Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| antiviral responses against chicken respiratory infections: focus on avian influenza virus and infectious bronchitis virus. | some of the respiratory viral infections in chickens pose a significant threat to the poultry industry and public health. in response to viral infections, host innate responses provide the first line of defense against viruses, which often act even before the establishment of the infection. host cells sense the presence of viral components through germinal encoded pattern recognition receptors (prrs). the engagement of prrs with pathogen-associated molecular patterns leads to the induction of pr ... | 2020 | 31901597 |
| immunization with dna prime-subunit protein boost strategy based on influenza h9n2 virus conserved matrix protein m1 and its epitope screening. | developing an effective universal influenza vaccine against influenza virus with highly conserved antigenic epitopes could induce a broad-spectrum immune response to prevent infection. the soluble protein m1 that can induce the m1 specific immune response was first confirmed in our previous study. in this study, we characterized the immune response induced by dna prime-subunit protein boost strategy based on the relatively conserved matrix protein 1 (m1) in the balb/c mouse model, and evaluated ... | 2020 | 32139720 |
| the effect of different concentrations of gold nanoparticles on growth performance, toxicopathological and immunological parameters of broiler chickens. | the present study aimed to evaluate what dosage of gold nanoparticles (gnps) would improve growth performance, antioxidant levels and immune defense in broiler chickens. the experiment was carried out on 90 one-day-old mixbred cobb chicks. the birds were allocated into three groups with three replicates. group (1) kept as a negative control. groups (2) and (3) received 5, 15 ppm gnps via drinking water weekly for 35 days of chicks' life. blood samples were collected at 8, 15, 22 and 36 days for ... | 2020 | 32124930 |
| an oleanolic acid derivative inhibits hemagglutinin-mediated entry of influenza a virus. | influenza a viruses (iav) have been a major public health threat worldwide, and options for antiviral therapy become increasingly limited with the emergence of drug-resisting virus strains. new and effective anti-iav drugs, especially for highly pathogenic influenza, with different modes of action, are urgently needed. the influenza virus glycoprotein hemagglutinin (ha) plays critical roles in the early stage of virus infection, including receptor binding and membrane fusion, making it a potenti ... | 2020 | 32085430 |
| anti-influenza virus phytochemicals from radix paeoniae alba and characterization of their neuraminidase inhibitory activities. | bai shao (radix paeoniae alba, bs), the root of paeonia lactiflora pall., in ancient china was used for wen bing (warm disease) treatment. wen bing has the symptoms of influenza. ethanol extract of the root has recently been shown to possess anti-influenza activity. however, the active compounds have not yet been identified. | 2020 | 32081739 |
| major difference in clinical outcome and replication of a h3n1 avian influenza strain in young pullets and adult layers. | in this study, we investigated the pathogenicity, replication and tropism of the low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) strain a/chicken/belgium/460/2019(h3n1) in adult spf layers and young spf males. the inoculated hens showed 58% mortality and a 100% drop in egg production in the second week post inoculation. the high viral loads in the cloacal samples coincided with the period of the positive immunohistochemistry of the oviduct, acute peritonitis and time of mortality, suggesting that the repl ... | 2020 | 32064915 |
| selection and antigenic characterization of immune-escape mutants of h7n2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus using homologous polyclonal sera. | understanding the dynamics of the selection of influenza a immune escape variants by serum antibody is critical for designing effective vaccination programs for animals, especially poultry where large populations have a short generation time and may be vaccinated with high frequency. in this report, immune-escape mutants of a/turkey/new york/4450/1994 h7n2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus, were selected by serially passaging the virus in the presence of continuously increasing concentrations ... | 2020 | 33045306 |
| probiotic lactobacilli limit avian influenza virus subtype h9n2 replication in chicken cecal tonsil mononuclear cells. | low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) h9n2 poses significant threat to animal and human health. the growing interest in beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria on host immune system has led to research efforts studying their interaction with cells of host immune system. however, the role of lactobacilli in inducing antiviral responses in lymphoid tissue cells requires further investigation. the objective of the present study was to examine the antiviral and immunostimulatory effects of l ... | 2020 | 33066282 |
| risk assessment for recrudescence of avian influenza in caged layer houses following depopulation: the effect of cleansing, disinfection and dismantling of equipment. | following an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) in a poultry house, control measures are put in place to prevent further spread. an essential part of the control measures based on the european commission avian influenza directive 2005/94/ec is the cleansing and disinfection (c&d) of infected premises. cleansing and disinfection includes both preliminary and secondary c&d, and the dismantling of complex equipment during secondary c&d is also required, which is costly to t ... | 2020 | 32051058 |
| a recombinant avian paramyxovirus serotype 3 expressing the hemagglutinin protein protects chickens against h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus challenge. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) is a devastating disease of poultry and a serious threat to public health. vaccination with inactivated virus vaccines has been applied for several years as one of the major policies to control highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) infections in chickens. viral-vectored ha protein vaccines are a desirable alternative for inactivated vaccines. however, each viral vector possesses its own advantages and disadvantages for the development of a ha-ba ... | 2020 | 32042001 |
| characterization of viral, bacterial, and parasitic causes of disease in small-scale chicken flocks in the mekong delta of vietnam. | in the mekong delta region of vietnam, small-scale chicken farming is common. however, high levels of disease or mortality in such flocks impair economic development and challenge the livelihoods of many rural households. we investigated 61 diseased small-scale flocks (122 chickens) for evidence of infection with 5 bacteria, 4 viruses, and helminths. serological profiles (elisa) were also determined against 6 of these pathogens. the aims of this study were the following: (1) to investigate the p ... | 2020 | 32036978 |
| filamentous versus spherical morphology: a case study of the recombinant a/wsn/33 (h1n1) virus. | influenza a virus is a serious human pathogen that assembles enveloped virions on the plasma membrane of the host cell. the pleiomorphic morphology of influenza a virus, represented by spherical, elongated, or filamentous particles, is important for the spread of the virus in nature. using fixative protocols for sample preparation and negative staining electron microscopy, we found that the recombinant a/wsn/33 (h1n1) (rwsn) virus, a strain considered to be strictly spherical, may produce filame ... | 2020 | 32036809 |
