| pathogenicity and genomic changes of a 2016 european h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (clade 2.3.4.4) in experimentally infected mallards and chickens. | highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4 virus caused outbreaks in poultry and unusually high mortality in wild birds in 2016-2017. the pathobiology of one of these viruses was examined in mallards and chickens. high mortality and transmission to direct contacts were observed in mallards inoculated with medium and high doses of the virus. however, in chickens, high mortality occurred only when birds are given the high virus dose and no transmission was observed, indicating that the v ... | 2019 | 31493656 |
| a field-deployable insulated isothermal rt-pcr assay for identification of influenza a (h7n9) shows good performance in the laboratory. | avian influenza a (h7n9) remains circulating in china. for countries at risk of introduction of h7n9, such as vietnam, early detection of h7n9 virus is essential for the early containment of the virus. insulated isothermal reverse transcriptase pcr (iirt-pcr) is a portable pcr system that can be deployed under field conditions to identify pathogens at the sampling site. applying pcr at the sampling site will greatly reduce the time to obtain a diagnostic result which allows the veterinary author ... | 2019 | 31487118 |
| novel reassortant h7n2 originating from the h7n9 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in china, 2019. | | 2019 | 31473272 |
| tyr82 amino acid mutation in pb1 polymerase induces an influenza virus mutator phenotype. | in various positive-sense single-stranded rna viruses, a low-fidelity viral rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) confers attenuated phenotypes by increasing the mutation frequency. we report a negative-sense single-stranded rna virus rdrp mutant strain with a mutator phenotype. based on structural data of rdrp, rational targeting of key residues, and screening of fidelity variants, we isolated a novel low-fidelity mutator strain of influenza virus that harbors a tyr82-to-cys (y82c) single-amino-a ... | 2019 | 31462570 |
| co-infections of chickens with avian influenza virus h9n2 and moroccan italy 02 infectious bronchitis virus: effect on pathogenesis and protection conferred by different vaccination programmes. | since the emergence of low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h9n2 viruses in morocco in 2016, severe respiratory problems have been encountered in the field. infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is often detected together with h9n2, suggesting disease exacerbation in cases of co-infections. this hypothesis was therefore tested and confirmed in laboratory conditions using specific-pathogen-free chickens. most common field vaccine programmes were then tested to compare their efficacies against these ... | 2020 | 31412705 |
| [change of phenotypic properties of escape mutants and readaptants of influenza virus a (h1n1)pdm09 under the influence of selected mutations in the molecule of hemagglutinin.] | after the emergence and spread of pandemic h1n1 viruses in 2009, antigenic epitopes recognized by neutralizing antibodies against the hemagglutinin of influenza a/moscow/01/09(h1n1)pdm09 viruses were studied. | 2020 | 31412173 |
| a single mutation n166d in hemagglutinin affects antigenicity and pathogenesis of h9n2 avian influenza virus. | some immune escape mutants of h9n2 virus and the corresponding mutations in hemagglutinin (ha) have been documented, but little is known about the impact of a single mutation on the antigenicity and pathogenesis of h9n2. in this study, seven critical sites in ha associated with the antigenicity were identified and the effects of a ha mutation (n166d) derived from a h9n2 escape mutant (m3f2) were investigated. although n166d did not significantly affect viral replication in madin-darby canine kid ... | 2019 | 31382442 |
| evaluation and comparison of the potential immunogenicity of two commercial inactivated bivalent newcastle and avian influenza vaccines in spf chicken. | in the present study, the potency and immunogenicity of the inactivated bivalent vaccine of newcastle disease (nd) and avian influenza (ai) produced by razi institute in iran were compared with a similar imported vaccine administered by standard methods to specific-pathogen-free (spf) chicken. a total of 150 twenty-one-day-old spf chickens were used for evaluating razi and imported inactivated h9n2/nd vaccines. the chickens were divided into eight groups. the subjects in groups 1 and 3 were vacc ... | 2019 | 31592590 |
| insights into the acquisition of virulence of avian influenza viruses during a single passage in ferrets. | circulating avian influenza viruses pose a significant threat, with human infections occurring infrequently but with potentially severe consequences. to examine the dynamics and locale of the adaptation process of avian influenza viruses when introduced to a mammalian host, we infected ferrets with h5n1 viruses. as expected, all ferrets infected with the human h5n1 isolate a/vietnam/1203/2004 showed severe disease and virus replication outside the respiratory tract in multiple organs including t ... | 2019 | 31590265 |
| poultry trading behaviours in vietnamese live bird markets as risk factors for avian influenza infection in chickens. | vietnamese poultry are host to co-circulating subtypes of avian influenza viruses, including h5n1 and h9n2, which pose a great risk to poultry productivity and to human health. aivs circulate throughout the poultry trade network in vietnam, with live bird markets being an integral component to this network. traders at lbms exhibit a variety of trading practices, which may influence the transmission of aivs. we identified trading practices that impacted on aiv prevalence in chickens marketed in n ... | 2019 | 31357255 |
| evolution of h9n2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus during passages in chickens. | the process of avian influenza virus (aiv) evolution in a new host was investigated in the experiment in which ten serial passages of a turkey-derived h9n2 aiv were carried out in specific pathogen free chickens (3 birds/group) inoculated by oculonasal route. oropharyngeal swabs collected 3 days post infection were used for inoculation of birds in the next passage and subjected to analysis using deep sequencing. in total, eight mutations in the consensus sequence were found in the viral pool der ... | 2019 | 31351233 |
| efficacy of a plant-produced virus-like particle vaccine in chickens challenged with influenza a h6n2 virus. | the efficacy, safety, speed, scalability and cost-effectiveness of producing hemagglutinin-based virus-like particle (vlp) vaccines in plants are well-established for human influenza, but untested for the massive poultry influenza vaccine market that remains dominated by traditional egg-grown oil-emulsion whole inactivated virus vaccines. for optimal efficacy, a vaccine should be closely antigenically matched to the field strain, requiring that influenza a vaccines be updated regularly. in this ... | 2020 | 31350931 |
| does in ovo injection of two chicken strains with royal jelly impact hatchability, post-hatch growth performance and haematological and immunological parameters in hatched chicks? | the hypothesis of the present work was that the effects of in ovo injection may differ in different chicken strains. the influence of in ovo royal jelly (rj) injection on hatching, growth and blood parameters in two chicken strains (dokki-4 and el-salam as example for different strains) was evaluated. a total of 1080 eggs were used. on the seventh day of incubation, the eggs were randomly allocated into six experimental groups in a 2 × 3 arrangement that included the two chicken strains and thre ... | 2019 | 31349720 |
