| mutations in pb1, np, ha, and na contribute to increased virus fitness of h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus clade 2.3.4.4 in chickens. | the h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) clade 2.3.4.4 virus spread to north america by wild birds and reassorted to generate the h5n2 hpai virus that caused the poultry outbreak in the united states in 2015. in previous studies, we showed that h5n2 viruses isolated from poultry in the later stages of the outbreak had higher infectivity and transmissibility in chickens than the wild bird index h5n2 virus. here, we determined the genetic changes that contributed to the difference in host ... | 2020 | 33268526 |
| efficacy of a cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor and neuraminidase inhibitors against h7n9 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus causing severe viral pneumonia in cynomolgus macaques. | h7n9 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) infection in a human was first reported in 2017. a/duck/japan/aq-he29-22/2017 (h7n9) (dk/he29-22), found in imported duck meat at an airport in japan, possesses a hemagglutinin with a multibasic cleavage site, indicating high pathogenicity in chickens, as in the case of other h7 hpaivs. in the present study, we examined the pathogenicity of dk/he29-22 and the effectiveness of a cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor (baloxavir) and neuraminidase ... | 2021 | 33257455 |
| efficacy of soya protein concentrates on the performance and immunity of broiler chickens. | this study examines the supplementation of soy protein concentrates (spc) in the diet of straight run broiler chickens and its effect on their immunity and productive performance. eight hundred ross 308 mixed chicks were randomly assigned to four varied dietary treatments (200 birds each), four replicates per dietary treatment (50 chicks/replicate). the diets were a control without supplement (t0) or supplemented with t1 (7g), t2 (8g), and t3 (9g)/bird of 5% spc, which replaced sbm in the basal ... | 2020 | 33251252 |
| factors influencing chicken farmers' decisions to implement prevention and control measures to reduce avian influenza virus spread under endemic conditions. | the ongoing circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 poses a threat to both poultry and public health. adapting the constructs of the health belief model (hbm) framework, we investigated perceptions of backyard, commercial broiler and layer chicken farmers to implement hpai prevention and control measures in bangladesh. two cross-sectional studies were conducted in 2016 and 2017 on 144 backyard, 106 broiler and 113 layer chicken farms. using structural equation modelling, we ... | 2020 | 33241659 |
| evolution and pathogenicity of h6 avian influenza viruses isolated from southern china during 2011 to 2017 in mice and chickens. | h6 subtype avian influenza viruses spread widely in birds and pose potential threats to poultry and mammals, even to human beings. in this study, the evolution and pathogenicity of h6 aivs isolated in live poultry markets from 2011 to 2017 were investigated. these h6 isolates were reassortant with other subtypes of influenza virus with increasing genomic diversity. however, no predominant genotype was found during this period. all of the h6n2 and most of the h6n6 isolates replicated efficiently ... | 2020 | 33239647 |
| probiotic lactobacilli enhance immunogenicity of an inactivated h9n2 influenza virus vaccine in chickens. | avian influenza viruses (aivs) infect a wide range of hosts, including humans and many avian species. efforts have been made to control this pathogen in chickens using vaccination programs, but that has been met with varying degrees of success. therefore, identification of more efficacious vaccination strategies is warranted. this study was undertaken to investigate the potential effects of probiotics on the immunogenicity of a beta-propiolactone-whole inactivated virus (wiv) vaccine of h9n2 sub ... | 2020 | 33236974 |
| equine-like h3 avian influenza viruses in wild birds, chile. | since their discovery in the united states in 1963, outbreaks of infection with equine influenza virus (h3n8) have been associated with serious respiratory disease in horses worldwide. genomic analysis suggests that equine h3 viruses are of an avian lineage, likely originating in wild birds. equine-like internal genes have been identified in avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds in the southern cone of south america. however, an equine-like h3 hemagglutinin has not been identified. we ... | 2020 | 33219648 |
| dominant subtype switch in avian influenza viruses during 2016-2019 in china. | we have surveyed avian influenza virus (aiv) genomes from live poultry markets within china since 2014. here we present a total of 16,091 samples that were collected from may 2016 to february 2019 in 23 provinces and municipalities in china. we identify 2048 aiv-positive samples and perform next generation sequencing. aiv-positive rates (12.73%) from samples had decreased substantially since 2016, compared to that during 2014-2016 (26.90%). additionally, h9n2 has replaced h5n6 and h7n9 as the do ... | 2020 | 33219213 |
| characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin gene in h9 influenza viruses from chickens in morocco from 2017 to 2019. | since the early 2000s, the avian influenza virus (aiv) subtype h9n2 has been widely circulating in north african countries, including libya, tunisia, and egypt. for unknown reasons, h9n2 was not detected in moroccan farms until the end of 2016, and at present, it is endemic in poultry. this study was carried out to evaluate the evolution of h9 aivs in morocco from 2017 to 2019. in this study, 16 h9 viruses collected from 2017 to 2019 in morocco were isolated and sequenced. the genomic signatures ... | 2020 | 33205168 |
