Publications

[lassa fever].		1975	1102478
the arenaviruses: some priorities for future research.	in this paper lassa virus is used as a model in pinpointing priorities for future research on the arenaviruses. suggestions for specific investigations and public health measures cover the detection of lassa virus infection, the pathology and therapy of the disease, and its prevention and control.	1975	1085230
arenavirus chemotherapy--retrospect and prospect.	two groups of compounds, identifiable by structural similarity, have been found to interfere with the in vitro replication of arenaviruses. all 4 members of the benzimidazole group contain dipolar fused benzene and 5-membered nitrogen-containing rings and share potential chelating ability through the different bidentate structures formed with their side-chains. the biological activity of one of these compounds, metisazone, has been shown to depend on the presence of divalent metals of the first ...	1975	1085227
handling patients with suspected lassa fever entering great britain.	a special isolation unit has been created at the hospital for tropical diseases, london, for the reception of patients arriving in great britain from west africa with suspected lassa fever. the management of such patients and the operation of the unit are described. experience during the first eighteen months of operation has been very satisfactory and valuable lessons have been learned concerning the diagnosis and treatment of lassa fever and the nursing of patients.	1975	1085226
diagnosis of lassa fever and the isolation and management of patients.	the clinical spectrum of lassa fever is described and discussed in terms of the possible pathophysiological events involved. early diagnosis is essential to permit prompt isolation of the potentially infectious patient. lassa fever may be suspected on clinical grounds, but specific early diagnosis depends upon isolation of the virus. virus isolation is best accomplished from serum obtained during the first 2 weeks of illness. the patterns of viraemia and virus excretion described in this paper a ...	1975	1085225
lassa virus infection in mastomys natalensis in sierra leone. gross and microscopic findings in infected and uninfected animals.	pathological examinations of 28 wild-caught mastomys natalensis from sierra leone, 14 of which were positive for lassa virus by tissue culture, are reported. the high frequency of neoplastic and degenerative diseases observed among older animals in closed colonies of m. natalensis were not observed in the wild animals studied. this is probably a reflection of the age distribution of the study population, since the life expectancy of wild mastomys is less than a year. inflammatory lesions were no ...	1975	1085221
the ecology of praomys (mastomys) natalensis in southern africa.	the only non-human host of lassa virus so far identified is the multimammate mouse, praomys (mastomys) natalensis, but its precise role in the natural lassa fever cycle remains to be determined. this species is also an important link in the plague cycle in southern africa and is one of the commonest rodents of africa. it is a prolific breeder and can be kept and bred easily in captivity. it is thus an excellent laboratory animal, although it needs to be handled with care because it is aggressive ...	1975	1085218
viruses other than arenaviruses from west african wild mammals. factors affecting transmission to man and domestic animals.	at least thirty-seven different viruses have been isolated from wild mammals in west africa since 1962. some of these, including lassa virus, are already known to cause serious human morbidity and mortality. crimean haemorrhagic fever-congo virus, dugbe virus, mokola virus, and a smallpox-like agent from a gerbil in dahomey are briefly discussed. an account of social and ecologic factors affecting man, domestic animals, and their interaction with wild mammals is given.	1975	1085217
recent isolations of lassa virus from nigerian rodents.	rodents were trapped in the benue-plateau and north-eastern states of nigeria where lassa fever had been reported in previous years. eight lassa virus strains were isolated from tissues and blood of rodents identified in the field as being of 3 different species: mastomys natalensis, rattus rattus, and mus minutoides. all the infected rodents were collected in village habitats. these isolations indicate the presence of lassa virus in wild rodents in nigeria during periods when no human infection ...	1975	1085216
