| attenuation of a recombinant marek's disease virus lacking the meq oncogene and evaluation on its immune efficacy against marek's disease virus. | sc9-2 is a recombinant marek's disease virus (mdv) strain lacking the meq oncogene. previous study demonstrated that sc9-2 virus provides good protection against challenge with a very virulent mdv rmd5, but it induces immunosuppressive effects in specific pathogen-free (spf) chickens. in the present study, sc9-2 was serially passaged on chicken embryo fibroblast (cef) cell cultures. the pathogenicity and immune efficacy of sc9-2/10th and sc9-2/40th against rmd5 were evaluated. animal experimenta ... | 2020 | 32241474 |
| understanding the cross-talk between host and virus in poultry from the perspectives of microrna. | in poultry, viral infections (e.g., marek's disease virus, avian leukosis virus, influenza a virus, and so on) can cause devastating mortality and economic losses. because viruses are solely dependent on host cells to propagate, they alter the host intracellular microenvironment. thus, understanding the virus-host interaction is important for antiviral immunity and drug development in the poultry industry. micrornas are crucial posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression in a wide spectrum ... | 2020 | 32241464 |
| development of high-growth influenza h7n9 prepandemic candidate vaccine viruses in suspension mdck cells. | influenza vaccine manufacturers traditionally use egg-derived candidate vaccine viruses (cvvs) to produce high-yield influenza viruses for seasonal or pandemic vaccines; however, these egg-derived cvvs need an adaptation process for the virus to grow in mammalian cells. the low yields of cell-based manufacturing systems using egg-derived cvvs remain an unsolved issue. this study aimed to develop high-growth cell-derived cvvs for mdck cell-based vaccine manufacturing platforms. | 2020 | 32241276 |
| comparison of pathogenicity of subtype h9 avian influenza wild-type viruses from a wide geographic origin expressing mono-, di-, or tri-basic hemagglutinin cleavage sites. | an intravenous pathogenicity index (ivpi) of > 1.2 in chickens or, in case of subtypes h5 and h7, expression of a polybasic hemagglutinin cleavage site (hacs), signals high pathogenicity (hp). viruses of the h9n2-g1 lineage, which spread across asia and africa, are classified to be of low pathogenicity although, in the field, they became associated with severe clinical signs and epizootics in chickens. here we report on a pre-eminent trait of recent h9n2-g1 isolates from bangladesh and india, wh ... | 2020 | 32234073 |
| combination of multiplex reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay and capillary electrophoresis provides high sensitive and high-throughput simultaneous detection of avian influenza virus subtypes. | the pandemic of avian influenza viruses (aivs) in asia has caused enormous economic loss in poultry industry and human health threat, especially clade 2.3.4.4 h5 and h7 subtypes in recent years. the endemic chicken h6 virus in taiwan has also brought about human and dog infections. since wild waterfowls is the major aiv reservoir, it is important to monitor the diversified subtypes in wildfowl flocks in early stage to prevent viral reassortment and transmission. to develop a more efficient and s ... | 2020 | 32233132 |
| insertion of basic amino acids in the hemagglutinin cleavage site of h4n2 avian influenza virus (aiv)-reduced virus fitness in chickens is restored by reassortment with highly pathogenic h5n1 aiv. | highly pathogenic (hp) avian influenza viruses (aivs) are naturally restricted to h5 and h7 subtypes with a polybasic cleavage site (cs) in hemagglutinin (ha) and any aiv with an intravenous pathogenicity index (ivpi) ≥ 1.2. although only a few non-h5/h7 viruses fulfill the criteria of hpaiv; it remains unclear why these viruses did not spread in domestic birds. in 2012, a unique h4n2 virus with a polybasic cs 322pekrrtr/g329 was isolated from quails in california which, however, was avirulent i ... | 2020 | 32231159 |
| the impacts of reassortant avian influenza h5n2 virus ns1 proteins on viral compatibility and regulation of immune responses. | avian influenza virus (aiv) can cause severe diseases in poultry worldwide. h6n1 aiv was the dominant enzootic subtype in 1985 in the chicken farms of taiwan until the initial outbreak of a low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h5n2 virus in 2003; thereafter, this and other lpais have been sporadically detected. in 2015, the outbreak of three novel h5nx viruses of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) emerged and devastated taiwanese chicken and waterfowl industries. the mechanism of variatio ... | 2020 | 32226416 |
| coexpression of soluble and membrane-bound avian influenza virus h5 by recombinant newcastle disease virus leads to an increase in antigen levels. | newcastle disease virus (ndv) vectors expressing avian influenza virus (aiv) haemagglutinin (ha) of subtype h5 simultaneously protect chickens from newcastle disease (nd) as well as avian influenza (ai). the expressed, membrane-bound surface protein ha is incorporated into virions while soluble ha has been described as a potent antigen. we tested whether co-expression of both ha variants from the same ndv vector increased the overall level of ha, which could be important for optimal immunogenici ... | 2020 | 32209169 |