| emergence and selection of a highly pathogenic avian influenza h7n3 virus. | low-pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) viruses of subtypes h5 and h7 have the ability to spontaneously mutate to highly pathogenic (hpai) virus variants, causing high mortality in poultry. the highly pathogenic phenotype is caused by mutation of the hemagglutinin (ha) cleavage site, but additional mutations may play a role. evidence from the field for the switch to high pathogenicity remains scarce. this study provides direct evidence for lpai-to-hpai virus mutation during h7n3 infection of a ... | 2020 | 31969434 |
| characterization of thermostable newcastle disease virus recombinants expressing the hemagglutinin of h5n1 avian influenza virus as bivalent vaccine candidates. | newcastle disease virus (ndv) has been used as a vector in the development of vaccines and gene delivery. in the present study, we generated the thermostable recombinant ndv (rndv) expressing the different forms of hemagglutinin (ha) of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) h5n1 based on the full-length cdna clone of thermostable ts09-c strain. the recombinant thermostable newcastle disease viruses, rts-ha, rts-ha1 and rts-tpas/ha1, expressed the ha, ha1 or modified ha1 protein with th ... | 2020 | 31937412 |
| precision cut lung slices: a novel versatile tool to examine host-pathogen interaction in the chicken lung. | the avian respiratory tract is a common entry route for many pathogens and an important delivery route for vaccination in the poultry industry. immune responses in the avian lung have mostly been studied in vivo due to the lack of robust, relevant in vitro and ex vivo models mimicking the microenvironment. precision-cut lung slices (pcls) have the major advantages of maintaining the 3-dimensional architecture of the lung and includes heterogeneous cell populations. pcls have been obtained from a ... | 2020 | 31924278 |
| dual-mode detection of avian influenza virions (h9n2) by icp-ms and fluorescence after quantum dot labeling with immuno-rolling circle amplification. | avian influenza virus (aivs), hosted in poultry, are the pathogens of many poultry diseases and human infections, which bring huge losses to the poultry breeding industry and huge panic to society. therefore, it is of great significance to establish accurate and sensitive detection methods for aivs. in this work, a dual-mode detection method based on immuno-rolling circle amplification (immuno-rca) and quantum dots (qds) labeling for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (icp-ms) and fluo ... | 2020 | 31883585 |
| engineered recombinant single chain variable fragment of monoclonal antibody provides protection to chickens infected with h9n2 avian influenza. | passive immunisation with neutralising antibodies can be a potent therapeutic strategy if used pre- or post-exposure to a variety of pathogens. herein, we investigated whether recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mabs) could be used to protect chickens against avian influenza. avian influenza viruses impose a significant economic burden on the poultry industry and pose a zoonotic infection risk for public health worldwide. traditional control measures including vaccination do not provide rapid pro ... | 2020 | 32138253 |
| comparison of the efficiency of blup and gblup in genomic prediction of immune traits in chickens. | : poultry diseases pose a large threat to poultry production. selection to improve immune traits is a feasible way to prevent and control avian diseases. the objective of this study was to investigate the efficiency of estimation of genetic parameters for antibody response to avian influenza virus (ab-aiv), antibody response to newcastle disease virus (ab-ndv), sheep red blood cell antibody titer (srbc), the ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes (h/l), immunoglobulin g (igg), the spleen immune ind ... | 2020 | 32138151 |
| structure, function, and evolution of gga-avbd11, the archetype of the structural avian-double-β-defensin family. | out of the 14 avian β-defensins identified in the gallus gallus genome, only 3 are present in the chicken egg, including the egg-specific avian β-defensin 11 (gga-avbd11). given its specific localization and its established antibacterial activity, gga-avbd11 appears to play a protective role in embryonic development. gga-avbd11 is an atypical double-sized defensin, predicted to possess 2 motifs related to β-defensins and 6 disulfide bridges. the 3-dimensional nmr structure of the purified gga-av ... | 2020 | 31871151 |
| risk factors and spatial relative risk assessment for influenza a virus in poultry and swine in backyard production systems of central chile. | backyard production systems (bps) are a common form of poultry and swine production worldwide. the limited implementation of biosecurity standards in these operations makes bps a potential source for the emergence of pathogens that have an impact on both animal and public health. information regarding circulation of influenza a virus (iav) in poultry and swine raised in bps is scarce; particularly in south american countries. the objective of this study was to estimate prevalence and seroprevale ... | 2020 | 32086880 |
| avian influenza virus detection rates in poultry and environment at live poultry markets, guangdong, china. | we report the use of environmental samples to assess avian influenza virus activity in chickens at live poultry markets in china. results of environmental and chicken samples correlate moderately well. however, collection of multiple environmental samples from holding, processing, and selling areas is recommended to detect viruses expected to have low prevalence. | 2020 | 31922954 |
| e190v substitution of h6 hemagglutinin is one of key factors for binding to sulfated sialylated glycan receptor and infection to chickens. | avian influenza viruses (aivs) recognize sialic acid linked α2,3 to galactose (saα2,3gal) glycans as receptors. in this study, the interactions between hemagglutinins (has) of aivs and sulfated saα2,3gal glycans were analyzed to clarify the molecular basis of interspecies transmission of aivs from ducks to chickens. it was revealed that e190v and n192d substitutions of the ha increased the recovery of viruses derived from an h6 duck virus isolate, a/duck/hong kong/960/1980 (h6n2), in chickens. r ... | 2020 | 31943329 |
| emergence of human avian influenza a(h7n9) virus infections in wenshan city in southwest china, 2017. | the emergence of human infection with avian influenza a(h7n9) virus was reported in wenshan city, southwestern china in 2017. the study describes the epidemiological and virological features of the outbreak and discusses the origin of the infection. | 2020 | 32075579 |
| protection of white leghorn chickens by recombinant fowlpox vector vaccine with an updated h5 insert against mexican h5n2 avian influenza viruses. | despite decades of vaccination, surveillance, and biosecurity measures, h5n2 low pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) virus infections continue in mexico and neighboring countries. one explanation for tenacity of h5n2 lpai in mexico is the antigenic divergence of circulating field viruses compared to licensed vaccines due to antigenic drift. our phylogenetic analysis indicates that the h5n2 lpai viruses circulating in mexico and neighboring countries since 1994 have undergone antigenic drift awa ... | 2020 | 31862196 |
| novel reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n2) virus in broiler chickens, egypt. | we detected a novel reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n2) virus in 3 poultry farms in egypt. the virus carried genome segments of a pigeon h9n2 influenza virus detected in 2014, a nucleoprotein segment of contemporary chicken h9n2 viruses from egypt, and hemagglutinin derived from the 2.3.4.4b h5n8 virus clade. | 2020 | 31855539 |
