the rev transforming protein, this nucleotide sequence provides the first ...	1983	6312449
the avian reticuloendotheliosis virus, strain t (rev).		1983	6094120
specificity in the immunosuppression induced by avian reticuloendotheliosis virus.	several parameters of the cellular and humoral immune responses of chickens infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev-t), an avian defective acute leukemia virus, or with its helper virus, reticuloendotheliosis-associated virus (rev-a), were evaluated. spleen cells from chickens infected with rev-t (rev-a) or rev-a exhibited depressed mixed lymphocyte and mitogen responses in vitro. allograft rejection was delayed by 6 to 14 days in birds infected with rev-a. the specific antitumor cell imm ...	1983	6187691
the pathogenesis of oncogenic avian retroviruses.		1983	6312780
monoclonal antibodies with specificity for three different serotypes of marek's disease viruses in chickens.	a total of 50 antibody-secreting hybridoma cells against marek's disease virus (mdv) and turkey herpesvirus (hvt) have been produced. eleven hybridomas were used for serotyping a panel of 15 pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of mdv and hvt, representing three serotypes. the antibodies from the culture medium have fluorescence antibody (fa) titers of up to 100 and those from mouse ascitic fluid have titers ranging from 10(4) to 10(6). monoclonal antibody t81 is type-common, i.e., it reacts at ...	1983	6184394
effects of avian viruses on cultured chicken bone-marrow-derived macrophages.	cultured chicken bone-marrow-derived macrophages have been assayed for their susceptibility to infection with various avian viruses. three criteria of infection were employed: (1) virus-induced alterations in cell morphology ; (2) presence of intracellular viral antigens detectable by immunofluorescence; (3) kinetics of virus release by infected macrophages. macrophages proved to be resistant to marek's disease virus (mdv), herpesvirus of turkeys (hvt-fc126), infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) an ...	1983	18766776
basolateral maturation of retroviruses in polarized epithelial cells.	we have investigated the maturation sites of avian and mammalian c-type retroviruses in polarized epithelial cells. examination of thin sections of madin darby canine kidney cells infected with rd114 or avian reticuloendotheliosis virus revealed that these viruses mature from the basolateral membrane domains. similar results were obtained with a continuous line of mouse mammary epithelial cells infected with friend, moloney, rauscher, or kirsten murine leukemia viruses, or friend virus-related o ...	1983	6339737
construction of a helper cell line for avian reticuloendotheliosis virus cloning vectors.	we wished to construct cell lines that supply the gene products of gag, pol, and env for the growth of replication-defective reticuloendotheliosis retrovirus vectors without production of the helper virus. to do this, first we located by s1 mapping the donor and acceptor splice sites of reticuloendotheliosis virus strain a. the donor splice site is ca. 850 base pairs from the 5' end of proviral dna. it is close to or overlaps the encapsidation sequences for viral rna. the splice acceptor site is ...	1983	6318091
lymphoreticular tumour in pen-raised pheasants associated with a reticuloendotheliosis like virus infection.	an outbreak of a lymphoproliferative disease in pheasants is described. nodular or diffuse tumours were found on the head and in various internal organs. the lesions consisted of undifferentiated lymphoreticular cells. a typical c-type virus, similar to reticuloendotheliosis virus was isolated in tissue culture. however, this virus particle could not be seen in the tumours. the isolate is antigenically related to the reticuloendotheliosis group of viruses. typical reticuloendotheliosis was induc ...	1983	18766763
distribution of virus and tumour formation in ducks experimentally infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus.	the effect of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) was investigated in ducks. ducks experimentally infected at 1 day and 8 weeks of age, and ducks in-contact with these, weighed less than unaffected controls. nine of 14 ducks inoculated at 1 day old died at a mean age of 22 weeks and seven of them had tumours. rev was isolated from almost all the organs from ducks with persistent viraemia. ducks inoculated neonatally began laying 3 weeks later than the controls and produced a significantly lower pr ...	1984	18766846
nucleic acid sequences of the oncogene v-rel in reticuloendotheliosis virus strain t and its cellular homolog, the proto-oncogene c-rel.	reticuloendotheliosis virus strain t (rev-t) is a highly oncogenic replication-defective retrovirus which contains the oncogene v-rel. it is thought that rev-t arose when a virus similar to rev-a, the helper virus of rev-t, infected a turkey and recombined with c-rel from that turkey. there is one large c-rel locus in the turkey genome which contains all of the sequences homologous to v-rel (k. c. wilhelmsen and h. m. temin, j. virol. 49:521-529, 1984). we have sequenced v-rel and its flanking s ...	1984	6090694
reticuloendotheliosis in breeder turkeys.	reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) was isolated at 21 weeks from a flock of breeder turkeys with lymphoid neoplasms. except for about 2% mortality due to tumors mainly between 20 and 30 weeks of age, the livability and egg production of the flock were normal. egg transmission as a source of infection seemed unlikely, because no rev antibodies or production problems were observed in two sister flocks (hatchmates) and in three progeny flocks, and because eggs obtained from the breeder flock at 45 w ...	1984	6091607