| application of an improved micro-amount of virion enrichment technique (mivet) for the detection of avian influenza a virus in spiked chicken meat samples. | highly sensitive detection of pathogens is effective for screening meat during quarantine inspection and export. the "micro-amount of virion enrichment technique" (mivet) was recently developed, which is a new method combining virus concentration with immunomagnetic beads and simple rna extraction with sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (sdbs) for the specific and sensitive detection of avian influenza viruses (aivs). aiv subtypes h3n2 and h4n2 were used to spike the surface of chicken breast meat ... | 2020 | 32193766 |
| surveillance for avian influenza virus in captive wild birds and indigenous chickens in nigeria. | several reports of avian influenza virus (aiv) have been made on commercial chickens and wild birds in sub-saharan africa, but there is paucity of information of aiv among captive wild birds and indigenous chickens. blood samples were obtained randomly from captive wild birds and chickens. aiv nucleoprotein antibody detection involved the use of enzyme immunoassay (elisa) and subsequent subtyping with h5 and h7 aiv antigens (haemagglutination inhibition). four hundred birds belonging to nine fam ... | 2020 | 32193749 |
| duck trim32 functions in ifn-β signaling against the infection of h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. | in mammals, tripartite motif 32 (trim32) is essential for regulating host innate immune responses to viral infections. however, the antiviral effect of trim32 in birds has not been reported. here, we cloned the full-length duck trim32 (dutrim32) cdna from total spleen rna of peking duck. dutrim32 consists of 682 amino acids and has 95.5% similarity in amino acid sequences with chicken trim32 and 84.9% similarity with human trim32, respectively. dutrim32 mrna was found to be ubiquitously expresse ... | 2020 | 32184788 |
| transcriptomic analysis of the chicken mda5 response genes. | rig-i and mda5 are two key pattern recognition receptors that sense rna virus invasion, but rig-i is absent in chickens. although chickens have intact mda5, the genes downstream of chicken mda5 (chmda5) that may mediate antiviral response are not well studied. we compared the transcriptional profile of chicken embryonic fibroblasts (df1) transfected with chmda5, and poly(i:c), using rna-seq. transfected chmda5 and poly(i:c) in df1 cells were associated with the marked induction of many antiviral ... | 2020 | 32183248 |
| equine influenza culture methods. | equine influenza viruses are cultured in embryonated chicken eggs or in mammalian cells, generally madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells, using methods much the same as for other influenza a viruses. mutations associated with host adaptation occur in both eggs and mdck cells, but the latter show greater heterogeneity and eggs are the generally preferred host. both equine-1 h7n7 and equine-2 h3n8 viruses replicate efficiently in 11-day-old eggs, but we find that equine-1 viruses kill the embryos ... | 2020 | 32170705 |
| isolation of swine influenza a virus in cell cultures and embryonated chicken eggs. | influenza virus isolation is a procedure to obtain a live and infectious virus that can be used for antigenic characterization, pathogenesis investigation, vaccine production, and so on. embryonated chicken egg inoculation is traditionally considered the "gold standard" method for influenza virus isolation and propagation. however, many primary cells and continuous cell lines have also been examined or developed for influenza virus isolation and replication. specifically, influenza a virus in sw ... | 2020 | 32170695 |
| laboratory methods for assessing and licensing influenza vaccines for poultry. | avian influenza (ai) vaccines for poultry are based on hemagglutinin (ha) proteins, and protection is specific to the subtype. an estimated 313 billion doses have been used between 2002 and 2018 for high pathogenicity ai control. no universal vaccines are currently available. the majority of ai vaccines are inactivated whole influenza viruses that are grown in embryonating chicken eggs, emulsified in oil adjuvant systems, and injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly. live virus-vectored vaccin ... | 2020 | 32170691 |
| avian influenza virus isolation, propagation, and titration in embryonated chicken eggs. | avian influenza virus and some mammalian influenza a viruses can be isolated, propagated, and titrated in embryonated chicken eggs (eces). most sample types can be accommodated in ece culture with appropriate processing. isolation may also be accomplished in cell culture, and if a mammalian lineage influenza a is expected to be in an avian sample, for example swine influenza in turkey specimens, mammalian cell may be preferable. culture in eces is highly sensitive but is not specific for influen ... | 2020 | 32170687 |
