| evidence of avian influenza virus in seabirds breeding on a norwegian high-arctic archipelago. | wild aquatic birds serve as the natural reservoir for avian influenza virus (aiv), a disease with significant implications for avian and mammalian health. climate change is predicted to impact the dynamics of aiv, particularly in areas such as the arctic, but the baseline data needed to detect these shifts is often unavailable. in this study, plasma from two species of gulls breeding on the high-arctic svalbard archipelago were screened for antibodies to aiv. | 2020 | 32028933 |
| influenza a prevalence and subtype diversity in migrating teal sampled along the united states gulf coast. | wild birds in the order anseriformes are important reservoirs for influenza a viruses (iavs); however, iav prevalence and subtype diversity may vary by season, even at the same location. to better understand the ecology of iav during waterfowl migration through the gulf coast of the united states (louisiana and texas), surveillance of blue-winged (spatula discors) and american green-winged (anas carolinensis) teal was conducted. the surveillance was done annually during the spring (live capture; ... | 2019 | 31131574 |
| wild birds in live birds markets: potential reservoirs of enzootic avian influenza viruses and antimicrobial resistant enterobacteriaceae in northern egypt. | wild migratory birds are often implicated in the introduction, maintenance, and global dissemination of different pathogens, such as influenza a viruses (iav) and antimicrobial-resistant (amr) bacteria. trapping of migratory birds during their resting periods at the northern coast of egypt is a common and ancient practice performed mainly for selling in live bird markets (lbm). in the present study, samples were collected from 148 wild birds, representing 14 species, which were being offered for ... | 2020 | 32155863 |
| the cloacal microbiome of five wild duck species varies by species and influenza a virus infection status. | waterfowl, especially ducks of the genus anas, are natural reservoir species for influenza a virus (iav). duck populations contain nearly all the known diversity of iavs, and the birds are asymptomatic to infection. previous work established that iav infection status is correlated with changes in the cloacal microbiome in juvenile mallards. here, we analyze five anas species to determine whether these duck species have similar iav+ and iav- cloacal microbiomes, or if the relationships among a ho ... | 2018 | 30355662 |
| avian influenza virus prevalence and subtype diversity in wild birds in shanghai, china, 2016-2018. | from 2016 to 2018, surveillance of influenza a viruses in wild birds was conducted in shanghai, located at the east asian-australian flyway, china. a total of 5112 samples from 51 species of wild birds were collected from three different wetlands. the total three-year prevalence of influenza a viruses among them was 8.8%, as assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods, and the total prevalence was higher in anseriformes (26.3%) than in the charadriiformes (2.3%) and the othe ... | 2020 | 32948009 |
| characterization and phylodynamics of reassortant h12nx viruses in northern eurasia. | wild waterfowl birds are known to be the main reservoir for a variety of avian influenza viruses of different subtypes. some subtypes, such as h2nx, h8nx, h12nx, and h14nx, occur relatively rarely in nature. during 10-year long-term surveillance, we isolated five rare h12n5 and one h12n2 viruses in three different distinct geographic regions of northern eurasia and studied their characteristics. h12n2 from the far east region was a double reassortant containing hemagglutinin (ha), non-structural ... | 2019 | 31816947 |
| isolation of h8n4 avian influenza virus from wild birds in shanghai, china. | the h8 subtype viruses are rarely isolated from wild ducks. shanghai is one of the important wintering or stopover sites on the east asia-australia migration flyway. an influenza virus, subtype h8n4, was firstly isolated from a common teal (anas crecca) in shanghai during 2017-2018 in this study. to clarify the genetic characteristics of the h8n4 virus, the whole genome sequences were analyzed. phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes showed that they shared highest nuc ... | 2019 | 30879322 |
| phylogenetic characterization of a reassortant h5n2 influenza a virus from a resident mexican duck (anas diazi). | congregation of different migratory and resident bird species on aquatic ecosystems during winter migration increases contact rates and enhances influenza a virus (iav) transmission. however, scarce research has been focused on the resident bird's contribution to the viral ecology at a local scale. the mexican duck (anas diazi) is an endemic endangered anatid from mexico. this resident species shares aquatic habitats with migratory birds in the wetlands of central mexico. therefore, here we desc ... | 2020 | 32721589 |
| de novo transcriptome assembly and data for the blue-winged teal (spatula discors). | the blue-winged teal (spatula discors) is a recreationally and ecologically important dabbling duck species in north america. transcriptomic data of this species can be used in public and animal health studies given its role as a natural reservoir host for avian influenza, which can be a zoonotic disease of high concern. ileum and bursa of fabricius tissues were sampled from six captive raised blue-winged teals, four of the six who were experimentally infected with low-pathogenic avian influenza ... | 2020 | 32258268 |
| evolutionary pathway for the 2017 emergence of a novel highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h7n9) virus among domestic poultry in tennessee, united states. | in march 2017, a novel highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h7n9) virus was detected at two commercial broiler breeder facilities in tennessee, united states. in this study, a wild bird low pathogenic avian influenza a virus, a/blue-winged teal/wyoming/ah0099021/2016(h7n9), was shown to be the probable precursor of the novel h7n9 virus; this low pathogenic virus has eight possible progenitor genes sharing > 99% sequence identity with the novel h7n9 virus. phylogeographic analyses showed that vira ... | 2018 | 30236990 |
| genomic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of the first h12n2 influenza a virus identified from wild birds, china. | in this report, an h12n2 influenza a virus was identified from a fecal sample in the falcated teal, anas falcata, located in the dongting lake wetland. this is the first report of h12n2 iav detected from wild birds in china. phylogenetic analysis showed that all eight segments of this h12n2 virus clustered in the eurasian lineage. this strain was also shown to be closely related to those from duck-origin, goose origin and wild bird origin. this suggested a transmission of influenza a virus along ... | 2020 | 32180425 |
| two novel reassortant h11n8 avian influenza viruses occur in wild birds found in east dongting lake, china. | during the surveillance of avian influenza viruses in east dongting lake, china (2014-2015), two h11n8 avian influenza viruses were detected in the bean goose (anser fabalis) and the falcated teal (anas falcata). phylogenetic analysis showed that these two novel reassortant h11n8 avian influenza viruses contain genes from poultry and wild birds. this is the first report detecting the h11n8 subtype influenza virus from wild birds in asia. these findings indicate a dissemination of avian influenza ... | 2019 | 30847609 |
| complete coding genome sequence of an avian influenza a/h3n8 virus strain detected in north kazakhstan in 2018. | we report the complete coding genome sequence of the influenza a/h3n8 virus, isolated from anas querquedula in northern kazakhstan in 2018. phylogenetic analysis of the surface antigens of strain a/garganey/north-kazakhstan/45/2018 showed that its hemagglutinin belonged to the asian line, while its neuraminidase was assigned to the eurasian group. | 2020 | 32675181 |