| transcriptomic profile of chicken bone marrow-derive dendritic cells in response to h9n2 avian influenza a virus. | avian influenza subtype h9n2 infection is a mild but highly contagious disease that is associated with a decrease in the efficacy of vaccine interventions, and an increase in susceptibility to secondary infections in poultry. however, the immune evasion mechanism of h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aivs) in chickens is poorly understood. dendritic cells (dcs) are immune cells of major importance, involved in innate immune responses against viruses, but also in the setting of adaptive immune respons ... | 2020 | 31846798 |
| outbreaks of clade 2.3.4.4 h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza in 2018 in the northern regions of south africa were unrelated to those of 2017. | asian-origin h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses of the h5 goose/guangdong/96 lineage, clade 2.3.4.4 group b, reached south africa by june 2017. by the end of that year, 5.4 million layers and broiler chickens died or were culled, with total losses in the poultry industry estimated at us$ 140 million, and thousands of exotic birds in zoological collections, endangered endemic species and backyard poultry and pet birds also perished. the 2017 h5n8 hpai outbreaks were characteriz ... | 2020 | 31833671 |
| conserved ha-peptides expressed along with flagellin in trichoplusia ni larvae protects chicken against intranasal h7n1 hpaiv challenge. | the immunization of poultry where h5 and h7 influenza viruses (ivs) are endemic is one of the strategies to prevent unexpected zoonoses. our group has been focused on conserved ha-epitopes as potential vaccine candidates to obtain multivalent immune responses against distinct iv subtypes. in this study, two conserved epitopes (ng-34 and cs-17) fused to flagellin were produced in a baculovirus platform based on trichoplusia ni larvae as living biofactories. soluble extracts obtained from larvae e ... | 2020 | 31735501 |
| influenza-infected newborn and adult monkeys exhibit a strong primary antibody response to hemagglutinin stem. | the specificity of antibodies (abs) generated against influenza a virus (iav) infection can significantly alter protection and viral clearance. at present, the impact of age upon this process is relatively unexplored. here, we evaluated the ab response in newborn and adult african green monkeys following infection with iav using a strain that enables us to determine the immunodominance (id) hierarchy of the ab response to hemagglutinin (ha), the principal target of protective abs. this revealed ... | 2020 | 32078584 |
| low replicative fitness of neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant h7n9 avian influenza a virus with r292k substitution in neuraminidase in cynomolgus macaques compared with i222t substitution. | human cases of h7n9 influenza a virus infection have been increasing since 2013. the first choice of treatment for influenza is neuraminidase (na) inhibitors (nais), but there is a concern that nai-resistant viruses are selected in the presence of nais. in our previous study, an h7n9 virus carrying aa substitution of threonine (t) for isoleucine (i) at residue 222 in na (na222t, n2 numbering) and an h7n9 virus carrying aa substitution of lysine (k) for arginine (r) at residue 292 in na (na292k, ... | 2020 | 32272175 |
| bearing the brunt: mongolian khulan (equus hemionus hemionus) are exposed to multiple influenza a strains. | the majority of influenza a virus strains are hosted in nature by avian species in the orders of anseriformes and charadriformes. a minority of strains have been able to cross species boundaries and establish themselves in novel non-avian hosts. influenza viruses of horses, donkeys, and mules represent such successful events of avian to mammal influenza virus adaptation. mongolia has over 3 million domestic horses and is home to two wild equids, the asiatic wild ass or khulan (equus hemionus hem ... | 2020 | 32122608 |
| eco-virological preliminary study of potentially emerging pathogens in hedgehogs (erinaceus europaeus) recovered at a wildlife treatment and rehabilitation center in northern italy. | the western european hedgehog (erinaceus europaeus) is one of the four hedgehog species belonging to the genus erinaceus. among them, e. amurensis is extant in east asia's areas only, whereas e. europaeus, e. roumanicus and e. concolor are mainly found in europe. e. europaeus is endemically distributed from western to central and southern europe, including italy. western european hedgehogs' ecological and feeding habits, along with their high population densities, notable synanthropic attitudes, ... | 2020 | 32121543 |
| serological survey for select infectious agents in wild magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) in argentina, 1994-2008. | despite being the most numerous penguin species in south america, exposure of the magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus) to pathogens has not yet been thoroughly assessed. we collected serum from 1,058 magellanic penguins at 10 breeding colonies along the entire latitudinal range of this species in argentina. the work spanned 10 breeding seasons over 15 yr (1994-2008). sera were tested for antibodies to select infectious agents. antibodies reacting against 16 pathogens were detected (serop ... | 2020 | 31237822 |
| swine micrornas ssc-mir-221-3p and ssc-mir-222 restrict the cross-species infection of avian influenza virus. | avian influenza virus (aiv) can cross species barriers to infect humans and other mammals. however, these species-cross transmissions are most often dead-end infections due to host restriction. current research about host restriction focuses mainly on the barriers of cell membrane, nuclear envelope, and host proteins; whether micrornas (mirnas) play a role in host restriction is largely unknown. in this study, we used porcine alveolar macrophage (pam) cells as a model to elucidate the role of mi ... | 2020 | 32907982 |
| immune profiling of influenza-specific b- and t-cell responses in macaques using flow cytometry-based assays. | influenza remains a significant global public health burden, despite substantial annual vaccination efforts against circulating virus strains. as a result, novel vaccine approaches are needed to generate long-lasting and universal broadly cross-reactive immunity against distinct influenza virus strains and subtypes. several new vaccine candidates are currently under development and/or in clinical trials. the successful development of new vaccines requires testing in animal models, other than mic ... | 2020 | 32741011 |
| efficacy of neuraminidase inhibitors against h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in a nonhuman primate model. | attention has been paid to h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) because of its heavy burden on the poultry industry and human mortality. since an influenza a virus carrying n6 neuraminidase (na) has never spread in humans, the potential for h5n6 hpaiv to cause disease in humans and the efficacy of antiviral drugs against the virus need to be urgently assessed. we used nonhuman primates to elucidate the pathogenesis of h5n6 hpaiv as well as to determine the efficacy of antiviral d ... | 2020 | 32284377 |
| health profile of free-range wild boar (sus scrofa) subpopulations hunted in santa catarina state, brazil. | wild boars represent a potential dissemination source of important pathogens to public and animal health, since they can host several pathogens. this study aimed to evaluate the health profile of wild boars hunted for population control in the state of santa catarina (sc), south of brazil. for this study, tissue and blood samples were collected from 61 wild boars hunted from october 2017 to november 2018. all 61 serum samples were screened for antibodies by different assays, presenting the follo ... | 2020 | 32725949 |
