| identification of efficacious vaccines against contemporary north american h7 avian influenza viruses. | five vaccines, including four inactivated, whole-virus water-in-oil adjuvanted vaccines and a commercial nonreplicating alphavirus-vectored rna particle (rp) vaccine were evaluated in chickens for their ability to provide protection against challenge with a recent h7 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (aiv) from the united states (a/turkey/in/1403-1/2016 h7n8). one of the inactivated vaccines and the rp vaccine were prepared with a/turkey/in/16-01571-6/2016 h7n8 low pathogenic aiv (lpaiv; t ... | 2021 | 34339130 |
| site-specific glycan-masking/unmasking hemagglutinin antigen design to elicit broadly neutralizing and stem-binding antibodies against highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus infections. | the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 viruses with the capability of transmission from birds to humans have a serious impact on public health. to date, hpai h5n1 viruses have evolved into ten antigenically distinct clades that could cause a mismatch of vaccine strains and reduce vaccine efficacy. in this study, the glycan masking and unmasking strategies on hemagglutinin antigen were used for designing two antigens: h5-dm/st2 and h5-tm/st2, and investigated for their elicited immunit ... | 2021 | 34335603 |
| a study of rural chicken farmers, diseases and remedies in the eastern cape province of south africa. | the source of emerging diseases and antimicrobial resistance is of increasing interest to epidemiologists. this paper looks at village chickens as such a source. in addition, infectious diseases constitute a major challenge to the growth and profitability of the rural poultry sector in sub-saharan africa. a serological survey was conducted to estimate the apparent seroprevalence of selected chicken diseases in the eastern cape province of south africa alongside a sociological survey of poultry f ... | 2021 | 34303288 |
| cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions in the highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus-infected lungs of genetically disparate ri chicken lines. | the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) is a threat to the poultry industry as well as the economy and remains a potential source of pandemic infection in humans. antiviral genes are considered a potential factor for hpaiv resistance. therefore, in this study, we investigated gene expression related to cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions by comparing resistant and susceptible ri chicken lines for avian influenza virus infection. | 2021 | 34289580 |
| pathogenicity of h9n2 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses of different lineages isolated from live bird markets tested in three animal models: spf chickens, korean native chickens, and ducks. | since its first appearance in 1996, h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) of the y439 lineage persisted in korean live bird markets (lbms) until the last documented occurrence in 2018. however, in june 2020, the avian influenza surveillance program detected a novel h9n2 aiv belonging to the y280 lineage, which has zoonotic potential, in a korean native chicken (knc) from a lbm. in this study, we infected kncs and ducks (the 2 major species held at lbms), as well as spf chickens, with y280-lineage h9n ... | 2021 | 34284181 |
| effects of in ovo feeding of vitamin e or vitamin c on egg hatchability, performance, carcass traits and immunity in broiler chickens. | the effect of in ovo feeding of different levels of vitamins c and e on egg hatchability, immune response, growth and carcass traits of broiler chickens were investigated. a total of 672 fertilized eggs were assigned to one of eight experimental groups having three replicates with 28 eggs as follows: (1) negative control (not injected); (2) positive control (injected with 0.2 ml deionized water); (3) vitamin c at 1 mg; (4) vitamin c at 3 mg; (5) vitamin c at 6 mg; (6) vitamin e at 0.5 iu; (7) vi ... | 2021 | 34278962 |
| the pathogenicity and transmission of live bird market h2n2 avian influenza viruses in chickens, pekin ducks, and guinea fowl. | h2n2 subtype low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaivs) have persisted in live bird markets (lbms) in the northeastern united states since 2014. although unrelated to the 1957 pandemic h2n2 lineage, there is concern that the virus could have animal and public health consequences because of high contact with humans and numerous species in the lbm system. the pathogenicity, infectivity, and transmissibility of six lbm h2n2 viruses isolated from three avian species in lbms were examined in chi ... | 2021 | 34271303 |
| selectively targeting haemagglutinin antigen to chicken cd83 receptor induces faster and stronger immunity against avian influenza. | the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of vaccines can be enhanced by the selective delivery of antigens to the antigen-presenting cells (apcs). in this study, h9n2 avian influenza virus haemagglutinin (ha) antigen, was targeted by fusing it to single-chain fragment variable (scfv) antibodies specific to cd83 receptor expressed on chicken apcs. we observed an increased level of ifnγ, il6, il1β, il4, and cxcli2 mrna upon stimulation of chicken splenocytes ex vivo by cd83 scfv targeted h9ha. i ... | 2021 | 34267228 |
| monoclonal antibodies to hemagglutinin of influenza a/h7n3 virus (orthomyxoviridae: alphainfluenzavirus: influenza a virus). | variants of influenza virus a/h7 have the same high pandemic potential as a/h5. however, the information about the antigenic structure of h7 hemagglutinin (на) is considerably inferior in quantitative terms to similar data for h5 на.the aims of the study were development and characterization of the monoclonal antibodies (mabs) panel for ha subtype h7 of the influenza a virus. | 2021 | 34251156 |
| comparison of chicken immune responses after inoculation with h5 avian influenza virus-like particles produced by insect cells or pupae. | novel clade 2.3.4.4 h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) outbreaks have occurred since early 2015 in taiwan and impacted the island economically, like they have many countries. this research investigates the immunogenicity of two hpaiv-like particles to assess their promise as vaccine candidates. | 2021 | 34250297 |
| the effect of the antimicrobial peptide plectasin on the growth performance, intestinal health, and immune function of yellow-feathered chickens. | the goal of the study was to test the effects of an antibiotic substitute, plectasin, on the growth performance, immune function, intestinal morphology and structure, intestinal microflora, ileal mucosal layer construction and tight junctions, ileal immune-related cytokines, and blood biochemical indices of yellow-feathered chickens. a total of 1,500 one-day-old yellow-feathered chicks were randomly divided into four dietary treatment groups with five replicates in each group and 75 yellow-feath ... | 2021 | 34250068 |
| sulfated glycans containing neuacα2-3gal facilitate the propagation of human h1n1 influenza a viruses in eggs. | when human influenza viruses are isolated and passaged in chicken embryos, variants with amino acid substitutions around the receptor binding site of hemagglutinin (ha) are selected; however, the mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon have yet to be elucidated. here, we analyzed the receptor structures that contributed to propagation of egg-passaged human h1n1 viruses. the analysis included seasonal and 2009 pandemic strains, both of which have amino acid substitutions of ha found in strains i ... | 2021 | 34246113 |
