Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| central nervous system-related symptoms and findings are common in acute puumala hantavirus infection. | puumala hantavirus (puuv) causes a hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) also called nephropathia epidemica (ne). recent case reports and retrospective studies suggest that ne may damage the pituitary gland. based on these observations, our goal was to explore the nature of this complication prospectively. | 2010 | 20545485 |
| the severity of puumala hantavirus induced nephropathia epidemica can be better evaluated using plasma interleukin-6 than c-reactive protein determinations. | nephropathia epidemica (ne) is a scandinavian type of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome caused by puumala hantavirus. the clinical course of the disease varies greatly in severity. the aim of the present study was to evaluate whether plasma c-reactive protein (crp) and interleukin (il)-6 levels associate with the severity of ne. | 2010 | 20500875 |
| [hantavirus infection associated to a staphylococcal sepsis. report of one case]. | we report a previously healthy 36-year-old mole who developed a pulmonary syndrome caused by hantavirus infection. he was admitted to an intensive care unit in shock and respiratory failure and died four hours after admission. blood cultures were positive for staphylococcus aureus. this patient could be an index case that shows, for the first time, an association of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome with staphylococcus aureus infection similar to what happens with other viruses. | 2010 | 20556338 |
| interaction between hantaviral nucleocapsid protein and the cytoplasmic tail of surface glycoprotein gn. | hantaviral n and gn proteins were shown to interact, thus providing the long-awaited evidence for one of the crucial steps in the virus replication at which rnps are directed to the site of the virus assembly. using pull-down assay and point mutagenesis it was demonstrated that intact, properly folded zinc fingers in the gn protein cytoplasmic tail as well as the middle domain of the n protein (that includes aa residues 80-248) are essential for the interaction. | 2010 | 20566401 |
| the severity of acute puumala hantavirus infection does not predict the long-term outcome of patients. | we have found greater urinary protein excretion and higher glomerular filtration rate (gfr) and blood pressure in patients 6 years after acute nephropathia epidemica (ne) compared with seronegative controls. the present aim was to establish whether the long-term outcome is determined by the severity of acute illness. | 2010 | 20502044 |
| circulation of hantaviruses in the influence area of the cuiabá-santarém highway. | we describe evidence of circulation of hantaviruses in the influence area of the santarém-cuiabá highway (br-163) in the brazilian amazon through the prevalence of specific antibodies against hantaviruses in inhabitants living in four municipalities of this area: novo progresso (2.16%) and trairão (4.37%), in state of pará (pa), and gua-rantã do norte (4.74%) and marcelândia (9.43%), in state of mato grosso. we also demonstrate the ongoing association between castelo dos sonhos virus (casv) and ... | 2010 | 20835614 |
| steep rise in notified hantavirus infections in germany, april 2010. | from january to april 2010, 396 hantavirus infections were notified in germany, a considerable increase compared with previous years (mean: 83 for january-april 2004-2009) including the record-setting year, 2007 (n=232 january-april). most patients are residents of known puumala virus endemic areas in southern germany. the recent increase in notified hantavirus infections is probably due to an increased population density of the main animal reservoir, the bank vole (myodes glareolus). | 2010 | 20504391 |
| generation and characterization of genetic reassortants between puumala and prospect hill hantavirus in vitro. | hantaviruses belong to the family bunyaviridae characterized by tri-segmented rna genomes. depending on the hantavirus species, infection can lead to hantavirus cardiopulmonary or haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. in vitro studies suggest that pathogenic hantaviruses evade induction of innate antiviral responses, and this ability might determine the virulence in humans. since reverse genetic systems are not available, in vitro reassortment is currently the only way to culture defined hanta ... | 2010 | 20505009 |
| interaction of hantavirus nucleocapsid protein with ribosomal protein s19. | hantaviruses, members of the bunyaviridae family, are emerging category a pathogens that initiate the translation of their capped mrnas by a novel mechanism mediated by viral nucleocapsid protein (n). n specifically binds to the mrna 5' m7g cap and 40s ribosomal subunit, a complex of 18s rrna and multiple ribosomal proteins. here, we show that n specifically interacts with the ribosomal protein s19 (rps19), located at the head region of the 40s subunit. we suggest that this n-rps19 interaction f ... | 2010 | 20844026 |
| temporal and spatial host abundance and prevalence of andes hantavirus in southern argentina. | andes virus (and) is a hantavirus hosted by the sigmodontine rodent oligoryzomys longicaudatus in southern argentina, where it is responsible for most cases of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps). our study provides data about the spatial variation in abundance of the rodent host of and hantavirus. we report results of a longitudinal study performed in a locality of the andean region of chubut province. from november 2003 (spring) to july 2006 (winter), o. longicaudatus was the most common speci ... | 2010 | 20645121 |
| confirmation of choclo virus as the cause of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome and high serum antibody prevalence in panama. | choclo virus (chov) was described in sigmodontine rodents, oligoryzomys fulvescens, and humans during an outbreak of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (hcps) in 1999-2000 in western panama. although hcps is rare, hantavirus-specific serum antibody prevalence among the general population is high suggesting that chov may cause many mild or asymptomatic infections. the goals of this study were to confirm the role of chov in hcps and in the frequently detected serum antibody and to establish the p ... | 2010 | 20648614 |
| development of a lentiviral vector system to study the role of the andes virus glycoproteins. | to infect target cells, enveloped viruses use their virion surface proteins to direct cell attachment and subsequent entry via virus-cell membrane fusion. how hantaviruses enter cells has been largely unexplored. to study early steps of andes virus (andv) cell infection, a lentiviral vector system was developed based on a simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) vector pseudotyped with the andv-gn/gc envelope glycoproteins. the incorporation of gn and gc onto siv-derived vector particles was assessed ... | 2010 | 20619306 |