use of the complement fixation (cf) test in lassa fever surveillance. evidence for persistent cf antibodies.	a survey to detect individuals with antibodies to lassa virus was undertaken among hospital personnel in the eastern and southern provinces of sierra leone late in 1974. sera were evaluated by the complement fixation test. the data obtained showed that some contacts of lassa fever patients in the 1972 epidemic had developed antibodies to the virus; individuals who had never reported being sick also showed evidence of infection, with significant cf antibody titres in their sera. surviving lassa f ...	1975	1085215
lassa fever in onitsha, east central state, nigeria in 1974.	three cases of lassa fever occurred in onitsha, east central state, nigeria, in january and february 1974. the first case was a 19-year-old nigerian; the other 2 cases were german missionary physicians at st charles borromeo hospital, onitsha, one of whom cared for the patient who was the first case. thus, 2 of the 3 cases were hospital acquired. investigations failed to discover a village outbreak or the source of virus for the first case. a serosurvey of 258 hospital staff members and contacts ...	1975	1085214
surveillance of lassa fever in missionaries stationed in west africa.	to determine the distribution of lassa virus in west africa, a serological survey was undertaken. a number of mission hospital supplied sera from patients admitted with a history of fever and specimens were also collected in new york from missionaries who had experienced an unusual febrile illness while working in africa. more cases of lassa fever were detected among missionaries than among africans, possibly because many african patients had left hospital before the complement fixation tests ha ...	1975	1085213
the pathology of human lassa fever.	pathological findings have been described in only a small number of cases of lassa fever since the virus was first isolated in 1969. morphologically, eosinophilic necrosis of hepatocytes was the most frequent finding and focal necroses, often extensive, were present in most cases. these findings are similar to the lesions previously described in argentinian and bolivian haemorrhagic fever. focal interstitial pneumonitis, focal tubular necrosis in the kidney, lymphocytic infiltration of the splen ...	1975	1085209
[lassa fever].		1975	1043497
lassa fever.		1975	1040192
lassa fever (arenaviruses) as a public health problem.	two "new" virus infections, marburg and lassa fever, now constitute diseases of public health importance in several countries of africa, especially west africa. lassa fever has an insidious onset, is initially difficult to diagnose, has "nonspecific" clinical symptoms which have been confused with yellow fever and typhoid, shows evidence of persistent infection, is tremendously contagious, has a high mortality rate, and in particular exhibits unusual nosocomial propensity. it has also been shown ...	1976	1026322
lassa fever.		1976	958983
[prevention of diseases transmissible by airlines].		1976	951060
[epidemiology of lassa fever].		1976	935549
[lassa fever].		1976	934650
lassa fever: response to an imported case.	in february, 1976, a peace corps worker returned to the united states from sierra leone with an undiagnosed illness later recognized as lassa fever. to assess the risk of transmission and to contain a potential outbreak, we identified 552 contacts as having had exposure to the patient before the start of strict isolation procedures, and maintained intensive surveillance on these contacts for 21 days. at the end of the surveillance period, no illness had developed in contacts. one month later, a ...	1977	895819
comparative pathology of lassa virus infection in monkeys, guinea-pigs, and mastomys natalensis.	experimental lassa virus infections of squirrel monkeys, guinea-pigs, and the african multimammate rat, mastomys natalensis, were studied virologically and pathologically. in the monkeys, early viral lymphoreticulotropism, hepatotropism, nephrotropism, and viraemia were noted. at the time of death, viral titres in nearly all target organs were associated with necrotic changes: splenic lymphoid necrosis, renal tubular necrosis, myocarditis, arteritis, and hepatocytic regeneration. in convalescent ...	1975	821625
indirect immunofluorescence for the diagnosis of lassa fever infection.	the indirect immunofluorescent technique is a rapid method for identification of lassa virus and lassa virus antibody. in the study reported here, lassa virus antigen was detected by this method in vero cell cultures within 24 hours of their inoculation with an infected human blood specimen. a diagnosis could be made from field-collected specimens within 3 days of their receipt.fluorescent antibodies against lassa virus were detected in human serum as early as 7 to 10 days after onset of illness ...	1975	821624
editorial: lassa and marburg viruses.		1975	810647
editorial: viral haemorrhagic fevers.		1975	810212