| genetic characteristics, pathogenicity and transmission of h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in southern china. | since 2014, h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) from clade 2.3.4.4 have been persistently circulating in southern china. this has caused huge losses in the poultry industry. in this study, we analysed the genetic characteristics of seven h5n6 hpaivs of clade 2.3.4.4 that infected birds in southern china in 2016. phylogenetic analysis grouped the ha, pb2, pa, m and ns genes as mix-like, and the na genes grouped into the eurasian lineage. the pb1 genes of the gs24, gs25, ck46 and ... | 2019 | 31328387 |
| the pb2 and m genes of genotype s h9n2 virus contribute to the enhanced fitness of h5nx and h7n9 avian influenza viruses in chickens. | genotype s h9n2 viruses frequently donate their internal genes to facilitate the generation of novel influenza viruses, e.g., h5n6, h7n9, and h10n8, which have caused human infection. genotype s was originated from the replacement of f/98-like m and pb2 genes of the genotype h with those from g1-like lineage. however, whether this gene substitution will influence the viral fitness of emerging influenza viruses remains unclear. we found that h5nx and h7n9 viruses with g1-like pb2 or m gene exhibi ... | 2019 | 31325836 |
| newcastle disease virus vectors expressing consensus sequence of the h7 ha protein protect broiler chickens and turkeys against highly pathogenic h7n8 virus. | continuous outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses in commercial poultry have caused devastating losses to domestic poultry with a raising public health concern. the outbreaks of hpai viruses have increased worldwide, including the north america. therefore, vaccination has been considered as an alternative strategy for an efficient control of hpai viruses. in this study, we aimed to generate newcastle disease virus (ndv) vectored h7 serotype-specific vaccines by expressing ... | 2019 | 31320218 |
| a homeostasis hypothesis of avian influenza resistance in chickens. | avian influenza has caused significant damage to the poultry industry globally. consequently, efforts have been made to elucidate the disease mechanisms as well as the mechanisms of disease resistance. here, by investigating two chicken breeds with distinct responses to avian influenza virus (aiv), leghorn gb2 and fayoumi m43, we compared their genome, methylation, and transcriptome differences. mx1, hsp90ab1, and hsp90b1 exhibited high degrees of genetic differentiation (fst) between the two sp ... | 2019 | 31319606 |
| effective mosaic-based nanovaccines against avian influenza in poultry. | avian influenza virus (aiv) is an extraordinarily diverse pathogen that causes significant morbidity in domesticated poultry populations and threatens human life with looming pandemic potential. controlling avian influenza in susceptible populations requires highly effective, economical and broadly reactive vaccines. several aiv vaccines have proven insufficient despite their wide use, and better technologies are needed to improve their immunogenicity and broaden effectiveness. previously, we de ... | 2019 | 31300285 |
| immunological properties of the slltevet epitope of influenza a virus in multiple display on filamentous m13 phage. | small peptides require large carriers to stimulate the humoral immune system. the filamentous phages, such as m13, have been proposed as vectors for expressing and carrying these peptides on their capsid surface. m2e 2-9 (slltevet) residues of the transmembrane protein m2 of influenza a virus are conserved and considered as a suitable target for immunization against a wide range of influenza a virus strains. here, m2e (2-9) sequence of influenza a virus was fused to the n-terminus of the major c ... | 2019 | 31300131 |
| comparative immune response and pathogenicity of the h9n2 avian influenza virus after administration of immulant®, based on echinacea and nigella sativa, in stressed chickens. | avian influenza vaccines are commonly used in the poultry industry, and some medicinal plants can increase the efficacy of such vaccines. the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of immulant® (imu) (a commercial product based on echinacea and nigella sativa) on stress induced by dexamethasone (dex) in chickens vaccinated (vac) against the h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv-h9n2). seven experimental groups were included: the negative control, vac, dex, vac + dex, vac + dex + imu, vac + ... | 2019 | 31300109 |
| genome sequences of an h9n2 avian influenza virus strain found in pakistan in 2017. | in 2017, we isolated an h9n2 avian influenza virus in pakistan. genetic analysis showed that the a/chicken/kasoor/si36/2017(h9n2) isolate belongs to the g1 lineage. in addition, this isolate possesses mammalian host-specific mutations which could possibly favor interspecies transmission, suggesting that pakistani h9n2 viruses are still potentially infectious for mammals. | 2019 | 31296678 |
| label-free localized surface plasmon resonance biosensor composed of multi-functional dna 3 way junction on hollow au spike-like nanoparticles (hausn) for avian influenza virus detection. | in the present study, we fabricated a label-free avian influenza (aiv h5n1) detection biosensor composed of a multi-functional dna 3 way-junction (3 w j) on a hollow au spike-like nanoparticle (hausn) using a localized surface plasmon resonance (lspr) method. to construct the multi-functional dna (mf-dna) as a bioprobe, the 3 w j was introduced. the proposed aiv detection bioprobe should contain three functionalities: target recognition, signal amplification, and connection to substrate. to achi ... | 2019 | 31284148 |
| different pathogenicity and transmissibility of goose-origin h5n6 avian influenza viruses in chickens. | highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n6 viruses have been circulating in poultry in asia since 2013 and producing serious diseases in chickens. here, we analyzed the genetic properties of 10 h5n6 subtypes aivs from geese in 2015-2016 in guangdong province. phylogenic analysis showed that all ha genes of the 10 viruses belonged to clade 2.3.4.4, and their genes including ha, pa, pb1, m, np, and ns all derived from mix-like 1 (ch, vn, ls). their pb2 genes come from mix-like 2 (ch, vn, jp). the na g ... | 2019 | 31277451 |
| itraq-based proteomic and bioinformatic characterization of human mast cells upon infection by the influenza a virus strains h1n1 and h5n1. | mast cells can support the replication of influenza a virus, although how this occurs is poorly understood. in the present study, using quantitative ms, we analyzed the proteome of human mast cells infected with different influenza a virus strains at 12 h post-infection. forty-one differentially expressed proteins were identified in human mast cells upon infection by the virulent h5n1 (a/chicken/henan/1/04) virus compared to the seasonal h1n1 (a/wsn/33) virus. bioinformatic analyses confirmed th ... | 2019 | 31271652 |
| a single amino acid substitution at residue 218 of hemagglutinin improves the growth of influenza a(h7n9) candidate vaccine viruses. | the potential avian influenza pandemic remains a threat to public health, as the avian-origin influenza a(h7n9) virus has caused more than 1,560 laboratory-confirmed human infections since 2013, with nearly 40% mortality. development of low-pathogenic candidate vaccine viruses (cvvs) for vaccine production is essential for pandemic preparedness. however, the suboptimal growth of cvvs in mammalian cells and chicken eggs is often a challenge. by introducing a single adaptive substitution, g218e, i ... | 2019 | 31270231 |