| single dose of multi-clade virus-like particle vaccine protects chickens against clade 2.3.2.1 and clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. | virus-like particles (vlps) are recognized as an alternative vaccine platform that provide effective protection against various highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs). here, we developed multi-clade vlps expressing two has (a chimera of clade 2.3.2.1c and clade 2.3.4.4c ha) within a single vector. we then compared its protective efficacy with that of a monovalent vlp and evaluated its potency against each homologous strain. chickens vaccinated with the multi-clade vlp shed less virus ... | 2021 | 34215796 |
| in vitro inhibition of influenza virus using crispr/cas13a in chicken cells. | advances in the field of crispr/cas systems are expanding our ability to modulate cellular genomes and transcriptomes precisely and efficiently. here, we assessed the cas13a-mediated targeted disruption of rna in chicken fibroblast df1 cells. first, we developed a tol2 transposon vector carrying the cas13a-msgfp-nls (pt-cas13a) transgene, followed by a stable insertion of the cas13a transgene into the genome of df1 cells to generate stable df1-cas13a cells. to assess the cas13a-mediated function ... | 2021 | 34201194 |
| primary chicken and duck endothelial cells display a differential response to infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. | highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) in gallinaceous poultry are associated with viral infection of the endothelium, the induction of a 'cytokine storm, and severe disease. in contrast, in pekin ducks, hpaivs are rarely endothelial tropic, and a cytokine storm is not observed. to date, understanding these species-dependent differences in pathogenesis has been hampered by the absence of a pure culture of duck and chicken endothelial cells. here, we use our recently established in vi ... | 2021 | 34200798 |
| isolation of clade 2.3.4.4b a(h5n8), a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, from a worker during an outbreak on a poultry farm, russia, december 2020. | this study presents the isolation of influenza a(h5n8) virus clade 2.3.4.4b from a poultry worker during an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) among chickens at a poultry farm in astrakhan, russia in december 2020. nasopharyngeal swabs collected from seven poultry workers were positive for influenza a(h5n8), as confirmed by rt-pcr and sequencing. the influenza a(h5n8) virus was isolated from one of the human specimens and characterised. sporadic human influenza a(h5)2.3.4.4. i ... | 2021 | 34142650 |
| genomic evolution, transmission dynamics, and pathogenicity of avian influenza a (h5n8) viruses emerging in china, 2020. | multiple recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic h5n8 viruses originating in aquatic birds frequently occurred in most european countries, russia, south korea, and japan during the winter of 2020-21, and one zoonotic event of poultry workers infected with novel h5n8 viruses were reported in russia. strikingly, these novel h5n8 viruses had emerged and been co-circulating in wild birds and poultry in multiple provinces of china during 2020-21. in china, the population of aquatic birds has risen sign ... | 2021 | 34141450 |
| molecular characterization of low pathogenic avian influenza h9n2 virus during co-circulation with newly-emerged highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n8 virus in iran. | identification of molecular characteristics of low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h9n2 virus provides insights into the evolution of this subtype due to the modulation of genomic characteristics in co-circulation with another subtype. the present study aimed to analyze the molecular and phylogenetic characteristics of the current lpai h9n2 virus in characteristics of internal proteins are crucial for the adaptations of aivs viruses to a new host. since h9n2 is indigenous among poultry, contin ... | 2021 | 34130471 |
| study of the host specificity of pb1-f2-associated virulence. | influenza a viruses cause important diseases in both human and animal. the pb1-f2 protein is a virulence factor expressed by some influenza viruses. its deleterious action for the infected host is mostly described in mammals, while the available information is scarce in avian hosts. in this work, we compared the effects of pb1-f2 in avian and mammalian hosts by taking advantage of the zoonotic capabilities of an avian h7n1 virus. in vitro, the h7n1 virus did not behave differently when pb1-f2 wa ... | 2021 | 34125653 |
| changes of avian influenza virus subtypes before and after vaccination in live poultry in nanchang, china from 2016 to 2019. | we investigated fluctuations in the detection rates of avian influenza virus (aiv) subtypes h5, h7, and h9 in live bird markets (lbms) in nanchang city, chinese province jiangxi, before and after the chinese nationwide aiv vaccination campaign against highly pathogenic (hp) aiv subtype h5 and h7. samples were tested for nucleic acid of type a avian influenza virus by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technology. the h5, h7 and h9 subtypes of influenza viruses were further ... | 2021 | 34116164 |
| thermal image scanning for the early detection of fever induced by highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in chickens and ducks and its application in farms. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) is considered as one of the most devastating poultry diseases. it is imperative to immediately report any known outbreaks to the world organization for animal health. early detection of infected birds is of paramount importance to control virus spread, thus minimizing the associated economic loss. in this study, thermal imaging camera devices were used to detect change in the maximum surface temperature (mst) of chickens (n = 5) and ducks (n = 2) as an ea ... | 2021 | 34113668 |
| h5n1 avian flu infection in hubbard broiler chicken can be prevented or cured by methylated soy protein during 42 days rearing. | methylated soy protein (msp) which is positively charged with enhanced hydrophobicity may have antiviral action. this study is verifying if msp can act inhibit h5n1 inside an animal model. five groups of hubbard chicks were challenged at the 25th day of the experiment with aiv virus (h5n1; 0.1 × 105 eid50/ml); 1 group did not receive any treatment (positive control), 2 groups (protective) received treatments before and after the challenge (0.1-0.2 g/l in drinking water ad libitum), and 2 groups ... | 2021 | 34110560 |
| a quantitative risk assessment to evaluate the efficacy of mitigation strategies to reduce highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, subtype h5n1 (hpai h5n1) in the menoufia governorate, egypt. | the poultry industry in egypt has been suffering from endemic highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus, subtype h5n1 since 2006. however, the emergence of h9n2, h5n8, and h5n2 in 2011, 2016, and 2019 respectively, has aggravated the situation. our objective was to evaluate how effective are the mitigation strategies by a quantitative risk assessment (qra) model which used daily outbreak data of hpai-h5n1 subtype in egypt, stratified by different successive epidemic waves from 2006 to 2016. | 2021 | 34098961 |
| epidemiological surveillance of h9n2 avian influenza virus infection among chickens in farms and backyards in egypt 2015-2016. | lpai h9n2 infection among the poultry population in egypt constitutes an additional risk factor in the poultry industry. this study aimed to determine the prevalence of h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) in commercial and backyard chickens in egypt. a 2-year survey of h9n2 aiv in chickens in farms and backyards was carried out in 2015 and 2016. | 2021 | 34083945 |
| combination therapy of zinc and trimethoprim inhibits infection of influenza a virus in chick embryo. | respiratory rna viruses including influenza virus have been a cause of health and economic hardships. these viruses depend on its host for replication and infection. influenza virus infection is lethal to the chick embryo. we examined whether a combination of trimethoprim and zinc (tri-z), that acts on the host, can reduce the lethal effect of influenza a virus in chick embryo model. | 2021 | 34082750 |