| the 3' untranslated region of the andes hantavirus small mrna functionally replaces the poly(a) tail and stimulates cap-dependent translation initiation from the viral mrna. | in the process of translation of eukaryotic mrnas, the 5' cap and the 3' poly(a) tail interact synergistically to stimulate protein synthesis. unlike its cellular counterparts, the small mrna (smrna) of andes hantavirus (andv), a member of the bunyaviridae, lacks a 3' poly(a) tail. here we report that the 3' untranslated region (3'utr) of the andv smrna functionally replaces a poly(a) tail and synergistically stimulates cap-dependent translation initiation from the viral mrna. stimulation of tra ... | 2010 | 20660206 |
| switch to high-level virus replication and hla class i upregulation in differentiating megakaryocytic cells after infection with pathogenic hantavirus. | hantaan virus (htnv), the prototype member of the hantavirus genus in the family bunyaviridae, causes hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) in humans. hemorrhage is due to endothelial barrier damage and a sharp decrease in platelet counts. the mechanisms underlying htnv-associated acute thrombocytopenia have not been elucidated so far. platelets are produced by mature megakaryocytes that develop during megakaryopoiesis. in this study, we show that htnv targets megakaryocytic cells whereas ... | 2010 | 20673746 |
| andes virus infections in the rodent reservoir and in humans vary across contrasting landscapes in chile. | hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (hcps) is an emerging infectious disease first reported in chile in 1995. andes hantavirus (andv) is responsible for the more than 500 cases of hcps reported in chile. previous work showed that andv is genetically differentiated in chile across contrasting landscapes. to determine whether the reservoir rodent (oligoryzomys longicaudatus) populations are also geographically segregated, we conducted range-wide spatial genetic analyses of o. longicaudatus in chil ... | 2010 | 19632357 |
| case-control study on puumala virus infection: smoking is a risk factor. | puumala hantavirus (puuv) is apparently transmitted to humans by inhalation of aerosolized secretions of carrier rodents (bank voles). the means of transmission and the associated risk factors are poorly defined. an epidemiological study during the peak of an epidemic season in finland was conducted based on 282 acute clinical puuv infections and 204 controls without puuv infection or immunity. the main risk factors adjusted by age, sex and living environment were cigarette smoking [odds ratio ( ... | 2010 | 19781114 |
| hantavirus transmission in sylvan and peridomestic environments. | we developed a compartmental model for hantavirus infection in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) with the goal of comparing relative importance of direct and indirect transmission in sylvan and peridomestic environments. a direct transmission occurs when the infection is mediated by the contact of an infected and an uninfected mouse, while an indirect transmission occurs when the infection is mediated by the contact of an uninfected mouse with, for instance, infected soil. based on population d ... | 2010 | 19821001 |
| genetic detection of dobrava/belgrade virus in a czech patient with haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. | in the summer of 2008, a 15-year-old boy was hospitalized in a paediatric intensive care unit in the czech republic. laboratory diagnosis of hantavirus infection was established by serological and molecular methods. sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that the causative strain was dobrava/belgrade virus, which is genetically closer to strains associated with apodemus flavicollis rodents. | 2010 | 19832712 |
| production and characterization of a recombinant single-chain antibody against hantaan virus envelop glycoprotein. | hantaan virus (htnv) is the type of hantavirus causing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, for which no specific therapeutics are available so far. cell type-specific internalizing antibodies can be used to deliver therapeutics intracellularly to target cell and thus, have potential application in anti-htnv infection. to achieve intracellular delivery of therapeutics, it is necessary to obtain antibodies that demonstrate sufficient cell type-specific binding, internalizing, and desired cellul ... | 2010 | 20012277 |
| hantavirus nephropathy as a pseudo-import pathology from ecuador. | we report a case of hantavirus infection (nephropathia epidemica) diagnosed in a belgian backpacker returning from a trekking expedition in ecuador, after likely heavy exposure to rodents. because of epidemiological inconsistency, molecular investigation was performed and revealed a puumala infection acquired during very limited exposure in belgium upon return. | 2010 | 19821128 |
| epidemic viral pneumonia. | two recent viral epidemics producing pneumonitis (severe acute respiratory syndrome and pandemic influenza a h1n1) have highlighted the potential for viral infections to cause respiratory failure with a significant risk of mortality. this review describes these epidemics and other causes of epidemic viral pneumonia. | 2010 | 20087179 |
| ecology of hantaviruses and their hosts in north america. | since the 1993 discovery of a highly pathogenic hantavirus associated with the north american deer mouse (peromyscus maniculatus), intensive ecological studies have led to many advances in our understanding of the natural history of new world hantaviruses as it relates to human disease. seventeen named hantaviruses have been identified in north america. field and laboratory studies of sin nombre and other hantaviruses have delineated host associations, geographical distributions, mechanisms of t ... | 2010 | 19874190 |
| molecular characterization of two hantavirus strains from different rattus species in singapore. | hantaviruses cause human disease in endemic regions around the world. outbreaks of hantaviral diseases have been associated with changes in rodent population density and adaptation to human settlements leading to their proliferation in close proximity to human dwellings. in a parallel study initiated to determine the prevalence of pathogens in singapore's wild rodent population, 1206 rodents were trapped and screened. the findings established a hantavirus seroprevalence of 34%. this paper descri ... | 2010 | 20096099 |
| andes virus recognition of human and syrian hamster beta3 integrins is determined by an l33p substitution in the psi domain. | andes virus (andv) causes a fatal hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps) in humans and syrian hamsters. human alpha(v)beta(3) integrins are receptors for several pathogenic hantaviruses, and the function of alpha(v)beta(3) integrins on endothelial cells suggests a role for alpha(v)beta(3) in hantavirus directed vascular permeability. we determined here that andv infection of human endothelial cells or syrian hamster-derived bhk-21 cells was selectively inhibited by the high-affinity alpha(v)beta(3) ... | 2010 | 19846530 |
| puumala virus reference strain for hantavirus serodiagnosis in france. | 2010 | 19885688 | |
| [hantavirosis: clinical and epidemiological characteristics of pediatric patients in chile]. | the first cases of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in children were described in the united states and represented 8% of the total reported cases; in chile, the proportion of pediatric cases represents 15% of all national cases. | 2010 | 20140316 |