| avian influenza h5n8 outbreak in african penguins (spheniscus demersus), namibia, 2019. | in january 2019, high mortalities were reported among african penguins (spheniscus demersus) in a breeding colony on halifax island, namibia, africa. analysis of samples by reverse transcription quantitative pcr indicated the presence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) subtype h5n8. sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes confirmed the presence of the virus in the birds and its high similarity to hpai subtype h5n8 identified in south africa in 2017. there have bee ... | 2020 | 31483707 |
| emperor geese (anser canagicus) are exposed to a diversity of influenza a viruses, are infected during the non-breeding period and contribute to intercontinental viral dispersal. | emperor geese (anser canagicus) are endemic to coastal areas within beringia and have previously been found to have antibodies to or to be infected with influenza a viruses (iavs) in alaska. in this study, we use virological, serological and tracking data to further elucidate the role of emperor geese in the ecology of iavs in beringia during the non-breeding period. specifically, we assess evidence for: (a) active iav infection during spring staging, autumn staging and wintering periods; (b) in ... | 2019 | 31077545 |
| heterologous prime-boost with a(h5n1) pandemic influenza vaccines induces broader cross-clade antibody responses than homologous prime-boost. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) a(h5nx) viruses continue to pose a pandemic threat. us national vaccine stockpiles are a cornerstone of the influenza pandemic preparedness plans. however, continual genetic and antigenic divergence of a(h5nx) viruses requires the development of effective vaccination strategies using stockpiled vaccines and adjuvants for pandemic preparedness. human sera collected from healthy adults who received either homologous (2 doses of a as03a-adjuvanted a/turkey/t ... | 2019 | 31149353 |
| avian influenza prevalence and viral shedding routes in minnesota ring-billed gulls (larus delawarensis). | birds within the orders charadriiformes (shorebirds, gulls) and anseriformes (waterfowl) are reservoir hosts for avian influenza (ai) viruses, but their role in the transmission dynamics of ai viruses is unclear. to date, waterfowl have been the predominant focal species for most surveillance and epidemiological studies, yet gulls, in particular, have been shown to harbor reassortant ai viruses of both north american and eurasian lineages and are underrepresented in north american surveillance e ... | 2019 | 31131567 |
| avian influenza virus surveillance in high arctic breeding geese, greenland. | the connectedness in arctic regions between migratory waterbird populations originating from different continents and the potential for virus exchange at their shared arctic breeding ground point to the need to explore the largely unstudied circumpolar circulation of avian influenza viruses (aiv). we here report the investigation of aiv in wild birds and lakes in a high arctic area of northeast greenland. no aiv could be detected in the fecal, feather, and water samples collected from large floc ... | 2018 | 29944408 |
| epidemiologic survey of avian influenza virus infection in shorebirds captured in hokkaido, japan. | there is limited information about virus epidemiology of shorebirds (family charadriidae and scolopacidae) in the east asia-australasia flyway. we investigated the prevalence of avian influenza viruses (aivs) in shorebirds in hokkaido, japan, the stopover site of the flyway, to understand the ecology of aiv translocation in the flyway from 2006 to 2010. in total, 1,698 shorebirds belonging to 26 species were captured and released into two different sites using mist nets. tracheal and cloacal swa ... | 2020 | 31917635 |
| exposure to and circulation of avian influenza and newcastle disease viruses in peridomestic wild birds in the united arab emirates. | avian influenza and newcastle disease viruses (aiv, ndv) are major pathogens of captive and wild birds worldwide. wetlands and their associated bird communities, especially waterfowl and shorebirds, are known to play a central role in the epidemiology of these diseases as maintenance hosts. however, these viruses also circulate in places where these ecosystems and communities are uncommon, suggesting the involvement of other taxa in their epidemiological cycles. in the arid region of abu dhabi o ... | 2020 | 31622187 |
| full genome characterization of iranian h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus from hooded crow (corvus cornix), 2017: the first report. | during 2014-2017 clade 2.3.4.4 h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) have spread worldwide. in 2016, an epidemic of hpaiv h5n8 in iran caused mass deaths among wild birds, and several commercial poultry farms and captive bird holdings were affected and continue to experience problems. several outbreaks were reported in 2017. one of them is related to hooded crow (corvus cornix) in a national park in esfahan province in 2017. whole genome sequencing and characterization have bee ... | 2019 | 31174704 |
| interleukin 12-containing influenza virus-like-particle vaccine elevate its protective activity against heterotypic influenza virus infection. | to produce monovalent and bivalent influenza vaccines composed of virus-like particles (vlps) containing hemagglutinin (ha), we generated four recombinant baculoviruses derived from bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (bmnpv) and autographa california nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv). monovalent fukushima (a/tufted duck/fukushima/16/2011 [h5n1]) (fkh5) and anhui (a/anhui/1/2013 [h7n9]) (anh7) vlp influenza vaccines were produced in silkworm pupae infected with fkh5-bmnpv or anh7-bmnpv. to p ... | 2020 | 32802975 |
| migratory whooper swans cygnus cygnus transmit h5n1 virus between china and mongolia: combination evidence from satellite tracking and phylogenetics analysis. | in late 2014, a highly pathogenic avian influenza (hereafter hpai) h5n1 outbreak infected whooper swans cygnus cygnus wintering at the sanmenxia reservoir area, china, and raised concerns about migratory linkages between wintering and breeding grounds of whooper swans. in this study, 61 swans were satellite tracked from 2013 to 2016 to determine the spatial association of their migration routes and h5n1 outbreaks, and 3596 fecal samples were collected along the migration routes for virology test ... | 2018 | 29728621 |
| detection of reassortant h5n6 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in a black-faced spoonbill (platalea minor) found dead, taiwan, 2017. | a h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) was detected in a black-faced spoonbill (platalea minor) found dead in taiwan during december 2017. genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses suggest the hemagglutinin gene belongs to h5 clade 2.3.4.4 group b. all genes except neuraminidase gene shared high levels of nucleotide identity with h5n8 hpaiv identified from europe during 2016-2017. genetically similar h5n6 hpaiv was also identified from japan during november 2017. enhanced surve ... | 2018 | 29705362 |
| a highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza a virus isolated from a flamingo on the caspian sea shore. | in 2015, in the kazakh part of the northern caspian sea region, during the monitoring of wild birds for avian influenza viruses, a highly pathogenic a/flamingo/mangistau/6570/2015(h5n1) influenza virus was isolated from a dead flamingo. this study aimed to obtain the complete genome sequence of the isolate. | 2020 | 32972927 |