| equine influenza: a comprehensive review from etiology to treatment. | influenza is an extremely contagious respiratory disease, which predominantly affects the upper respiratory tract. there are four types of influenza virus, and pigs and chickens are considered two key reservoirs of this virus. equine influenza (ei) virus was first identified in horses in 1956, in prague. the influenza a viruses responsible for ei are h7n7 and h3n8. outbreaks of ei are characterized by their visible and rapid spread, and it has been possible to isolate and characterize h3n8 outbr ... | 2021 | 34075870 |
| antigenic evolution of contemporary clade 2.3.4.4 hpai h5 influenza a viruses and impact on vaccine use for mitigation and control. | since 2003, highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses of the h5 subtype have been maintained in poultry, periodically spilling back into wild migratory birds and spread to other geographic regions, with re-introduction to domestic birds causing severe impacts for poultry health, production and food sustainability. successive waves of infection have also resulted in substantial genetic evolution and reassortment, enabling the emergence of multiple clades and subtypes within the h5 2.3.4.4 ... | 2021 | 34074548 |
| a semiquantitative scoring system for histopathological and immunohistochemical assessment of lesions and tissue tropism in avian influenza. | the main findings of the post-mortem examination of poultry infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) include necrotizing inflammation and viral antigen in multiple organs. the lesion profile displays marked variability, depending on viral subtype, strain, and host species. therefore, in this study, a semiquantitative scoring system was developed to compare histopathological findings across a wide range of study conditions. briefly, the severity of necrotizing lesions in br ... | 2021 | 34065126 |
| plant-based, adjuvant-free, potent multivalent vaccines for avian influenza virus via lactococcus surface display. | influenza epidemics frequently and unpredictably break out all over the world, and seriously affect the breeding industry and human activity. inactivated and live attenuated viruses have been used as protective vaccines but exhibit high risks for biosafety. subunit vaccines enjoy high biosafety and specificity but have a few weak points compared to inactivated virus or live attenuated virus vaccines, especially in low immunogenicity. in this study, we developed a new subunit vaccine platform for ... | 2021 | 34051041 |
| genetic characterization of an h5n6 avian influenza virus with multiple origins from a chicken in southern china, october 2019. | highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) of h5 subtype pose a great threat to the poultry industry and human health. in recent years, h5n6 subtype has rapidly replaced h5n1 as the most predominate hpaiv subtype circulating in domestic poultry in china. in this study, we describe the genetic and phylogenetic characteristics of a prevalent h5n6 strain in guangdong, china. | 2021 | 34049549 |
| first report of field cases of y280-like lpai h9n2 strains in south korean poultry farms: pathological findings and genetic characterization. | h9n2 low-pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses have long been circulating in the world poultry industry, resulting in substantial economic losses. in addition to bird health consequences, viruses from specific lineages such as g1 and y280 are also known to have the potential to cause a pandemic within the human population. in south korea, after introducing inactivated h9n2 vaccines in 2007, there were no field outbreaks of h9n2 lpai since 2009. however, in june 2020, an h9n2 virus was isolat ... | 2021 | 34013789 |
| the pb2 co-adaptation of h10n8 avian influenza virus increases the pathogenicity to chickens and mice. | avian influenza (ai) is an important zoonotic disease, which can be transmitted across species barriers to other hosts, especially humans, posing a serious threat to the poultry industry and public health. in recent years, human cases infected with the h10n8, h9n2, and h7n9 of avian influenza viruses (aivs) have been identified frequently as have the internal genes of h7n9 and h10n8, which are derived from h9n2 viruses. the adaptive mutation of the pb2 gene is an important way for the h10n8, h9n ... | 2021 | 34008327 |
| h7n9 influenza virus-like particle based on bevs protects chickens from lethal challenge with highly pathogenic h7n9 avian influenza virus. | h7n9 avian influenza virus poses a dual threat to both poultry industry and public health. therefore, it is highly urgent to develop an effective vaccine to reduce its pandemic potential. virus-like particles (vlp) represent an effective approach for pandemic vaccine development. in this study, a recombinant baculovirus co-expressing the ha, na and m1 genes of the h7n9 virus was constructed for generation of h7n9 vlp. single immunization of chickens with 15 μg of the vlp or the commercial whole ... | 2021 | 34004568 |
| asp149 and asp152 in chicken and human anp32a play an essential role in the interaction with influenza viral polymerase. | the acidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member a (anp32a) is a cellular host factor that determines the host tropism of the viral polymerase (vpol) of avian influenza viruses (aivs). compared with human anp32a (hanp32a), chicken anp32a contains an additional 33 amino acid residues (176-208) duplicated from amino acid residues 149-175 (27 residues), suggesting that these residues could be involved in increasing vpol activity by strengthening interactions between anp32a and vpol. however, the ... | 2021 | 33982347 |
| viral-host interactome analysis reveals chicken stau2 interacts with non-structural protein 1 and promotes the replication of h5n1 avian influenza virus. | as a highly pathogenic influenza virus, h5n1 avian influenza virus (aiv) poses a great threat to poultry production and public health. h5n1 aiv has a small genome and, therefore, relies heavily on its host cellular machinery to replicate. to develop a comprehensive understanding of how h5n1 aiv rewires host cellular machinery during the course of infection, it is crucial to identify which host proteins and complexes come into physical contact with the viral proteins. here, we utilized affinity p ... | 2021 | 33968009 |
| distribution of avian influenza viruses according to environmental surveillance during 2014-2018, china. | recurrent infections of animal hosts with avian influenza viruses (aivs) have posted a persistent threat. it is very important to understand the avian influenza virus distribution and characteristics in environment associated with poultry and wild bird. the aim of this study was to analyze the geographic and seasonal distributions of aivs in the 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous region (pma) of china, compare the aivs prevalence in different collecting sites and sampling types, analyze ... | 2021 | 33957986 |
| a novel epitope-blocking elisa for specific and sensitive detection of antibodies against h5-subtype influenza virus hemagglutinin. | h5-subtype highly pathogenic (hp) avian influenza viruses (aivs) cause high mortality in domestic birds and sporadic infections in humans with a frequently fatal outcome, while h5n1 viruses have pandemic potential. due to veterinary and public health significance, these hpaivs, as well as low pathogenicity (lp) h5-subtype aivs having a propensity to mutate into hp viruses, are under epidemiologic surveillance and must be reported to the world organization for animal health (oie). our previous wo ... | 2021 | 33931074 |