| avian influenza virus detection and quantitation by real-time rt-pcr. | real-time rt-pcr (rrt-pcr) has been used for avian influenza virus (aiv) detection since the early 2000s. this method has been applied to surveillance, outbreaks and research. some of the advantages of rrt-pcr are high sensitivity, high specificity, rapid time to result, scalability, cost, and its inherently quantitative nature. furthermore, rrt-pcr can be used with numerous sample types and is less expensive than virus isolation in chicken embryos, and since infectious virus is inactivated earl ... | 2020 | 32170686 |
| hemagglutination assay for influenza virus. | the hemagglutination assay (ha) is a tool used to screen cell culture supernatant or amniotic-allantoic fluid harvested from embryonated chicken eggs for hemagglutinating agents, such as type a influenza. the ha is not an identification assay, as other agents also have hemagglutinating properties. live and inactivated viruses are detected by the ha test. amplification by virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs or cell culture is typically required before ha activity can be detected from a cl ... | 2020 | 32170676 |
| sales and immunogenicity of commercial vaccines to h9n2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus in korea from 2007 to 2017. | the present study was conducted to monitor sales activity and immunogenicity of commercial h9n2 vaccines produced in korea from 2007 to 2017. recorded sales of h9n2 vaccine were around 671 million doses, with 10 million doses sold in 2007, rising to a peak of 93 million doses in 2016, with a slight fall in 2017. multivalent combined vaccines made up around 90% of all vaccine sales, and around 30% of all vaccines were distributed by regional governments for free. the regional vaccination rate was ... | 2020 | 32169392 |
| structures of the mhc-i molecule bf2*1501 disclose the preferred presentation of an h5n1 virus-derived epitope. | lethal infections by strains of the highly-pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) h5n1 pose serious threats to both the poultry industry and public health worldwide. a lack of confirmed hpaiv epitopes recognized by cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) has hindered the utilization of cd8+ t-cell-mediated immunity and has precluded the development of effectively diversified epitope-based vaccination approaches. in particular, an hpaiv h5n1 ctl-recognized epitope based on the peptide mhc-i-β2m (pmhc-i) ... | 2020 | 32152225 |
| aptamer-based field-effect transistor for detection of avian influenza virus in chicken serum. | early diagnosis of the highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus (aiv) is significant for preventing and controlling a global pandemic. however, there is no existing electrical biosensor for detecting biomarkers for aiv in clinically relevant samples such as chicken serum. herein, we report the first use of an aptamer-functionalized field-effect transistor (fet) as a label-free sensor for aiv detection in chicken serum. a dna aptamer is employed as a sensitive and selective receptor for hemag ... | 2020 | 32148026 |
| intranasally administered protein coated chitosan nanoparticles encapsulating influenza h9n2 ha2 and m2e mrna molecules elicit protective immunity against avian influenza viruses in chickens. | chitosan nanoparticles (cnps) represent an efficient vaccination tool to deliver immunogenic antigens to the antigen-presenting cells (apcs), which subsequently stimulate protective immune responses against infectious diseases. herein, we prepared cnps encapsulating mrna molecules followed by surface coating with conserved h9n2 ha2 and m2e influenza proteins. we demonstrated that cnps efficiently delivered mrna molecules into apcs and had effectively penetrated the mucosal barrier to reach to th ... | 2020 | 32143695 |
| novel hpaiv h5n8 reassortant (clade 2.3.4.4b) detected in germany. | a novel h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) was detected in a greater white-fronted goose in january 2020 in brandenburg, germany, and, in february 2020, in domestic chickens belonging to a smallholding in baden-wuerttemberg, germany. full-genome sequencing was conducted on the minion platform, enabling further phylogenetic analyses. the virus of clade 2.3.4.4b holds six segments from a eurasian/asian/african hpaiv h5n8 reassortant and two segments from low pathogenic avian infl ... | 2020 | 32143363 |
| author correction: a recombinant avian paramyxovirus serotype 3 expressing the hemagglutinin protein protects chickens against h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus challenge. | an amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. | 2020 | 32139794 |
| immunization with dna prime-subunit protein boost strategy based on influenza h9n2 virus conserved matrix protein m1 and its epitope screening. | developing an effective universal influenza vaccine against influenza virus with highly conserved antigenic epitopes could induce a broad-spectrum immune response to prevent infection. the soluble protein m1 that can induce the m1 specific immune response was first confirmed in our previous study. in this study, we characterized the immune response induced by dna prime-subunit protein boost strategy based on the relatively conserved matrix protein 1 (m1) in the balb/c mouse model, and evaluated ... | 2020 | 32139720 |
