Publications

hantaviruses: a global disease problem.	hantaviruses are carried by numerous rodent species throughout the world. in 1993, a previously unknown group of hantaviruses emerged in the united states as the cause of an acute respiratory disease now termed hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps). before than, hantaviruses were known as the etiologic agents of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, a disease that occurs almost entirely in the eastern hemisphere. since the discovery of the hps-causing hantaviruses, intense investigation of the ec ...	1997	9204290
[of mice and men: social impact of an emerging illness].	in response to unexplained deaths in an indian reserve of the southwestern united states, a fascinating scientific investigation rapidly led to the identification of a new infectious syndrome, the "hantavirus pulmonary syndrome". the health promotion campaign that followed was remarkable for its large scale and for the efficiency of its delivery, but was not well received by the people on the reserve. this article demonstrates that the preventive guidelines were incompatible with the natives' po ...	1997	9254276
an unusual hantavirus outbreak in southern argentina: person-to-person transmission? hantavirus pulmonary syndrome study group for patagonia.	hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a rodent-borne zoonosis first recognized in the united states in 1993. person-to-person transmission has not been reported; however, in the outbreak of 20 cases reported here, epidemiologic evidence strongly suggests this route of transmission.	1997	9204298
hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in wisconsin.	in the spring of 1993 an outbreak of a new illness caused by a new pathogen was identified in the southwestern united states. this infection struck relatively young, healthy individuals, was characterized by fever, myalgias, respiratory failure, and a high mortality rate. this illness was caused by a new hantavirus and has been termed hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps). the virus is carried by rodents, shed in saliva, urine, and feces. human infection occurs through inhalation of aerosolized vi ...	1997	9046232
hantavirus infection.		1997	9048125
patterns of association with host and habitat: antibody reactive with sin nombre virus in small mammals in the major biotic communities of the southwestern united states.	the distribution and prevalence of antibody reactive with sin nombre virus were determined in mammals in biotic communities of the southwestern united states. small mammals (n = 3,069) of 69 species were trapped in nine communities from lower sonoran desert to alpine tundra. antibody was found in rodents from all communities (overall prevalence = 6.3%); prevalence was lowest at the altitudinal and climatic extremes (0.4% in desert and 2.0% in alpine tundra). antibody occurred in 11% of 928 deer ...	1997	9129529
single amino acid substitutions in puumala virus envelope glycoproteins g1 and g2 eliminate important neutralization epitopes.	two monoclonal antibody escape virus mutants (mars), rescued from a human mab to glycoprotein 2 (g2) and a bank vole monoclonal antibody (mab) directed to glycoprotein 1 (g1) of puumala virus, strain sotkamo, were produced by using a combination of neutralization tests and antigen detection. the mars and the original virus were analyzed by nucleotide sequencing and the responsible mutations were defined and characterized. the g1 mutation was found to constitute an a to t nucleotide substitution, ...	1997	9140197
hantavirus infections.		1997	9003738
playing in a scrapyard and acute renal failure.		1997	9164319
[further study of hantavirus circulation in the russian federation].	lung specimens of 1514 small mammals of 35 species captured in 1991-1995 at 9 territories of russia were tested in elisa for virus antigens of hemorrhagic fever with the renal syndrome (hfrs). the antigens were detected in lung specimens of clethrionomys glareolus, microtus arvalis, microtus gregalis, microtus fortis, arvicola terrestris, apodemus agrarius, micromys minutus, and sorex sp., well known as hantavirus reservoirs, captured in the vologda, yaroslavl, saratov, astrakhan, and chita regi ...	1997	9182404
polarized entry and release in epithelial cells of black creek canal virus, a new world hantavirus.	black creek canal (bcc) virus is a newly identified hantavirus from florida which is carried by the cotton rat (sigmodon hispidus) and is associated with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps). we have investigated the interaction of bcc virus with polarized epithelial cells to examine whether entry and release of this virus occur at specific plasma membrane domains. the polarized vero c1008 monkey kidney cell line was grown on permeable filters and infected with bcc virus either through the apical ...	1997	8995636
the evolution of hantaviruses.	hantaviruses exist in most regions of the world. the many different strains identified thus far have widely divergent roles in human disease and infect a wide range of rodent hosts. the sequence data available for the genomes of these viruses allows us to study indirectly the evolutionary patterns of the hantaviruses. in this paper, we describe relationships among the m genomic segments of hantaviruses, and attempt to relate these to the evolutionary relationships of the virus' rodent hosts.	1997	9037623
rapid and specific detection of sin nombre virus antibodies in patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome by a strip immunoblot assay suitable for field diagnosis.	to develop a rapid antibody test for sin nombre hantavirus (snv) infection for diagnosis of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps) in field settings where advanced instrumentation is not available, a strip immunoblot assay bearing four immobilized antigens for snv and a recombinant nucleocapsid protein antigen of seoul hantavirus (seov) was prepared. the snv antigens included a full-length recombinant-expressed nucleocapsid (n) protein (rn), a recombinant-expressed g1 protein (residues 35 to 117), ...	1997	9041397