| study of andes virus entry and neutralization using a pseudovirion system. | andes virus (andv), a member of the hantavirus genus in the family bunyaviridae, causes an acute disease characteristic of new-world hantaviruses called hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps). hps is a highly pathogenic disease with a case-fatality rate of 40%. andv is the only hantavirus reported to spread directly from human-to-human. the aim of the present study was to develop a quantitative and high-throughput pseudovirion assay to study andv infection and neutralization in biosafety level 2 fa ... | 2010 | 19903496 |
| seoul virus suppresses nf-kappab-mediated inflammatory responses of antigen presenting cells from norway rats. | hantavirus infection reduces antiviral defenses, increases regulatory responses, and causes persistent infection in rodent hosts. to address whether hantaviruses alter the maturation and functional activity of antigen presenting cells (apcs), rat bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmdcs) and macrophages (bmdms) were generated and infected with seoul virus (seov) or stimulated with tlr ligands. seov infected both dcs and macrophages, but copies of viral rna, viral antigen, and infectious virus ... | 2010 | 20170933 |
| reappearance of viral hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in northwestern greece. | minor outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever (vhf) with renal failure have occurred in northwestern greece over past decades. however, during the most recent decade, there has been a paucity of human cases despite the detection of hantavirus in rodents of this area. | 2010 | 19926507 |
| a serosurvey reveals bosnia and herzegovina as a europe's hotspot in hantavirus seroprevalence. | the extent of hantavirus seroprevalence in the healthy population from bosnia and herzegovina has not yet been investigated; therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the hantavirus seroprevalence in the population from different regions of bosnia and herzegovina and in different risk groups. the serosurvey included 1331 subjects from endemic and non-endemic regions in bosnia and herzegovina. all sera samples were examined using igg elisa, and western blot (bunyavirus igg) tests. hantavirus ... | 2010 | 19951455 |
| the effect of seasonality, density and climate on the population dynamics of montana deer mice, important reservoir hosts for sin nombre hantavirus. | 1. since sin nombre virus was discovered in the u.s. in 1993, longitudinal studies of the rodent reservoir host, the deer mouse (peromyscus maniculatus) have demonstrated a qualitative correlation among mouse population dynamics and risk of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps) in humans, indicating the importance of understanding deer mouse population dynamics for evaluating risk of hps. 2. using capture-mark-recapture statistical methods on a 15-year data set from montana, we estimated deer mous ... | 2010 | 20015212 |
| sin nombre virus infection in field workers, colorado, usa. | we report 2 cases of sin nombre virus (snv) infection in field workers, possibly contracted through rodent bites. screening for antibodies to snv in rodents trapped in 2 seasons showed that 9.77% were seropositive. quantitative real-time pcr showed that 2 of 79 deer mice had detectable titers of snv rna. | 2010 | 20113567 |
| extensive host sharing of central european tula virus. | to examine the host association of tula virus (tulv), a hantavirus present in large parts of europe, we investigated a total of 791 rodents representing 469 microtus arvalis and 322 microtus agrestis animals from northeast, northwest, and southeast germany, including geographical regions with sympatric occurrence of both vole species, for the presence of tulv infections. based on serological investigation, reverse transcriptase pcr, and subsequent sequence analysis of partial small (s) and mediu ... | 2010 | 19889769 |
| natural host relationships of hantaviruses native to western venezuela. | strains of caño delgadito virus (cadv) and maporal virus (mapv) were isolated from 25 (8.9%) of the 280 rodents captured on farms in 1997 in western venezuela. the results of analyses of laboratory and zoographic data indicated that alston's cotton rat (sigmodon alstoni) is the principal host of cadv, horizontal virus transmission is the dominant mode of cadv transmission in alston's cotton rat in nature, a pygmy rice rat (oligoryzomys sp.) is the principal host of mapv, and the natural host rel ... | 2010 | 20055578 |
| infection of in vivo differentiated human mast cells with hantaviruses. | increased vascular permeability is a key feature of the pathological symptoms caused by hantaviruses. here, we analysed the interaction between hantaviruses and mast cells, which regulate vascular homeostasis. in highly purified human skin mast cells increasing amounts of hantaan (htnv) and, to a lower extent, prospect hill (phv) virions were produced. replication was confirmed by the production of viral plus-strand rna as determined by a virus strand-specific rt-pcr. phv but not htnv elicited e ... | 2010 | 20071485 |
| roles of human disturbance, precipitation, and a pathogen on the survival and reproductive probabilities of deer mice. | climate change, human disturbance, and disease can have large impacts on the dynamics of a species by affecting the likelihood of survival and reproduction of individuals. we investigated the roles of precipitation, off-road vehicle (orv) alteration of habitat, and infection with sin nombre virus on the survival and reproductive probabilities of deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus). we used generalized linear mixed models to estimate the effects of these factors and their interactions by fitting c ... | 2010 | 20392022 |
| different cross-reactivity of human and rodent sera to tula virus and puumala virus. | tula virus (tulv) and puumala virus (puuv) are hantaviruses carried by the bank vole (myodes glareolus) and european common vole (microtus arvalis), respectively. puuv is a causative agent of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs), while tulv is thought to be apathogenic to humans. the n-terminal regions of the n proteins from tulv and puuv were expressed and applied as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) antigens. colonized japanese grass voles (microtus montebelli) and balb/c mice ... | 2010 | 20116854 |
| hantavirus nucleocapsid protein has distinct m7g cap- and rna-binding sites. | hantaviruses, members of the bunyaviridae family, are emerging category a pathogens that carry three negative stranded rna molecules as their genome. hantavirus nucleocapsid protein (n) is encoded by the smallest s segment genomic rna (viral rna). n specifically binds mrna caps and requires four nucleotides adjacent to the cap for high affinity binding. we show that the n peptide has distinct cap- and rna-binding sites that independently interact with mrna cap and viral genomic rna, respectively ... | 2010 | 20164193 |
| hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. | hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, also known as hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome, is a recently described infectious syndrome found throughout the americas. although infection is sporadic and uncommon compared with other atypical pneumonia syndromes, its high mortality rate warrants the maintenance of a high index of suspicion in rural settings. because no specific therapies are available for the disease, prevention and early recognition play an important role in reducing mortality from the dise ... | 2010 | 20171551 |
| models for the spread and persistence of hantavirus infection in rodents with direct and indirect transmission. | hantavirus, a zoonotic disease carried by wild rodents, is spread among rodents via direct contact and indirectly via infected rodent excreta in the soil. spillover to humans is primarily via the indirect route through inhalation of aerosolized viral particles. rodent-hantavirus models that include direct and indirect transmission and periodically varying demographic and epidemiological parameters are studied in this investigation. two models are analyzed, a nonautonomous system of differential ... | 2010 | 20104956 |
| highly differentiated, resting gn-specific memory cd8+ t cells persist years after infection by andes hantavirus. | in man, infection with south american andes virus (andv) causes hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (hcps). hcps due to andv is endemic in southern chile and much of argentina and increasing numbers of cases are reported all over south america. a case-fatality rate of about 36% together with the absence of successful antiviral therapies urge the development of a vaccine. although t-cell responses were shown to be critically involved in immunity to hantaviruses in mouse models, no data are availa ... | 2010 | 20174562 |
| novel hantavirus in the flat-skulled shrew (sorex roboratus). | genetically distinct hantaviruses have been identified recently in multiple species of shrews (order soricomorpha, family soricidae) in eurasia and north america. to corroborate decades-old reports of hantaviral antigens in shrews from russia, archival liver and lung tissues from 4 siberian large-toothed shrews (sorex daphaenodon), 5 eurasian least shrews (sorex minutissimus), 12 flat-skulled shrews (sorex roboratus), and 18 tundra shrews (sorex tundrensis), captured in the sakha republic in nor ... | 2010 | 20426682 |
| seewis virus: phylogeography of a shrew-borne hantavirus in siberia, russia. | hantaviral antigens were originally reported more than 20 years ago in tissues of the eurasian common shrew (sorex araneus), captured in european and siberian russia. the recent discovery of seewis virus (swsv) in this soricid species in switzerland provided an opportunity to investigate its genetic diversity and geographic distribution in russia. | 2010 | 20426688 |
| modulation of apoptosis and immune signaling pathways by the hantaan virus nucleocapsid protein. | herein, we show a direct relationship between the hantaan virus (htnv) nucleocapsid (n) protein and the modulation of apoptosis. we observed an increase in caspase-7 and -8, but not -9 in cells expressing htnv n protein mutants lacking amino acids 270-330. similar results were observed for the new world hantavirus, andes virus. nuclear factor kappa b (nf-kappab) was sequestered in the cytoplasm after tumor necrosis factor receptor (tnfr) stimulation in cells expressing htnv n protein. further, t ... | 2010 | 20227103 |
| beechnuts and outbreaks of nephropathia epidemica (ne): of mast, mice and men. | 2010 | 20237057 | |
| hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, french guiana. | 2010 | 20350412 | |
| puumala hantavirus and myodes glareolus in northern europe: no evidence of co-divergence between genetic lineages of virus and host. | the genus hantavirus (family bunyaviridae) includes negative-strand rna viruses that are carried by persistently infected rodent and insectivore species. puumala virus (puuv), carried by bank voles (myodes glareolus), is a pathogenic hantavirus that causes outbreaks of mild haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome across europe. in northern europe, puuv is represented by several genetic lineages that are maintained by distinct phylogroups of bank voles. the present study describes sequences of new ... | 2010 | 20107019 |
| one-step rna pathogen detection with reverse transcriptase activity of a mutated thermostable thermus aquaticus dna polymerase. | we describe the cloning and characterization of a mutated thermostable dna polymerase from thermus aquaticus (taq) that exhibits an increased reverse transcriptase activity and is therefore designated for one-step pcr pathogen detection using established real-time detection methods. we demonstrate that this taq polymerase mutant (taq m1) has similar pcr sensitivity and nuclease activity as the respective taq wild-type dna polymerase. in addition, and in marked contrast to the wild-type, taq m1 e ... | 2010 | 20108275 |
| tula hantavirus nss protein accumulates in the perinuclear area in infected and transfected cells. | the small rna segment of some hantaviruses (family bunyaviridae) encodes two proteins: the nucleocapsid protein and, in an overlapping reading frame, a non-structural (nss) protein. the hantavirus nss protein, like those of orthobunya- and phleboviruses, counteracts host innate immunity. here, for the first time, the nss protein of a hantavirus (tula virus) has been observed in infected cells and shown to localize in the perinuclear area. transiently expressed nss protein showed similar localiza ... | 2010 | 19956987 |
| pathogenic hantaviruses direct the adherence of quiescent platelets to infected endothelial cells. | hantavirus infections are noted for their ability to infect endothelial cells, cause acute thrombocytopenia, and trigger 2 vascular-permeability-based diseases. however, hantavirus infections are not lytic, and the mechanisms by which hantaviruses cause capillary permeability and thrombocytopenia are only partially understood. the role of beta(3) integrins in hemostasis and the inactivation of beta(3) integrin receptors by pathogenic hantaviruses suggest the involvement of hantaviruses in altere ... | 2010 | 20181715 |
| pathology of black creek canal virus infection in juvenile hispid cotton rats (sigmodon hispidus). | the purpose of this study was to assess the effect of inoculum dose on the pathogenesis of black creek canal virus (bccv) infection in the hispid cotton rat (sigmodon hispidus), the principal host of bccv. no sign of illness was observed in any of the 52 juvenile hispid cotton rats inoculated with 3.1, 1.1, -0.9, or -2.9 log(10) median infectious doses(veroe6) (id(50-veroe6)) of bccv and euthanized on day 9, 18, 27, or 54 postinoculation (pi). analysis of virus assay and serological data indicat ... | 2010 | 20455779 |
| serological evidence of human hantavirus infections in guinea, west africa. | we recently discovered a novel hantavirus, sangassou virus, in guinea, west africa. using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays followed by confirmatory and serotyping assays, we retrospectively detected hantavirus antibodies in 3 (4.4%) of 68 patients with fever of unknown origin in sangassou village, forest guinea. a population-based survey in forest guinea (n = 649) found the prevalence of hantavirus antibodies to be 1.2%. specific neutralizing antibodies against sangassou virus were demonstrate ... | 2010 | 20187741 |