| an unusual case of haemorrhagic bursa in a pullet flock associated with a genogroup 2 infectious bursal disease virus. | an unusual case of infectious bursal disease (ibd) was observed in eight-week-old commercial caged pullets. this flock (house 1) exhibited a one-day spike in mortality. on gross necropsy examination, enlarged, diffusely haemorrhagic bursas were observed. this lesion has been frequently described in cases of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvibdv). a five-week-old caged pullet flock (house 2) in an adjacent building did not display haemorrhagic bursa lesions. microscopic examinatio ... | 2021 | 33823706 |
| development and application of a novel triplex protein microarray method for rapid detection of antibodies against avian influenza virus, newcastle disease virus, and avian infectious bronchitis virus. | avian influenza virus (aiv), newcastle disease virus (ndv), and avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) inflict immense damage on the global poultry industry annually. serological diagnostic methods are fundamental for the effective control and prevention of outbreaks caused by these viruses. in this study, a novel triplex protein microarray assay was developed and validated for the rapid and simultaneous visualized detection of antibodies against aiv, ndv, and ibv in chicken sera. the aiv nucle ... | 2021 | 33576898 |
| antibody prevalence to african swine fever virus, mycobacterium bovis, foot-and-mouth disease virus, rift valley fever virus, influenza a virus, and brucella and leptospira spp. in free-ranging warthog (phacochoerus africanus) populations in south africa. | the warthog (phacochoerus africanus) can be used as a model for investigating disease transmission at the human, wildlife, and livestock interface. an omnivore and scavenger, a warthog moves freely between natural ecotypes, farmland, and human communities and is susceptible to diseases of zoonotic, agricultural, and conservation concern. a retrospective study using 100 individual serum samples collected from may 1999 to august 2016 was performed to determine antibody prevalence to seven pathogen ... | 2021 | 33635986 |
| comparative growth kinetic study of newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal disease virus and avian influenza virus in chicken embryo fibroblast and df-1 cell lines. | viral diseases have caused devastating effect on poultry industry leading to significant losses in economy of world. in the presented study, the ability of newcastle disease virus (ndv), infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) and avian influenza virus (aiv) to grow in two cell lines was evaluated. both chicken embryo fibroblast (cef) and df-1 cells were used and cytopathic effects (cpe) produced by these viruses were observed. the titer of virus in terms of tcid was determined after 24h up to fo ... | 2021 | 34250783 |
| development of lateral flow assay based on anti-ibdv igy for the rapid detection of gumboro disease in poultry. | the poultry industry faces serious problems against infectious diseases, including gumboro, which is caused by contagious bursal disease virus (ibdv). ibdv infects the bursa of fabricius (bf), a lymphoid organ for controlling the b-cell maturation. thus, it can trigger the secondary infection's vulnerability, leading to the high mortality and morbidity of the chicken. moreover, managing the gumboro post-outbreaks also requires considerable time and costs. besides vaccination programs, the early ... | 2021 | 33577956 |
| health surveillance of penguins in the barton peninsula on king george island, antarctica. | samples from 29 adult gentoo (pygoscelis papua), chinstrap (pygoscelis antarcticus), and adélie penguins (pygoscelis adeliae) at the king sejong station on nar̢ ebski point, king george island, antarctica, were investigated to detect antibodies to avian influenza, newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, mycoplasma, and salmonella. antibodies were identified from one gentoo penguin and one chinstrap penguin against infectious bronchitis virus; from o ... | 2021 | 33872350 |
| surveillance on respiratory diseases reveals enzootic circulation of both h5 and h9 avian influenza viruses in small-scale commercial layer farms of bangladesh. | poultry production in bangladesh has been experiencing h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) and h9n2 low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) for the last 14 years. vaccination of chickens against h5 hpai is in practice since the end of 2012. subsequently, the official reporting of hpai outbreaks gradually decreased. however, the true extent of circulation of avian influenza virus (aiv) in commercial poultry production is not clear. to explore this, we conducted active surveillance in 422 ... | 2021 | 34219385 |
| thiazolidines: potential anti-viral agents against avian influenza and infectious bronchitis viruses. | viral outbreaks are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in livestock and human populations. lack of good vaccines and poor control measures along with natural viral genetic drifting and shifting are the common causes of new viral strains and outbreaks. the current study reports the synthesis of some 2-aryl substituted thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acids 1a-h and their 3-acetyl 2a and 3-benzoyl derivatives 3a. two important poultry viruses: avian influenza virus (aiv; a/chicken/italy/1994/h9n2) ... | 2020 | 33643596 |
| seroprevalences of specific antibodies against avian pathogens in free-ranging ring-necked pheasants (phasianus colchicus) in northwestern germany. | infectious diseases in captive pheasants (phasianus colchicus) are well known, but there is a lack of knowledge about occurrence and distribution of pathogens in free-ranging pheasants in germany. we investigated 604 sera from hunted pheasants and 152 sera from wild caught pheasants between 2011 to 2015, with the aim to determine the prevalence of specific antibodies against different viruses: avian influenza virus (aiv) of subtypes h5, h7, h9, paramyxovirus type 1 (pmv-1), avian encephalomyelit ... | 2021 | 34347834 |
| bird flu outbreak amidst covid-19 pandemic in south africa: efforts and challenges at hand. | over the months of april and may 2021, south africa has witnessed several outbreaks of highly infective avian influenza (h5n1) in different poultry farms. this came as a shock to a country that was already battling with the deadly covid-19 pandemic. the emergence of the virus has spurred import bans and massive culls in the poultry business. local experts have also called for a restriction on the movement of people and cars in and out of their chicken farms. employees have also been encouraged t ... | 2021 | 34081338 |
| coinfection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus enhances the severity of pneumonia in golden syrian hamsters. | clinical outcomes of the interaction between the co-circulating pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) and seasonal influenza viruses are unknown. | 2021 | 33216851 |
| caco-2 cells: a continuous cell line with sensitive and broad-spectrum utility for respiratory virus culture. | primary rhesus monkey kidney cells (rhmk) can be used for the detection of respiratory viruses, including influenza and parainfluenza. the human colon adeno-carcinoma cell line, caco-2, has been previously used for the growth of multiple influenza viruses, including seasonal, novel and avian lineages. | 2021 | 33676967 |
| transmission of infectious viruses in the natural setting at human-animal interface. | most viral pathogens causing epidemics and pandemics are zoonotic, emerging from wildlife reservoirs like sars cov2 causing the global covid-19 pandemic, although animal origin of this virus remains a mystery. cross-species transmission of pathogens from animals to humans is known as zoonosis. however, pathogens are also transmitted from humans to animals in regions where there is a close interaction between animals and humans by 'reverse transmission' (anthroponosis). molecular evidence for the ... | 2021 | 34250513 |