| engineered recombinant single chain variable fragment of monoclonal antibody provides protection to chickens infected with h9n2 avian influenza. | passive immunisation with neutralising antibodies can be a potent therapeutic strategy if used pre- or post-exposure to a variety of pathogens. herein, we investigated whether recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mabs) could be used to protect chickens against avian influenza. avian influenza viruses impose a significant economic burden on the poultry industry and pose a zoonotic infection risk for public health worldwide. traditional control measures including vaccination do not provide rapid pro ... | 2020 | 32138253 |
| comparison of the efficiency of blup and gblup in genomic prediction of immune traits in chickens. | : poultry diseases pose a large threat to poultry production. selection to improve immune traits is a feasible way to prevent and control avian diseases. the objective of this study was to investigate the efficiency of estimation of genetic parameters for antibody response to avian influenza virus (ab-aiv), antibody response to newcastle disease virus (ab-ndv), sheep red blood cell antibody titer (srbc), the ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes (h/l), immunoglobulin g (igg), the spleen immune ind ... | 2020 | 32138151 |
| the effect of different concentrations of gold nanoparticles on growth performance, toxicopathological and immunological parameters of broiler chickens. | the present study aimed to evaluate what dosage of gold nanoparticles (gnps) would improve growth performance, antioxidant levels and immune defense in broiler chickens. the experiment was carried out on 90 one-day-old mixbred cobb chicks. the birds were allocated into three groups with three replicates. group (1) kept as a negative control. groups (2) and (3) received 5, 15 ppm gnps via drinking water weekly for 35 days of chicks' life. blood samples were collected at 8, 15, 22 and 36 days for ... | 2020 | 32124930 |
| molecular survey and interaction of common respiratory pathogens in chicken flocks (field perspective). | the present study was designed for the detection of the most prevalent respiratory infections in chicken flocks and clarifying their interaction and impact on flock health. | 2019 | 32095050 |
| risk factors and spatial relative risk assessment for influenza a virus in poultry and swine in backyard production systems of central chile. | backyard production systems (bps) are a common form of poultry and swine production worldwide. the limited implementation of biosecurity standards in these operations makes bps a potential source for the emergence of pathogens that have an impact on both animal and public health. information regarding circulation of influenza a virus (iav) in poultry and swine raised in bps is scarce; particularly in south american countries. the objective of this study was to estimate prevalence and seroprevale ... | 2020 | 32086880 |
| an oleanolic acid derivative inhibits hemagglutinin-mediated entry of influenza a virus. | influenza a viruses (iav) have been a major public health threat worldwide, and options for antiviral therapy become increasingly limited with the emergence of drug-resisting virus strains. new and effective anti-iav drugs, especially for highly pathogenic influenza, with different modes of action, are urgently needed. the influenza virus glycoprotein hemagglutinin (ha) plays critical roles in the early stage of virus infection, including receptor binding and membrane fusion, making it a potenti ... | 2020 | 32085430 |
| a unique feature of swine anp32a provides susceptibility to avian influenza virus infection in pigs. | both the replication and transcription of the influenza virus are catalyzed by the viral polymerase complex. the polymerases of most avian influenza a viruses have poor performance in mammalian cells, which is considered to be one of the important species barriers. pigs have been long considered as important intermediate hosts for interspecies transmission of the avian influenza virus, because of their susceptibility to infection with both avian and mammalian influenza viruses. however, the mole ... | 2020 | 32084248 |
| anti-influenza virus phytochemicals from radix paeoniae alba and characterization of their neuraminidase inhibitory activities. | bai shao (radix paeoniae alba, bs), the root of paeonia lactiflora pall., in ancient china was used for wen bing (warm disease) treatment. wen bing has the symptoms of influenza. ethanol extract of the root has recently been shown to possess anti-influenza activity. however, the active compounds have not yet been identified. | 2020 | 32081739 |
| emergence of human avian influenza a(h7n9) virus infections in wenshan city in southwest china, 2017. | the emergence of human infection with avian influenza a(h7n9) virus was reported in wenshan city, southwestern china in 2017. the study describes the epidemiological and virological features of the outbreak and discusses the origin of the infection. | 2020 | 32075579 |
| major difference in clinical outcome and replication of a h3n1 avian influenza strain in young pullets and adult layers. | in this study, we investigated the pathogenicity, replication and tropism of the low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) strain a/chicken/belgium/460/2019(h3n1) in adult spf layers and young spf males. the inoculated hens showed 58% mortality and a 100% drop in egg production in the second week post inoculation. the high viral loads in the cloacal samples coincided with the period of the positive immunohistochemistry of the oviduct, acute peritonitis and time of mortality, suggesting that the repl ... | 2020 | 32064915 |