a major antigenic domain of hantaviruses is located on the aminoproximal site of the viral nucleocapsid protein.	hantavirus nucleocapsid protein has recently been shown to be an immunodominant antigen in hemorrhagic with renal syndrome (hfrs) inducing an early and long-lasting immune response. recombinant proteins representing various regions of the nucleocapsid proteins as well as segments of the g1 and the g2 glycoproteins of hantavirus strains cg18-20 (puumala serotype) and hantaan 76-118 have been expressed in e. coli. the antigenicity of these proteins was tested in enzyme immunoassays and immunoblots ...	1997	9208453
pathogenetic and clinical aspects of the renal involvement in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.	hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome is the most common clinical manifestation of hantavirus infection. the main target organ is the kidney, resulting in an interstitial hemorrhagic nephritis and sometimes acute tubular necrosis. the pathogenesis is still largely unknown, but several recent studies indicate an important role for immune mechanisms including increased expression of cytokines, for example, tumor necrosis factor. immunohistochemical studies of kidney biopsies have revealed deposits ...	1997	9044447
phylogenetic methods come of age: testing hypotheses in an evolutionary context.	the use of molecular phylogenies to examine evolutionary questions has become commonplace with the automation of dna sequencing and the availability of efficient computer programs to perform phylogenetic analyses. the application of computer simulation and likelihood ratio tests to evolutionary hypotheses represents a recent methodological development in this field. likelihood ratio tests have enabled biologists to address many questions in evolutionary biology that have been difficult to resolv ...	1997	9092465
community structure and prevalence of hantavirus infection in rodents: a geographic division of the enzootic area in far eastern russia.	the results of an extensive rodent trapping effort throughout the southern part of far eastern russia and hantavirus antigen screening of tissues were used to develop a multifaceted approach for the geographic division of the enzootic territory of hantavirus. four species of rodents (apodemus agrarius, apodemus peninsulae, microtus fortis, and clethrionomys rufocanus) comprised 88.5 percent of 10,595 captured rodents and 94.1 percent of 996 antigen-positive animals. rodent fauna and the prevalen ...	1997	9221739
[the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (its etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and the diagnosis of a new infectious disease)].		1997	9229840
hantavirus antibodies in new york.		1997	9230017
high prevalence of hantavirus antibodies in bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) captured in the vicinity of households afflicted with nephropathia epidemica.	puumala virus, the causative agent of nephropathia epidemica (ne), occurs endemically in europe and is spread mainly by the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus). in the vicinity of each of four households afflicted with ne, we studied rodents with regard to population density and prevalence of puumala virus-specific antibodies. for each case area, a control area was randomly selected 10 km away, without regard to the presence of human settlement. during 6,000 trap nights, 328 rodents were caught, ...	1997	9230802
emerging infectious diseases: a challenge to all.	emerging infections are defined as diseases of infectious origin with an incidence that has increased within the past two decades or threatens to increase in the near future. some of these diseases are associated with newly discovered infectious agents; others are well-known conditions rapidly increasing in incidence. five emerging infections are reviewed in this article: ehrlichiosis, a tick-borne infection caused by obligate intraleukocytic bacteria; infections caused by vancomycin-resistant e ...	1997	9012271
the english sweating sickness, 1485 to 1551.		1997	9023099
[hantavirus: an ignored pandemic in switzerland?].	as numerous publications attest, knowledge on hantaviruses progressed rapidly since the isolation of the agent of korean hemorrhagic fever in 1978. this trend was even enhanced after the recognition of a previously unknown hantavirus that caused an outbreak of acute respiratory distress syndromes in the southwestern united states in 1993. hantaviruses are carried by rodents worldwide and may cause severe diseases in humans. hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the new world and hemorrhagic fever wit ...	1997	9082534
genetic characterization and phylogeny of andes virus and variants from argentina and chile.	andes virus, one of five hantaviruses known to cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps), emerged in 1995 in southwestern argentina (lópez et al. (1996) virology 220, 223-226). the complete nucleotide sequence of andes virus s genome segment was determined and compared with sequences of viral rnas in autopsy tissues of more recently reported hps cases from southwestern argentina and south of chile (cases esq h-1/96 and ch h-1/96). andes virus s segment was found to be 1876 nucleotides in length ...	1997	9255937
mosaic hepatitis b virus core particles allow insertion of extended foreign protein segments.	because of its particular immunological properties, the core protein of hepatitis b virus (hbcag) has become one of the favoured 'virus-like particles' for use as a carrier of foreign epitopes. a new strategy to construct core particles presenting extended foreign protein segments was established based on the introduction of a linker containing a translational stop codon between sequences encoding a c-terminally truncated hbcag (hbcag delta) and a foreign protein sequence. expression in an esche ...	1997	9267006
the hantaviruses of europe: from the bedside to the bench.	in europe, hantavirus disease can hardly be called an emerging zoonosis; it is rather a rediscovered disease. since 1934 an epidemic condition with primarily renal involvement has been described in sweden. nowadays, hundreds to thousands of cases per year are registered in fennoscandia, fluctuating with the numbers of the specific arvicoline-rodent reservoir, the red bank vole, which carries the main european serotype, puumala (puu). in the early 1980s, the rat-transmitted serotype, seoul (seo), ...	1997	9204306