| distinct transcriptional responses to fatal ebola virus infection in cynomolgus and rhesus macaques suggest species-specific immune responses. | ebola virus (ebov) is a negative single-stranded rna virus within the filoviridae family and the causative agent of ebola virus disease (evd). nonhuman primates (nhps), including cynomolgus and rhesus macaques, are considered the gold standard animal model to interrogate mechanisms of ebov pathogenesis. however, despite significant genetic similarity (>90%), nhp species display different clinical presentation following ebov infection, notably a ∼1-2 days delay in disease progression. consequentl ... | 2021 | 34112056 |
| diplotriaena obtusa infection in an eurasian blue tit (cyanistes caeruleus) in germany. pathology and phylogenetic analysis. | diplotriaena obtusa is a nematode found in air sacs of a wide number of birds, including passerine species. during a period of increased mortality of blue tits (cyanistes caeruleus) in germany, we collected adult nematode worms from the air sacs of a deceased male blue tit. the nematodes showed morphological features consistent with diplotriaena ssp. a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay targeting the small subunit (ssu) 18s rrna gene identified the parasite species as diplotriaena obtusa. phy ... | 2020 | 33678381 |
| pathogen presence in wild birds inhabiting landfills in central iran. | wild birds are important in the transmission of many zoonotic pathogens such as salmonella and avian influenza virus (aiv). the current study investigated the presence of bacterial and viral pathogens in birds foraging at an open landfill located in central iran. we collected blood and intestinal samples from five abundant species, including rook (corvus frugilegus), european starling (sturnus vulgaris), house sparrow (passer domesticus), black-headed gull (chroicocephalus ridibundus) and slende ... | 2021 | 33783651 |
| detection of virus-related sequences associated with potential etiologies of hepatitis in liver tissue samples from rats, mice, shrews, and bats. | hepatitis is a major global health concern. however, the etiology of 10-20% hepatitis cases remains unclear. some hepatitis-associated viruses, like the hepatitis e virus, are zoonotic pathogens. rats, shrews, and bats are reservoirs for many zoonotic pathogens. therefore, understanding the virome in the liver of these animals is important for the investigation of the etiologies of hepatitis and monitoring the emerging zoonotic viruses. in this study, viral metagenomics and pcr methods were used ... | 2021 | 34177835 |
| comparative analysis of swine leukocyte antigen gene diversity in european farmed pigs. | in europe, swine represent economically important farm animals and furthermore have become a preferred preclinical large animal model for biomedical studies, transplantation and regenerative medicine research. the need for typing of the swine leukocyte antigen (sla) is increasing with the expanded use of pigs as models for human diseases and organ-transplantation experiments and their use in infection studies and for design of veterinary vaccines. in this study, we characterised the sla class i ... | 2021 | 34028065 |
| biodetection of a specific odor signature in mallard feces associated with infection by low pathogenic avian influenza a virus. | outbreaks of avian influenza virus (aiv) infection included the spread of highly pathogenic aiv in commercial poultry and backyard flocks in the spring of 2015. this resulted in estimated losses of more than $8.5 million from federal government expenditures, $1.6 billion from direct losses to produces arising from destroyed turkey and chicken egg production, and economy-wide indirect costs of $3.3 billion from impacts on retailers and the food service industries. additionally, these outbreaks re ... | 2021 | 34038460 |
| efficacy of two vaccines against recent emergent antigenic variants of clade 2.3.2.1a highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in bangladesh. | h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) have caused outbreaks in poultry in bangladesh since 2007. while clade 2.2.2 and 2.3.4.2 hpaivs have not been detected since 2012, clade 2.3.2.1a viruses have caused continuous outbreaks since 2012 despite the use of vaccines. in this study, we evaluated the efficacy of two h5 vaccines licensed in bangladesh, re-6 inactivated vaccine, and a recombinant herpesvirus of turkeys vaccine with an h5 insert (rhvt-h5), for protection against recent ... | 2021 | 33910774 |
| efficacy of recombinant marek's disease virus vectored vaccines with computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (cobra) hemagglutinin insert against genetically diverse h5 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. | the genetic and antigenic drift associated with the high pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai) viruses of goose/guangdong (gs/gd) lineage and the emergence of vaccine-resistant field viruses underscores the need for a broadly protective h5 influenza a vaccine. here, we tested experimental vector herpesvirus of turkey (vhvt)-h5 vaccines containing either wild-type clade 2.3.4.4a-derived h5 inserts or computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (cobra) inserts with challenge by homologous an ... | 2021 | 33715903 |
| a broad spectrum hvt-h5 avian influenza vector vaccine which induces a rapid onset of immunity. | current methods to combat highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks in poultry rely on stamping out and preventive culling, which can lead to high economic losses and invoke ethical resistance. emergency vaccination could be an alternative as vaccination is one of the most efficient and cost-effective measures to protect poultry from hpai infection, preventing spreading to other poultry and greatly reducing the potential transmission to humans. current conventional inactivated ai vaccin ... | 2021 | 33483211 |
| preferential selection and contribution of non-structural protein 1 (ns1) to the efficient transmission of panzootic avian influenza h5n8 virus clades 2.3.4.4a and b in chickens and ducks. | highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4 caused outbreaks in poultry at an unprecedented global scale. the virus was spread by wild birds in asia in two waves: clade 2.3.4.4a in 2014/2015 and clade 2.3.4.4b from 2016 up to today. both clades were highly virulent in chickens, but only clade b viruses exhibited high virulence in ducks. viral factors which contribute to virulence and transmission of these panzootic h5n8 2.3.4.4 viruses are largely unknown. the ns1 protein, typical ... | 2021 | 34160261 |
| pathogenicity and transmissibility assessment of two strains of human influenza virus isolated in china in 2018. | influenza season occurs every year in china, but its presentation was unusual in the period from december 2017 to early 2018. during this period, influenza activity was increasing across the country and was much greater than during the same period in previous years, with great harm to people's health. | 2021 | 33472481 |
| host anp32a mediates the assembly of the influenza virus replicase. | aquatic birds represent a vast reservoir from which new pandemic influenza a viruses can emerge1. influenza viruses contain a negative-sense segmented rna genome that is transcribed and replicated by the viral heterotrimeric rna polymerase (flupol) in the context of viral ribonucleoprotein complexes2,3. rna polymerases of avian influenza a viruses (flupola) replicate viral rna inefficiently in human cells because of species-specific differences in acidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32 (anp32), a fami ... | 2020 | 33208942 |