| antiviral activity of isoimperatorin against influenza a virus in vitro and its inhibition of neuraminidase. | influenza a virus (iav) poses a severe threat to human health and is a major public health problem worldwide. as global anti-influenza virus drug resistance has increased significantly, there is an urgent need to develop new antiviral drugs, especially drugs from natural products. isoimperatorin, an active natural furanocoumarin, exhibits a broad range of pharmacologic activities including anticoagulant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-tumor, and other pharmacological effects, ... | 2021 | 33927632 |
| egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus) were resistant to experimental inoculation with avian-origin influenza a virus of subtype h9n2, but are susceptible to experimental infection with bat-borne h9n2 virus. | influenza a viruses (iav) of subtype h9n2, endemic in world-wide poultry holdings, are reported to cause spill-over infections to pigs and humans and have also contributed substantially to recent reassortment-derived pre-pandemic zoonotic viruses of concern, such as the asian h7n9 viruses. recently, a h9n2 bat influenza a virus was found in egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus), raising the question of whether this bat species is a suitable host for iav. here, we studied the susceptibility ... | 2021 | 33919890 |
| genetic and biological properties of h7n9 avian influenza viruses detected after application of the h7n9 poultry vaccine in china. | the h7n9 avian influenza virus (aiv) that emerged in china have caused five waves of human infection. further human cases have been successfully prevented since september 2017 through the use of an h7n9 vaccine in poultry. however, the h7n9 aiv has not been eradicated from poultry in china, and its evolution remains largely unexplored. in this study, we isolated 19 h7n9 aivs during surveillance and diagnosis from february 2018 to december 2019, and genetic analysis showed that these viruses have ... | 2021 | 33905456 |
| high immune efficacy against different avian influenza h5n1 viruses due to oral administration of a saccharomyces cerevisiae-based vaccine in chickens. | a safe and effective vaccine is the best way to control large-scale highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpai) a (h5n1) outbreaks. saccharomyces cerevisiae (s. cerevisiae) is an ideal mucosal delivery vector for vaccine development, and we have previously shown that conventional administration of a s. cerevisiae-based vaccine (eby100/pyd1-ha) via injection led to protection against the homologous h5n1 virus in a mouse model. because the diameter of s. cerevisiae is approximately 10 μm, which ... | 2021 | 33903693 |
| neuraminidase-associated plasminogen recruitment enables systemic spread of natural avian influenza viruses h3n1. | repeated outbreaks due to h3n1 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (lpaiv) in belgium were associated with unusually high mortality in chicken in 2019. those events caused considerable economic losses and prompted restriction measures normally implemented for eradicating high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (hpaiv). initial pathology investigations and infection studies suggested this virus to be able to replicate systemically, being very atypical for h3 lpaiv. here, we investigate t ... | 2021 | 33891662 |
| the effects of heat-killed tsukamurella inchonensis on intestinal morphology and humoral immune responses of broiler chickens. | tsukamurella species are gram-positive rods that exist in a broad range of environments. in this study, the efficacy of heat-killed tsukamurella inchonensis on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and humoral immune responses of broiler chicken was evaluated. | 2021 | 33889366 |
| characterization of four novel h5n6 avian influenza viruses with the internal genes from h5n1 and h9n2 viruses and experimental challenge of chickens vaccinated with current commercially available h5 vaccines. | since 2014, highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n6 viruses have been responsible for outbreaks in poultry. in this study, four h5n6 virus strains were isolated from faecal samples of sick white ducks and dead chickens in shandong in 2019. these h5n6 viruses were triple-reassortant viruses that have not been previously characterized. their ha genes were derived from the h5 viruses and were closely related to the vaccine strain re-11. their na genes all fell into the n6-like lineage and the intern ... | 2021 | 33872465 |
| potential risk factors of avian influenza virus infection in asymptomatic commercial chicken flocks in selected areas of bangladesh during 2019. | avian influenza is a zoonotic disease with a pandemic potential that can infect avian and mammalian species, including humans. studies aimed at investigating avian influenza virus (aiv) status in asymptomatic chickens and their shedding are uncommon in bangladesh. therefore, the current study aimed to examine the distribution of aiv subtypes in asymptomatic commercial chicken flocks and to identify the possible risk factors associated with this infection in two selected sub-districts of banglade ... | 2021 | 33860012 |
| expression of concern: recombinant m2e protein-based elisa: a novel and inexpensive approach for differentiating avian influenza infected chickens from vaccinated ones. | | 2021 | 33857264 |
| nf-кb pathway genes expression in chicken erythrocytes infected with avian influenza virus subtype h9n2. | 1. chicken erythrocytes in blood vessels are the most abundant circulating cells, which participate in the host's immune responses. the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa b (nf-κb) plays a vital role in the inflammatory response following viral infections. however, the expression of the nf-κb pathway, and other immune-related genes in chicken erythrocytes infected with low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv h9n2), has not been extensively studied.2. the following study determined the ... | 2021 | 33843365 |
| serosurvey of avian influenza viruses (h5, h7, and h9) and associated risk factors in backyard poultry flocks of lahore district, pakistan. | rural poultry constitutes 56% of the total poultry population in pakistan; however, epidemiological information about avian influenza viruses (aivs) in backyard poultry flocks is lacking. a cross-sectional survey of villages of lahore district was conducted from july 2009 to august 2009 using two-stage cluster sampling and probability proportional to size (pps) sampling to estimate seroprevalence and its associated risk factors. a random selection of 35 clusters from 308 villages of lahore were ... | 2021 | 33842573 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n6 (clade 2.3.4.4b) has a preferable host tropism for waterfowl reflected in its inefficient transmission to terrestrial poultry. | highly-pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) h5n6 (clade 2.3.4.4b) incurred into europe in late 2017 and was predominantly detected in wild birds, with very few terrestrial poultry cases. pekin ducks directly-infected with a uk virus (h5n6-2017) were donors of infection to investigate contact transmission to three recipient species: ducks, chickens and turkeys. h5n6-2017 transmission to ducks was 100% efficient, but transmission to in-contact galliforme species was infrequent and unpredictabl ... | 2021 | 33839461 |
| development of an immunochromatographic strip for rapid detection of h7 subtype avian influenza viruses. | h7n9 avian influenza virus (aiv) including highly and low pathogenic viruses have been detected in china since 2013. h7n9 aiv has a high mortality rate after infection in humans, and most human cases have close contacted with poultry in the live poultry market. therefore, it is necessary to develop a rapid point-of-care testing (poct) technique for h7n9 aiv detection. | 2021 | 33827632 |