phage-displayed peptide targeting on the puumala hantavirus neutralization site.	we have selected ligands for puumala hantavirus, the causative agent of nephropathia epidemica, from a seven-amino-acid peptide library flanked by cysteines and displayed on a filamentous phage. to direct the selection to areas on the virus particle which are essential for infection, phages were competitively eluted with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies specific for the viral glycoproteins. the selected phage populations were specific for the same sites as the antibodies and mimicked their fun ...	1997	9094664
high prevalence of hantavirus infection in a group of chinese patients with acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology.	in southwestern china, small but substantial numbers of patients with acute hepatitis were found without known hepatropic viral infections (hepatitis a, b, c, d or e, cytomegalovirus, epstein-barr virus) and were receiving no hepatotoxic drugs. prevalence of antibodies, both neutralizing and specific immunoglobulin (ig)m and igg, to hantaan virus were evaluated in a cohort of 136 such patients: 83 were of unknown aetiology, 53 had known viral hepatitis and 59 healthy subjects acted as controls. ...	1997	9278220
enhancing laboratory detection of disease. part 3: detecting a hantavirus disease event: a case study.	a purposive syndromic classification diagnostic system, with known means to ends, has been developed that extracts bits of structural information from endogenous laboratory data. an edifice of structural information for organization, regulation, and decision-making was built for determining future pathophysiological events by asking the fewest questions to define the next event uniquely. the structural information is based on laboratory ordering patterns of physicians for patient populations the ...	1997	10173024
enhancing laboratory detection of disease. part 2: amplifying information and requisite variety.		1997	10172959
hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.	the objective of this report is to summarize the medical literature relevant to the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps). the english language literature was searched from january 1993 through march 1995, manually and using medline, including conference proceedings and reference lists. we selected relevant articles on clinical aspects of hps. hps is a newly described illness that progresses through three phases: prodromal, cardiopulmonary, and co ...	1997	9097374
atypical respiratory pathogens.	the main atypical pathogens in respiratory tract infections are classified on the basis of their ability to cause atypical pneumonia. this is not a well-defined clinical entity, and it is evident that atypical pathogens can sometimes cause 'typical' pneumonias and vice versa. this emphasizes the need for microbiological diagnosis, since it affects the selection of proper treatment, in which beta-lactam antibiotics and aminoglycosides are not effective. moreover, mixed infections caused by atypic ...	1997	11864199
[infections always present at the dawn of the 21st century].	despite the many scientific achievements realized in recent years, infectious diseases still remain the main cause of premature mortality worldwide. it is also growing increasingly difficult to fight infections. tuberculosis and malaria are making a comeback, cholera and yellow fever are making new inroads into countries where they¿ve never been before, other diseases are developing resistance to antibiotics and have in some cases become incurable, and new diseases such as ebola-induced hemorrh ...	1997	12322621
hantaan virus infection among human and rat populations in alexandria.	hantaan virus has recently been identified as the cause of the rodent borne viral zoonosis collectively termed hantavirus disease (hvd). although the disease is mainly endemic in two main areas, clinical forms as well as positive antibody testing from healthy persons throughout the world have been reported denoting a worldwide presence. rattus species are almost universally implicated as hantavirus reservoirs. screening for hantavirus antibodies was done on 637 samples of human sera and 861 rode ...	1996	17217009
unique and conserved features of tula hantavirus m gene encoding envelope glycoproteins g1 and g2.	the sequence of the genomic m segment encoding the surface glycoproteins g1 and g2 of wild-type tula hantavirus (tul) has been determined. analyses of m nucleotide sequences show that tul is genetically distinct from other hantaviruses. comparison to ten currently known hantavirus g1g2 amino acid sequences points out several, presumably functional, regions with substantial homology indicating a common ancestry and similar evolutionary pathways for all members of the hantavirus genus.	1996	8883363
biotin-labeled antigen: a novel approach for detection of puumala virus-specific igm.	a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, bla igm-elisa, based on baculovirus-expressed puumala (puu) virus nucleocapsid protein, was developed for rapid diagnosis of nephropathia epidemica. the recombinant antigen (bac-puu-n) was purified to homogeneity by hplc and conjugated to biotin. the biotin-streptavidin system, in combination with the mu-capture technique, rendered the bla igm-elisa a sensitivity similar to or higher than that of puu virus igm mu-capture elisa based on native antigen. t ...	1996	8910652
rodents, human remains, and north american hantaviruses: risk factors and prevention measures for forensic science personnel--a review.	in 1993, a previously unrecognized hantavirus was identified as the cause for a severe form of respiratory distress later termed hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps). in the past two years, several distinct hantaviruses, of which many are pathogenic, have been found in rodent populations in the us. rodents shed the virus in their saliva, urine, and feces. humans usually become infected after inhaling either aerosolized droplets of urine or particulates contaminated with rodent excreta. rodents, i ...	1996	8914295