| transmission dynamics between infected waterfowl and terrestrial poultry: differences between the transmission and tropism of h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (clade 2.3.4.4a) among ducks, chickens and turkeys. | h5n8 highly-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs, clade 2.3.4.4) have spread globally via migratory waterfowl. pekin ducks infected with a uk virus (h5n8-2014) served as the donors of infection in three separate cohousing experiments to attempt onward transmission chains to sequentially introduced groups of contact ducks, chickens and turkeys. efficient transmission occurred among ducks and turkeys up to the third contact stage, with all (100%) birds becoming infected. introduction of an a ... | 2020 | 32056709 |
| effects of hogweed (heracleum persicum) powder, flavophospholipol, and probiotics as feed supplements on the performance, carcass and blood characteristics, intestinal microflora, and immune response in broilers. | the effect of different levels of hogweed powder (hp; heracleum persicum), flavophospholipol (antibiotic), and probiotics in diet on the performance, carcass quality, blood biochemical parameters, immunity, and intestinal flora of broiler chickens was investigated. in total, 270-day-old male broilers were randomly assigned to six treatment groups as follows: control basal-diet and diet supplemented with flavophospholipol, probiotics, or 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75% hp. birds in each group were divided i ... | 2019 | 32055223 |
| risk assessment for recrudescence of avian influenza in caged layer houses following depopulation: the effect of cleansing, disinfection and dismantling of equipment. | following an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) in a poultry house, control measures are put in place to prevent further spread. an essential part of the control measures based on the european commission avian influenza directive 2005/94/ec is the cleansing and disinfection (c&d) of infected premises. cleansing and disinfection includes both preliminary and secondary c&d, and the dismantling of complex equipment during secondary c&d is also required, which is costly to t ... | 2020 | 32051058 |
| a recombinant avian paramyxovirus serotype 3 expressing the hemagglutinin protein protects chickens against h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus challenge. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) is a devastating disease of poultry and a serious threat to public health. vaccination with inactivated virus vaccines has been applied for several years as one of the major policies to control highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) infections in chickens. viral-vectored ha protein vaccines are a desirable alternative for inactivated vaccines. however, each viral vector possesses its own advantages and disadvantages for the development of a ha-ba ... | 2020 | 32042001 |
| characterization of viral, bacterial, and parasitic causes of disease in small-scale chicken flocks in the mekong delta of vietnam. | in the mekong delta region of vietnam, small-scale chicken farming is common. however, high levels of disease or mortality in such flocks impair economic development and challenge the livelihoods of many rural households. we investigated 61 diseased small-scale flocks (122 chickens) for evidence of infection with 5 bacteria, 4 viruses, and helminths. serological profiles (elisa) were also determined against 6 of these pathogens. the aims of this study were the following: (1) to investigate the p ... | 2020 | 32036978 |
| filamentous versus spherical morphology: a case study of the recombinant a/wsn/33 (h1n1) virus. | influenza a virus is a serious human pathogen that assembles enveloped virions on the plasma membrane of the host cell. the pleiomorphic morphology of influenza a virus, represented by spherical, elongated, or filamentous particles, is important for the spread of the virus in nature. using fixative protocols for sample preparation and negative staining electron microscopy, we found that the recombinant a/wsn/33 (h1n1) (rwsn) virus, a strain considered to be strictly spherical, may produce filame ... | 2020 | 32036809 |
| quantitative evaluation of viral interference among egyptian isolates of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (h5n1 and h5n8) with the lentogenic and velogenic newcastle disease virus genotype vii in specific pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs model. | mixed infections of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) and newcastle disease virus (ndv) are considered the most distressing problem of the poultry industry. the problem arises due to the influence of a hidden virus on the replication of another suspected virus. consequently, misdiagnosis of the real cause of disease may become a source of infection for other healthy stock by transmission and dissemination of the hidden virus. this study aimed to determine the impact of hpaiv an ... | 2019 | 32009763 |