| poultry farmer response to disease outbreaks in smallholder farming systems in southern vietnam. | avian influenza outbreaks have been occurring on smallholder poultry farms in asia for two decades. farmer responses to these outbreaks can slow down or accelerate virus transmission. we used a longitudinal survey of 53 small-scale chicken farms in southern vietnam to investigate the impact of outbreaks with disease-induced mortality on harvest rate, vaccination, and disinfection behaviors. we found that in small broiler flocks (≤16 birds/flock) the estimated probability of harvest was 56% highe ... | 2020 | 32840482 |
| l226q mutation on influenza h7n9 virus hemagglutinin increases receptor-binding avidity and leads to biased antigenicity evaluation. | since the first outbreak in 2013, the influenza a (h7n9) virus has continued emerging and has caused over five epidemic waves. suspected antigenic changes of the h7n9 virus based on hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay during the fifth outbreak have prompted the update of h7n9 candidate vaccine viruses (cvvs). in this study, we comprehensively compared the serological cross-reactivities induced by the hemagglutinins (has) of the earlier cvv a/anhui/1/2013 (h7/ah13) and the updated a/guangdong/ ... | 2020 | 32796071 |
| immune escape adaptive mutations in the h7n9 avian influenza hemagglutinin protein increase virus replication fitness and decrease pandemic potential. | h7n9 avian influenza viruses (aivs) continue to evolve and remain a huge threat to human health and the poultry industry. previously, serially passaging the h7n9 a/anhui/1/2013 virus in the presence of homologous ferret antiserum resulted in immune escape viruses containing amino acid substitutions alanine to threonine at residues 125 (a125t) and 151 (a151t) and leucine to glutamine at residue 217 (l217q) in the hemagglutinin (ha) protein. these ha mutations have also been found in field isolate ... | 2020 | 32699084 |
| viral subpopulation screening guides in designing a high interferon inducing live attenuated influenza vaccine by targeting rare mutations in ns1 and pb2 proteins. | influenza a viruses continue to circulate among wild birds and poultry worldwide, posing constant pandemic threats to humans. effective control of emerging influenza viruses requires new broadly protective vaccines. live attenuated influenza vaccines with truncations in non-structural protein 1 (ns1) have shown broad protective efficacies in birds and mammals, which correlate with the ability to induce elevated interferon responses in the vaccinated hosts. given the extreme diversity of influenz ... | 2020 | 33115873 |
| serological screening of influenza a virus antibodies in cats and dogs indicates frequent infection with different subtypes. | influenza a viruses (iavs) infect humans and a variety of other animal species. infections with some subtypes of iav were also reported in domestic cats and dogs. in addition to animal health implications, close contact between companion animals and humans also poses a potential risk of zoonotic iav infections. in this study, serum samples from different cat and dog cohorts were analyzed for iav antibodies against seven iav subtypes, using three distinctive iav-specific assays differing in iav s ... | 2020 | 32878956 |
| influenza a virus is transmissible via aerosolized fomites. | influenza viruses are presumed, but not conclusively known, to spread among humans by several possible routes. we provide evidence of a mode of transmission seldom considered for influenza: airborne virus transport on microscopic particles called "aerosolized fomites." in the guinea pig model of influenza virus transmission, we show that the airborne particulates produced by infected animals are mainly non-respiratory in origin. surprisingly, we find that an uninfected, virus-immune guinea pig w ... | 2020 | 32811826 |
| avian influenza surveillance at the human-animal interface in lebanon, 2017. | avian influenza viruses (aivs) cause severe diseases in poultry and humans. in lebanon, aiv h9n2 was detected in 2006 and 2010 and h5n1 was detected in 2016. | 2020 | 32794162 |
| full-length genome sequences of the first h9n2 avian influenza viruses isolated in the northeast of algeria. | h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aiv) has a worldwide geographic distribution and affects poultry of different types of production. h9n2 aiv was first reported in the northeast of algeria in april 2017, following an outbreak associated with high mortality, in broiler flocks. in the present study, we report full-length genome sequences of aiv h9n2, and the detailed phylogeny and molecular genetic analyses. | 2020 | 32680533 |
| establishing a robust manufacturing platform for recombinant veterinary vaccines: an adenovirus-vector vaccine to control newcastle disease virus infections of poultry in sub-saharan africa. | developing vaccine technology platforms to respond to pandemic threats or zoonotic diseases is a worldwide high priority. the risk of infectious diseases transmitted from wildlife and domestic animals to humans makes veterinary vaccination and animal health monitoring highly relevant for the deployment of public health global policies in the context of "one world, one health" principles. sub-saharan africa is frequently impacted by outbreaks of poultry diseases such as avian influenza and newcas ... | 2020 | 32604755 |
| reassortment and adaptive mutations of an emerging avian influenza virus h7n4 subtype in china. | human infections with avian influenza viruses including h5, h7 and h9 hemagglutinin subtypes occur at a low rate. among human infections with h7 viruses, regional outbreaks with h7n2, h7n3, h7n7 and h7n9 have been documented. early in 2018, a human infection with a novel h7n4 avian influenza virus was reported in jiangsu, china. this study is aimed at understanding the probable origin and molecular features of this emerging h7n4 virus. genomic segments encoding hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminida ... | 2020 | 31951605 |
| h7n9 influenza virus in china. | in early 2013, human infections caused by a novel h7n9 avian influenza virus (aiv) were first reported in china; these infections caused severe disease and death. the virus was initially low pathogenic to poultry, enabling it to spread widely in different provinces, especially in live poultry markets. importantly, the h7n9 low pathogenic aivs (lpaivs) evolved into highly pathogenic aivs (hpaivs) in the beginning of 2017, causing a greater threat to human health and devastating losses to the poul ... | 2020 | 32205415 |
| evolutionarily missing and conserved trna genes in human and avian. | viral infection heavily relies on host transfer rna (trna) for viral rna decoding. counterintuitively, not all trna species based on anticodon are matched to all 64-triplet codons during evolution. life solves this problem by cognate trna species via wobbling decoding. we found that 14 out of 64 trna genes in humans and the main avian species (chicken and duck) were parallelly missing, including 8 trna-a34nn and 6 trna-g34nn species. by analyzing the conservation of key motifs in trna genes, we ... | 2020 | 32679345 |
| irradiation by a combination of different peak-wavelength ultraviolet-light emitting diodes enhances the inactivation of influenza a viruses. | influenza a viruses (iavs) pose a serious global threat to humans and their livestock. this study aimed to determine the ideal irradiation by ultraviolet-light emitting diodes (uv-leds) for iav disinfection. we irradiated the iav h1n1 subtype with 4.8 mj/cm2 uv using eight uv-leds [peak wavelengths (wl) = 365, 310, 300, 290, 280, 270, and 260 nm)] or a mercury low pressure (lp)-uv lamp (peak wl = 254 nm). inactivation was evaluated by the infection ratio of madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells ... | 2020 | 32650492 |