some evidence of mechanical transmission of reticuloendotheliosis virus by mosquitoes.	the possible role of mosquitoes in the mechanical transmission of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) in chickens was examined. a carbon-dioxide-baited trap was used to capture mosquitoes in poultry pens for one year to determine the seasonal occurrence and the species of mosquitoes prevalent in the area. homogenates of captured mosquitoes were used for rev isolation in chicken embryo fibroblast cultures. sera from sentinel chickens were also examined for rev antibodies. population peaks of mosqui ...	1984	6098251
the location of v-src in a retrovirus vector determines whether the virus is toxic or transforming.	we prepared infectious stocks of an avian retrovirus, a modified spleen necrosis virus, containing the herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase gene and the avian sarcoma virus v-src gene. viruses were recovered after cotransfection of chicken cells with dna of recombinants between cloned spleen necrosis virus thymidine kinase and v-src and with dna of cloned reticuloendotheliosis virus strain a. when v-src was inserted near the 5'end of the viral genome, only low titers of recombinant virus ...	1984	6098817
reticuloendotheliosis virus and disturbance in immune regulation.	reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev-t) is a replication-defective retrovirus which induces a rapidly-fatal lymphoma. the helper virus, reticuloendotheliosis-associated virus (rev-a), induces a splenic suppressor cell population which cytostatically inhibits the proliferation of cytotoxic cells capable of lysing rev-t tumour cells.	1984	6101110
influence of reticuloendotheliosis on the severity of eimeria tenella infection in broiler chickens.	broiler chickens free of maternal immunity to reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) were used in the experiment. two groups of 25 chickens were inoculated with rev at one day of age. one of these groups and another group of 25 chickens were inoculated with eimeria tenella sporulated oocysts at 7 days of age. chickens inoculated with e. tenella showed bloody diarrhoea from 12 to 14 days of age. six out of 25 chickens died (p less than 0.05) at 13 and 14 days of age in the dual infected group. at 14 d ...	1984	6328737
a survey of disease in five commercial flocks of meat breeder chickens.	causes of sickness and death in approximately 30,000 chickens in 5 meat breeder flocks were investigated between may 1979 and april 1980. approximately 23% of disease was due to neoplasms; 81% of these were marek's disease despite vaccination against this infection. other frequent diagnoses included cellulitis (15%), respiratory disease (14%), lesions of the reproductive tract (11%) and tenosynovitis/arthritis (9%). antibodies to mycoplasma gallisepticium, avian adenovirus, infectious bursal dis ...	1984	6704066
structure and dimorphism of c-rel (turkey), the cellular homolog to the oncogene of reticuloendotheliosis virus strain t.	a locus has been identified in turkey dna that contains nucleotide sequences homologous to the oncogene (v-rel) in the avian retrovirus, reticuloendotheliosis virus strain t. this locus, c-rel, has been molecularly cloned from an apparently heterozygous turkey. c-rel is approximately 23 kilobase pairs in length, with at least seven apparent introns, and contains sequences sufficient to account for all of v-rel. nucleic acid sequence differences exist between v-rel and homologous regions of c-rel ...	1984	6319751
improved focus assay of reticuloendotheliosis virus in a quail fibroblast cell line (qt35).	reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) strains t and cs consistently induced focus formation in a quail fibroblast cell line designated qt35 that was maintained under agarose overlay following inoculation of rev. the foci were more distinct and better circumscribed than those that developed in qt35 cultures under fluid medium. the focus formation in qt35 cultures under agarose overlay was inhibited by rev antiserum, and there were a highly significant correlation (r = 0.966, p less than 0.005) and a ...	1984	6721800
inhibition of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase by avian reticuloendotheliosis viruses.	severe weight loss is associated with many malignant diseases of humans and animals. avian reticuloendotheliosis viruses (re viruses) induce runting in experimentally infected chickens. chickens infected with a replication-competent re virus, reticuloendotheliosis-associated virus, weighed 30-50% less than control birds at the time of death. chickens infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus, a replication-defective acute leukemia virus, weighed 30% less than the controls. the runting induced by ...	1985	2992770
purification and chemical and immunological characterization of avian reticuloendotheliosis virus gag-gene-encoded structural proteins.	five gag-gene-encoded structural proteins, designated p12, pp18, pp20, p30, and p10 were purified from replication-competent avian reticuloendotheliosis-associated virus (rev-a) by high-performance liquid chromatography complemented with chloroform-methanol extraction and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. based on amino acid composition and nh2- and cooh-terminal sequence analysis p12, pp18, p30, and p10 are distinct from one another, whereas pp20 is likely identical to ...	1985	2982236