| h9n2 influenza virus spillover into wild birds from poultry in china bind to human-type receptors and transmit in mammals via respiratory droplets. | h9n2 influenza virus has been reported worldwide for several decades, and it has evolved into multiple genotypes among domestic poultry. however, the study involving ecology and evolution of low pathogenic avian influenza virus h9n2 in wild birds in china is limited. here, we carried out surveillance of avian influenza virus h9n2 in wild birds along with the east asian-australian migratory flyway in china in 2017. to estimate the prevalence of h9n2 avian virus in wild birds, information on expos ... | 2021 | 33566453 |
| subclinical infection and transmission of clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in mandarin duck (aix galericulata) and domestic pigeon (columbia livia domestica). | since 2014, h5nx clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) have caused outbreaks in wild birds and poultry in multiple continents, including asia, europe, africa, and north america. wild birds were suspected to be the sources of the local and global spreads of hpaiv. this study evaluated the infectivity, pathogenicity, and transmissibility of clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 hpaiv in mandarin ducks (aixgalericulata) and domestic pigeons (columbia livia domestica). none of the birds used ... | 2021 | 34199847 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4b subtype h5n8 virus isolated from mandarin duck in south korea, 2020. | in october 2020, a highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) subtype h5n8 virus was identified from a fecal sample of a wild mandarin duck (aix galericulata) in south korea. we sequenced all eight genome segments of the virus, designated as a/mandarin duck/korea/k20-551-4/2020(h5n8), and conducted genetic characterization and comparative phylogenetic analysis to track its origin. genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis show that the hemagglutinin gene belongs to h5 clade 2.3.4.4 subgroup b. a ... | 2020 | 33291548 |
| re-invasion of h5n8 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus clade 2.3.4.4b in hokkaido, japan, 2020. | global dispersion of high pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai), especially that caused by h5 clade 2.3.4.4, has threatened poultry industries and, potentially, human health. an hpai virus, a/northern pintail/hokkaido/m13/2020 (h5n8) (np/hok/20) belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b, was isolated from a fecal sample collected at a lake in hokkaido, japan where migratory birds rested, october 2020. in the phylogenetic trees of all eight gene segments, np/hok/20 fell into in the cluster of european isolates ... | 2020 | 33327524 |
| comparative infectivity and transmissibility studies of wild-bird and chicken-origin highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses h5n8 in chickens. | despite the recent advances in avian influenza viruses surveillance and genomic data, fundamental questions concerning the ecology and evolution of these viruses remain elusive. in egypt, h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) are co-circulating simultaneously with hpaivs of subtypes h5n1 and low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaivs) of subtype h9n2 in both commercial and backyard poultry. in order to isolate aivs from wild birds and to assess their potential in causing in ... | 2020 | 33271478 |
| novel reassortant 2.3.4.4b h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses circulating among wild, domestic birds in xinjiang, northwest china. | the h5 avian influenza viruses (aivs) of clade 2.3.4.4 circulate in wild and domestic birds worldwide. in 2017, nine strains of h5n6 aivs were isolated from aquatic poultry in xinjiang, northwest china. | 2021 | 34170087 |
| genetic characterization and pathogenesis of avian influenza virus h7n3 isolated from spot-billed ducks in south korea, early 2019. | low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (lpaiv) introduced by migratory birds circulate in wild birds and can be transmitted to poultry. these viruses can mutate to become highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses causing severe disease and death in poultry. in march 2019, an h7n3 avian influenza virus-a/spot-billed duck/south korea/wku2019-1/2019 (h7n3)-was isolated from spot-billed ducks in south korea. this study aimed to evaluate the phylogenetic and mutational analysis of this isolate. mo ... | 2021 | 34067187 |
| differences in highly pathogenic h5n6 avian influenza viral pathogenicity and inflammatory response in chickens and ducks. | infection with h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus caused high mortality in chickens, while ducks often appear to be asymptomatic. but, some recent h5nx subtype viruses could cause high mortality in ducks. the variation between different species and the mechanisms by which some h5nx viruses cause death in ducks requires investigation to identify the key processes in influenza susceptibility and pathogenesis. here, we characterized two representative h5n6 viruses, a/pavo cristatus/jiangx ... | 2021 | 33584608 |
| host range of influenza a virus h1 to h16 in eurasian ducks based on tissue and receptor binding studies. | dabbling and diving ducks partly occupy shared habitats but have been reported to play different roles in wildlife infectious disease dynamics. influenza a virus (iav) epidemiology in wild birds has been based primarily on surveillance programs focused on dabbling duck species, particularly mallard (anas platyrhynchos). surveillance in eurasia has shown that in mallards, some subtypes are commonly (h1 to h7 and h10), intermediately (h8, h9, h11, and h12), or rarely (h13 to h16) detected, contrib ... | 2021 | 33361418 |
| molecular identification and phylogenetic characterization of influenza a virus at a wildlife-livestock interface in mexico. | influenza a virus (iav) outbreaks constitute a constant threat to public health and pose a remarkable impact on socio-economic systems worldwide. interactions between wild and domestic birds, humans and swine can lead to spillover events. backyard livestock systems in proximity to wetlands represent high-risk areas for viral spread. however, some gaps remain in our knowledge of iav transmission at the wildlife-livestock interface in mexico. hence, the study aimed at molecular identification and ... | 2020 | 33350099 |
| pathogenesis and genetic characteristics of a novel reassortant low pathogenic avian influenza a(h7n6) virus isolated in cambodia in 2019. | the first human case of zoonotic a(h7n4) avian influenza virus (aiv) infection was reported in early 2018 in china. two months after this case, novel a(h7n4) viruses phylogenetically related to the jiangsu isolate emerged in ducks from live bird markets in cambodia. during active surveillance in cambodia, a novel a(h7n6) reassortant of the zoonotic low pathogenic aiv (lpaiv) a(h7n4) was detected in domestic ducks at a slaughterhouse. complete genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed th ... | 2021 | 34347386 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n2 (clade 2.3.4.4) challenge of mallards age appropriate to the 2015 midwestern poultry outbreak. | the 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) h5n2 clade 2.3.4.4 outbreak in upper midwestern u.s. poultry operations was not detected in wild birds to any great degree during the outbreak, despite wild waterfowl being implicated in the introduction, reassortment, and movement of the virus into north america from asia. this outbreak led to the demise of over 50 million domestic birds and occurred mainly during the northward spring migration of adult avian populations. | 2021 | 34323380 |