| comparison of cellular immune responses to avian influenza virus in two genetically distinct, highly inbred chicken lines. | low pathogenicity avian influenza causes mild disease involving the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems of wild and domestic birds. avian influenza research often emphasizes the effect of the virus genetics on disease, but the influence of host genetics on resistance to infection is not well understood. the genetic determinants of enhanced resistance to influenza can be explored by using genetically distinct, highly inbred chicken lines that differ in susceptibility to influe ... | 2021 | 33823380 |
| identification of the dominant non-neutralizing epitope in the haemagglutinin of h7n9 avian influenza virus. | h7n9 avian influenza vaccines induce high levels of non-neutralizing (nonneu) antibodies against the haemagglutinin (ha). however, the antigenic epitopes underlying this particular antibody response are still undefined. in this study, a panel of 13 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the ha protein of h7n9 virus was generated and 12 of them had no hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralizing activities. one linear epitope in the stalk (373-taa-375) recognized by three mabs and one conform ... | 2021 | 33819520 |
| first outbreak of an h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus on a chicken farm in japan in 2020. | on 5 november 2020, a confirmed outbreak due to an h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) occurred at an egg-hen farm in kagawa prefecture (western japan). this virus, a/chicken/kagawa/11c/2020 (kagawa11c2020), was the first hpai poultry isolate in japan in 2020 and had multiple basic amino acids-a motif conferring high pathogenicity to chickens-at the hemagglutinin cleavage site. mortality of chickens was 100% through intravenous inoculation tests performed according to world orga ... | 2021 | 33809529 |
| impact of individual viral gene segments from influenza a/h5n8 virus on the protective efficacy of inactivated subtype-specific influenza vaccine. | since its emergence in 2014, the highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n8 virus has continuously and rapidly spread worldwide in the poultry sector resulting in huge economic losses. a typical inactivated h5n8 vaccine is prepared using the six internal genes from a/pr8/1934 (h1n1) and the two major antigenic proteins (ha and na) from the circulating h5n8 strain with the ha modified to a low pathogenic form (pr8ha/na-h5n8). the contribution of the other internal proteins from h5n8, either individua ... | 2021 | 33808583 |
| within-host model of respiratory virus shedding and antibody response to h9n2 avian influenza virus vaccination and infection in chickens. | avian influenza virus (aiv) h9n2 subtype is an infectious pathogen that can affect both the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems in chickens and continues to have an important economic impact on the poultry industry. while the host innate immune response provides control of virus replication in early infection, the adaptive immune response aids to clear infections and prevent future invasion. modelling virus-innate immune response pathways can improve our understanding of early infection dyn ... | 2021 | 33778216 |
| genetic characterization of h9n2 avian influenza virus previously unrecognized in korea. | in this study, we describe the isolation and characterization of previously unreported y280-lineage h9n2 viruses from two live bird markets in korea in june 2020. genetic analysis revealed that they were distinct from previous h9n2 viruses circulating in korea and had highest homology to a/chicken/shandong/1844/2019(h9n2) viruses. their genetic constellation showed they belonged to genotype s, which is the predominant genotype in china since 2010, where genotype s viruses have infected humans an ... | 2021 | 33774937 |
| infection and risk factors of human and avian influenza in pigs in south china. | the coinfection of swine influenza (si) strains and avian/human-source influenza strains in piggeries can contribute to the evolution of new influenza viruses with pandemic potential. this study analyzed surveillance data on si in south china and explored the spatial predictor variables associated with different influenza infection scenarios in counties within the study area. blood samples were collected from 7670 pigs from 534 pig farms from 2015 to 2017 and tested for evidence of infection wit ... | 2021 | 33744674 |
| inside-out chicken enteroids with leukocyte component as a model to study host-pathogen interactions. | mammalian three-dimensional (3d) enteroids mirror in vivo intestinal organisation and are powerful tools to investigate intestinal cell biology and host-pathogen interactions. we have developed complex multilobulated 3d chicken enteroids from intestinal embryonic villi and adult crypts. these avian enteroids develop optimally in suspension without the structural support required to produce mammalian enteroids, resulting in an inside-out enteroid conformation with media-facing apical brush border ... | 2021 | 33742093 |
| genetic analysis of genotype g57 h9n2 avian influenza virus isolate a/chicken/tajikistan/2379/2018 recovered in central asia. | this paper presents genetic data on the full genome analysis of a/chicken/tajikistan/2379/2018 h9n2 influenza virus isolated in september 2018 from chicken pathological material received from poultry farms of the republic of tajikistan and subtyped as h9n2 by serological and molecular methods. according to the results of hemagglutinin gene sequencing, the amino acid sequence of the cleavage site was rssr/glf, which is typical for low-virulent avian influenza virus. phylogenetic analysis of the n ... | 2021 | 33740120 |
| reassortment with dominant chicken h9n2 influenza virus contributed to the fifth h7n9 virus human epidemic. | h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) is regarded as a principal donor of viral genes through reassortment to co-circulating influenza viruses that can result in zoonotic reassortants. whether h9n2 virus can maintain sustained evolutionary impact on such reassortants is unclear. since 2013, avian h7n9 virus had caused five sequential human epidemics in china; the fifth wave in 2016-2017 was by far the largest but the mechanistic explanation behind the scale of infection is not clear. here, we found t ... | 2021 | 33731452 |
| immunosecurity: immunomodulants enhance immune responses in chickens. | the global population has increased with swift urbanization in developing countries, and it is likely to result in a high demand for animal-derived protein-rich foods. animal farming has been constantly affected by various stressful conditions, which can be categorized into physical, environmental, nutritional, and biological factors. such conditions could be exacerbated by banning on the use of antibiotics as a growth promoter together with a pandemic situation including, but not limited to, af ... | 2021 | 33705619 |
| synergistic effect of spirulina platensis and selenium nanoparticles on growth performance, serum metabolites, immune responses, and antioxidant capacity of heat-stressed broiler chickens. | this study examined the effects of dietary spirulina platensis (sp) at levels of 0, 5, and 10 g.kg-1 and selenium nanoparticles (senps) at 0, 0.1, and 0.2 mg.kg-1, individually and in combination, on heat-stressed broiler chickens for 5 weeks. four hundred fifty one-day-old ross-308 chicks were allocated to 9 dietary groups with 5 replicates (10 chicks each). the control diet was consisted of corn-soybean-based basal diet. the obtained results displayed a significant increase in final body weigh ... | 2021 | 33674946 |
| pathogenic assessment of avian influenza viruses in migratory birds. | abstractseveral subtypes of avian influenza (ai) viruses have caused human infections in recent years; however, there is a severe knowledge gap regarding the capacity of wild bird viruses to infect mammals. to assess the risk of mammalian infection by ai viruses from their natural reservoirs, a panel of isolates from 34 wild birds was examined in animal models. all selected ai virus subtypes were found to predominantly possess eurasian lineage, although reassortment with north american lineage a ... | 2021 | 33666526 |