| electron cryotomography of tula hantavirus suggests a unique assembly paradigm for enveloped viruses. | hantaviruses (family bunyaviridae) are rodent-borne emerging viruses that cause a serious, worldwide threat to human health. hantavirus diseases include hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. virions are enveloped and contain a tripartite single-stranded negative-sense rna genome. two types of glycoproteins, g(n) and g(c), are embedded in the viral membrane and form protrusions, or "spikes." the membrane encloses a ribonucleoprotein core, which consists of ... | 2010 | 20219926 |
| characterization and outcome following puumala virus infection: a retrospective analysis of 75 cases. | infection with the puumala virus (puuv), which belongs to the hantavirus family, is a common but often neglected cause of acute kidney injury (aki) in endemic areas of europe. the objective of the present study was to systematically analyse clinical presentation and renal outcomes following puuv infection. | 2010 | 20223893 |
| truncated hantavirus nucleocapsid proteins for serotyping sin nombre, andes, and laguna negra hantavirus infections in humans and rodents. | sin nombre virus (snv), andes virus (andv), and laguna negra virus (lanv) have been known as the dominant causative agents of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps). andv and lanv, with different patterns of pathogenicity, exist in a sympatric relationship. moreover, there is documented evidence of person-to-person transmission of andv. therefore, it is important in clinical medicine and epidemiology to know the serotype of a hantavirus causing infection. truncated snv, andv, and lanv recombinant n ... | 2010 | 20335425 |
| high-resolution computed tomography findings in hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. | the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps) is an acute, rapidly progressive disease transmitted by rodent excreta, with endothelial damage playing a central role in the pathophysiology. it usually affects rural workers. the lung itself is the target organ and reflects all the patterns of endothelial involvement of this disease. the radiologic findings of hps are vast and range from a mild interstitial involvement to total obliteration of the airspaces with or without pleural effusion. there are no ... | 2010 | 20351581 |
| recognition of decay accelerating factor and alpha(v)beta(3) by inactivated hantaviruses: toward the development of high-throughput screening flow cytometry assays. | hantaviruses cause two severe diseases in humans: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (hcps). the lack of vaccines or specific drugs to prevent or treat hfrs and hcps and the requirement for conducting experiments in a biosafety level 3 laboratory (bsl-3) limit the ability to probe the mechanism of infection and disease pathogenesis. in this study, we developed a generalizable spectroscopic assay to quantify saturable fluorophore sites solubilized ... | 2010 | 20363206 |
| association of -308g/a polymorphism in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene promoter with susceptibility to development of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in the ribeirão preto region, brazil. | activation of the immune response in hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (hcps) leads to a high tnf production, probably contributing to the disease. the polymorphic tnf2 allele (tnf -308g/a) has been associated with increased cytokine production. we investigated the association of the tnf2 allele with the outcome of hantavirus infection in brazilian patients. a total of 122 hantavirus-exposed individuals (26 presenting hcps and 96 only hantavirus seroconversion) were studied. the tnf2 allele wa ... | 2010 | 20372945 |
| generation of e3-deleted canine adenovirus type 2 expressing the gc glycoprotein of seoul virus by gene insertion or deletion of related terminal region sequences. | seoul virus (seov) is one of the four hantaviruses known to cause haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. the medium genome segment encodes the gn/gc glycoproteins of seov, which form the major structural part of the virus envelope. gc and/or gn are the candidate antigens of hantavirus for induction of a highly immunogenic response for hantavirus vaccine. in this study, the immune response induced by a replication-competent recombinant canine adenovirus type 2 expressing the gc protein of seov w ... | 2010 | 20181748 |
| a global perspective on hantavirus ecology, epidemiology, and disease. | hantaviruses are enzootic viruses that maintain persistent infections in their rodent hosts without apparent disease symptoms. the spillover of these viruses to humans can lead to one of two serious illnesses, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. in recent years, there has been an improved understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and natural history of these viruses following an increase in the number of outbreaks in the americas. in this review, curre ... | 2010 | 20375360 |
| hantavirus outbreak associated with laboratory rats in yunnan, china. | an outbreak of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome occurred among students in a college (college a) in kunming, yunnan province, china in 2003. subsequent investigations revealed the presence of hantavirus antibodies and antigens in laboratory rats at college a and two other institutions. hantavirus antibodies were detected in 15 additional individuals other than the index case in these three locations. epidemiologic data indicated that the human infections were a result of zoonotic transmissi ... | 2010 | 20380897 |
| environmental and ecological potential for enzootic cycles of puumala hantavirus in great britain. | puumala virus (puuv) is a zoonotic rodent-borne hantavirus in continental europe. its reservoir host, the bank vole (myodes glareolus), is ubiquitous in great britain (gb); however, there has been no reported incidence of virus in either animals or humans. in northwest europe, increases in bank vole numbers, stimulated by increases in production of beech/oak crops (mast), are associated with outbreaks of nephropathia epidemica (ne) in humans. these so-called 'mast years' are determined by sequen ... | 2010 | 19563697 |
| interactions and oligomerization of hantavirus glycoproteins. | in this report the basis for the structural architecture of the envelope of hantaviruses, family bunyaviridae, is systematically studied by the interactions of two glycoproteins n and c (gn and gc, respectively) and their respective disulfide bridge-mediated homo- and heteromeric oligomerizations. in virion extracts gn and gc associated in both homo- and hetero-oligomers which were, at least partially, thiol bridge mediated. due to strong homo-oligomerization, the hetero-oligomers of gn and gc a ... | 2010 | 19828613 |