| virus adaptation following experimental infection of chickens with a domestic duck low pathogenic avian influenza isolate from the 2017 usa h7n9 outbreak identifies polymorphic mutations in multiple gene segments. | in march 2017, highly pathogenic (hp) and low pathogenic (lp) avian influenza virus (aiv) subtype h7n9 were detected from poultry farms and backyard birds in several states in the southeast united states. because interspecies transmission is a known mechanism for evolution of aivs, we sought to characterize infection and transmission of a domestic duck-origin h7n9 lpaiv in chickens and genetically compare the viruses replicating in the chickens to the original h7n9 clinical field samples used as ... | 2021 | 34207098 |
| elucidating the local transmission dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n6 in the republic of korea by integrating phylogenetic information. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus is one of the most virulent and infectious pathogens of poultry. as a response to hpai epidemics, veterinary authorities implement preemptive depopulation as a controlling strategy. however, mass culling within a uniform radius of the infection site can result in unnecessary depopulation. therefore, it is useful to quantify the transmission distance from infected premises (ips) before determining the optimal area for preemptive depopulation. accordi ... | 2021 | 34199439 |
| genetic evolution and transmission dynamics of clade 2.3.2.1a highly pathogenic avian influenza a/h5n1 viruses in bangladesh. | asian lineage a/h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) have been responsible for continuous outbreaks in bangladesh since 2007. although clades 2.2.2 and 2.3.4.2 hpaivs have disappeared since poultry vaccination was introduced in 2012, clade 2.3.2.1a viruses have continued to be detected in bangladesh. in this study, we identified a/h9n2 (n = 15), a/h5n1 (n = 19), and a/h5n1-a/h9n2 (n = 18) mixed viruses from live bird markets, chicken farms, and wild house crows (corvus splende ... | 2020 | 34127940 |
| diversity and reassortment rate of influenza a viruses in wild ducks and gulls. | influenza a viruses (iavs) evolve via point mutations and reassortment of viral gene segments. the patterns of reassortment in different host species differ considerably. we investigated the genetic diversity of iavs in wild ducks and compared it with the viral diversity in gulls. the complete genomes of 38 iavs of h1n1, h1n2, h3n1, h3n2, h3n6, h3n8, h4n6, h5n3, h6n2, h11n6, and h11n9 subtypes isolated from wild mallard ducks and gulls resting in a city pond in moscow, russia were sequenced. the ... | 2021 | 34072256 |
| serological evidence of backyard pig exposure to highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n8 virus during 2016-2017 epizootic in france. | in autumn/winter 2016-2017, hpai-h5n8 viruses belonging to the a/goose/guandong/1/1996 (gs/gd) lineage, clade 2.3.4.4b, were responsible for outbreaks in domestic poultry in europe, and veterinarians were requested to reinforce surveillance of pigs bred in hpai-h5nx confirmed mixed herds. in this context, ten pig herds were visited in southwestern france from december 2016 to may 2017 and serological analyses for influenza a virus (iav) infections were carried out by elisa and hemagglutination i ... | 2021 | 34070190 |
| health monitoring in birds using bio-loggers and whole blood transcriptomics. | monitoring and early detection of emerging infectious diseases in wild animals is of crucial global importance, yet reliable ways to measure immune status and responses are lacking for animals in the wild. here we assess the usefulness of bio-loggers for detecting disease outbreaks in free-living birds and confirm detailed responses using leukocyte composition and large-scale transcriptomics. we simulated natural infections by viral and bacterial pathogens in captive mallards (anas platyrhynchos ... | 2021 | 34031452 |
| do contrasting patterns of migration movements and disease outbreaks between congeneric waterfowl species reflect differing immunity? | long-distance migrations influence the dynamics of hostpathogen interactions and understanding the role of migratory waterfowl in the spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) is important. while wild geese have been associated with outbreak events, disease ecology of closely related species has not been studied to the same extent. the swan goose (anser cygnoides) and the bar-headed goose (anser indicus) are congeneric species with distinctly different hpaiv infection recor ... | 2021 | 34000793 |
| biological properties and genetic characterization of novel low pathogenic h7n3 avian influenza viruses isolated from mallard ducks in the caspian region, dagestan, russia. | avian influenza viruses (aivs) are maintained in wild bird reservoirs, particularly in mallard ducks and other waterfowl. novel evolutionary lineages of aiv that arise through genetic drift or reassortment can spread with wild bird migrations to new regions, infect a wide variety of resident bird species, and spillover to domestic poultry. the vast continental reservoir of aivs in eurasia harbors a wide diversity of influenza subtypes, including both highly pathogenic (hp) and low pathogenic (lp ... | 2021 | 33920551 |
| multiple reassortants of h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses detected in south korea during the winter of 2020-2021. | during october 2020-january 2021, we isolated a total of 67 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n8 viruses from wild birds and outbreaks in poultry in south korea. we sequenced the isolates and performed phylogenetic analysis of complete genome sequences to determine the origin, evolution, and spread patterns of these viruses. phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (ha) gene showed that all the isolates belong to h5 clade 2.3.4.4 subgroup b (2.3.4.4b) and form two distinct genetic clu ... | 2021 | 33809549 |
| evaluation of insulated isothermal pcr devices for the detection of avian influenza virus. | highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) and low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaivs) represent important threats to the poultry industry and global human health. due to the high rates of avian influenza virus (aiv) transmission, controlling aiv outbreaks is challenging. hpaiv is known to be transmitted from wild birds to domestic ducks, from which it can be transmitted to layer and broiler chickens. therefore, surveillance of aiv in domestic ducks and chickens in advance of out ... | 2021 | 33711374 |
| detection of newly introduced y280-lineage h9n2 avian influenza viruses in live bird markets in korea. | we report the first detection of y280-lineage h9n2 avian influenza viruses in live bird markets in korea during july 2020. the viruses were isolated from domestic ducks and chickens traded in three markets in two different provinces, indicating dispersal of the newly introduced viruses. complete genome sequencing and comparative phylogenetic analyses of all eight gene segments of the viruses showed high nucleotide homology to a y280-lineage h9n2 avian influenza virus isolated in a chicken farm i ... | 2021 | 33523603 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) virus spread by short- and long-range transmission, france, 2016-17. | we detected 3 genotypes of highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) virus in france during winter 2016-17. genotype a viruses caused dramatic economic losses in the domestic duck farm industry in southwestern france. our phylogenetic analysis suggests that genotype a viruses formed 5 distinct geographic clusters in southwestern france. in some clusters, local secondary transmission might have been started by a single introduction. the intensity of the viral spread seems to correspond to the den ... | 2021 | 33496244 |