| molecular and serological prevalence of influenza a viruses in poultry and poultry farmers in the ashanti region, ghana. | for an analysis of the prevalence of influenza a viruses (iavs) circulating in chickens and their farmers in the ashanti region, ghana, we examined 2,400 trachea and cloaca swabs (chickens) and 102 oropharyngeal swabs (farmers) by qrt-pcr. sera from 1,200 (chickens) and 102 (farmers) were analysed for iav antibodies by elisa and haemagglutination inhibition (hi). avian influenza virus (aiv) was detected in 0.2% (n = 5) of chickens but not farmers. virus detection was more pronounced in the cloac ... | 2019 | 32002146 |
| emergence and selection of a highly pathogenic avian influenza h7n3 virus. | low-pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) viruses of subtypes h5 and h7 have the ability to spontaneously mutate to highly pathogenic (hpai) virus variants, causing high mortality in poultry. the highly pathogenic phenotype is caused by mutation of the hemagglutinin (ha) cleavage site, but additional mutations may play a role. evidence from the field for the switch to high pathogenicity remains scarce. this study provides direct evidence for lpai-to-hpai virus mutation during h7n3 infection of a ... | 2020 | 31969434 |
| efficacy of bivalent inactivated vaccine containing insect cell-expressed avian influenza h5 and egg-based newcastle disease virus (ndv) against dual infection with highly pathogenic h5n1 and velogenic ndv in chickens. | the genetic evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) in egypt has developed a new clade h5n1 (2.2.1.2) since 2014. meanwhile, the new avian influenza virus (aiv) clade mutually with the velogenic newcastle disease virus (ndv) isolate of genotype vii in egypt (genotype vii) has resulted in severe economic losses in the broiler industry. an inactivated bivalent vaccine containing h5 (belonging to h5n1 clade 2.3.2) recombinant baculovirus expressed by insect cell (rech5) and egg-based ... | 2019 | 31967431 |
| agricultural and geographic factors shaped the north american 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 outbreak. | the 2014-2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5nx outbreak represents the largest and most expensive hpai outbreak in the united states to date. despite extensive traditional and molecular epidemiological studies, factors associated with the spread of hpai among midwestern poultry premises remain unclear. to better understand the dynamics of this outbreak, 182 full genome hpai h5n2 sequences isolated from commercial layer chicken and turkey production premises were analyzed using evolu ... | 2020 | 31961906 |
| e190v substitution of h6 hemagglutinin is one of key factors for binding to sulfated sialylated glycan receptor and infection to chickens. | avian influenza viruses (aivs) recognize sialic acid linked α2,3 to galactose (saα2,3gal) glycans as receptors. in this study, the interactions between hemagglutinins (has) of aivs and sulfated saα2,3gal glycans were analyzed to clarify the molecular basis of interspecies transmission of aivs from ducks to chickens. it was revealed that e190v and n192d substitutions of the ha increased the recovery of viruses derived from an h6 duck virus isolate, a/duck/hong kong/960/1980 (h6n2), in chickens. r ... | 2020 | 31943329 |
| assessing the susceptibility of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses to oseltamivir using embryonated chicken eggs. | the susceptibility of influenza viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) is studied using enzyme-based assays, sequence analysis and in vitro and in vivo studies. oseltamivir carboxylate (oc) is the active prodrug of the nai oseltamivir. there is lack of information on the use of embryonated chicken eggs for studying susceptibility of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 viruses to antiviral drugs. the aim of the present study was to assess the use of 10 day old embryonated chicken eg ... | 2019 | 31939392 |
| detection and isolation of h9n2 subtype of avian influenza virus in house sparrows (passer domesticus) of ahvaz, iran. | avian influenza (ai) is an acute infectious disease with worldwide significance causing extensive economic losses in the poultry industry. avian influenza viruses (aivs) belong to the family orthomyxoviridae and categorized in the genus influenza virus a. these viruses have been isolated from more than 100 species of free-living birds. migratory birds are considered as reservoirs for aivs and are the major agents responsible for global outbreaks. the passeriformes are found in most parts of the ... | 2019 | 31939262 |
| characterization of thermostable newcastle disease virus recombinants expressing the hemagglutinin of h5n1 avian influenza virus as bivalent vaccine candidates. | newcastle disease virus (ndv) has been used as a vector in the development of vaccines and gene delivery. in the present study, we generated the thermostable recombinant ndv (rndv) expressing the different forms of hemagglutinin (ha) of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) h5n1 based on the full-length cdna clone of thermostable ts09-c strain. the recombinant thermostable newcastle disease viruses, rts-ha, rts-ha1 and rts-tpas/ha1, expressed the ha, ha1 or modified ha1 protein with th ... | 2020 | 31937412 |