| hantavirus pulmonary syndrome coexistent with dengue. | dengue is an arthropod-borne disease caused by viruses of flaviviridae family. it poses a major public health burden in tropical and sub-tropical regions. clinical features of dengue vary from a mild flu-like disease and rash, to a potentially lethal haemorrhagic fever or shock syndrome. hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a rodent-born disease emerging in the american continent and is caused by viruses of the bunyaviridae family. potential reservoirs of these agents were described in brazilian cen ... | 2010 | 21302604 |
| an efficient in vivo method for the isolation of puumala virus in syrian hamsters and the characterization of the isolates from russia. | puumala virus (puuv) and other arvicolinae-borne hantaviruses are difficult to cultivate in cell culture. to isolate these hantaviruses efficiently, hantavirus nucleocapsid protein (np)-positive but seronegative wild rodents were selected by np-detection elisa. three of 68 myodes glareolus captured in samara, russia, were np-positive and seronegative. syrian hamsters were inoculated with lung homogenates from np-positive rodents for virus propagation. virus isolation in vitro was carried out by ... | 2010 | 21192975 |
| a pauci-symptomatic case of documented hantavirus (puumala) infection in a patient under anti-tnf treatment. | we describe the case of an 18-yr-old male under anti-tnf treatment for crohn's disease for more than 8 months. he developed fever and biological inflammatory syndrome without absolutely no accompanying sign or symptom or paraclinical abnormality despite extensive work-up performed in the context of his immunocompromised state. symptoms disappeared after 10 days and a diagnosis of puumala infection was made retrospectively on a serological basis. the case illustrates that anti-tnf treatment does ... | 2010 | 21195021 |
| vegfr2 and src kinase inhibitors suppress andes virus-induced endothelial cell permeability. | hantaviruses predominantly infect human endothelial cells and, in the absence of cell lysis, cause two diseases resulting from increased vascular permeability. andes virus (andv) causes a highly lethal acute pulmonary edema termed hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps). andv infection enhances the permeability of endothelial cells in response to vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) by increasing signaling responses directed by the vegfr2-src-ve-cadherin pathway, which directs adherens junction ... | 2010 | 21177802 |
| [molecular evolution analysis of hantaviruses in zhejiang province]. | in order to analyze the molecular epidemiology of hantavirus (hv) in zhejiang province, the complete m and s genome sequences of 12 hv strains from different hosts and locations in zhejiang province of china during the period of 1981-2007 were analyzed on genetic evolution by dnastar and mega 4.0 software in this research. phylogenetic analyses revealed that htn and seo strains were co-circulating in zhejiang province, and the difference in sequence similarity and the phylogeny was closely relat ... | 2010 | 21344751 |
| rapid expansion and long-term persistence of elevated nk cell numbers in humans infected with hantavirus. | natural killer (nk) cells are known to mount a rapid response to several virus infections. in experimental models of acute viral infection, this response has been characterized by prompt nk cell activation and expansion followed by rapid contraction. in contrast to experimental model systems, much less is known about nk cell responses to acute viral infections in humans. we demonstrate that nk cells can rapidly expand and persist at highly elevated levels for >60 d after human hantavirus infecti ... | 2010 | 21173105 |
| modulation of innate immune responses by hantaviruses. | hantavirus infection can cause hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome or hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome depending on the virus species involved. the determinants for the virus species specific virulence in humans are unclear. successful infection is a conditio sine qua non for the virulence of a virus and it is well-known that the innate interferon (ifn) system generally plays a decisive role to prevent establishment of an infection. the importance of the ifn system is underscored by the fac ... | 2010 | 21175415 |
| [morphological findings in fatal cases of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. report of 7 autopsies]. | hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (hcps) is an acute infectious disease characterized by sudden cardiorespiratory failure and high mortality, caused by a rna virus of the genus hantavirus, family bunyaviridae, 15% of chilean cases have been detected in the araucania region. | 2010 | 21186503 |
| [epidemiology and surveillance programs on hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in mainland china, 2005 - 2008.] | objective: to analyze the epidemiologic and surveillance data of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) in china, from 2005 to 2008, to describe the epidemiology and trend of hfrs. methods: descriptive epidemiology were studied to analyze the surveillance data from 2005 to 2008, collected from both the internet-based national notifiable disease reporting system and 40 hfrs sentinel sites developed since 2005 in 40 counties around china. results: a total of 56 077 hfrs cases and 692 deaths ... | 2010 | 21163102 |
| a temporal dilution effect: hantavirus infection in deer mice and the intermittent presence of voles in montana. | the effect of intermittently occurring, non-reservoir host species on pathogen transmission and prevalence in a reservoir population is poorly understood. we investigated whether voles, microtus spp., which occur intermittently, influenced estimated standing antibody prevalence (esap) to sin nombre hantavirus (snv, bunyaviridae: hantavirus) among deer mice, peromyscus maniculatus, whose populations are persistent. we used 14 years of data from central montana to investigate whether esap among de ... | 2010 | 21170746 |
| [hantavirus infection: two case reports from a province in the eastern blacksea region, turkey.] | hantaviruses which are the members of bunyaviridae, differ from other members of this family since they are transmitted to humans by rodents. more than 200.000 cases of hantavirus infections are reported annually worldwide. hantaviruses can lead to two different types of infection in humans, namely, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps). hfrs is the most common type of hantavirus infection in europe and asia and the most common virus types are dobra ... | 2010 | 21063999 |
| genetic characterization of hantaviruses associated with sigmodontine rodents in an endemic area for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in southern brazil. | an ecological assessment of reservoir species was conducted in a rural area (jaborá) in the mid-west of the state of santa catarina in southern brazil, where hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is endemic, to evaluate the prevalence of hantavirus infection in wild rodents. blood and tissue samples were collected from 507 rodents during seven field trips from march 2004 to april 2006. some of the animals were karyotyped to confirm morphological identification. phylogenetic reconstructions of rodent spe ... | 2010 | 21138380 |