| experimental infections and serology indicate that american white ibis (eudociumus albus) are competent reservoirs for type a influenza virus. | the american white ibis (eudocimus albus) is a nomadic wading bird common to wetland habitats in the southeastern us. in south florida, us, habitat depletion has driven many ibis to become highly urbanized. although they forage in neighborhood parks, artificial wetlands, backyards, and golf courses, the majority continue to nest in natural wetlands, often in dense, mixed species colonies. adults and juveniles commonly disperse thousands of kilometers to other breeding colonies along the gulf and ... | 2020 | 31895646 |
| an r195k mutation in the pa-x protein increases the virulence and transmission of influenza a virus in mammalian hosts. | in the 21st century, the emergence of h7n9 and h1n1/2009 influenza viruses, originating from animals and causing severe human infections, has prompted investigations into the genetic alterations required for cross-species transmission. we previously found that replacement of the human-origin pa gene segment in avian influenza virus (aiv) could overcome barriers to cross-species transmission. recently, it was reported that the pa gene segment encodes both the pa protein and a second protein, pa-x ... | 2020 | 32161172 |
| induction of cross-group broadly reactive antibody response by natural h7n9 avian influenza virus infection and immunization with inactivated h7n9 vaccine in chickens. | pre-existing immunity against the conserved haemagglutinin (ha) stalk underlies the elicitation of cross-group antibody induced by natural h7n9 virus infection and immunization in humans. however, whether broadly reactive antibodies can be induced by h7n9 infection and immunization in the absence of pre-existing stalk-specific immunity is unclear. in this study, antibody response induced by h7n9 virus infection and immunization with inactivated and viral-vectored h7n9 vaccines in naïve chickens ... | 2020 | 32602258 |
| seroprevalence of avian influenza in baltic common eiders (somateria mollissima) and pink-footed geese (anser brachyrhynchus). | blood plasma was collected during 2016-2018 from healthy incubating eiders (somateria molissima, n = 183) in three danish colonies, and healthy migrating pink-footed geese (anser brachyrhynchus, n = 427) at their spring roost in central norway (svalbard breeding population) and their novel flyway through the finnish baltic sea (russian breeding population). these species and flyways altogether represent terrestrial, brackish and marine ecosystems spanning from the western to the eastern and nort ... | 2020 | 32585505 |
| year‑round influenza a virus surveillance in mallards (anas platyrhynchos) reveals genetic persistence during the under‑sampled spring season. | active influenza a virus (iav) surveillance in wild waterfowl in the united states has revolved around convenience-based sampling methods, resulting in gaps in surveillance during the spring season. we conducted active iav surveillance in mallards continuously from july 2017 to july 2019 in the coastal marshes of lake erie near port clinton, ohio. we aimed to understand ecological and evolutionary dynamics of iav across multiple seasons, including the under‑sampled spring season. we collected 20 ... | 2020 | 32545281 |
| a review of pathogens in selected baltic sea indicator species. | here we review the state-of-the-art of pathogens in select marine and terrestrial key species of the baltic sea, i.e. ringed seal (pusa hispida), harbour seal (phoca vitulina), grey seal (halichoerus grypus), harbour porpoise (phocoena phocoena), common eider (somateria mollissima), pink-footed goose (anser brachyrhynchus) and white-tailed eagle (haliaeetus albicilla). this review is the first to merge and present available information and baseline data for the fp7 bonus balthealth project: balt ... | 2020 | 32070804 |
| pattern recognition receptor signaling and innate responses to influenza a viruses in the mallard duck, compared to humans and chickens. | mallard ducks are a natural host and reservoir of avian influenza a viruses. while most influenza strains can replicate in mallards, the virus typically does not cause substantial disease in this host. mallards are often resistant to disease caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, while the same strains can cause severe infection in humans, chickens, and even other species of ducks, resulting in systemic spread of the virus and even death. the differences in influenza detection and ... | 2020 | 32477965 |
| a broad and potent h1-specific human monoclonal antibody produced in plants prevents influenza virus infection and transmission in guinea pigs. | although seasonal influenza vaccines block most predominant influenza types and subtypes, humans still remain vulnerable to waves of seasonal and new potential pandemic influenza viruses for which no immunity may exist because of viral antigenic drift and/or shift. previously, we described a human monoclonal antibody (hmab), kpf1, which was produced in human embryonic kidney 293t cells (kpf1-hek) with broad and potent neutralizing activity against h1n1 influenza a viruses (iav) in vitro, and pro ... | 2020 | 32024281 |
| a review of avian influenza a virus associations in synanthropic birds. | avian influenza a viruses (iav) have received significant attention due to the threat they pose to human, livestock, and wildlife health. in this review, we focus on what is known about iav dynamics in less common avian species that may play a role in trafficking iavs to poultry operations. specifically, we focus on synanthropic bird species. synanthropic species, otherwise known as peridomestic, are species that are ecologically associated with humans and anthropogenically modified landscapes, ... | 2020 | 33114239 |
| serological evidence of avian influenza virus subtype h5 and h9 in live bird market, myanmar. | avian influenza (ai), caused by alphainfluenzaviruses (aivs), is a contagious respiratory disease in birds and mammals. aivs have been reported in poultry worldwide and the impact of aivs on human health is immense. in this study, a serological survey of aiv subtype h5 and h9 was conducted in a live bird market (lbm) in yangon, myanmar during february 2016 to september 2016. a total of 621 serum samples were collected from chickens (n = 489) and ducks (n = 132) from 48 vendors in the lbm. the sa ... | 2020 | 33091862 |
| eco-epidemiological evidence of the transmission of avian and human influenza a viruses in wild pigs in campeche, mexico. | influenza, a zoonosis caused by various influenza a virus subtypes, affects a wide range of species, including humans. pig cells express both sialyl-α-2,3-gal and sialyl-α-2,6-gal receptors, which make them susceptible to infection by avian and human viruses, respectively. to date, it is not known whether wild pigs in mexico are affected by influenza virus subtypes, nor whether this would make them a potential risk of influenza transmission to humans. in this work, 61 hogs from two municipalitie ... | 2020 | 32403268 |
| immunization with plant-derived multimeric h5 hemagglutinins protect chicken against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n1. | since 2003, h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) have not only caused outbreaks in poultry but were also transmitted to humans with high mortality rates. vaccination is an efficient and economical means of increasing immunity against infections to decrease the shedding of infectious agents in immunized animals and to reduce the probability of further infections. subunit vaccines from plants are the focus of modern vaccine developments. in this study, plant-made hemagglutinin (h ... | 2020 | 33050224 |
| infectivity and pathobiology of h7n1 and h5n8 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses for pigeons (columba livia var. domestica). | avian influenza (ai) is one of the most important viral diseases in poultry, wildlife and humans. available data indicates that pigeons play a minimum role in the epidemiology of ai. however, a degree of variation exists in the susceptibility of pigeons to highly pathogenic ai viruses (hpaivs), especially since the emergence of the goose/guangdong h5 lineage. here, the pathogenesis of h5n8 hpaiv in comparison with a h7n1 hpaiv and the role of pigeons in the epidemiology of these viruses were eva ... | 2020 | 33034513 |