| the evolutionary dynamics of influenza a viruses circulating in mallards in duck hunting preserves in maryland, usa. | duck hunting preserves (dhp) have resident populations of farm-raised mallard ducks, which create potential foci for the evolution of novel influenza a viruses (iavs). through an eleven-year (2003-2013) iav surveillance project in seven dhps in maryland, usa, we frequently identified iavs in the resident, free-flying mallard ducks (5.8% of cloacal samples were iav-positive). the iav population had high genetic diversity, including 12 ha subtypes and 9 na subtypes. by sequencing the complete geno ... | 2020 | 33375548 |
| a comparative study of the innate humoral immune response to avian influenza virus in wild and domestic mallards. | domestic mallards (anas platyrhynchos domesticus) are traditionally used as a model to investigate infection dynamics and immune responses to low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaivs) in free-living mallards. however, it is unclear whether the immune response of domestic birds reflects the response of their free-living counterparts naturally exposed to these viruses. we investigated the extent to which the innate humoral immune response was similar among (i) wild-type domestic mallards in ... | 2020 | 33329501 |
| pattern-recognition receptors in duck (anas platyrhynchos): identification, expression and function analysis of toll-like receptor 3. | 1. innate immunity provides the first line of defence against pathogenic organisms through a myriad of germline encoded receptors called pattern-recognition receptors (prrs). toll-like receptor (tlr) 3, as an important member of prrs, is indispensable for host defence against viral infection by recognising virus-derived rnas. however, little is known about the structure and function of tlr3 in ducks (anas platyrhynchos), a natural host for the avian influenza virus.2. this study cloned the full- ... | 2020 | 33215508 |
| prevalence and distribution of avian influenza viruses in domestic ducks at the waterfowl-chicken interface in wetlands. | ducks are a natural reservoir of influenza a viruses (iavs) and can act as a reassortment vessel. wetlands, such as hakaluki and tanguar haor in bangladesh, have unique ecosystems including domestic duck (anas platyrhynchos domesticus) rearing, especially household and free-range ducks. a cross-sectional study was, therefore, conducted to explore avian influenza status and its distribution and risk factors in the wetland areas. during the three consecutive winters of 2015-2017, specifically in d ... | 2020 | 33207803 |
| truncation or deglycosylation of the neuraminidase stalk enhances the pathogenicity of the h5n1 subtype avian influenza virus in mallard ducks. | h5n1 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) with a deletion of 20 amino acids at residues 49-68 in the stalk region of neuraminidase (na) became a major epidemic virus. to determine the effect of truncation or deglycosylation of the na stalk on virulence, we used site-directed mutagenesis to insert 20 amino acids in the short-stalk virus a/mallard/huadong/s/2005 (sy) to recover the long-stalk virus (rsna+). a series of short-stalk or deglycosylated-stalk viruses were also constructed basing on the ... | 2020 | 33193225 |
| emergence of novel reassortant h1n1 avian influenza viruses in korean wild ducks in 2018 and 2019. | influenza a virus subtype h1n1 has caused global pandemics like the spanish flu in 1918 and the 2009 h1n1 pandemic several times. h1n1 remains in circulation and survives in multiple animal sources, including wild birds. surveillance during the winter of 2018-2019 in korea revealed two h1n1 isolates in samples collected from wild bird feces: knu18-64 (a/greater white-fronted goose/south korea/knu18-64/2018(h1n1) and wku19-4 (a/wild bird/south korea/wku19-4/2019(h1n1). phylogenetic analysis indic ... | 2020 | 33375376 |
| first detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in norway. | several outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) caused by influenza a virus of subtype h5n8 have been reported in wild birds and poultry in europe during autumn 2020. norway is one of the few countries in europe that had not previously detected hpai virus, despite widespread active monitoring of both domestic and wild birds since 2005. | 2021 | 34118927 |
| influenza a virus surveillance, infection and antibody persistence in snow geese (anser caerulescens). | some snow geese (anser caerulescens) migrate between eurasia and north america and exhibit high seroprevalence for influenza a viruses (iavs). hence, these birds might be expected to play a role in intercontinental dispersal of iavs. our objective in this manuscript was to characterize basic incidence and infection characteristics for snow geese to assess whether these birds are likely to significantly contribute to circulation of iavs. thus, we 1) estimated snow goose infection prevalence by su ... | 2021 | 33621417 |
| reassortment and persistence of influenza a viruses from diverse geographic origins within australian wild birds: evidence from a small, isolated population of ruddy turnstones. | australian lineages of avian influenza a viruses (aivs) are thought to be phylogenetically distinct from those circulating in eurasia and the americas, suggesting the circulation of endemic viruses seeded by occasional introductions from other regions. however, processes underlying the introduction, evolution and maintenance of aivs in australia remain poorly understood. waders (order charadriiformes, family scolopacidae) may play a unique role in the ecology and evolution of aivs, particularly ... | 2021 | 33627387 |
| avian influenza overview august - december 2020. | between 15 august and 7 december 2020, 561highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus detections were reported in 15eu/eea countries and uk in wild birds, poultry andcaptive birds, with germany (n=370), denmark (n=65), the netherlands (n=57) being the most affected countries.the majority of the detections have been reported in wild birds(n=510), primarily in barnacle goose, greylag goose, andeurasian wigeon. raptors have also been detected infected, particularly common buzzard. the majority o ... | 2020 | 33343738 |
| avian influenza overview - update on 19 november 2020, eu/eea and the uk. | since 16 october 2020, outbreaks ofhighly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruseshavebeen reported inseveral eu/eeacountries -belgium, denmark, france, germany, ireland, the netherlands, and swedenas well asin the united kingdom.as of 19 november,12pm, 302 hpai a(h5) detections have been reported, with the majority of the detections referring to wild birds (n=281), and a few related to outbreaks in poultry (n=18) and captive birds (n=3). most of the detections in wild birds were in wild waterb ... | 2020 | 33281979 |
| exposure assessment for avian influenza and newcastle disease viruses from peridomestic wild birds in a conservation breeding site in the united arab emirates. | worldwide, wild birds are frequently suspected to be involved in the occurrence of outbreaks of different diseases in captive-bred birds although proofs are lacking and most of the dedicated studies are insufficiently conclusive to confirm or characterize the roles of wild birds in such outbreaks. the aim of this study was to assess and compare, for the most abundant peridomestic wild birds, the different exposure routes for avian influenza and newcastle disease viruses in conservation breeding ... | 2021 | 34333870 |
| antibody response of an h9 subtype avian influenza poultry vaccine on three kinds of wild birds in shanghai zoo. | a semiannual immunization with a commercial inactivated h9 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) vaccine developed for poultry has been used to prevent and control the avian influenza (ai) infections among captured wild birds in shanghai zoo. however, the overall safety and effectiveness of the poultry vaccine for housed birds in the zoo remain unclear. to verify the safety and efficacy of the commercial inactivated h9 ai vaccine on zoo birds and to explore a more reasonable and effective immuniza ... | 2021 | 34339128 |