| [genetic analysis of hantaviruses carried by rattus norvegicus collected from henan and neimenggu provinces, china.] | objective: genetic analysis was performed to infer the relationship between hantaviruses carried by rattus norvegicus from henan and neimenggu provinces and the other known hantavirus and the vaccine strain. methods: total rna was extracted from lung tissues with trizol reagent. the complete m and s segment sequences of strains nm133 and q12 were amplified by rt-pcr. the purified dna fragments were directly subjected to sequencing, and then to sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis. results ... | 2010 | 21162871 |
| temporal variation in individual factors associated with hantavirus infection in bank voles during an epizootic: implications for puumala virus transmission dynamics. | abstract puumala virus (puuv), the causal agent of nephropathia epidemica in humans, is one of the many hantaviruses included in the list of emerging pathogens. hantavirus infection is not distributed evenly among puuv reservoir hosts (i.e., bank voles [myodes glareolus]). besides environmental factors and local population features, individual characteristics play an important role in vole puuv infection risk. identifying the relative importance of these individual characteristics can provide cr ... | 2010 | 21142469 |
| syndromic surveillance: etiologic study of acute febrile illness in dengue suspicious cases with negative serology. brazil, federal district, 2008. | with the aim of identifying the etiology of acute febrile illness in patients suspected of having dengue, yet with non reagent serum, a descriptive study was conducted with 144 people using secondary serum samples collected during convalescence. the study was conducted between january and may of 2008. all the exams were re-tested for dengue, which was confirmed in 11.8% (n = 17); the samples that remained negative for dengue (n = 127) were tested for rubella, with 3.9% (n = 5) positive results. ... | 2010 | 21049226 |
| small molecule inhibitors of hantavirus infection. | hantaviruses use α(v)β(3) integrins on the surface of human host cells as a gateway to invasion, hence compounds that target this receptor may be used as antiviral agents. to accomplish this aim, new peptidomimetic compounds were selected based on similarity to a cyclic peptide known to bind the α(v)β(3) receptor. this first round of biological screening identified peptidomimetic molecules which were effective hantavirus inhibitors in the low micromolar range, two thousand times more potent than ... | 2010 | 20951038 |
| tracking hantavirus nucleocapsid protein using intracellular antibodies. | hantavirus nucleocapsid (n) protein is a multifunctional viral macromolecule involved in multiple stages of the viral replication cycle. the intracellular trafficking of n protein during virus assembly remains unclear. | 2010 | 21092325 |
| seroprevalence of hantavirus antibodies among chronic hemodialysis patients in the czech republic. | a total of 348 serum samples were collected from 301 hemodialysis patients with chronic renal failure of four healthcare settings in western bohemia. the sera were screened for the presence of hantavirus antibodies using elisa kits (progen biotechnik gmbh) with hantaan and puumala antigens. specific anti-puumala antibodies were detected in five patients (1.7%). although hantaviruses are known to cause primarily acute renal damage (interstitial nephritis) in eurasia, chronic effects of hantavirus ... | 2010 | 21105569 |
| structural studies of hantaan virus. | hantaan virus is the prototypic member of the hantavirus genus within the family bunyaviridae and is a causative agent of the potentially fatal hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. the bunyaviridae are a family of negative-sense rna viruses with three-part segmented genomes. virions are enveloped and decorated with spikes derived from a pair of glycoproteins (gn and gc). here, we present cryo-electron tomography and single-particle cryo-electron microscopy studies of hantaan virus virions. we ... | 2010 | 21068243 |
| hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in argentina, 1995-2008. | we report a large case series of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps) in argentina that was confirmed by laboratory results from 1995 through 2008. the geographic and temporal distribution of cases by age, sex, fatality rate, and risk factors for hps was analyzed. a total of 710 cases were unequally distributed among 4 of the 5 argentine regions. different case-fatality rates were observed for each affected region, with a maximum rate of 40.5%. the male-to-female ratio for hps case-patients was 3 ... | 2010 | 21122213 |
| hantaviruses and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, maranhao, brazil. | to confirm circulation of anajatuba virus in maranhao, brazil, we conducted a serologic survey (immunoglobulin g elisa) and phylogenetic studies (nucleocapsid gene sequences) of hantaviruses from wild rodents and persons with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. this virus is transmitted by oligoryzomys fornesi rodents and is responsible for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in this region. | 2010 | 21122229 |
| aromatic and polar residues spanning the candidate fusion peptide of the andes virus gc protein are essential for membrane fusion and infection. | hantaviruses infect human cells through cell attachment and subsequent fusion of viral and cellular membranes at low ph. this largely unknown entry process is mediated by the gn and gc glycoproteins, anchored at the viral envelope membrane. performing bioinformatic analysis and peptide-liposome-binding assays we suggested in a former report that gc of andes virus (andv) and other hantaviruses corresponds to the viral fusion protein sharing characteristics with class ii fusion proteins. to gain i ... | 2010 | 21123541 |
| impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases. | current unprecedented declines in biodiversity reduce the ability of ecological communities to provide many fundamental ecosystem services. here we evaluate evidence that reduced biodiversity affects the transmission of infectious diseases of humans, other animals and plants. in principle, loss of biodiversity could either increase or decrease disease transmission. however, mounting evidence indicates that biodiversity loss frequently increases disease transmission. in contrast, areas of natural ... | 2010 | 21124449 |
| dobrava-belgrade hantavirus infection mimics acute appendicitis. | dobrava-belgrade hantavirus infection mimicked acute appendicitis in a patient suffering from hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in hungary. the 27-year-old man was admitted to the local hospital with severe abdominal pain localized mainly at the right lower quadrant of the abdomen and with fever, nausea, vomiting and bloody diarrhea. based on these findings supported by computerized tomography acute perforated appendicitis was suspected and an explorative laparatomy was performed, which did ... | 2010 | 21075678 |