| innate antiviral responses are induced by tlr3 and tlr4 ligands in chicken tracheal epithelial cells: communication between epithelial cells and macrophages. | the chicken upper respiratory tract is the portal of entry for respiratory pathogens including avian influenza virus (aiv). there is a paucity of information about the role of airway epithelial cells in the induction of antiviral responses in the chicken trachea. a better understanding of the role of these cells in the initiation of innate responses may improve prophylactic or therapeutic strategies for control of viral infections. the present study aimed to characterize antiviral innate respons ... | 2019 | 31255797 |
| evaluation of protective efficacy when combining turkey herpesvirus-vector vaccines. | turkey herpesvirus (hvt) is widely used as a vaccine against marek's disease in chickens and recently as a vector for foreign genes from infectious bursal disease virus, newcastle disease (nd) virus, infectious laryngotracheitis (ilt) virus, and avian influenza virus. advantages of hvt-vector vaccines are that the vaccines do not contain live respiratory viruses or live infectious bursal disease virus able to replicate and cause disease or embryo mortality, they can be administered at hatch or i ... | 2019 | 31251522 |
| single immunization with newcastle disease virus-vectored h7n9 vaccine confers a complete protection against challenge with highly pathogenic avian influenza h7n9 virus. | in the fifth wave of the h7n9 avian influenza epidemic, highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) a (h7n9) viruses have emerged and pose a great challenge to public health and the poultry industry. in addition, there are apparent genetic and antigenic variations between the classical h7n9 avian influenza virus and the newly-emerged h7n9 virus. therefore, an antigenic-match vaccine is required for the prevention and control of h7n9 avian influenza in poultry in china. in this study, a recombinant ... | 2019 | 31251520 |
| pathogenicity and full genome sequencing of the avian influenza h9n2 moroccan isolate 2016. | in morocco in early 2016, a low pathogenic avian influenza virus serotype h9n2 caused large economic losses to the poultry industry, with specific clinical symptoms and high mortality rates on infected farms. subsequent to the h9n2 outbreak, the causal agent was successfully isolated from chicken flocks with high morbidity and mortality rates, propagated on embryonated eggs, and fully sequenced. the phylogenetic analysis suggested that the moroccan isolate could have derived from the middle east ... | 2019 | 31251516 |
| influenza m2 virus-like particle vaccination enhances protection in combination with avian influenza ha vlps. | despite the ability to induce a broad range of cross protection, m2e5x virus-like particles (vlps) alone provide limited vaccine efficacy and confer low efficacy of protection against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) infection in chickens. avian influenza hemagglutinin (ha) has been a major antigenic target that enhances humoral immunity, but the efficacy of avian ha-based vaccines against hpaiv needs to be further improved. in this study, we evaluated the vaccine efficacy induced ... | 2019 | 31246961 |
| improved detection of influenza a virus from blue-winged teals by sequencing directly from swab material. | the greatest diversity of influenza a virus (iav) is found in wild aquatic birds of the orders anseriformes and charadriiformes. in these birds, iav replication occurs mostly in the intestinal tract. fecal, cloacal, and/or tracheal swabs are typically collected and tested by real-time rt-pcr (rrt-pcr) and/or by virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs in order to determine the presence of iav. virus isolation may impose bottlenecks that select variant populations that are different from those ... | 2019 | 31236242 |
| passaging of an influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus in a difluoro sialic acid inhibitor selects for a novel, but unfit i106m neuraminidase mutant. | an influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 and an influenza b virus were passaged in 3-fluoro(eq)-4-guanidino difluoro sialic acid (3feq4gu dfsa), an inhibitor of the influenza neuraminidase (na) to determine whether resistant variants could be selected. 3feq4gu dfsa is a mechanism-based inhibitor, forming a covalent link to y406 in the na active site. given its similarity to the natural substrate, sialic acid, we predicted resistant variants would be difficult to select. yields of both viruses decreased with pa ... | 2019 | 31233807 |
| novel protein microarray for the detection of avian influenza virus antibodies and simultaneous distinction of antibodies against h5 and h7 subtypes. | avian influenza virus (aiv) can cause serious zoonotic disease, thereby threatening the poultry industry and human health. an efficient and rapid detection approach is crucial to prevent and control the spread of avian influenza. in this study, a novel protein microarray was developed. haemagglutinin proteins of h5 and h7 subtypes and nucleoprotein (np) were purified and spotted onto the initiator-integrated poly-(dimethylsiloxane) as antigens. monoclonal antibodies with inhibition effect were s ... | 2019 | 31232095 |
| [inhibition of the replication of h9n2 influenza virus in vivo by short-term repeated oral administration of chicken interferon α]. | to evaluate the optimal administration frequency for interferon-α (ifn-α) and the effect of its combined use with inactive virus on chicken flocks, the prokaryotic expression plasmid pet-22b-chifn-α was constructed and transferred into escherichia coli bl21(de3) host bacteria to induce the expression of chicken ifn-α and to harvest recombinant proteins inclusion bodies. the expression of recombinant chicken ifn-α was confirmed by sds-page, and the results demonstrated that the chicken ifn-α (20 ... | 2019 | 31231999 |
| chinese poultry farmers' decision-making for avian influenza prevention: a qualitative analysis. | poultry farmers faced dual risk when mutant avian influenza (ai) virus showed the zoonotic characteristics. a/h5n1 and a/h7n9 were two dominant ai virus strains that have captured the attention of the public over the years for they have been reported to bring about greater loss to poultry and human, respectively. previous studies mainly used quantitative methods investigating either the means that poultry farmers adopted for protecting their poultry against a/h5n1 infection or the poultry farmer ... | 2019 | 31215154 |
| enhancing immunogenicity and protective efficacy of inactivated avian influenza h9n2vaccine with recombinant chicken ifn-α in chicken. | control of currently circulating re-assorted low-pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) h9n2 is a major concern for both animal and human health. thus, an improved lpai h9n2 vaccination strategy is needed to induce complete immunity in chickens against lpai h9n2 virus strains. cytokines play a crucial role in mounting both the type and extent of an immune response generated following infection with a pathogen or after vaccination. to improve the efficacy of inactivated lpai h9n2 vaccine, prokaryot ... | 2019 | 31213275 |
| development of american-lineage influenza h5n2 reassortant vaccine viruses for pandemic preparedness. | novel low-pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h5n2 viruses hit poultry farms in taiwan in 2003, and evolved into highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses in 2010. these viruses are reassortant viruses containing ha and na genes from american-lineage h5n2 and six internal genes from local h6n1 viruses. according to a serological survey, the taiwan h5n2 viruses can cause asymptomatic infections in poultry workers. therefore, a development of influenza h5n2 vaccines is desirable for pandemic ... | 2019 | 31212631 |