lassa fever: review of epidemiology and epizootiology.	the basic ecology of lassa fever appears to involve enzootic transmission of virus in commensal populations of a single murine species, mastomys natalensis. virus may spill over from the rodent cycle to man by various routes. secondary spread between humans may occur within domiciliary groups, and persons infected within the community who develop clinical disease may introduce the virus into hospital and begin a cycle of nosocomial infection.between 1969, when lassa fever was first described, an ...	1975	782738
biological species in praomys (mastomys) natalensis (smith), a rodent carrier of lassa virus and bubonic plague in africa.	plague has been known from countries surrounding rhodesia from as early as 1935, but was first reported from rhodesia in 1974. part of our investigation of the complex ecosystem involving yersinia pestis is critical assessment of the evolutionary status of natural populations belonging to formal, taxonomic species of implicated rodents. we present data on chromosomal and hemoglobin variation in sympatric populations and laboratory produced hybrids that give unequivocal evidence for at least two ...	1978	677375
serological survey for the detection of antibodies to lassa virus in india.		1978	659905
[tropical medicine. lassa fever in sierra leone].		1978	652080
[viral haemorrhagic fever].	two outbreaks of haemorrhagic fever caused by a marburg-like virus occurred in the sudan and zaire from august to november 1976. the inital epidemiological investigations and emergency control measures were carried out by sudanese and zairian health personnel and several of them unfortunately died in the course of their duties. in view of the unusual gravity of the outbreaks and the unknown nature of the agent, assistance was provided by a who team in the sudan and a multinational team in zaire. ...	1977	590991
[marburg, ebole and lassa virus infections].		1979	574072
[recent lassa, marbourg and ebola viruses in african tropical viruses. i. semiology--physiopathology--diagnosis--treatment (author's transl)].	three new viruses have been identified in africa during the present decade. they may cause sporadic cases or limited outbreaks, and they are probably endemic in areas which are still ill-defined. severe forms of infection lead to the haemorrhagic syndrome or to hypovolemic shock, the physiopathology of which is being studied. the case-fatality ratio of severe cases is between 30 and 85 per cent. nosocomial outbreaks have been observed, but they can be avoided if appropriate barrier nursing measu ...	1978	569288
[new high-risk infectious diseases].		1978	566498
a neutralization test survey for lassa fever activity in lassa, nigeria.	5-8% of 434 sera collected in lassa village, nigeria, in august 1970 were positive by neutralization test for lassa fever (lf) virus. a second survey in march 1971 found 15 of 47 complete compounds tested in lassa, dille and yuba villages had at least one peron with serologically demonstrable experience with lf virus. 67% of positive compounds had more than one infected member. four of 17 hospital staff sero-converted between august 1970 and march 1971 without symptoms, evidence that subclinical ...	1977	560072
lassa fever antibodies in hospital personnel in the plateau state of nigeria.		1979	463337
[lassa fever and marburg disease].		1978	417467
lassa virus antibodies in hospital personnel in western liberia.	the sera of 844 liberian hospital staff memebers were positive for lassa virus (lv) antibodies in a survey using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique (ifat). in two hospitals in lofa county near the sierra leone border, the prevalence, 15.4%, was significantly higher than the 8.4% in seven others. there were near differences between the prevalence among laboratory workers, 15.3%, and other workers, 7.7%, and between midwifery students, 21.2%, and midwives, 4.2%, suggesting their infection ...	1979	382467
[marburg, lassa and ebola virus as cause of hemorrhagic fever].		1978	352653
pathobiology of lassa fever.		1978	350792
a serological survey of lassa fever in liberia.	a serological survey was undertaken at four liberian hospitals in 1974 in which serum samples were taken from 104 health workers and 61 patients. six persons had lassa fever antibodies: four midwives and two students of midwifery. of those persons who had lived in loffa county, 4 of 22 midwives were seropositive whereas none of the other 39 residents were positive (p = 0.014).	1978	310723
isolation of an arenavirus closely related to lassa virus from mastomys natalensis in south-east africa.	five unidentified virus strains were recovered from the multimammate mouse ,mastomys natalensis, during the course of studies on arbovirus infections in mozambique. these agents were found to be morphologically and immunologically related to lassa virus. four of 19 sera from mastomys captured in the study area had antibodies to both lassa virus and one of the unidentified strains. although not definitive, the differences noted in results of complement fixation and indirect immunofluorescent test ...	1977	304387