| characterization of monoclonal antibodies against hantavirus nucleocapsid protein and their use for immunohistochemistry on rodent and human samples. | monoclonal antibodies are important tools for various applications in hantavirus diagnostics. recently, we generated puumala virus (puuv)-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mabs) by immunisation of mice with chimeric polyomavirus-derived virus-like particles (vlps) harbouring the 120-amino-acid-long amino-terminal region of the puuv nucleocapsid (n) protein. here, we describe the generation of two mabs by co-immunisation of mice with hexahistidine-tagged full-length n proteins of sin nombre virus ( ... | 2010 | 21161552 |
| [nephropathia epidemica caused by puumala hantavirus infection: a case report from the outpatient sector]. | a 42-year-old man without pre-existing health problems presented to his family practitioner in baden-württemberg with fever (up to 39˚ c for two days), headache, abdominal pain, back pain and aching limbs. ten days before, he had done heavy gardening work. he felt diffuse pain on abdominal palpation. the physical examination of the skin, lymph nodes, the heart, the lungs and the oral mucosa was unremarkable. | 2010 | 21140328 |
| [construction and immunogenic study of recombinant adenovirus containing chimeric gene g2s0.7 and ctl epitopes of hantaan virus]. | to express g2 fragment of m segment and 0.7 kb fragment of s segment and several ctl epitopes of s segment in adenovirus expression system and investigate the immunological properties of hantaan virus chimeric gene. | 2010 | 21055343 |
| hantavirus infection: a neglected diagnosis in thrombocytopenia and fever? | thrombocytopenia, fever, and acute renal failure are characteristic features of nephropathia epidemica, the predominant hantavirus infection in europe. however, clinical presentation and blood cell counts may point to other disorders, such as a hematologic disease, particularly when impairment of renal function is not evident. this differential diagnosis often results in further extensive and unnecessary testing. we describe 3 patients with hantavirus infection with no renal failure, in whom a h ... | 2010 | 21037045 |
| identification of a region of hantavirus nucleocapsid protein required for rna chaperone activity. | sin nombre hantavirus (snv) is a new world hantavirus and causes hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. the viral nucleocapsid protein (n) is an rna chaperone and has multiple functions important in virus replication. the three negative sense rna segments of hantaviruses form panhandle structures through imperfect hydrogen bonding of the 5' and 3' termini, and the chaperone activity of n can mediate correct panhandle formation. n also functions during transcription and translation initiation and t ... | 2010 | 21378500 |
| hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the atlantic argentinean patagonia region. | the hantavirus causes a hemorrhagic disease and in 1993 was responsible for an outbreak of a pulmonary syndrome in the south of the united states of america. the disease is endemic in the north of argentina where the oran strain is prevalent. a fatal case of the hanta pulmonary syndrome (hps) occurring in a migrant agricultural worker is reported. | 2010 | 21413585 |
| hantaviruses in the americas and their role as emerging pathogens. | the continued emergence and re-emergence of pathogens represent an ongoing, sometimes major, threat to populations. hantaviruses (family bunyaviridae) and their associated human diseases were considered to be confined to eurasia, but the occurrence of an outbreak in 1993-94 in the southwestern united states led to a great increase in their study among virologists worldwide. well over 40 hantaviral genotypes have been described, the large majority since 1993, and nearly half of them pathogenic fo ... | 2010 | 21994631 |
| transient hypopituitarism in a patient with nephropathia epidemica. | involvement of the pituitary gland is only rarely observed in hantavirus infection. this report describes the case of a patient who had transient hypopituitarism requiring hormonal replacement therapy due to hypophysitis as a result of puumala virus infection. mri studies revealed oedematous swelling of the gland as a morphological correlate. this report provides new evidence that hypopituitarism can be a serious complication in puumala virus infection and highlights the clinical implications of ... | 2009 | 21691389 |
| cyclic hantavirus epidemics in humans--predicted by rodent host dynamics. | wildlife-originated zoonotic diseases are a major contributor to emerging infectious diseases. hantaviruses cause thousands of human disease cases annually worldwide, and understanding and predicting human hantavirus epidemics still poses unsolved challenges. here we studied the three-level relationships between the human disease nephropathia epidemica (ne), its etiological agent puumala hantavirus (puuv) and the rodent host of the virus, the bank vole (myodes glareolus). a large and long-term d ... | 2009 | 21352757 |
| degradation and aggresome formation of the gn tail of the apathogenic tula hantavirus. | the cytoplasmic tails of envelope glycoprotein gn of pathogenic hantaviruses but not of the apathogenic prospect hill virus (phv) were recently reported to be proteasomally degraded in simian cos7 cells. here, we show that the cytoplasmic tails of the glycoproteins of the apathogenic hantaviruses tula virus (tulv) and phv are also degraded through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, both in human hek-293 and in simian vero e6 cells. tulv gn tails formed aggresomes in cells with proteasomal inhibit ... | 2009 | 19675185 |
| molecular diagnostics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome during a dobrava virus infection outbreak in the european part of russia. | a large outbreak of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) occurred in the winter of 2006-2007 in a region southeast of moscow in central european russia. of the 422 patients with hfrs investigated in this study, 58 patients were found to be infected by puumala virus, whereas as many as 364 were infected by dobrava-belgrade virus (dobv). early serum samples from 10 dobv-infected patients were used for nucleic acid amplification, which was successful for 5 patients. molecular analyses demon ... | 2009 | 19828747 |
| [pulmonary and cardiovascular syndrome due to hantavirus: clinical aspects of an emerging disease in southeastern brazil]. | pulmonary and cardiovascular syndrome due to hantavirus is a disease caused by inhalation of aerosols from the excreta of wild rodents contaminated by viruses of the bunyaviridae family. we studied the clinical and laboratory manifestations of 70 cases that occurred in the region of ribeirão preto, sp, brazil, between 1998 and 2007. the frequency of symptoms was as follows: dyspnea (87%), fever (81%), coughing (44%), headache (34%), tachycardia (81%), low arterial blood pressure (56%), metabolic ... | 2009 | 19684976 |
| hantavirus species in india: a retrospective study. | hantaviruses cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in europe and asia. there are about 20 documented hantavirus species and newer species are being described worldwide, especially in non-rodent reservoirs, i.e shrews. focus reduction neutralization test is the classical serotyping technique for hantavirus. however, this study employs a previously established serotyping elisa, to retrospectively analyze known hantavirus igg reactive samples for infecting serotypes. the result suggests prese ... | 2009 | 19736405 |