| characterization of influenza virus pr8 strain cultured in embryonated eggs by cryo-electron tomography. | influenza a viruses, as causative agents of seasonal epidemics and periodic worldwide pandemics, cause enormous mortality loss globally. the pr8 strain cultured in chicken eggs is widely used for scientific research and the production of influenza vaccines. here, based on cryo-electron tomography (cet), we analyzed the morphological and structural characteristics of the influenza virus pr8 strain at different phs. we found that a large number of defective virions were propagated in embryonated e ... | 2019 | 31196621 |
| prevalence of fowl adenovirus serotype 4 and co-infection by immunosuppressive viruses in fowl with hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome in shandong province, china. | fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (fadv-4) is the pathogenic agent of hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome (hhs) in chickens and ducks, which has caused huge economic losses for the chinese poultry industry since 2015. in order to objectively determine the prevalence and co-infection status of the virus in shandong province in china, we analyzed a total of 679 clinical cases of chickens and ducks from 36 farms in the province. the results showed that the fadv-4 infection rate was 65.2% (443/679), and th ... | 2019 | 31195615 |
| effective control measures considering spatial heterogeneity to mitigate the 2016-2017 avian influenza epidemic in the republic of korea. | during the winter of 2016-2017, an epidemic of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) led to high mortality in poultry and put a serious burden on the poultry industry of the republic of korea. effective control measures considering spatial heterogeneity to mitigate the hpai epidemic is still a challenging issue. here we develop a spatial-temporal compartmental model that incorporates the culling rate as a function of the reported farms and farm density in each town. the epidemiological and ge ... | 2019 | 31194835 |
| emergence of waterfowl-originated gene cassettes in hpai h7n9 viruses caused severe human infection in fujian, china. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) a(h7n9) virus emerged and caused human infections during the 2016-2017 epidemic wave of influenza a(h7n9) viruses in china. we report a human infection with hpai h7n9 virus and six environmental isolates in fujian province, china. | 2019 | 31187583 |
| quantification of visits of wild fauna to a commercial free-range layer farm in the netherlands located in an avian influenza hot-spot area assessed by video-camera monitoring. | free-range poultry farms have a high risk of introduction of avian influenza viruses (aiv), and it is presumed that wild (water) birds are the source of introduction. there is very scarce quantitative data on wild fauna visiting free-range poultry farms. we quantified visits of wild fauna to a free-range area of a layer farm, situated in an aiv hot-spot area, assessed by video-camera monitoring. a total of 5,016 hr (209 days) of video recordings, covering all 12 months of a year, were analysed. ... | 2020 | 31587498 |
| the roles of bursal nonapeptide (bp9) on aiv vaccine immune response in chick immunization and on avian immature b cell. | bursa of fabricius plays the vital functions on b cell development and antibody production in poultry. the bursal-derived peptide plays the essential roles on avian immature b cell development. | 2019 | 31362650 |
| genetic and antigenic characterization of avian influenza h9n2 viruses during 2016 in iraq. | little is known about the antigenic and genetic characteristics of influenza a viruses circulating in poultry in iraq. | 2019 | 31360657 |
| pathogenesis and tissue tropism of newcastle disease virus and avian influenza virus (h9n2) in single and mixed infections. | newcastle disease (nd) and avian influenza (ai) are globally considered as a serious threat to the chicken and other avian species. the paramyxovirus type 1 and orthomyxovirus type a are rna viruses, which cause nd and ai infection, respectively. | 2019 | 31184098 |
| comparative molecular characterization, pathogenicity and seroprevalence of avian influenza virus h9n2 in commercial and backyard poultry flocks. | this study was conducted to perform the comparative molecular characterization of avian influenza virus (aiv) h9n2, pathogenicity and seroprevalence in commercial and backyard poultry flocks. fifty commercial poultry flocks were investigated between 2012 and 2015. eighteen flocks (36%) out of 50 were positive ha. seven (38.9%) out of 18 were positive by chromatographic strip test for ai common antigen. by real-time rt-pcr, only two flocks were positive h9. the molecular characterization of two d ... | 2019 | 31174705 |
| novel role for mir-1290 in host species specificity of influenza a virus. | the role of microrna (mirna) in influenza a virus (iav) host species specificity is not well understood as yet. here, we show that a host mirna, mir-1290, is induced through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) pathway upon iav infection and is associated with increased viral titers in human cells and ferret animal models. mir-1290 was observed to target and reduce expression of the host vimentin gene. vimentin binds with the pb2 subunit of influenza a virus ribonucleoprotein (vrnp), ... | 2019 | 31173947 |
| a new reassortant clade 2.3.2.1a h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus causing recent outbreaks in ducks, geese, chickens and turkeys in bangladesh. | a total of 15 dead or sick birds from 13 clinical outbreaks of avian influenza in ducks, geese, chickens and turkeys in 2017 in bangladesh were examined. the presence of h5n1 influenza a virus in the affected birds was detected by rt-pcr. phylogenetic analysis based on full-length gene sequences of all eight gene segments revealed that these recent outbreaks were caused by a new reassortant of clade 2.3.2.1a h5n1 virus, which had been detected earlier in 2015 during surveillance in live bird mar ... | 2019 | 31168925 |
| pathogenicity of clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in three chicken breeds from south korea in 2016/2017. | in 2016, novel h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus emerged in korea. during the outbreak, the virus caused the largest culling, especially in brown chicken lines. we determined the pathogenicity and transmissibility of the virus in 2 white chicken lines of the specific pathogen-free chickens, broilers and brown chicken line of korean native chicken (knc). a knc had a longer virus shedding period and longer mean death time than others. our study showed that this characteristic in the knc ... | 2019 | 31161745 |
| species specific differences in use of anp32 proteins by influenza a virus. | influenza a viruses (iav) are subject to species barriers that prevent frequent zoonotic transmission and pandemics. one of these barriers is the poor activity of avian iav polymerases in human cells. differences between avian and mammalian anp32 proteins underlie this host range barrier. human anp32a and anp32b homologues both support function of human-adapted influenza polymerase but do not support efficient activity of avian iav polymerase which requires avian anp32a. we show here that the ge ... | 2019 | 31159925 |
| spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n5 viruses in europe in 2016-2017 appears related to the timing of reassortment events. | during the epizootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n8 virus in europe in 2016-2017, hpai viruses of subtype h5n5 were also isolated. however, the detection of h5n5 viruses was limited compared to h5n8. in this study, we show that the genetic constellation of a newly isolated h5n5 virus is different from two genotypes previously identified in the netherlands. the introduction and spread of the three h5n5 genotypes in europe was studied using spatiotemporal and genetic analysis. th ... | 2019 | 31159210 |
| avian influenza h9n2 subtype in ghana: virus characterization and evidence of co-infection. | between november 2017 and february 2018, ghanaian poultry producers reported to animal health authorities a dramatic increase in mortality rate and a relevant drop in egg production in several layer hen farms. laboratory investigations revealed that the farms had been infected by the h9n2 influenza subtype. virological and molecular characterization of the viruses identified in ghana is described here for the first time. whole genome analysis showed that the viruses belong to the g1-lineage and ... | 2019 | 31142135 |
| assessment of replicate numbers for titrating avian influenza virus using dose-response models. | embryonating chicken eggs (eces) are among the most sensitive laboratory host systems for avian influenza virus (aiv) titration, but eces are expensive and require space for storage and incubation. therefore, reducing ece use would conserve resources. we utilized statistical modeling to evaluate the accuracy and precision of aiv titration with 3 instead of 5 eces for each dilution by the reed-muench method for 50% endpoint calculation. beta-poisson and exponential dose-response models were used ... | 2019 | 31131714 |
| the pathogenesis of h7 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in lesser scaup (aythya affinis). | waterfowl are the natural hosts of avian influenza virus (aiv), and through migration spread the virus worldwide. most aivs carried by wild waterfowl are low pathogenic strains; however, goose/guangdong/1996 lineage clade 2.3.4.4 h5 highly pathogenic (hp) aiv now appears to be endemic in wild birds in much of the eastern hemisphere. most research efforts studying aiv pathogenicity in waterfowl thus far have been directed toward dabbling ducks. in order to better understand the role of diving duc ... | 2019 | 31131581 |
| rapid construction and immunogenicity testing of a novel h5 virus-like particle prototype vaccine against clade 2.3.4.4 h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. | from october 2016 to july 2017, 47 countries have been affected by highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses of the h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4 subtype, including european and african, and it has been the most severe hpai outbreak ever in europe. the development of effective influenza vaccines is required to combine preventive and control measures in order to avoid similar avian influenza epidemics taking place. here we describe a novel prototype recombinant virus-like particle (vlp) vaccine based ... | 2019 | 31131578 |
| two single incursions of h7n7 and h5n1 low pathogenicity avian influenza in u.k. broiler breeders during 2015 and 2016. | low pathogenicity (lp) avian influenza viruses (aivs) have a natural reservoir in wild birds. these cause few (if any) overt clinical signs, but include h5 and h7 lpaivs, which are notifiable in poultry. in the european union, notifiable avian disease (nad) demands laboratory confirmation with prompt statutory interventions to prevent dissemination of infection to multiple farms. crucially, for h5 and h7 lpaivs, movement restrictions and culling limit the further risk of mutation to the correspo ... | 2019 | 31131576 |
| the incursion and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4 within south africa. | the report of a mass die-off of white-winged terns (chlidonias leucopterus) along the shores of lake victoria in uganda in january 2017 was a warning that highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4 had entered the avian populations of the african rift valley. in early june 2017, zimbabwe reported an outbreak of the virus in commercial breeder chickens near harare, and on june 19, 2017, the first case of hpai h5n8 was confirmed in a broiler breeder operation near villiers, mpumal ... | 2019 | 31131572 |
| investigation of flexibility of neuraminidase 150-loop using tamiflu derivatives in influenza a viruses h1n1 and h5n1. | this study focuses on design, synthesis and in vitro evaluation of inhibitory potency of two series of sialylmimetic that target an exosite ("150-cavity") adjacent to the active site of influenza neuraminidases from a/california/07/2009 (h1n1) pandemic strain and a/chicken/nakorn-patom/thailand/cu-k2-2004 (h5n1). the structure-activity analysis as well as 3-d structure of the complex of parental compound with the pandemic neuraminidase p09n1 revealed high flexibility of the 150-cavity towards va ... | 2019 | 31128993 |
| environmental sampling survey of h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza-infected layer chicken farms in minnesota and iowa. | respiratory secretions, feces, feathers, and eggs of avian influenza-infected hens provide ample sources of virus which heavily contaminate barn and farm environments during a disease outbreak. environmental sampling surveys were conducted in the midwestern united states on affected farms during the 2015 h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreak to assess the degree of viral contamination. a total of 930 samples were obtained from various sites inside and outside layer barns housing ... | 2018 | 31119921 |
| infectious bursal disease virus suppresses h9n2 avian influenza viral shedding in broiler chickens. | 1. infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) causes immunosuppression in chickens, increasing their susceptibility to other infectious diseases and resulting in vaccination failure. here, we investigated the immune-depressing effect of ibdv on h9n2 avian influenza viral infection in the broiler chickens. 2. for this purpose, chickens were divided into four groups. in group a, chickens were inoculated with ibdv at 21 days of age and h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) 5 days later. groups b and c only ... | 2019 | 31116018 |
| spatiotemporal and risk analysis of h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza in vietnam, 2014-2017. | the aim of this study was to describe the spatiotemporal distribution of h5 hpai outbreak reports for the period 2014-2017 and to identify factors associated with h5 hpai outbreak reports. throughout the study period, a total of 139 outbreaks of h5 hpai in poultry were reported, due to either h5n1 (96 outbreaks) or h5n6 (43 outbreaks) subtype viruses. h5n1 hpai outbreaks occurred in all areas of vietnam while h5n6 hpai outbreaks were only reported in the northern and central provinces. we counte ... | 2020 | 31113666 |
| effect of a potential probiotic candidate enterococcus faecalis-1 on growth performance, intestinal microbiota, and immune response of commercial broiler chickens. | the probiotic effect of enterococcus faecalis-1 (isolated from healthy chickens) on growth performance, immune response, and modulation of the intestinal microbiota of broilers was assessed with a total of 100-day-old commercial cobb chicks. the chicks were randomly divided into two equal groups. the control group received a basal diet, while the test group received a basal diet and was orally supplied with e. faecalis at a dose of 108 cfu/bird/day. results showed that e. faecalis-1 supplement s ... | 2020 | 31111440 |