[hantavirus infection in spain: seroepidemiologic study in the province of soria].	the aim of the present was to study the seroprevalence of hantavirus infection in the province of soria, spain.	1996	8948928
hantaviruses: genome structure, expression and evolution.		1996	8922460
perspectives in fatal epidemics.	this article discusses four epidemics of fatal infectious diseases: a 1993 cluster of deaths among previously healthy persons in the southwestern united states that led to the identification of a new clinical syndrome, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome; the first epidemic of ebola hemorrhagic fever identified in nearly two decades occurring in 1995 in zaire, which resulted in 317 cases with a mortality rate of 77%; an outbreak of legionnaires' disease among cruise ship passengers in 1994; and a 1989 ...	1996	8958175
hantaviral biosafety issues in the autopsy room and laboratory: concerns and recommendations.	the need to perform autopsies on and examine laboratory specimens from patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps) has raised questions about biosafety. human illness associated with hantaviruses is usually the result of exposure to infectious aerosols from saliva or excreta of wild rodents. it is unclear whether or nor certain autopsy and laboratory procedures can also generate similar potentially infectious aerosols. as the biosafety information developed for the hps agent is limited and ...	1996	8958293
molecular epidemiology: applications of nucleic acid amplification and sequence analysis.		1996	8877333
vector-borne viral diseases in sweden--a short review.	ockelbo disease, caused by a sindbis-related virus transmitted to man by mosquitoes, was first described in the central part of sweden in the 1960s as clusters of patients with fever, arthralgia and rash. an average annual rate of 30 cases was recorded in the 1980s but no cases have been diagnosed during the last few years. nephropathia epidemica (ne) characterized by fever, abdominal pain and renal dysfunction has been known to cause considerable morbidity in sweden during the last 60 years but ...	1996	8800805
hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, renal insufficiency, and myositis associated with infection by bayou hantavirus.	hantaviruses are etiologic agents of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, an acute illness characterized by acute renal insufficiency, proteinuria, and hemodynamic instability. recently, a new world form of hantavirus disease, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps), was recognized; in this form, pulmonary edema is prominent, but renal insufficiency is generally lacking. hps cases from the southeastern united states may be exceptional in that they have exhibited both pulmonary and renal manifestat ...	1996	8879771
emerging and newly identified viral infections.		1996	8880884
[the antigenic differentiation of hantaviruses by using monoclonal antibodies].	85 hantavirus (hv) strains from russia and other counties were examined by indirect fluorescent antibody test using monoclonal antibodies (mabs) prepared against hantaviruses: hantaan (hantaan 76-118, a-9 strains), seoul (sr-1, r-22 strains) and puumala (hallnas 83-223 strain). 68 hv strains were differentiated into five virus type groups: hantaan, puumala, seoul, prospect hill and belgrade-dobrava. 17 strains were found to be antigenically closely related but distinct from hantaan type (4 strai ...	1996	9036285
sequence analysis of the complete s genomic segment of a newly identified hantavirus isolated from the white-footed mouse (peromyscus leucopus): phylogenetic relationship with other sigmodontine rodent-borne hantaviruses.	four corners (fc) or sin nombre virus, a hantavirus harbored by the deer mouse (peromyscus maniculatus), is the principal etiologic agent of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps). recently, a hantavirus, designated new york (ny) virus, isolated from a white-footed mouse (peromyscus leucopus) captured on shelter island, new york, was molecularly linked to a fatal case of hps occurring in the northeastern united states. to clarify the genetic and phylogenetic relationship between ny and fc viruses a ...	1996	8883362
hantavirus s rna sequence from a fatal case of hps in new york.	in april, 1995, the second fatal case of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps) occurred in the northeast in a new york state resident. using the patient's lung tissue obtained at autopsy, the s genomic rna segment of a hantavirus, designated h-ny1, was amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), cloned, and sequenced. the s rna was found to contain 2084 nucleotides, 6 nucleotides longer than reported by hjelle et al. (1995) for the virus associated with the first northea ...	1996	8890033
characterization of tula virus antigenic determinants defined by monoclonal antibodies raised against baculovirus-expressed nucleocapsid protein.	tula virus was recently discovered by rt-pcr in lung samples from european common voles (microtus arvalis and m. rossiaemeridionalis). since virus isolation attempts had been unsuccessful, no antigen was available for analysis or for use in immunoassays. to circumvent this, complete tula virus nucleocapsid protein (bac-tul-n) was expressed in recombinant baculovirus. rodent antibody end-point titers to bac-tul-n and to truncated n fragments indicated that the nh2-terminal region is the major ant ...	1996	8896239
genetic susceptibility to severe course of nephropathia epidemica caused by puumala hantavirus.	nephropathia epidemica (ne) caused by puumala hantavirus is one type of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs). there is considerable variability in the clinical severity of ne. many infections are subclinical but the disease can even be fatal. we questioned whether the wide spectrum in the outcome of ne is dependent, on host-related immunological factors by determining the major histocompatibility complex markers (mhc) in 74 adult patients with ne. patients with the most severe course of ...	1996	8770970