| exosomal mirna profiling from h5n1 avian influenza virus-infected chickens. | exosomes are membrane vesicles containing proteins, lipids, dna, mrna, and micro rna (mirna). exosomal mirna from donor cells can regulate the gene expression of recipient cells. here, ri chickens were divided into resistant (mx/a; bf2/b21) and susceptible (mx/g; bf2/b13) trait by genotyping of mx and bf2 genes. then, ri chickens were infected with h5n1, a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv). exosomes were purified from blood serum of resistant chickens for small rna sequencing. sequ ... | 2021 | 33658079 |
| surveillance and sequestration strategies to reduce the likelihood of transporting hpaiv contaminated layer manure. | movement and land application of manure is a known risk factor for secondary spread of avian influenza (ai) viruses. during an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai), movement of untreated (i.e., fresh) manure from premises known to be infected would be prohibited. however, moving manure from apparently healthy (i.e., clinically normal) flocks may become critical, because some egg-layer facilities have limited on-site storage capacity. the objective of this analysis was to evaluate ... | 2021 | 33647945 |
| elicitation of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 m2e and ha2-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune response in chicken following immunization with recombinant m2e-ha2 fusion protein. | the study was aimed to evaluate the elicitation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus (aiv) m2e and ha2-specific immunity in chicken to develop broad protective influenza vaccine against hpai h5n1. based on the analysis of indian aiv h5n1 sequences, the conserved regions of extracellular domain of m2 protein (m2e) and ha2 were identified. synthetic gene construct coding for m2e and two immunodominant ha2 conserved regions was designed and synthesized after codon optimization. the fus ... | 2021 | 33614753 |
| a live attenuated h9n2 avian influenza vaccine prevents the viral reassortment by exchanging the ha and ns1 packaging signals. | the h9n2 avian influenza virus is not only an important zoonotic pathogen, it can also easily recombine with other subtypes to generate novel reassortments, such as the h7n9 virus. although h9n2 live attenuated vaccines can provide good multiple immunities, including humoral, cellular, and mucosal immunity, the risk of reassortment between the vaccine strain and wild-type virus is still a concern. here, we successfully rescued an h9n2 live attenuated strain [rtx-ns1-128 (mut)] that can interdict ... | 2021 | 33613465 |
| g1-like m and pb2 genes are preferentially incorporated into h7n9 progeny virions during genetic reassortment. | genotype s h9n2 viruses have become predominant in poultry in china since 2010. these viruses frequently donate their whole internal gene segments to other emerging influenza a subtypes such as the novel h7n9, h5n6, and h10n8 viruses. we recently reported that the pb2 and m genes of the genotype s h9n2 virus, which are derived from the g1-like virus, enhance the fitness of h5nx and h7n9 avian influenza viruses in chickens and mice. however, whether the g1-like pb2 and m genes are preferentially ... | 2021 | 33588843 |
| quantitative risk assessment of the introduction of low pathogenic avian influenza h5 and h7 strains into poland via legal import of live poultry. | low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) caused by h5 and h7 viruses is considered a threatening disease for poultry production due to the possibility of prolonged undetected virus circulation in a poultry flock and its potential to mutate to highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai). the occurrence of hpai may have devastating impact on the poultry industry and has serious economic consequences. the possibility of lpai virus (lpaiv) being introduced into poland via import of live poultry from eu co ... | 2021 | 33588326 |
| the biological characteristics of novel h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus and its pathogenesis in ducks. | clade 2.3.4.4 h5nx highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) have caused outbreaks in poultry in the world. some of these viruses acquired internal genes from other subtype avian influenza viruses (aivs) such as h9 and h6 for the generation of novel reassortant viruses and continually circulated in poultry. here, we applied a duck-origin virus dk87 and a chicken-origin virus ck66 to assess the biological characteristics of novel reassortant h5n6 hpaivs and its pathogenesis in ducks. a g ... | 2021 | 33584629 |
| h7n7 avian influenza virus mutation from low to high pathogenicity on a layer chicken farm in the uk. | avian influenza virus (aiv) subtypes h5 and h7 are capable of mutating from low to high pathogenicity strains, causing high mortality in poultry with significant economic losses globally. during 2015, two outbreaks of h7n7 low pathogenicity aiv (lpaiv) in germany, and one each in the united kingdom (uk) and the netherlands occurred, as well as single outbreaks of h7n7 high pathogenicity aiv (hpaiv) in germany and the uk. both hpaiv outbreaks were linked to precursor h7n7 lpaiv outbreaks on the s ... | 2021 | 33567525 |
| pa-x is an avian virulence factor in h9n2 avian influenza virus. | influenza a viruses encode several accessory proteins that have host- and strain-specific effects on virulence and replication. the accessory protein pa-x is expressed due to a ribosomal frameshift during translation of the pa gene. depending on the particular combination of virus strain and host species, pa-x has been described as either acting to reduce or increase virulence and/or virus replication. in this study, we set out to investigate the role pa-x plays in h9n2 avian influenza viruses, ... | 2021 | 33544070 |
| the role of glycosylation in the n-terminus of the hemagglutinin of a unique h4n2 with a natural polybasic cleavage site in virus fitness in vitro and in vivo. | to date, only low pathogenic (lp) h5 and h7 avian influenza viruses (aiv) have been observed to naturally shift to a highly pathogenic (hp) phenotype after mutation of the monobasic hemagglutinin (ha) cleavage site (hacs) to polybasic motifs. the lpaiv monobasic hacs is activated by tissue-restricted trypsin-like enzymes, while the hpaiv polybasic hacs is activated by ubiquitous furin-like enzymes. however, glycosylation near the hacs can affect proteolytic activation and reduced virulence of so ... | 2021 | 33538209 |
| modeling influenza virus infection in mature wistar rats. | it has now been established that blood vessels are target for influenza, but the mechanism by which the influenza virus affects the cardiovascular system is unknown. the aim - adaptation of influenza virus a/st. petersburg/48/16 h1n1(pdm09) to mature wistar rats, as these animals are the main experimental model for studying the pathology of the cardiovascular system. | 2020 | 33533218 |
| development and evaluation of a monoclonal antibody-based competitive elisa for the detection of antibodies against h7 avian influenza virus. | h7 subtype avian influenza has caused great concern in the global poultry industry and public health. the conventional serological subtype-specific diagnostics is implemented by hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay despite lengthy operation time. in this study, an efficient, rapid and high-throughput competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (celisa) was developed for detection of antibodies against h7 avian influenza virus (aiv) based on a novel monoclonal antibody specific to the hemaggl ... | 2021 | 33531001 |