| progress on chicken t cell immunity to viruses. | avian virus infection remains one of the most important threats to the poultry industry. pathogens such as avian influenza virus (aiv), avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), and infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) are normally controlled by antibodies specific for surface proteins and cellular immune responses. however, standard vaccines aimed at inducing neutralizing antibodies must be administered annually and can be rendered ineffective because immune-selective pressure results in the c ... | 2019 | 31101935 |
| a hospital cluster combined with a family cluster of avian influenza h7n9 infection in anhui province, china. | to identify human-to-human transmission of h7n9 avian influenza virus, we investigated a hospital cluster combined with family cluster in this study. | 2019 | 31100362 |
| recovery of influenza a viruses from lake water and sediments by experimental inoculation. | influenza a viruses (iav) are zoonotic pathogens relevant to human, domestic animal and wildlife health. many avian iavs are transmitted among waterfowl via a faecal-oral-route. therefore, environmental water where waterfowl congregate may play an important role in the ecology and epidemiology of avian iav. water and sediment may sustain and transmit virus among individuals or species. it is unclear at what concentrations waterborne viruses are infectious or remain detectable. to address this, w ... | 2019 | 31091283 |
| analysis of geographic location and pathways for influenza a virus infection of commercial upland game bird and conventional poultry farms in the united states of america. | avian influenza (ai) is an infectious viral disease that affects several species and has zoonotic potential. due to its associated health and economic repercussions, minimizing ai outbreaks is important. however, most control measures are generic and mostly target pathways important for the conventional poultry farms producing chickens, turkeys, and eggs and may not target other pathways that may be specific to the upland game bird sector. the goal of this study is to provide evidence to support ... | 2019 | 31088548 |
| occurrence of infectious bronchitis in layer birds in plateau state, north central nigeria. | a flock of 54 wk-old layer birds exhibiting signs of respiratory distress, greenish diarrhea, and drop in egg production was investigated. a marked drop in egg production (55%) was recorded with eggs appearing white and soft-shelled. mortality was in the range of 1%-2% with post-mortem lesions revealing cloudy air sacs, frothy, and congested lungs. viral rna was extracted from pooled tissue samples (trachea, lungs, spleen, and liver) and tested for avian influenza virus (aiv), newcastle disease ... | 2019 | 31086770 |
| contaminated feed-borne bacillus cereus aggravates respiratory distress post avian influenza virus h9n2 infection by inducing pneumonia. | avian influenza virus subtype h9n2 is identified in chickens with respiratory disease while bacillus cereus (b. cereus) has been frequently isolated from chicken feed in china. however, the roles of co-infection with these two pathogens remain unclear. in the present study, spf chicks were intragastrically administered with 108 cfu/ml of b. cereus for 7 days and then inoculated intranasally with 100 eid50 of h9n2 three days later. alternatively, chickens were initially inoculated with h9n2 and t ... | 2019 | 31076729 |
| genetics and pathogenicity of h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds and a chicken in japan during winter 2017-2018. | an h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) outbreak occurred in poultry in japan during january 2018, and h5n6 hpaivs killed several wild birds in 3 prefectures during winter 2017-2018. time-measured phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the hemagglutinin (ha) and internal genes of these isolates were genetically similar to clade 2.3.4.4.b h5n8 hpaivs in europe during winter 2016-2017, and neuraminidase (na) genes of the poultry and wild bird isolates were gained through distinct ... | 2019 | 31071540 |
| loss of fitness of mexican h7n3 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in mallards after circulating in chickens. | outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus subtype h7n3 have been occurring in commercial chickens in mexico since its first introduction in 2012. in order to determine changes in virus pathogenicity and adaptation in avian species, three h7n3 hpai viruses from 2012, 2015, and 2016 were evaluated in chickens and mallards. all three viruses caused high mortality in chickens when given at medium to high doses and replicated similarly. no mortality or clinical signs and similar inf ... | 2019 | 31068421 |
| opening pandora's box at the roof of the world: landscape, climate and avian influenza (h5n1). | the purpose of this case study is to examine how environmental disruption and agricultural practices act synergistically to create a perfect storm for the spread of avian influenza. actors in this case study include the vast permafrost landscape of the qinghai-tibet plateau; a wild goose that migrates over the himalayas; the highest altitude railway in the world that traverses the plateau into tibet; and an avian virus (h5n1). commencing in 2001, tens of thousands of railway workers travelled to ... | 2019 | 31063711 |
| chicken ddx3x activates ifn-β via the chsting-chirf7-ifn-β signaling axis. | asp-glu-ala-asp (dead)-box polypeptide 3 x-linked (ddx3x) is an atp-dependent rna helicase, in addition to involvement of eukaryotic gene expression regulation, mammalian ddx3x has recently been found to regulate ifn-β production via the adaptor mavs mediated cascade signaling. in our studies, we demonstrated that chicken ddx3x (chddx3x) is also involved in the ifn-β regulation, and demonstrated that chddx3x regulated ifn-β via an essential adaptor chicken stimulator of ifn genes (chsting). we f ... | 2019 | 31057547 |
| attachment patterns of human and avian influenza viruses to trachea and colon of 26 bird species - support for the community concept. | avian influenza a viruses (aivs) have a broad host range, but are most intimately associated with waterfowl (anseriformes) and, in the case of the h13 and h16 subtypes, gulls (charadriiformes). host associations are multifactorial, but a key factor is the ability of the virus to bind host cell receptors and thereby initiate infection. the current study aims at investigating the tissue attachment pattern of a panel of aivs, comprising h3n2, h6n1, h12n5, and h16n3, to avian trachea and colon tissu ... | 2019 | 31057520 |
| limited adaptation of chimeric h9n2 viruses containing internal genes from bat influenza viruses in chickens. | influenza virus-like sequences of h17n10 and h18n11 were identified in bats, despite there has been no live virus isolated. the genetic analysis indicated that they have distinct but relatively close evolutionary relationships to known influenza a viruses. however, the infectivity and adaptation of bat influenza viruses in avian species remain unclear. in this study, two modified bat influenza viruses ch9cn2/h17 and ch9cn2/h18 containing ha and na coding regions replaced with those of h9n2 influ ... | 2019 | 31030840 |
| whole-genome sequence of an avian influenza a/h9n2 virus isolated from an apparently healthy chicken at a live-poultry market in indonesia. | we isolated an avian influenza a/h9n2 virus from an apparently healthy chicken at a live-poultry market in january 2018. this is the first report of a whole-genome sequence of a/h9n2 virus in indonesia. phylogenetic analyses indicated that intrasubtype reassortment of genome segments is involved in the genesis of the a/h9n2 virus. | 2019 | 31023807 |