antigenic properties and diagnostic potential of puumala virus nucleocapsid protein expressed in insect cells.	puumala virus (puu) is a member of the genus hantavirus in the family bunyaviridae and the causative agent of nephropathia epidemica, a european form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. sera of nephropathia epidemica patients react specifically with puu nucleocapsid (n) protein. in order to safely provide large quantities of antigen for diagnostic purposes, puu sotkamo strain n protein was expressed by using the baculovirus system in sf9 insect cells to up to 30 to 50% of the total cellula ...	1996	8748286
analysis of fatal pulmonary hantaviral infection in new york by reverse transcriptase in situ polymerase chain reaction.	the purpose of this study was to analyze the histological distribution of polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-amplified hantaviral cdna in three cases of fatal hantaviral infection that occurred 2 years ago in long island, ny. the three otherwise healthy patients had a rapid death characterized by fever and pulmonary failure and were identified from the autopsy files at university hospital, stony brook. six autopsy controls with either no pulmonary disease (three) or fatal pneumonitis of known etiol ...	1996	8774123
distribution and genetic heterogeneity of puumala virus in sweden.	small mammals trapped in sweden were analysed for specific antibody responses against three hantavirus serotypes and for the presence of viral antigen. to determine the genetic identity of viral rna in lungs of seropositive bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus), polymerase chain reactions and subsequent partial sequencing of both the m and s segments were employed. the sequences obtained were all identified as puumala (puu) virus, with a high degree of heterogeneity between the different geograph ...	1996	8887490
antiviral activities of tragacanthin polysaccharides on punta toro virus infections in mice.	tragacanthin polysaccharides from astragalus brachycentrus (av208) and astragalus echidnaeformis (av212) plants, which are devoid of in vitro antiviral activity, were evaluated in a mouse model of punta toro virus (ptv) infection. the ptv (a phlebovirus member of the bunyaviridae family of viruses) is a model for studying the treatment of rift valley fever and hantavirus infections. single intraperitoneal treatments with 12.5-200 mg/kg/day doses of av212 given 24 h before or 4 and 24 h after vir ...	1996	8804797
radiologic findings of the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.		1996	8779215
the role of molecular techniques in the understanding of emerging infections.	emerging infections are defined as infections that are newly identified or recognized, or those whose incidence in humans has significantly increased over the past 20 years. the interaction of several factors contributes to the emergence of infectious disease, including changes in human behavior, technological advances, economic development, increased international travel, microbial adaptation and lapses in public health measures. biomedical research has allowed us to identify and classify previ ...	1996	8796869
seroepidemiological survey of wild rats for seoul virus in indonesia.	the prevalence of antibodies against seoul virus was investigated in 655 wild rats (rattus norvegicus, r. rattus, r. rattus diardii, r. exulans, r. tiomanicus) captured in seven port areas of indonesia. twenty-four of 238 r. norvegicus, one of 142 r. rattus and one of 102 r. exulans from two port areas had the antibodies against seoul virus.	1996	8806040
[polyclonal immunoenzyme system for determining hantaviral antigens: assessment of specificity using monoclonal antibodies and the polymerase chain reaction].	genus-specific monoclonal antibodies to nucleocapsid protein of pumala virus and polymerase chain reaction were used to assess the specificity of a previously described polyclonal (based on human igg to pumala hantavirus) enzyme immunoassay (eia) system for detecting hantavirus antigens. parallel testing of crude lung suspensions from wild rodents trapped in different regions of russia for hantavirus antigens and rna showed 100% coincidence of the results of three tests. these data indicate a hi ...	1996	8928502
evidence against infection with hantaviruses among forest and park workers in the southwestern united states.	to determine if individuals with extensive exposure to rodent habitats were infected with sin nombre hantavirus (snv), we evaluated forest and park service personnel from the region of endemicity in the southwestern united states. information about work and recreational activities, including exposure to rodents and a history of recent illnesses, was obtained via a standardized questionnaire. serum specimens were also collected. of 140 participating workers, 84 (60%) were primarily engaged in out ...	1996	8842264
seroepidemiology of hantaan virus infection in taiwan.	in order to investigate the infection rate of hantaan virus in taiwan, a total of 6,536 human serum samples were collected from residents, selected by stratified random sampling, from 19 townships covering four different ethnic groups: aborigines, fukien taiwanese, hakka taiwanese, and mainland chinese. serum samples were screened for hantaan virus antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence. the prototype hantaan virus (76/118)-infected vero e6 cells were used as the viral antigen for the antibod ...	1996	8950687
a major antigenic domain for the human humoral response to puumala virus nucleocapsid protein is located at the amino-terminus.	nephropathia epidemica (ne), the major form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in europe, is caused by the hantavirus serotype puumala (puu). the puu virus nucleocapsid protein (n) has been shown to be highly immunogenic both in laboratory animals and in man. we aimed to locate domains important in humoral immune reactivity and to use this information to develop a specific and sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for serological diagnosis of ne. escherichia coli poly-histidi ...	1996	8793844