| precision cut lung slices: a novel versatile tool to examine host-pathogen interaction in the chicken lung. | the avian respiratory tract is a common entry route for many pathogens and an important delivery route for vaccination in the poultry industry. immune responses in the avian lung have mostly been studied in vivo due to the lack of robust, relevant in vitro and ex vivo models mimicking the microenvironment. precision-cut lung slices (pcls) have the major advantages of maintaining the 3-dimensional architecture of the lung and includes heterogeneous cell populations. pcls have been obtained from a ... | 2020 | 31924278 |
| avian influenza virus detection rates in poultry and environment at live poultry markets, guangdong, china. | we report the use of environmental samples to assess avian influenza virus activity in chickens at live poultry markets in china. results of environmental and chicken samples correlate moderately well. however, collection of multiple environmental samples from holding, processing, and selling areas is recommended to detect viruses expected to have low prevalence. | 2020 | 31922954 |
| antiviral responses against chicken respiratory infections: focus on avian influenza virus and infectious bronchitis virus. | some of the respiratory viral infections in chickens pose a significant threat to the poultry industry and public health. in response to viral infections, host innate responses provide the first line of defense against viruses, which often act even before the establishment of the infection. host cells sense the presence of viral components through germinal encoded pattern recognition receptors (prrs). the engagement of prrs with pathogen-associated molecular patterns leads to the induction of pr ... | 2020 | 31901597 |
| molecular characterisation of an avian influenza (h5n8) outbreak in backyard flocks in al ahsa, eastern saudi arabia, 2017-2018. | avian influenza viruses are still causing major concern not only to the poultry industry but also to human health across the globe. the live poultry markets and the small-scale local breeding of various species of birds in backyards are still playing important roles in the sustainability of most virulent influenza viruses, especially h5n8. | 2019 | 31897300 |
| dual-mode detection of avian influenza virions (h9n2) by icp-ms and fluorescence after quantum dot labeling with immuno-rolling circle amplification. | avian influenza virus (aivs), hosted in poultry, are the pathogens of many poultry diseases and human infections, which bring huge losses to the poultry breeding industry and huge panic to society. therefore, it is of great significance to establish accurate and sensitive detection methods for aivs. in this work, a dual-mode detection method based on immuno-rolling circle amplification (immuno-rca) and quantum dots (qds) labeling for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (icp-ms) and fluo ... | 2020 | 31883585 |
| structure, function, and evolution of gga-avbd11, the archetype of the structural avian-double-β-defensin family. | out of the 14 avian β-defensins identified in the gallus gallus genome, only 3 are present in the chicken egg, including the egg-specific avian β-defensin 11 (gga-avbd11). given its specific localization and its established antibacterial activity, gga-avbd11 appears to play a protective role in embryonic development. gga-avbd11 is an atypical double-sized defensin, predicted to possess 2 motifs related to β-defensins and 6 disulfide bridges. the 3-dimensional nmr structure of the purified gga-av ... | 2020 | 31871151 |
| isolation and characterization of newcastle disease virus from live bird markets in tanzania. | chickens in live bird markets (lbms) from six different regions of tanzania were surveyed for newcastle disease (nd) virus (ndv) and avian influenza virus in 2012. elisa-based serology, virus isolation, and characterization, including pathotyping was conducted. virulent ndv was isolated from almost 10% of the tested samples, with two distinct genotypes being detected. one genotype was similar to recent viruses circulating in kenya and uganda, which share a northern border with tanzania. several ... | 2019 | 31865678 |
| infectious bursal disease virus: molecular epidemiologic perspectives and impact on vaccine efficacy against avian influenza and newcastle disease viruses. | infectious bursal disease (ibd) virus (ibdv) is the causative agent of a highly contagious and immunosuppressive disease of chickens with huge economic losses to the poultry industry despite extensive vaccination. analysis of isolated ibdv field strains from vaccinated birds would greatly improve the current immunization regimens and support the development of vaccines that offer better immunity. the study investigated the genetic characteristics and pathologic features of ibdvs in commercial br ... | 2019 | 31865675 |
| protection of white leghorn chickens by recombinant fowlpox vector vaccine with an updated h5 insert against mexican h5n2 avian influenza viruses. | despite decades of vaccination, surveillance, and biosecurity measures, h5n2 low pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) virus infections continue in mexico and neighboring countries. one explanation for tenacity of h5n2 lpai in mexico is the antigenic divergence of circulating field viruses compared to licensed vaccines due to antigenic drift. our phylogenetic analysis indicates that the h5n2 lpai viruses circulating in mexico and neighboring countries since 1994 have undergone antigenic drift awa ... | 2020 | 31862196 |