| ducks induce rapid and robust antibody responses than chickens at early time after intravenous infection with h9n2 avian influenza virus. | compared with chickens, ducks are normally resistant to avian influenza virus without clinical signs while they habor almost all subtypes of influenza a viruses. to date, however the mechanism for duck anti-influenza has not been completely understood. the h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) is the most prevalent subtype of influenza a virus that infects chickens and ducks in china. however, h9n2 aiv replication and the host immune response in these domestic birds has not been systematically invest ... | 2019 | 30975159 |
| a two-year prospective study of small poultry flocks in ontario, canada, part 1: prevalence of viral and bacterial pathogens. | in ontario, within the past few years, there has been a marked increase in the number of non-commercial poultry flocks (referred to as "small flocks"). small poultry flocks may act as a reservoir of avian and zoonotic pathogens, given the flocks' limited access to veterinary services, inadequate biosecurity practices, and increased risk of contact with wild birds. despite these potential risks, there is a scarcity of data concerning the prevalence of poultry and zoonotic pathogens among these fl ... | 2019 | 30973091 |
| protection afforded by avian influenza vaccination programmes consisting of a novel rna particle and an inactivated avian influenza vaccine against a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus challenge in layer chickens up to 18 weeks post-vaccination. | the efficacies of an oil adjuvanted-inactivated reverse genetics-derived h5 avian influenza virus (aiv) vaccine and an alphavirus replicon rna particle (rp) aiv vaccine were evaluated in commercial leghorn chickens. challenge utilized a/turkey/mn/12582/2015, an isolate representing the u.s. h5n2 clade 2.3.4.4 responsible for the 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) epornitic in commercial poultry the united states. as part of a long-term, 36-week study, chickens were challenged at seven ... | 2019 | 30961360 |
| immunological and pathological effects of vitamin e with fetomune plus® on chickens experimentally infected with avian influenza virus h9n2. | avian influenza virus (aiv) h9n2 infection causes economic losses on poultry farms, and immunostimulants are essential for improving chicken immunity. this study evaluated the immunological and pathological effects of vitamin e with fetomune plus® (a commercial product based on a yeast extract and vitamins) on chickens experimentally infected with aiv h9n2. three groups of white hy-line chicks were included. the g1 group was kept as an uninfected untreated control, the g2 group was intranasally ... | 2019 | 30955817 |
| genotypic evolution and epidemiological characteristics of h9n2 influenza virus in shandong province, china. | h9n2 avian influenza has been prevalent in chicken flocks of china for years. in the first half year of 2018, clinical cases of suspected h9n2 infection were collected from chicken flocks in shandong province. nine strains of h9n2 influenza virus were isolated. the pathological changes of the dead chickens were mainly respiratory inflammation, renal swelling, and secondary infection. the microscopic lesions were consistent with the pathogenic characteristics of h9n2 influenza virus. from novembe ... | 2019 | 30941436 |
| combined h5nd inactivated vaccine protects chickens against challenge by different clades of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses subtype h5 and virulent newcastle disease virus. | the aim of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of a trivalent-inactivated oil-emulsion vaccine against challenge by different clades highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses including hpai-h5n8 and the virulent genotype vii newcastle disease virus (ndv) (vndv). | 2019 | 30936661 |
| stability and virucidal efficacies using powder and liquid forms of fresh charcoal ash and slaked lime against newcastle disease virus and avian influenza virus. | the present study was examined the virucidal activity comparison between fresh charcoal ash (fca) and slaked lime (sl) against avian influenza virus (aiv) and newcastle disease virus (ndv), using powder and liquid forms, either in the absence or presence of organic materials. in addition, both fca and sl were evaluated for the persistence of virucidal activity in wet and dry conditions and stability of the solution. | 2019 | 30936648 |
| positive charge of arg-201 on hemagglutinin is required for the binding of h6n1 avian influenza virus to its target through a two-step process. | in our previous study, we produced a monoclonal antibody eb2 that recognized an epitope in the ha1 domain on the hemagglutinin (ha) of h6n1 influenza virus (a/chicken/taiwan/2838 v/00). the residue arg-201 (r201) on this epitope was protected by the glycan at asn-167 (n167) from tryptic digestion; therefore, the infectivity of the virus was retained. r201 was extremely conserved in various subtypes of the influenza virus. to explore the role of r201 and the protecting glycan, we developed a bi-c ... | 2019 | 30926385 |
| low pathogenic avian influenza (h7n6) virus causing an outbreak in commercial turkey farms in chile. | in late 2016, an h7n6 low pathogenic avian influenza virus outbreak occurred in domestic turkeys in central chile. we characterized the genetic and antigenic properties of the outbreak virus and its experimental transmission in chickens. our studies demonstrate that the outbreak virus is a reassortment of genes identified from chilean wild bird viruses between 2013 and 2017 and displays molecular adaptations to poultry and antiviral resistance to adamantanes. further, these wild bird viruses are ... | 2019 | 30924394 |
| innovation in newcastle disease virus vectored avian influenza vaccines. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) and newcastle disease are economically important avian diseases worldwide. effective vaccination is critical to control these diseases in poultry. live attenuated newcastle disease virus (ndv) vectored vaccines have been developed for bivalent vaccination against hpai viruses and ndv. these vaccines have been generated by inserting the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of avian influenza virus into ndv genomes. in laboratory settings, several experimental ndv-vecto ... | 2019 | 30917500 |
| prevalence of h7n9 subtype avian influenza viruses in poultry in china, 2013-2018. | h7n9 subtype avian influenza viruses (aiv) circulating in china over recent years have had an enormous impact on public health and economy. during the period between november 2016 and april 2017, an increase in human infections caused by these viruses was reported, with rapid emergence and spread of variants in china. consequently, the government of china implemented a controversial vaccination strategy in september 2017. here, we provide evidence of the prevalence of h7n9 aivs in china based on ... | 2019 | 30903740 |
| knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with avian influenza along the live chicken market chains in eastern china: a cross-sectional survey in shanghai, anhui, and jiangsu. | the avian influenza (ai) virus of the h7n9 subtype emerged in china in 2013. live bird markets (lbms) selling live meat chickens were indicated to present a high-risk of the virus dissemination. this study aimed to quantify the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (kap) on ai and to measure the associated risk factors among different actors along the live chicken market chain within h7n9-affected eastern provinces in china. a cross-sectional survey was conducted in these provinces from j ... | 2019 | 30891947 |