| antiviral properties of extracts of streptomyces sp. smu 03 isolated from the feces of elephas maximus. | actinobacteria are historically and continued to be an important source for drug discovery. the annual epidemics and periodic pandemics of humans induced by influenza a virus (iav) prompted us to develop new effective antiviral drugs with different modes of action. an actinobacterium of streptomyces sp. smu 03 was identified from the feces of elephas maximus in yunnan province, china. by employing an h5n1 pseudo-typed virus drug screening system, the anti-iav effect of the dichloromethane extrac ... | 2020 | 32330578 |
| cross-protection by inactivated h5 pre-pandemic vaccine seed strains against diverse goose/guangdong lineage h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. | the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) h5n1 a/goose/guangdong/1996 lineage (gs/gd) is endemic in poultry across several countries in the world, and has caused lethal, sporadic infections in humans. vaccines are important in hpai control for both poultry and in pre-pandemic preparedness in humans. this study assessed inactivated pre-pandemic vaccine strains in a one health framework, focusing on the genetic and antigenic diversity of field h5n1 gs/gd viruses from the agricultural sec ... | 2020 | 32999029 |
| analysis of the codon usage pattern of ha and na genes of h7n9 influenza a virus. | novel h7n9 influenza virus transmitted from birds to human and, since march 2013, it has caused five epidemic waves in china. although the evolution of h7n9 viruses has been investigated, the evolutionary changes associated with codon usage are still unclear. herein, the codon usage pattern of two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na), was studied to understand the evolutionary changes in relation to host, epidemic wave, and pathogenicity. both genes displayed a low co ... | 2020 | 32992529 |
| serological evidence of avian influenza in captive wild birds in a zoo and two safari parks in bangladesh. | avian influenza (ai) is endemic and frequently causes seasonal outbreaks in winter in bangladesh due to high pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 and low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h9n2. among avian influenza a viruses (aiv), h5, h7, and h9 subtypes have the most zoonotic potential. captive birds in zoos and safari parks are used for educational, recreational, breeding, and conservational purposes in bangladesh. to screen for aiv in captive birds to assess potential public health threat ... | 2020 | 32882787 |
| functional neuraminidase inhibitor resistance motifs in avian influenza a(h5nx) viruses. | neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) are antiviral agents recommended worldwide to treat or prevent influenza virus infections in humans. past influenza virus pandemics seeded by zoonotic infection by avian influenza viruses (aiv) as well as the increasing number of human infections with aiv have shown the importance of having information about resistance to nais by avian nas that could cross the species barrier. in this study we introduced four nai resistance-associated mutations (n2 numbering) prev ... | 2020 | 32750468 |
| genetic characterization of a novel north american-origin avian influenza a (h6n5) virus isolated from bean goose of south korea in 2018. | the complex overlap in waterfowl migratory pathways across the world has established numerous occurrences of genetic reassortment and intercontinental spread of avian influenza virus (aiv) over long distances, thereby calling for huge efforts and targeted surveillance for infection control. during annual surveillance in south korea in 2018, a novel avian influenza h6n5 (k6) subtype was isolated from the fecal sample of wild bird. genomic characterization using a phylogenetic tree indicated the k ... | 2020 | 32709116 |
| a modified live bat influenza a virus-based vaccine prototype provides full protection against hpaiv h5n1. | highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) of subtype h5 are a major threat for poultry holdings worldwide, here especially the zoonotic asian h5n1 viruses. these hpaivs have caused more than 500 fatal spillover infections from poultry to humans, with a looming danger of a new pandemic by establishing human-to-human transmissions. besides culling measures in infected farms in endemic areas, vaccination is the major tool against hpaiv. however, the mainly used inactivated preparations hav ... | 2020 | 32435514 |
| surveillance of influenza a virus subtype h5n1 in a live bird market in yangon, myanmar: 2017-2018. | a survey of influenza a viruses (iavs) in the mingalar taung nyunt live bird market (mtn-lbm), yangon, myanmar, was conducted from december 2017 to december 2018. during the survey, 455 swab samples were collected from broilers, layers, backyard chickens and ducks from the mtn-lbm. ninety-one pooled samples were screened for iavs by real-time rt-pcr specific to the m gene. positive pooled samples were individually retested for iavs. in total, 2.63% of individual samples (12/455) were positive fo ... | 2020 | 32386461 |
| co-circulation of multiple reassortant h6 subtype avian influenza viruses in wild birds in eastern china, 2016-2017. | h6 subtype influenza viruses were prevalent in domestic poultry and wild birds, which also could pose potential threat to humans. however, little is known about the prevalence of h6 subtype viruses in wild birds in eastern china, a crucial stopover or wintering site for migratory wild birds along the east asian-australasian flyway. | 2020 | 32349760 |
| emerging diseases of avian wildlife. | climate change and the interaction with humans and domestic species influences disease in avian wildlife. this article provides updated information on emerging disease conditions such as the spread of an asian tick, haemaphysalis longicornis, and its associated diseases among migratory birds in the eastern united states; lymphoproliferative disease virus in wild turkeys in the united states; and salmonellosis, particularly among passerines, which has zoonotic potential. in addition, it includes ... | 2020 | 32327043 |
| development and evaluation of real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test for quantitative and qualitative recognition of h5 subtype of avian influenza viruses. | avian influenza viruses (aiv) affect a wide range of birds and mammals, cause severe economic damage to the poultry industry, and pose a serious threat to humans. highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpai) h5n1 were first identified in southeast asia in 1996 and spread to four continents over the following years. the viruses have caused high mortality in chickens and various bird species and deadly infections in humans. multiple conventional methods have been so far introduced for the dete ... | 2020 | 32291998 |
| using environmental sampling techniques to conduct influenza a virus surveillance in poultry and waterfowl at ohio agricultural exhibitions. | the outbreak of highly pathogenic h5nx influenza a viruses (iavs) in the united states during 2014-2015 caused devastating economic losses; therefore, several measures were established to control and eliminate highly pathogenic h5nx from u.s. poultry flocks. one such measure was a temporary ban on poultry exhibitions during 2015, and this decision dramatically affected youth raising poultry as part of agricultural education programs. during the summer of 2016, surveillance of the environment was ... | 2020 | 32267131 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 a/chicken/france/150169a/2015 presents in vitro characteristics consistent with its predicted tropism for avian species. | avian influenza a viruses are a major threat to animal and public health. since 1997, several highly pathogenic h5n1 avian viruses have been directly transmitted from poultry to humans, caused numerous human deaths, and had considerable economic impact on poultry markets. during 2015-2016, a highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak occurred in southwestern france. different subtypes circulated, including the a/chicken/france/150169a/2015 h5n1 highly pathogenic virus, which did not possess the ... | 2020 | 32267129 |