inhibition of puumala and tula hantaviruses in vero cells by mxa protein.	human mxa protein is a type i interferon-inducible intracytoplasmic protein, which mediates antiviral actions against a variety of negative-strand rna viruses including influenza a, measles, and vesicular stomatitis viruses. recently, it has also been shown that several members of the bunyaviridae family are inhibited by mxa protein. the hantavirus genus in the bunyaviridae family includes important human pathogenic viruses, e.g., puumala (puuv), hantaan, and sin nombre viruses. tula virus (tulv ...	1996	8862399
hantavirus infections in the united states: diagnosis and treatment.	definitive diagnosis of acute hantavirus infection requires demonstration of specific igg and igm antibodies and a compatible clinical course; most persons with acute illness will also have viral rna in pbmc which can be detected after rt-pcr amplification. characteristic hematologic and hemodynamic findings are helpful in establishing a presumptive diagnosis of hps in persons with cardiopulmonary symptoms and signs while awaiting the results of serologic testing and pcr. diagnosis during the pr ...	1996	8815682
wild brown rats (rattus norvegicus) as a zoonotic risk on farms in england and wales.	fear of wild rats as carriers of disease is embedded within our culture. surprisingly little is actually known about parasites in wild rat populations. in recent studies aimed to rectify this omission, farms in england and wales were surveyed to identify parasite species present in the rat populations. rats were found to be infected with numerous zoonotic parasites, including cryptosporidium, pasteurella [correction of pasturella], listeria, yersinia, coxiella, and hantavirus. these findings sug ...	1996	8820193
molecular approaches to the identification of unculturable infectious agents.	new molecular biologic techniques, particularly representational difference analysis, consensus sequence-based polymerase chain reaction, and complementary dna library screening, have led to the identification of several previously unculturable infectious agents. new agents have been found in tissues from patients with kaposi's sarcoma, non-a, non-b hepatitis, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, bacillary angiomatosis, and whipple's disease by using these techniques without direct culture. the new me ...	1996	8903225
hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: epidemiology, prevention, and case presentation of a new viral strain.	hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps) is a viral infection from a new strain of hantavirus. the hantavirus was first discovered in north america in 1993 after an outbreak of fatal illness on a navajo indian reservation in new mexico. since then, 122 cases of hps (with a high mortality rate of more than 50%) have been reported in 23 states, with the highest prevalence in the four corners area. the reservoir for hantavirus is small rodents, mostly field mice, vole, and chipmunks. it is transmitted t ...	1996	8784877
hantavirus in montana deer mouse populations: preliminary results.	dynamics of small mammal populations and the prevalence of antibodies for hantavirus were determined in six locations in central and western montana (usa). eighteen live-trapping grids were trapped monthly from june through september 1994. deer mouse (peromyscus maniculatus) populations ranged from 0 to over 90 on one-hectare grids. our bleeding technique had no apparent effect on survival of deer mice. deer mice, meadow voles (microtus pennsylvanicus), and sagebrush voles (lagurus curtatus) wer ...	1996	8827681
characterization of puumala virus nucleocapsid protein: identification of b-cell epitopes and domains involved in protective immunity.	b-cell epitopes in the nucleocapsid protein (n) of puumala (puu) virus were investigated by use of truncated recombinant proteins and overlapping peptides. six of seven epitopes, recognized by bank vole monoclonal antibodies, were localized within the amino-terminal region of the protein (aa 1-79). polyclonal antibodies from wild-trapped or experimentally infected bank voles identified epitopes located over the entire protein. antibody end-point titers to different n fragments indicated that the ...	1996	8607269
patterns and predictability in emerging infections.	many seemingly novel infections have a long history as zoonoses, and perhaps in sporadic human hosts; they gain access to new host populations through ecologic changes and human activity. identification of patterns in the emergence of such illnesses--ranging from influenza and lyme disease to ebola fever and aids--suggests that worldwide surveillance may be more feasible than once thought.	1996	8609193
hantaviruses are likely threat to nato forces in bosnia and herzegovina and croatia.		1996	8612216
serological evidence of human hantavirus infection in argentina, bolivia and uruguay.	a serological survey was conducted in 1985-1987 to determine the presence of infection for hantavirus in the general population in argentina, uruguay, paraguay and bolivia, as well as among rodent-exposed laboratory workers in argentina. out of 748 individuals tested by immunofluorescence 20 proved positive for hantaan virus 76/118 strain of whom 16 also reacted against seoul virus 80/39 strain and 2 against puumala virus sotkamo strain. ten out of 72 argentine laboratory workers were positive f ...	1996	8734925
human and rodent hantavirus infection in new york state: public health significance of an emerging infectious disease.	a case of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome with possible exposure in new york and/or rhode island was confirmed in february 1994.	1996	8615704
hantavirus antigen detection using human serum immunoglobulin m as the capturing antibody in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed to detect different hantavirus antigens in cell culture; i.e. puumala (puu), hantaan (htn), and dobrava (dob) viruses. the assay was based on binding human serum immunoglobulin m (igm) antibodies to the solid phase by use of goat anti-igm antibodies. the captured igm antibodies were present in the acute phase serum from two patients: one infected in sweden and the other in bosnia. antigens being bound to the solid phase by the human anti ...	1996	8615449