| fabrication of electrochemical biosensor consisted of multi-functional dna structure/porous au nanoparticle for avian influenza virus (h5n1) in chicken serum. | avian influenza virus (aiv) is one of the most harmful pathogens to living things due to its fast infection, various mutations, and dangerous symptoms. in this study, we fabricated a label-free aiv h5n1 biosensor composed of multi-functional dna structure on a porous au nanoparticles (paunps) fabricated electrode using the electrochemical (ec) technique. as a multi-functional bioprobe, the dna 3 way-junction (3wj) was introduced. each fragment of dna 3wj was rolled to recognition part (hemagglut ... | 2019 | 30889726 |
| efficacy of novel recombinant fowlpox vaccine against recent mexican h7n3 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. | since 2012, h7n3 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) has produced negative economic and animal welfare impacts on poultry in central mexico. in the present study, chickens were vaccinated with two different recombinant fowlpox virus vaccines (rfpv-h7/3002 with 2015 h7 hemagglutinin [ha] gene insert, and rfpv-h7/2155 with 2002 h7 ha gene insert), and were then challenged three weeks later with h7n3 hpai virus (a/chicken/jalisco/cpa-37905/2015). the rfpv-h7/3002 vaccine conferred 100% protect ... | 2019 | 30885512 |
| intranasally administered polyethylenimine adjuvanted influenza m2 ectodomain induces partial protection against h9n2 influenza a virus infection in chickens. | this study aimed to investigate whether intranasally coadministered four tandem copies of extracellular domains of m2 (m2e) and polyethyleneimine (pei), a mucosal adjuvant, can protect chickens against h9n2 influenza a virus infection. groups of chickens were intranasally vaccinated with m2e plus pei adjuvant, m2e alone or pei adjuvant, and antibody (serum igg and mucosal iga) and cellular (cd4+ t cells and ifn-γ levels) immune responses were measured post-vaccination. we demonstrated that the c ... | 2019 | 30885310 |
| modelling the impact of biosecurity practices on the risk of high pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in australian commercial chicken farms. | as of 2018, australia has experienced seven outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) in poultry since 1976, all of which involved chickens. there is concern that increases in free-range farming could heighten hpai outbreak risk due to the potential for greater contact between chickens and wild birds that are known to carry low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai). we use mathematical models to assess the effect of a shift to free-range farming on the risk of hpai outbreaks of h5 or h7 ... | 2019 | 30851932 |
| development and evaluation of a c-elisa for rapid detection of antibody to aiv- h7. | since 2013, the h7 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv-h7) has seriously endangered human life and health, and has had a serious impact on the poultry industry in china. a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-elisa) which detects the antibody for aiv-h7 was developed, basing on a monoclonal antibody (mab) against the neutralizing epitopes on hemagglutinin (ha)gene. twelve hybridoma cell lines were screened by cell fusion. hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay and indirect elisa were ... | 2019 | 30844367 |
| epidemiological features of highly pathogenic avian influenza in cameroon. | the epidemiology of avian influenza is unknown in cameroon despite the two outbreaks that occurred in 2006 and 2016-2017, respectively. in order to fill the gap, an attempt was made to provide some basic information on the epidemiology of highly pathogenic avian influenza in cameroon. thus, data were collected from follow-up reports of the second hpai outbreaks prepared by the veterinary health officials of cameroon and sent to the world organisation for animal health (oie). two hpai virus strai ... | 2019 | 30834103 |
| chicken anaemia virus enhances and prolongs subsequent avian influenza (h9n2) and infectious bronchitis viral infections. | immunosuppressive viral diseases have a great economic importance in the poultry industry due to the increased susceptibility to secondary infections. chicken anaemia virus (cav) is one of the major immunosuppressive diseases in chickens. in addition, low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) of subtype h9n2 and infectious bronchitis (ib) viruses are among the most frequently reported respiratory viral diseases in poultry worldwide. in the present study, specific pathogen free chickens were used to ... | 2019 | 30827377 |
| modelling high pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in the commercial poultry industry. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks are devastating to poultry industries and pose a risk to human health. there is concern that demand for free-range poultry products could increase the number of hpai outbreaks by increasing the potential for low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) introduction to commercial flocks. we formulate stochastic mathematical models to understand how poultry-housing (barn, free-range and caged) within the meat and layer sectors interacts with a continuous ... | 2019 | 30825417 |
| study of the underlying mechanisms and consequences of pathogenicity differences between two in vitro selected g1-h9n2 clones originating from a single isolate. | the g1-h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) has caused significant economic losses in the commercial poultry industry due to reduced egg production and increased mortality. the field observations have shown that h9n2 viruses circulate and naturally mix with other pathogens and these simultaneous infections can exacerbate disease. to avoid an incorrect virus characterization, due to co-infection, isolates were purified by in vitro plaque assays. two plaque purified g1-h9n2 clones, selected on differe ... | 2019 | 30823888 |
| extraction and purification of the h9n2 virus nucleoprotein: a simple and practical method. | background: avian influenza disease annually entails a significant economic loss to the poultry industry around the world. influenza virus is a polymorphic virus of the orthomyxoviridae family (single-stranded rna genome), and nucleoprotein (np) is the structural and internal protein of the virus. the aim of the work was to purify nucleoprotein for further investigations with a simple, low-cost, fast and practical method. methods: in this study, h9n2 influenza virus was isolated in specific path ... | 2018 | 30815423 |
| influenza a(h7n9) virus emerged and resulted in human infections in chongqing, southwestern china since 2017. | influenza a(h7n9) virus has emerged and resulted in human infections in chongqing, southwestern china since 2017. this study aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics of the first epidemic in this region. | 2019 | 30797966 |
| enhanced cross-lineage protection induced by recombinant h9n2 avian influenza virus inactivated vaccine. | antigenic drift of h9n2 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (aiv) may result in vaccination failure in the poultry industry and thus a cross-protective vaccine against h9n2 aiv is highly desirable. | 2019 | 30797637 |
| effect of feeding chinese herb medicine ageratum-liquid on intestinal bacterial translocations induced by h9n2 aiv in mice. | as a low pathogenic influenza virus, avian influenza virus subtype h9n2 (h9n2 aiv) often induces high morbidity in association with secondary bacterial infections in chickens or mammals. to explore this phenomenon, the relationship between intestinal microflora changes and bacterial translocations was studied post h9n2 aiv challenge and post aiv infection plus ageratum-liquid treatment. | 2019 | 30791956 |