| nitrate is crucial for the proliferation of gut escherichia coli caused by h9n2 aiv infection and effective regulation by chinese herbal medicine ageratum-liquid. | h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) infection in chickens is often accompanied by secondary bacterial infection, but the mechanism is unclear. the aim of the present study was to reveal that mechanism and explore non-antibiotic treatment. 16s rrna sequencing and metabonomics were performed in the intestinal contents of chickens infected with h9n2 aiv or h9n2 aiv and fed with ageratum-liquid (al) to reveal the metabolite that promote intestinal escherichia coli (e. coli) proliferation caused by h9n2 ... | 2020 | 33193136 |
| ongoing genetic evolution of h9n2 avian influenza viruses in iranian industrial poultry farms. | despite the use of wide-scale vaccination programmes against the h9n2 virus, enzootic outbreaks of h9n2 avian influenza (ai) have often occurred and caused serious nationwide economic losses, particularly in broiler chickens. in this study, the haemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes of nine recent h9n2s and a common vaccine strain were fully sequenced and compared with other representative iranian viruses. phylogenetic analysis revealed that all iranian viruses were grouped into the g1 ... | 2020 | 33185568 |
| diagnosis and treatment of heavy metal toxicosis in six waldrapp ibis (geronticus eremita). | six adult waldrapp ibis (geronticus eremita) were presented with heavy metal toxicosis secondary to paint chip ingestion after being placed in an indoor confinement enclosure because of a regional highly pathogenic avian influenza epornitic and government restrictions. four of the ibis developed clinical disease signs between 45 and 64 days of confinement, including weakness, lethargy, inability to fly, low body condition, and bilateral wing droop while 2 birds appeared to remain normal during t ... | 2020 | 33355415 |
| low-pathogenicity influenza viruses replicate differently in laughing gulls and mallards. | wild aquatic birds are natural reservoirs of low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (lpaivs). laughing gulls inoculated with four gull-origin lpaivs (h7n3, h6n4, h3n8, and h2n3) had a predominate respiratory infection. by contrast, mallards inoculated with two mallard-origin lpaivs (h5n6 and h4n8) became infected and had similar virus titers in oropharyngeal (op) and cloacal (cl) swabs. the trend toward predominate op shedding in gulls suggest a greater role of direct bird transmission in mai ... | 2021 | 34109758 |
| genetic characterization of h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from falcated ducks and environmental water in japan in november 2020. | we isolated two highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) of subtype h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4b from falcated duck (anas falcata) feces and environmental water collected at an overwintering site in japan. our isolates were almost genetically identical to each other and showed high genetic similarity with h5n8 hpaivs recently isolated in south korea, a distant part of japan, and european countries. these results suggest the potential role of falcated ducks in the dissemination of hpaivs. | 2021 | 33557405 |
| investigation of the 2018 thick-billed murre (uria lomvia) die-off on st. lawrence island rules out food shortage as the cause. | die-offs of seabirds in alaska have occurred with increased frequency since 2015. in 2018, on st. lawrence island, seabirds were reported washing up dead on beaches starting in late may, peaking in june, and continuing until early august. the cause of death was documented to be starvation, leading to the conclusion that a severe food shortage was to blame. we use physiology and colony-based observations to examine whether food shortage is a sufficient explanation for the die-off, or if evidence ... | 2020 | 33716412 |
| a cluster epidemic of influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus infection in four captive cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus). | in january 2019, four cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) kept at a japanese zoo intermittently showed respiratory signs following the incidence of seasonal influenza in animal caregivers. respiratory materials (saliva, sputum and food tray swabs) were non-invasively collected from the four cheetahs. although we were unable to isolate the virus, the np gene of influenza a virus was detected in three of the cheetahs but not in the fourth cheetah that had nearly recovered. from a food tray swab which test ... | 2021 | 33576190 |
| messenger rna biomarkers of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in the whole blood of dairy calves. | bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) is a primary viral cause of bovine respiratory disease (brd) in young calves, which is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality. infection with brsv induces global gene expression changes in respiratory tissues. if these changes are observed in tissues which are more accessible in live animals, such as whole blood, they may be used as biomarkers for diagnosis of the disease. therefore, the objective of the current study was to elucidate the wh ... | 2021 | 33931718 |
| pathogenicity and transmissibility of current h3n2 swine influenza virus in southern china: a zoonotic potential. | swine are considered as 'mixing vessels' of influenza a viruses and play an important role in the generation of novel influenza pandemics. in this study, we described that the h3n2 swine influenza (swh3n2) viruses currently circulating in pigs in guangdong province carried six internal genes from 2009 pandemic h1n1 virus (pmd09), and their antigenicity was obviously different from that of current human h3n2 influenza viruses or recommended vaccine strains (a/guangdong/1194/2019, a/hong kong/4801 ... | 2021 | 34132051 |