| isolation and characterization of low pathogenic h7n7 avian influenza virus from a red-crowned crane in a zoo in south korea. | south korea conducts annual national surveillance programs to detect avian influenza (ai) in domestic poultry, live bird markets, and wild birds. in march 2017, an aiv was isolated from fecal samples in an outdoor aviary flight cage in a zoo in korea. | 2020 | 33167987 |
| evaluation of the immune status of birds and domestic and companion animals for the influenza a virus in eastern saudi arabia. | influenza type a virus infections are still one of the major concerns for the health of humans and various species of domestic and companion animals. wild birds play an essential role in the transmission cycle of the virus. regularly monitoring the spread of the virus is a significant step in its mitigation. highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, including h5n1 and h5n8, have been reported in birds in the arabian peninsula, including saudi arabia, in recent decades. this study aimed to evalu ... | 2020 | 33132612 |
| bacillus subtilis spores as adjuvants against avian influenza h9n2 induce antigen-specific antibody and t cell responses in white leghorn chickens. | low-pathogenicity avian influenza h9n2 remains an endemic disease worldwide despite continuous vaccination, indicating the need for an improved vaccine strategy. bacillus subtilis (b. subtilis), a gram-positive and endospore-forming bacterium, is a non-pathogenic species that has been used in probiotic formulations for both animals and humans. the objective of the present study was to elucidate the effect of b. subtilis spores as adjuvants in chickens administered inactivated avian influenza vir ... | 2020 | 32448402 |
| mouse adaptation of the h9n2 avian influenza virus causes the downregulation of genes related to innate immune responses and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis in mice. | h9n2 avian influenza viruses sporadically infect humans worldwide. these viruses have also contributed internal genes to h5n1, h5n6, h7n9, and h10n8 viruses, which have been isolated from humans with infections and are a substantial public health threat. to investigate the potential pathogenic mechanism of the h9n2 virus, we performed serial lung-to-lung passage of an avirulent h9n2 avian influenza virus (a/chicken/shandong/416/2016 [sd/416]) in mice to increase the pathogenicity of this virus. ... | 2020 | 31982962 |
| quantifying within-host diversity of h5n1 influenza viruses in humans and poultry in cambodia. | avian influenza viruses (aivs) periodically cross species barriers and infect humans. the likelihood that an aiv will evolve mammalian transmissibility depends on acquiring and selecting mutations during spillover, but data from natural infection is limited. we analyze deep sequencing data from infected humans and domestic ducks in cambodia to examine how h5n1 viruses evolve during spillover. overall, viral populations in both species are predominated by low-frequency (<10%) variation shaped by ... | 2020 | 31951644 |
| detection of h3n8 influenza a virus with multiple mammalian-adaptive mutations in a rescued grey seal (halichoerus grypus) pup. | avian influenza a viruses (iavs) in different species of seals display a spectrum of pathogenicity, from sub-clinical infection to mass mortality events. here we present an investigation of avian iav infection in a 3- to 4-month-old grey seal (halichoerus grypus) pup, rescued from st michael's mount, cornwall in 2017. the pup underwent medical treatment but died after two weeks; post-mortem examination and histology indicated sepsis as the cause of death. iav np antigen was detected by immunohis ... | 2020 | 32211197 |
| transmission experiments support clade-level differences in the transmission and pathogenicity of cambodian influenza a/h5n1 viruses. | influenza a/h5n1 has circulated in asia since 2003 and is now enzootic in many countries in that region. in cambodia, the virus has circulated since 2004 and has intermittently infected humans. during this period, we have noted differences in the rate of infections in humans, potentially associated with the circulation of different viral clades. in particular, a reassortant clade 1.1.2 virus emerged in early 2013 and was associated with a dramatic increase in infections of humans (34 cases) unti ... | 2020 | 32666894 |
| human matriptase/st 14 proteolytically cleaves h7n9 hemagglutinin and facilitates the activation of influenza a/shanghai/2/2013 virus in cell culture. | influenza is a zoonotic disease that infects millions of people each year resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths, and in turn devastating pandemics. influenza is caused by influenza viruses, including influenza a virus (iav). there are many subtypes of iav but only a few seem to be able to adapt to humans and to cause disease. in 2013, an h7n9 iav subtype emerged in china that does not cause clinical symptoms in its chicken host but leads to severe infections when transmitted into humans. ... | 2020 | 31820577 |
| biosafety risk assessment for production of candidate vaccine viruses to protect humans from zoonotic highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. | a major lesson learned from the public health response to the 2009 h1n1 pandemic was the need to shorten the vaccine delivery timeline to achieve the best pandemic mitigation results. a gap analysis of previous pre-pandemic vaccine development activities identified possible changes in the select agent exclusion process that would maintain safety and shorten the timeline to develop candidate vaccine viruses (cvvs) for use in pandemic vaccine manufacture. here, we review the biosafety characterist ... | 2020 | 31659871 |
| characterization of h7n9 avian influenza viruses isolated from duck meat products. | avian influenza h7n9 viruses have caused five epidemic waves of human infections since the first human cases were reported in 2013. in 2016, the initial low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h7n9 viruses became highly pathogenic, acquiring multi-basic amino acids at the haemagglutinin cleavage site. these highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h7n9 viruses have been detected in poultry and humans in china, causing concerns of a serious threat to global public health. in japan, both hpai and lp ... | 2020 | 31650680 |
| organ-specific small non-coding rna responses in domestic (sudani) ducks experimentally infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h5n1). | the duck represents an important reservoir of influenza viruses for transmission to other avian and mammalian hosts, including humans. the increased pathogenicity of the recently emerging clades of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses of the h5n1 subtype in ducks features systemic viral spread and organ-to-organ variation in viral transcription and tissue damage. we previously reported that experimental infection of sudani ducks (cairina moschata) with an egyptian hpai (h5n1) virus ( ... | 2020 | 31538530 |
| elucidating the interactions between influenza virus polymerase and host factor anp32a. | the avian-origin influenza a virus polymerase is restricted in human cells. this restriction has been associated with species differences in host factor anp32a. avian anp32a supports the activity of an avian-origin polymerase. however, the avian-origin polymerase is incompatible with human anp32a. avian anp32a proteins harbor an additional 33 amino acids compared to human anp32a proteins, which are crucial for their ability to support the avian-origin influenza virus polymerase. here, we elucida ... | 2020 | 31694956 |