| effect of fennel essential oil on performance, serum biochemistry, immunity, ileum morphology and microbial population, and meat quality of broiler chickens fed corn or wheat-based diet. | 1. the effect of foeniculi aetheroleum essential oil (eo) on growth performance, nutrient utilisation, serum biochemistry, immune response, ileum morphology, microbial population and meat quality of broiler chickens fed a corn- or wheat-based diet were determined.2. a total of 360 broiler chickens were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial assay in a completely randomised design with six replicates and 15 birds per experimental unit. birds were fed corn- or wheat-based diets supplemented with (200 mg/kg ... | 2021 | 33530744 |
| cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles in chickens. | copper oxide nanoparticles (cuo-nps) are consciously used to control the growth of bacteria, fungi, and algae. several studies documented the beneficial and hazardous effects of cuo-nps on human cells and different experimental animals but there are not many studies that report the effect of cuo-nps in poultry. therefore, the present study was performed to investigate the dose-dependent effects of copper oxide nanoparticles on the growth performance, immune status, oxidant/antioxidant capacity, ... | 2021 | 33484442 |
| effect of chromium supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics, blood biochemistry, and immune response of unstressed broiler chickens: a dose-response meta-analysis. | studies investigating the effects of chromium (cr) supplementation on unstressed broiler chickens have reported an inconsistent association between cr supplementation and broiler chickens' responses. we conducted a dose-response meta-analysis of previous studies to assess the dose-response associations between cr supplementation and performance parameters, carcass traits, blood metabolites, and immune indices of non-stressed broiler chickens. the results showed that cr supplementation was not as ... | 2021 | 33454850 |
| a risk marker of tribasic hemagglutinin cleavage site in influenza a (h9n2) virus. | low pathogenic avian influenza a(h9n2) virus is endemic worldwide and continually recruit internal genes to generate human-infecting h5n1, h5n6, h7n9, and h10n8 influenza variants. here we show that hemagglutinin cleavage sites (hacs) of h9n2 viruses tended to mutate towards hydrophilic via evolutionary transition, and the tribasic hacs were found at high prevalence in asia and the middle east. our finding suggested that the tribasic h9n2 viruses increased the viral replication, stability, patho ... | 2021 | 33452423 |
| retraction notice to modified newcastle disease virus vectors expressing the h5 hemagglutinin induce enhanced protection against highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus in chickens vaccine 32(35) (2014) 4428-4435. | | 2021 | 33446369 |
| molecular characteristics of the h9n2 avian influenza viruses in live poultry markets in anhui province, china, 2013 to 2018. | h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) has low-pathogenicity but causes respiratory symptoms and drop in egg production in chicken with long-term virus shedding, resulting in great economic losses due to high mortality related to secondary infection with other pathogens. in recent years, h9n2 viruses have been posing a threat to public health, causing human infection in china. compared to studies on other aiv subtypes, there are relatively few studies on the pathogenic mechanism of the h9n2 vi ... | 2021 | 33437876 |
| n-linked glycosylation at site 158 of the ha protein of h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is important for viral biological properties and host immune responses. | since 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 has become the dominant epidemic branch of the asian lineage h5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) in southern and eastern china, while the h5n6 subtype is the most prevalent. we have shown earlier that lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (ha) glycoprotein due to the t160a mutation is a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 h5nx subtypes. our present study aims to explore other effects of this ... | 2021 | 33436086 |
| the effect of i155t, k156q, k156e and n186k mutations in hemagglutinin on the virulence and reproduction of influenza a/h5n1 viruses. | the continued circulation of influenza a virus subtype h5 may cause the emergence of new potential pandemic virus variants, which can be transmitted from person to person. the occurrence of such variants is mainly related to mutations in hemagglutinin (ha). previously we discovered mutations in h5n1 influenza virus hemagglutinin, which contributes to virus immune evasion. the purpose of this work was to study the role of these mutations in changing other, non-antigenic properties of the virus an ... | 2021 | 33424035 |
| improvement of pr8-derived recombinant clade 2.3.4.4c h5n6 vaccine strains by optimization of internal genes and h103y mutation of hemagglutinin. | clade 2.3.4.4c h5n6 avian influenza a viruses (aivs) may have originally adapted to infect chickens and have caused highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) in poultry and human fatalities. although a/puerto rico/8/1934 (h1n1) (pr8)-derived recombinant clade 2.3.4.4c h5n6 vaccine strains have been effective in embryonated chicken eggs-based vaccine production system, they need to be improved in terms of immunogenicity and potential mammalian pathogenicity. we replaced the pb2 gene alone or the p ... | 2020 | 33419331 |
| establishment of a genetically engineered chicken df-1 cell line for efficient amplification of influenza viruses in the absence of trypsin. | the initial step of influenza infection is binding of the virus to specific sialic acid receptors expressed by host cells. this is followed by cell entry via endocytosis. cleavage of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha) protein is critical for infection; this is performed by host cell proteases during viral replication. in cell culture systems, ha is cleaved by trypsin added to the culture medium. the vast majority of established cell lines are mammalian. | 2021 | 33413322 |
| transcriptome profiles of highly pathogenic pure avian h7n9 virus-infected lungs of balb/c mice. | avian influenza a (h7n9) viruses emerged in china in 2013 and caused a zoonotic disease associated with a high case-fatality ratio of more than 30%. transcriptional profiles obtained using animal models reveal host responses to the disease, thereby providing insights into disease pathogenesis. therefore, we aimed to characterize the host responses of the h7n9 virus infected-mouse lungs in this study. first, we isolated an avian-originated h7n9 strain, which was shown to be highly pathogenic to b ... | 2020 | 33409298 |
| comparative safety and efficacy of two bivalent vaccines containing newcastle disease lasota and avian influenza h9n2 sidrap isolate formulated with different oil adjuvants. | newcastle disease (nd) and avian influenza (ai) are two devastating diseases of poultry, which cause great economic losses to the poultry industry and disrupt food security in our country. the use of nd-ai inactive bivalent vaccine is very effective and economical to prevent and control nd and ai disease. bivalent nd lasota-ai h9n2 vaccine is not yet available in indonesia. the inactivated vaccines used in poultry industry often require oil adjuvant to elicit a sufficient immune response. this s ... | 2020 | 33363346 |
| comparative analysis of key immune protection factors in h9n2 avian influenza viruses infected and immunized specific pathogen-free chicken. | h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aiv) continue to circulate in vaccinated chicken flocks in china, which prompted us to investigate the differential immune protection factors induced by h9n2 aiv infection and immunization for analyzing the reason of protection deficiency of h9n2 aiv inactivated vaccine. in this study, we firstly explored virus-induced optimal immune responses in chicken after h9n2 aiv infection. and, we found that h9n2 hemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibody level, antiviral inte ... | 2020 | 33357705 |