| gross pathology associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n8 and h5n1 in naturally infected birds in the uk (2020-2021). | multiple outbreaks with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses, including h5n8 and h5n1, have occurred in the united kingdom, as well as in other european countries, since late 2020. | 2021 | 34310721 |
| maternal transfer of antibodies specific for avian influenza viruses in captive whooper swans (cygnus cygnus). | the transfer of maternal antibodies to offspring can effectively protect against avian influenza virus (aiv) infection during early life in chickens and can prevent aiv spread by decreasing the overall percentage of the avian population susceptible to this pathogen. herein, we evaluated maternal antibody transfer dynamics in whooper swans (cygnus cygnus), which represent an important aiv host species. in total, 57 eggs from 19 nests were collected to study the relationship between egg yolk aiv-s ... | 2021 | 33836315 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4 subtype h5n6 viruses isolated from wild whooper swans, mongolia, 2020. | we identified clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n6) viruses from whooper swans (cygnus cygnus) found dead in mongolia. the identification of these infections in wild birds in this area is of concern because of the potential for virus dissemination during fall migration. | 2021 | 33754986 |
| data on swan arrival, departure, and population size on the asadokoro tidal flat, aomori prefecture, japan, from 1956 to 2010. | the arrival and departure dates and the daily maximum populations of migrating swans (cygnus cygnus) on the asadokoro tidal flat, hiranai town, aomori prefecture, japan, were recorded by elementary school students for more than 50 years between 1956 and 2010. the asadokoro tidal flat, which lies along the coast of mutsu bay, has been designated a national special natural monument, known as the swans of kominato and their migration grounds. this long history of observation unfortunately came to a ... | 2021 | 33659589 |
| pathological analysis and genetic characterization of the first outbreak h5n8 subtype avian influenza virus isolated from wild swan in shandong, china. | in january 2021, an outbreak of h5n8 subtype avian influenza was identified from wild mute swans (cygnus olor) in an overwintering site located within yellow river delta nature reserve in shandong, china, for the first time. we sequenced the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genome segments of the virus, named a/mute swan/shandong/1/2021 (h5n8), and explored the genetic characterization and comparative phylogenetic analysis to track its origin. the wild swans prior to death showed nervou ... | 2021 | 34359099 |
| incursion of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) virus, the netherlands, october 2020. | highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) virus was detected in mute swans in the netherlands during october 2020. the virus shares a common ancestor with clade 2.3.4.4b viruses detected in egypt during 2018-2019 and has similar genetic composition. the virus is not directly related to h5n8 viruses from europe detected in the first half of 2020. | 2021 | 34013854 |
| influenza a viruses in whistling ducks (subfamily dendrocygninae). | as compared to other anseriformes, data related to influenza a virus (iav) detection and isolation, and iav antibody detection in whistling ducks (dendrocygna spp. and thalassornis leuconotus; subfamily dendrocygninae) are limited. to better evaluate the potential role of whistling ducks in the epidemiology of iav, we (1) conducted surveillance for iav from black-bellied whistling ducks (bbwd, dendrocygnaautumnalis) sampled in coastal louisiana, usa, during february 2018 and 2019, and (2) review ... | 2021 | 33525360 |
| molecular detection of influenza a viruses and h5 subtype among migratory amur falcons (falco amurensis) and captive birds of prey. | influenza a viruses (iavs) and newcastle disease viruses (ndvs) are major human and animal health threats with geographic differences in prevalence, characteristics and host populations. currently, there is sparse information on iavs and ndvs in avian species in south africa. because raptors feed on live wild birds which are the reservoir hosts of iavs and ndvs, we considered them a good sentinel for surveillance. therefore, in addition to other resident birds of prey, migratory amur falcons (fa ... | 2021 | 33428819 |
| knock-in of the duck retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i) into the mx gene in df-1 cells enables both stable and immune response-dependent rig-i expression. | waterfowls, such as ducks, are natural hosts of avian influenza virus (aiv) and can genetically limit the pathogenicity. on the other hand, some aiv strains cause severe pathogenicity in chickens. it is suggested that differences in the pathogenicity of aiv infection between waterfowls and chickens are related to the expression of retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i), a pattern recognition receptor that chickens evolutionally lack. here, we knocked-in the duck rig-i bearing the t2a peptide seq ... | 2021 | 34381879 |
| establishment of recombinant eimeria acervulina expressing multi-copies m2e derived from avian influenza virus h9n2. | the potential of eimeria parasites as live vaccine vectors has been reported with successful genetic manipulation on several species like e. tenella, e. mitis and e. necatrix. among seven eimeria species infecting chickens, e. acervulina is a highly prevalent, moderately pathogenic species. thus, it is valuable for the study of transfection and for use as a potential as vaccine vector. in this study, a plasmid containing expression cassette with enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eyfp), red fl ... | 2021 | 34358207 |
| targeting haemagglutinin antigen of avian influenza virus to chicken immune cell receptors dec205 and cd11c induces differential immune-potentiating responses. | improving the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of vaccines is critical to reducing disease impacts. one strategy used to enhance the immunogenicity of vaccines is the selective delivery of protective antigens to the antigen presenting cells (apcs). in this study, we have developed a targeted antigen delivery vaccine (tadv) system by recombinantly fusing the ectodomain of hemagglutinin (ha) antigen of h9n2 influenza a virus to single chain fragment variable (scfv) antibodies specific for th ... | 2021 | 34358200 |
| evaluation of protective efficacy of influenza virus like particles prepared from h5n1 virus of clade 2.2.1.2 in chickens. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses continue to cause severe economic losses in poultry species worldwide. hpai virus of subtype h5n1 was reported in egypt in 2006, and despite vaccination efforts, the virus has become endemic. the current study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a virus-like particle (vlp) based vaccine in vivo using specific pathogen-free (spf) chickens. the vaccine was prepared from the hpai h5n1 virus of clade 2.2.1.2 using the baculovirus expression system. the v ... | 2021 | 34358131 |
| dynamics of influenza a (avian influenza) virus in poultry in the greater accra region of ghana amongst the production levels. | this research explores, through active surveillance, influenza a prevalence at different production levels in the greater accra region of ghana, a study area with previous outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus. the prevalence of influenza a was determined by rtrtpcr. this was achieved by screening 2040 samples comprising tracheal and cloacal swabs from chicken, ducks, pigeons, guinea fowls, and turkeys. influenza a prevalence by production levels and species was computed at 95 ... | 2021 | 34355640 |