| transcriptional and pathological host responses to coinfection with virulent or attenuated mycoplasma gallisepticum and low-pathogenic avian influenza a virus in chickens. | the avian pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum, the etiological agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens, exhibits enhanced pathogenesis in the presence of a copathogen such as low-pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv). to further investigate the intricacies of this copathogenesis, chickens were monoinfected or coinfected with either virulent m. gallisepticum strain rlow or lpaiv h3n8 (a/duck/ukraine/1963), with assessment of tracheal histopathology, pathogen load, and transcriptomic hos ... | 2019 | 31591166 |
| genetic characteristics and polymorphisms in the chicken interferon-induced transmembrane protein (ifitm3) gene. | the interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (ifitm3) gene is classified as a small interferon-stimulated gene and is associated with a broad spectrum of antiviral functions against several fatal enveloped viruses, including influenza a viruses (iavs). the rs12252 single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) of the ifitm3 gene in humans was associated with susceptibility to h1n1 influenza in a 2009 pandemic. in addition, overexpression of the ifitm3 protein potently inhibits the highly pathogenic avia ... | 2019 | 31410631 |
| characterization of swine-origin h1n1 canine influenza viruses. | host switch events of influenza a viruses (iavs) continuously pose a zoonotic threat to humans. in 2013, swine-origin h1n1 iavs emerged in dogs soon after they were detected in swine in the guangxi province of china. this host switch was followed by multiple reassortment events between these h1n1 and previously circulating h3n2 canine iavs (iavs-c) in dogs. to evaluate the phenotype of these newly identified viruses, we characterized three swine-origin h1n1 iavs-c and one reassortant h1n1 iav-c. ... | 2019 | 31287780 |
| are microneutralization and hemagglutination inhibition assays comparable? serological results from influenza experimentally infected mallard ducks. | the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay is commonly used to assess the humoral immune response against influenza a viruses (iav). however, the microneutralization (mn) assay has been reported to have higher sensitivity when testing sera from humans and other species. our objective was to determine the agreement between mn and hi assays and compare the proportion of positive samples detected by both methods in sera of mallards primary infected with the a/mallard/mn/sg-000169/ 2007 (h3n8) virus ... | 2019 | 31131570 |
| isolation of highly pathogenic h5n6 avian influenza virus in southern vietnam with genetic similarity to those infecting humans in china. | since 2013, h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) have been responsible for outbreaks in poultry and wild birds around asia. h5n6 hpaiv is also a public concern due to sporadic human infections being reported in china. in the current study, we isolated an h5n6 hpaiv strain (a/muscovy duck/long an/ai470/2018; ai470) from an outbreak at a muscovy duck farm in long an province in southern vietnam in july 2018 and genetically characterized it. basic local alignment search tool (bla ... | 2019 | 31309743 |
| comparative micro-epidemiology of pathogenic avian influenza virus outbreaks in a wild bird population. | understanding the epidemiological dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) in wild birds is crucial for guiding effective surveillance and control measures. the spread of h5 hpaiv has been well characterized over large geographical and temporal scales. however, information about the detailed dynamics and demographics of individual outbreaks in wild birds is rare and important epidemiological parameters remain unknown. we present data from a wild population of long-lived birds ... | 2019 | 31056057 |
| h3n2 avian influenza viruses detected in live poultry markets in china bind to human-type receptors and transmit in guinea pigs and ferrets. | the h3n2 influenza viruses became widespread in humans during the 1968 h3n2 pandemic and have been a major cause of influenza epidemics ever since. different lineages of h3n2 influenza viruses are also commonly found in animals. if a different lineage of h3n2 virus jumps to humans, a human influenza pandemic could occur with devastating consequences. here, we studied the genetics, receptor-binding properties, and replication and transmission in mammals of 15 h3n2 avian influenza viruses detected ... | 2019 | 31495283 |
| antigenic pressure on h3n2 influenza virus drift strains imposes constraints on binding to sialylated receptors but not phosphorylated glycans. | h3n2 strains of influenza a virus emerged in humans in 1968 and have continued to circulate, evolving in response to human immune pressure. during this process of "antigenic drift," viruses have progressively lost the ability to agglutinate erythrocytes of various species and to replicate efficiently under the established conditions for amplifying clinical isolates and generating vaccine candidates. we have determined the glycome profiles of chicken and guinea pig erythrocytes to gain insights i ... | 2019 | 31484755 |
| a study of the relationship between human infection with avian influenza a (h5n6) and environmental avian influenza viruses in fujian, china. | avian influenza a (h5n6) virus poses a great threat to the human health since it is capable to cross the species barrier and infect humans. although human infections are believed to largely originate from poultry contaminations, the transmissibility is unclear and only limited information was available on poultry environment contaminations, especially in fujian province. | 2019 | 31477028 |
| semi-perfusion cultures of suspension mdck cells enable high cell concentrations and efficient influenza a virus production. | control and prevention of rapid influenza spread among humans depend on the availability of efficient and safe seasonal and pandemic vaccines, made primarily from inactivated influenza virus particles. current influenza virus production processes rely heavily on embryonated chicken eggs or on cell culture as substrate for virus propagation. today's efforts towards process intensification in animal cell culture could innovate viral vaccine manufacturing using high-yield suspension cells in high c ... | 2019 | 31047676 |
| functional characterization of duck sting in ifn-β induction and anti-h9n2 avian influenza viruses infections. | the stimulator of interferon genes (sting) protein has been shown to play a pivotal role in response to both cytosolic rna and dsdna to elicit interferon (ifn) production in mammals. however, the role of duck sting (dusting) in antiviral innate immunity, especially in anti-rna virus infection, has yet to be elucidated. in this study, the function of dusting in ifn induction and its role in anti-rna virus infections were studied. dusting was amplified via reverse transcription-polymerase chain re ... | 2019 | 31620135 |
| influenza a(h5n1) virus subunit vaccine administered with capnp adjuvant induce high virus neutralization antibody titers in mice. | the highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus continues to spread globally in domestic poultry with sporadic transmission to humans. the possibility for its rapid transmission to humans raised global fears for the virus to gain capacity for human-to-human transmission to start a future pandemic. through direct contact with infected poultry, it caused the largest number of reported cases of severe disease and death in humans of any avian influenza strains. for pandemic preparedness, use of saf ... | 2019 | 31591662 |