| comparative pathogenicity and environmental transmission of recent highly pathogenic avian influenza h5 viruses. | strategies to control spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses by wild birds appear limited, hence timely characterization of novel viruses is important to mitigate the risk for the poultry sector and human health. in this study we characterize three recent h5-clade 2.3.4.4 viruses, the h5n8-2014 group a virus and the h5n8-2016 and h5n6-2017 group b viruses. the pathogenicity of the three viruses for chickens, pekin ducks and eurasian wigeons was compared. the three viruses wer ... | 2021 | 33350337 |
| protection of chickens with maternal immunity against avian influenza virus (aiv) by vaccination with a novel recombinant newcastle disease virus vector. | newcastle disease virus (ndv) vectors expressing avian influenza virus (aiv) hemagglutinin of subtype h5 protect specific pathogen-free chickens from newcastle disease and avian influenza. however, maternal aiv antibodies (aiv-mda+) are known to interfere with active immunization by influencing vaccine virus replication and gene expression, resulting in inefficient protection. to overcome this disadvantage, we inserted a transgene encoding a truncated soluble hemagglutinin (ha) in addition to th ... | 2020 | 33347549 |
| role of the hemagglutinin residue 227 in immunogenicity of h5 and h7 subtype avian influenza vaccines in chickens. | many h5 and h7 subtype avian influenza vaccines are poorly immunogenic in terms of inducing hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) antibody titers. residue 227 (h3 numbering) in the receptor binding site in the hemagglutinin (ha) is critical for the detectability of hi antibodies induced by h5 influenza vaccines. however, whether the effect of residue 227 on immunogenicity can be generalized in different subtypes is unclear. in this study, the impact of ha residue 227 on immunogenicity of h5n1, h5n6, ... | 2020 | 33347548 |
| genetic incompatibilities and reduced transmission in chickens may limit the evolution of reassortants between h9n2 and panzootic h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4 avian influenza virus showing high virulence for mammals. | the unprecedented spread of h5n8- and h9n2-subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) in birds across asia, europe, africa, and north america poses a serious public health threat with a permanent risk of reassortment and the possible emergence of novel virus variants with high virulence in mammals. to gain information on this risk, we studied the potential for reassortment between two contemporary h9n2 and h5n8 viruses. while the replacement of the pb2, pa, and ns genes of highly pathogenic h5n8 by hom ... | 2020 | 33343923 |
| ha1 (hemagglutinin) quantitation for influenza a h1n1 and h3n2 high yield reassortant vaccine candidate seed viruses by rp-uplc. | the only effective measure to decrease morbidity and mortality caused by the influenza virus in the human population is worldwide vaccination. vaccination produces neutralizing antibodies that target the ha1 subunit of the ha (hemagglutinin) protein and are strain specific. the effectiveness of new influenza vaccines are linked to two factors, the correct prediction of the circulating strains in the population in a particular season and the concentration of the ha1 protein in the vaccine formula ... | 2020 | 33341306 |
| a single dose of inactivated oil-emulsion bivalent h5n8/h5n1 vaccine protects chickens against the lethal challenge of both highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. | in this study, two highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n8 viruses were isolated from chicken and geese in 2018 and 2019 (chicken/me-2018 and geese/egypt/mg4/2019). the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase gene analyses revealed their close relatedness to the clade-2.3.4.4b h5n8 viruses isolated from egypt and eurasian countries. a monovalent inactivated oil-emulsion vaccine containing a reassortant virus with ha gene of the chicken/me-2018/h5n8 strain and a bivalent vaccine containing same rea ... | 2020 | 33307456 |
| evaluation of baloxavir marboxil and peramivir for the treatment of high pathogenicity avian influenza in chickens. | control measures in the case of high pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks in poultry include culling, surveillance, and biosecurity; wild birds in captivity may also be culled, although some rare bird species should be rescued for conservation. in this study, two anti-influenza drugs, baloxavir marboxil (bxm) and peramivir (pr), used in humans, were examined in treating hpai in birds, using chickens as a model. chickens were infected with h5n6 hpai virus and were treated immediately or ... | 2020 | 33302389 |
| effect of baicalin on bacterial secondary infection and inflammation caused by h9n2 aiv infection in chickens. | h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus (h9n2 aiv) is a low pathogenic virus that is widely prevalent all over the world. h9n2 aiv causes immunosuppression in the host and often leads to high rates of mortality due to secondary infection with escherichia. due to the drug resistance of bacteria, many antibiotics are not effective in the treatment of secondary bacterial infection. therefore, the purpose of this study is to find effective nonantibiotic drugs for the treatment of h9n2 aiv infection-induc ... | 2020 | 33294434 |
| establishing a multicolor flow cytometry to characterize cellular immune response in chickens following h7n9 avian influenza virus infection. | avian influenza virus (aiv) emerged and has continued to re-emerge, continuously posing great threats to animal and human health. the detection of hemagglutination inhibition (hi) or virus neutralization antibodies (na) is essential for assessing immune protection against aiv. however, the hi/na-independent immune protection is constantly observed in vaccines' development against h7n9 subtype aiv and other subtypes in chickens and mammals, necessitating the analysis of the cellular immune respon ... | 2020 | 33291218 |
| hemagglutinin stalk-based monoclonal antibody elicits broadly reactivity against group 1 influenza a virus. | influenza virus remains a continuous and severe threat to public health worldwide, and its prevention and treatment have always been a major international issue. because of its ability to evade immune surveillance through rapid antigenic drift and antigenic shift, broad-spectrum vaccines seem increasingly important. | 2020 | 33287849 |
| non-basic amino acids in the hemagglutinin proteolytic cleavage site of a european h9n2 avian influenza virus modulate virulence in turkeys. | h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) is the most widespread low pathogenic (lp) aiv in poultry and poses a serious zoonotic risk. vaccination is used extensively to mitigate the economic impact of the virus. however, mutations were acquired after long-term circulation of h9n2 virus in poultry, particularly in the hemagglutinin (ha) proteolytic cleavage site (cs), a main virulence determinant of aiv. compared to chickens, little is known about the genetic determinants for adaptation of h9n2 aiv to tu ... | 2020 | 33277593 |
| the effect of i155t, k156q, k156e and n186k mutations in hemagglutinin on the virulence and reproduction of influenza a/h5n1 viruses. | the continued circulation of influenza a virus subtype h5 may cause the emergence of new potential pandemic virus variants, which can be transmitted from person to person. the occurrence of such variants is mainly related to mutations in hemagglutinin (ha). previously we discovered mutations in h5n1 influenza virus hemagglutinin, which contributes to virus immune evasion. the purpose of this work was to study the role of these mutations in changing other, non-antigenic properties of the virus an ... | 2020 | 33276361 |