[hantavirus infection and the pulmonary syndrome: another new entity to look for in our environment?].		1996	8756221
occurrence of hantavirus within the rodent population of northeastern california and nevada.	these studies were initiated to determine the prevalence and hosts of hantaviruses within the rodent population of nevada and northeastern california. a total of 1,867 rodents were collected, sexed, weighed, identified, and tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the presence of antibody against hantavirus nucleocapsid. the primary hosts for hantaviruses in this region were found within the family muridae (peromyscus maniculatus. reithrodontomys megalotis. and microtus montanus). studies ...	1996	8619434
hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: first imported case of hantavirus infection in taiwan.	a patient infected with hantavirus, with resultant hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs), is reported. the patient was a 38-year-old man, living in tainan, taiwan, who had been visiting mainland china for 3 months when he suddenly developed fever and chills, generalized myalgia, abdominal pain and petechiae on his chest. he sought treatment in mainland china. his clinical course progressed through febrile, hypotensive, oliguria and polyuria phases. supportive care included one course of h ...	1996	8772056
khabarovsk virus: a phylogenetically and serologically distinct hantavirus isolated from microtus fortis trapped in far-east russia.	two hantavirus strains, mf43 and mf113, isolated from microtus fortis trapped in the khabarovsk region of far-eastern russia, were analysed by direct nucleotide sequencing of pcr generated fragments of the m and s segments, by immunofluorescence and by focus reduction neutralization tests (frnt). the nucleotide sequences revealed that the two isolates were closely related to each other but distinct from all other hantaviruses. phylogenetic analysis of the m and s segments showed that the mf stra ...	1996	8627257
western blotting using recombinant hantaan virus nucleocapsid protein expressed in silkworm as a serological confirmation of hantavirus infection in human sera.	recombinant hantaan virus nucleocapsid protein expressed in silkworm larvae was applied as a serological diagnostic antigen in western blots (wb) of human sera. the sensitivity of this method was similar to that of the ifa test. hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) and nephropathia epidemica diagnosed by their cross-reactivity in wb. the specificity of this method was higher than that of ifa test because the background was low. sera that exhibited high background staining in the ifa test ...	1996	8645761
hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: the first 100 us cases.	in the spring of 1993, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps) "emerged" in the southwestern united states, where a multiagency investigation led to the rapid description of this new clinical entity and its etiology. analysis of the first 100 us cases identified showed that the disease was distributed in 21 states, had gone unrecognized since at least 1959, and had a distinct spring-early summer seasonality. of the infected persons, 54% were male; 63% were caucasian, 35% were native american, and 2% ...	1996	8648200
sequence-based identification of microbial pathogens: a reconsideration of koch's postulates.	over 100 years ago, robert koch introduced his ideas about how to prove a causal relationship between a microorganism and a disease. koch's postulates created a scientific standard for causal evidence that established the credibility of microbes as pathogens and led to the development of modern microbiology. in more recent times, koch's postulates have evolved to accommodate a broader understanding of the host-parasite relationship as well as experimental advances. techniques such as in situ hyb ...	1996	8665474
hantaviruses in the united states.		1996	8615702
retrospective diagnosis of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, 1978-1993: implications for emerging infectious diseases.	to investigate the occurrence of unrecognized cases of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome preceding the detection of the 1993 outbreak in the southwestern united states and the initial description of the syndrome.	1996	8712893
serological evidence for zoonotic hantaviruses in north carolina rodents.	in a survey of seven species of wild rodents (n = 423) collected between october 1993 and march 1994 from the three principal ecological biomes of north carolina (usa), we found hantavirus antibodies in seven (2%) of 301 peromyscus spp. hantavirus antibodies were detected in p. leucopus and p. maniculatus captured from mountain and coastal island biomes. three mice were positive for sin nombre virus, while four others had antibodies to seoul virus or a related agent. two mice serologically posit ...	1996	8722278
hantaan and puumala virus antibodies in blood donors in samara, an hfrs-endemic region in european russia.		1996	8676649
genetic and phylogenetic analyses of hantaviral sequences amplified from archival tissues of deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus nubiterrae) captured in the eastern united states.	the s and m segments of a hantavirus, enzymatically amplified from tissues of cloudland deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus nubiterrae) captured during 1985 in west virginia, diverged from strains of four corners virus from the southwestern united states by more than 16% and 6% at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. phylogenetic analysis suggested that this virus strain (designated monongahela) forms a possible evolutionary link between the four corners and new york hantaviruses.	1996	8678841
cytokines, adhesion molecules, and cellular infiltration in nephropathia epidemica kidneys: an immunohistochemical study.	puumala hantavirus-induced nephropathia epidemica (ne) is an important cause for an acute reversible renal failure in scandinavia, european russia, and the balkans. the characteristic histopathological renal finding is an acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. mild to massive proteinuria, hematuria, and a rise in the serum creatinine level are typically seen. the pathogenetic mechanisms of ne kidney failure are incompletely understood. therefore we studied the infiltrating cell populations and loca ...	1996	8599883