| n-glycolylneuraminic acid in animal models for human influenza a virus. | the first step in influenza virus infection is the binding of hemagglutinin to sialic acid-containing glycans present on the cell surface. over 50 different sialic acid modifications are known, of which n-acetylneuraminic acid (neu5ac) and n-glycolylneuraminic acid (neu5gc) are the two main species. animal models with α2,6 linked neu5ac in the upper respiratory tract, similar to humans, are preferred to enable and mimic infection with unadapted human influenza a viruses. animal models that are c ... | 2021 | 34062844 |
| pb1 s524g mutation of wild bird-origin h3n8 influenza a virus enhances virulence and fitness for transmission in mammals. | influenza h3n8 viruses have been recovered frequently from wild bird species, including anseriformes (primarily from migratory ducks) and charadriiformes (primarily from shorebirds). however, little attention has been given to the transmission ability of h3n8 avian influenza viruses among mammals. here, we study the potential human health threat and the molecular basis of mammalian transmissibility of h3n8 avian influenza viruses isolated from wild bird reservoirs. we classified eight h3n8 virus ... | 2021 | 33840358 |
| avian influenza a viruses reassort and diversify differently in mallards and mammals. | reassortment among co-infecting influenza a viruses (iavs) is an important source of viral diversity and can facilitate expansion into novel host species. indeed, reassortment played a key role in the evolution of the last three pandemic iavs. observed patterns of reassortment within a coinfected host are likely to be shaped by several factors, including viral load, the extent of viral mixing within the host and the stringency of selection. these factors in turn are expected to vary among the di ... | 2021 | 33808674 |
| a quantitative approach to assess influenza a virus fitness and transmission in guinea pigs. | efforts to estimate the risk posed by potentially pandemic influenza a viruses (iav), and to understand the mechanisms governing interspecies transmission, have been hampered by a lack of animal models that yield relevant and statistically robust measures of viral fitness. to address this gap, we monitored several quantitative measures of fitness in a guinea pig model: infectivity, magnitude of replication, kinetics of replication, efficiency of transmission, and kinetics of transmission. with t ... | 2021 | 33731462 |
| respiratory tract explant infection dynamics of influenza a virus in california sea lions, northern elephant seals, and rhesus macaques. | to understand susceptibility of wild california sea lions and northern elephant seals to influenza a virus (iav), we developed an ex vivo respiratory explant model and used it to compare infection kinetics for multiple iav subtypes. we first established the approach using explants from colonized rhesus macaques, a model for human iav. trachea, bronchi, and lungs from 11 california sea lions, 2 northern elephant seals, and 10 rhesus macaques were inoculated within 24 h postmortem with 6 strains r ... | 2021 | 34037419 |
| host-cell dependent role of phosphorylated keratin 8 during influenza a/nws/33 virus (h1n1) infection in mammalian cells. | in this study, we investigated the involvement of keratin 8 during human influenza a/nws/33 virus (h1n1) infection in semi-permissive rhesus monkey-kidney (llc-mk2) and permissive human type ii alveolar epithelial (a549) cells. in a549 cells, keratin 8 showed major expression and phosphorylation levels. influenza a/nws/33 virus was able to subvert keratin 8 structural organization at late stages of infection in both cell models, promoting keratin 8 phosphorylation in a549 cells at early phases o ... | 2021 | 33556415 |
| establishment of an induced pluripotent stem cell line from a female domestic ferret (mustela putorius furo) with an x chromosome instability. | the domestic ferret (ferret; mustela putorius furo) is an important animal model for neuroscience and preclinical/veterinary medicine owing to its highly developed cerebral cortex and susceptibility to avian influenza and corona viruses. nevertheless, there is a lack of in vitro ferret models, since immortal cell lines including induced pluripotent stem cells (ipscs) of ferrets have been scarce. in this study, we established an ipsc line from ferret skin fibroblasts. the established ipsc line, f ... | 2021 | 34088013 |
| molecular characteristics of h9n2 influenza viruses isolated from farmed raccoon dogs and arctic foxes in china. | in this study, eight h9n2 iavs were isolated from infected diseased, farmed raccoon dogs and arctic foxes. eight genes shared 98.6%-100% identity among the isolates possessing a psrssr/gl motif at the ha cleavage site, which is same as the motif of g1 and y280 lineages of h9n2 iavs. the phylogenetic analysis showed that the ha genes of the eight isolates clustered with y280-like viruses, whereas the na genes belonged to f/98-like sublineage. interestingly, the ns, np, pb2 and pa genes of the iso ... | 2020 | 33223121 |
| exposure of wild boar to influenza a viruses in bavaria: analysis of seroprevalences and antibody subtype specificity before and after the panzootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses a (h5n8). | swine influenza a viruses (s-iav) circulate in wild boar populations worldwide. subtypes primarily reflect those actually present within the respective pig industry. accordingly, infections with swine h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 have been reported for several regions of germany. as pigs are susceptible not only to s-iav but also to avian and human influenza a viruses, it is necessary to consider the possibility that new reassortant viruses with pandemic potential may arise in these new hosts. therefore, ... | 2021 | 33987931 |