[arenaviruses].		1978	206025
arenaviruses in perspective.		1978	204386
status of arenavirus vaccines and their application.	a limited but definite need exists for vaccines against lassa, junin, and machupo viruses. medical and laboratory personnel, as well as defined high-risk population groups, require protection from these highly virulent agents. to date little work has been done on inactivated vaccines for these viruses. a live attenuated junin vaccine has been tested successfully in more than 600 persons, and a high-passage machupo virus strain has protected rhesus monkeys against lethal infection produced by a h ...	1975	182407
the structure of rodent faunas associated with arenaviral infections.	the biogeographical examination of rodent faunas associated with arenaviruses reveals two distinct patterns. lymphocytic choriomeningitis (lcm) virus is associated primarily with a single murid species, mus musculus, although it is also known to cause laboratory infections in other species. on the other hand, the arenaviruses from the western hemisphere are associated exclusively with a large and diverse group of cricetid rodents. studies to date, although limited, have not demonstrated their as ...	1975	182403
antigenic properties of the arenaviruses.	arenaviruses are known to show antigenic relationships in the complement-fixation (cf) and fluorescent antibody tests but not in the neutralization test. the humoral response to some of the arenaviruses is characterized by a dissociation between the antibodies determined by the cf test and those determined by the neutralization test and also by its late appearance following natural infection. investigations are reported showing that, as regards the cf test, junin, machupo, amapari, and tacaribe ...	1975	182397
morphology and morphogenesis of arenaviruses.	arenaviruses have unique structural characteristics; they are pleomorphic, have a mean diameter of 110-130 nm, and consist of a membranous envelope with surface projections surrounding an interior containing ribosomes and filaments. virus particles bud from plasma membranes of infected cells and in many cases large intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies are formed. these characteristics allow generic identification, but not differentiation of individual viruses. ultrastructural identification of viru ...	1975	182396
arenavirus taxonomy: a review.	despite a late beginning, the construction of the arenavirus taxon and its placement in the scheme of the international committee on taxonomy of viruses has now been completed. the bringing together of the member viruses has already provided valuable indications of promising laboratory and field study approaches; in the future this classification will contribute further to our understanding of the natural history and disease processes of the human pathogens of the group.	1975	182395
arenaviruses.		1975	168692
[viral contamination in laboratories and hospital units].	viral contamination is at least as important in hospital laboratories and wards as contamination by bacteria or microscopic fungi, but it is much more insidious and sometimes unrecognized. there are two main types: the first has a purely technical effect and only interest the virologist. this is contamination of reagents, reference strains, cell cultures, etc.., by foreign viral agents. it may be the cause of errors on diagnosis or regrettable errors of interpretation of certain experimental dat ...	1975	165448
lassa fever virus: properties and characteristics.		1979	111436
protection of rhesus monkeys from lassa virus by immunisation with closely related arenavirus.		1979	90819
decreasing any viral infectivity in blood-smears for malarial parasite examination.		1978	74655
letter: lassa by letter.		1975	52067
editorial: lassa or marburg or jo'burg.		1975	47490
editorial: lassa fever.		1975	46518
failure to prove arenavirus infection among the small mammals from an endemic area of korean hemorrhagic nephrosonephritis.	in the light of recent knowledge on a complex of diseases caused by a new group of viruses, arenaviruses, virological studies largely directed toward small field mammals were undertaken during 1973-1974 aiming at etiological clarification of korean hemorrhagic nephrosonephritis (khnn). specimens were collected in an endemic area of khnn located north to northeast of seoul. virus isolation tests with 299 urine specimens and 131 mite pools recovered from small mammals and 14 acute stage sera from ...	1976	12383