epidemiologic linkage of rodent and human hantavirus genomic sequences in case investigations of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.	sin nombre virus (snv) causes the zoonotic disease hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps). its mechanisms of transmission from rodent to human are poorly understood. it is possible that specific genetic signature sequences could be used to determine the probable site of each case-patient's exposure. environmental assessments suggested 12 possible sites of rodent exposure for 6 hps patients. rodents were captured at 11 of the 12 sites and screened for snv infection within 2 weeks of the patient's di ...	1996	8603954
cardiopulmonary manifestations of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.	to describe the clinical characteristics of a group of patients infected with the newly recognized hantavirus in the southwestern united states.	1996	8605797
[what do we know about hantavirus?].		1996	8714190
lessons learned from the hantaviruses and other hemorrhagic fever viruses.	in recent years, numerous previously known infections pathogens and their associated diseases have been recognized. among these newly identified agents are the viruses that cause the hemorrhagic fevers, including sin nombre virus, the etiologic agent of the 1993 outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the american southwest. epidemiologic and laboratory investigations of the hemorrhagic fevers and their etiologic agents provide lessons that may be used collectively as a paradigm of the natu ...	1996	8571987
occupational exposure leading to hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in a utility company employee.	hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a newly recognized rodent-borne zoonosis. we report a case of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in an employee of a california utility company who was probably occupationally exposed to sin nombre virus. environmental assessment and genetic comparison of the patient's hantavirus isolates to hantavirus isolates from rodents trapped at possible sites of exposure suggested that the patient contracted his infection at the work site. the study revealed a close corresponde ...	1996	8722943
direct genetic detection of dobrava virus in greek and albanian patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.	blood samples were collected from an albanian and a greek patient with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and tested by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. the genetic detection assay amplified hantavirus-specific dna fragments from rna extracted from the blood of the patients; nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the causative agent of the disease was dobrava virus. these findings suggest that dobrava virus (which was originally isolated from the lungs of an apodenws flavi ...	1996	8699076
a patient with down's syndrome and anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody-positive vasculitis.		1996	8703724
[differential diagnosis of hantavirus infection--adult still syndrome].		1996	8709914
evidence against person-to-person transmission of hantavirus to health care workers.	unusual, primarily pulmonary, manifestations of hantaviral illness occurring in the southwestern united states raised the possibility of person-to-person transmission of a recently recognized hantavirus, sin nombre virus. to determine whether such transmission had occurred among health care workers (hcws) exposed to patients with confirmed hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, we evaluated hcws who had cared for patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome or who had processed specimens from these patie ...	1996	8722939
hanta is coming.	the hanta virus is coming again. yes, it is coming again and again to your town to your rodents and to your homes! we can resolve to prevent it, contain it, and treat it in a scientific and humane way, or we can salivate, scratch, bite, and run like rats and mice and voles and shrews.	1996	8725626
[genetic differentiation of hantaviruses using the polymerase chain reaction and sequencing].	thirty-two hantavirus strains and 8 samples of lung tissue from rodents collected in different regions of russia have been examined by molecular biological methods. two methodological approaches have been employed for the study of genetic relationships between the viruses: nested pcr assay and common rt-pcr with subsequent direct sequencing of 200 and 365 base pair of g2 protein encoding regions of m-segment, respectively, and the resultant sequences were compared with those of the prototype han ...	1996	8669142
third international conference on haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) and hantaviruses.		1996	8731183
sin nombre virus mrna synthesis.	sin nombre (sn) virus is the major etiologic agent of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, a severe respiratory disease with high mortality. like other hantaviruses, sn virus causes an inapparent chronic infection of the natural rodent reservoir and tends to grow slowly and produce little cytopathic effect even in highly susceptible vero e6 tissue culture cells. an electrochemiluminescent quantitative pcr approach was developed to allow examination of sn virus rna transcription in synchronously infect ...	1996	8862408
evidence of hantavirus in wild rodents in northern ireland.	a survey of evidence of rodent hantavirus infection in county down, northern ireland was carried out by using immunofluorescence to detect virus antigen and antibody. antibodies to hantavirus (r22 strain of seoul virus and hantaan 76-118) were found in 11/51 (21.6%) brown rats (rattus norvegicus), 1/31 (3.2%) field mice (apodemus sylvaticus) and 17/59 (28.8%) house mice (mus domesticus). seven rodents had evidence of hantavirus antigen in lung tissues. antibody positive animals were significantl ...	1996	8870634