| novel reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n2) virus in broiler chickens, egypt. | we detected a novel reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n2) virus in 3 poultry farms in egypt. the virus carried genome segments of a pigeon h9n2 influenza virus detected in 2014, a nucleoprotein segment of contemporary chicken h9n2 viruses from egypt, and hemagglutinin derived from the 2.3.4.4b h5n8 virus clade. | 2020 | 31855539 |
| transcriptomic profile of chicken bone marrow-derive dendritic cells in response to h9n2 avian influenza a virus. | avian influenza subtype h9n2 infection is a mild but highly contagious disease that is associated with a decrease in the efficacy of vaccine interventions, and an increase in susceptibility to secondary infections in poultry. however, the immune evasion mechanism of h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aivs) in chickens is poorly understood. dendritic cells (dcs) are immune cells of major importance, involved in innate immune responses against viruses, but also in the setting of adaptive immune respons ... | 2020 | 31846798 |
| avian influenza virus transmission is suppressed in chickens fed lactobacillus paracasei expressing the 3d8 single-chain variable fragment protein. | the 3d8 single-chain variable fragment (scfv) is a mini-antibody sequence with independent nuclease activity that shows antiviral effects against all types of viruses in chickens and mice. in this study, chickens were treated daily with an oral dose of 109 cfu lactobacillus paracasei (l. paracasei) expressing either a secreted or anchored 3d8 scfv for three weeks. after l. paracasei administration, the chickens were challenged with avian influenza virus (aiv). from each experimental group, three ... | 2019 | 31842597 |
| outbreaks of clade 2.3.4.4 h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza in 2018 in the northern regions of south africa were unrelated to those of 2017. | asian-origin h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses of the h5 goose/guangdong/96 lineage, clade 2.3.4.4 group b, reached south africa by june 2017. by the end of that year, 5.4 million layers and broiler chickens died or were culled, with total losses in the poultry industry estimated at us$ 140 million, and thousands of exotic birds in zoological collections, endangered endemic species and backyard poultry and pet birds also perished. the 2017 h5n8 hpai outbreaks were characteriz ... | 2020 | 31833671 |
| a novel bursin-like peptide as a potential virus inhibitor and immunity regulator in spf chickens infected with recombinant alv. | avian leukosis viruses (alvs) are important contagious suppressive factors of chicken immunity and growth performance, resulted in enormous economic loss. although virus eradication programs are applied in breeder flocks, alvs are still widespread globally. therefore, other valuable adjunct to reduce the negative effect of alvs should be considered. bursin-like peptide (blp) showed remarkable immunomodulatory effects, whereas their influence on alv-infected avian groups has not been reported. he ... | 2019 | 31823780 |
| genetic characteristics and pathogenicity analysis in chickens and mice of three h9n2 avian influenza viruses. | h9n2 avian influenza is a remarkable disease that has circulated in domestic poultry in large regions of china and posed a serious threat to the poultry industry. the h9n2 virus can not only infect mammals directly, but also provide gene segments to generate novel, but lethal human reassortants. therefore, it is important to study the evolution, pathogenicity, and transmission of the h9n2 virus. in this study, three h9n2 viruses isolated from chickens in different layer farms were identified. ph ... | 2019 | 31817585 |
| the evolution and genetic diversity of avian influenza a(h9n2) viruses in cambodia, 2015 - 2016. | low pathogenic a(h9n2) subtype avian influenza viruses (aivs) were originally detected in cambodian poultry in 2013, and now circulate endemically. we sequenced and characterised 64 a(h9n2) aivs detected in cambodian poultry (chickens and ducks) from january 2015 to may 2016. all a(h9) viruses collected in 2015 and 2016 belonged to a new bj/94-like h9-4.2.5 sub-lineage that emerged in the region during or after 2013, and was distinct to previously detected cambodian viruses. overall, there was a ... | 2019 | 31815945 |
| equine mx1 restricts influenza a virus replication by targeting at distinct site of its nucleoprotein. | interferon-mediated host factors myxovirus (mx) proteins are key features in regulating influenza a virus (iav) infections. viral polymerases are essential for viral replication. the mx1 protein has been known to interact with viral nucleoprotein (np) and pb2, resulting in the influence of polymerase activity and providing interspecies restriction. the equine influenza virus has evolved as an independent lineage to influenza viruses from other species. we estimated the differences in antiviral a ... | 2019 | 31810278 |
| genetic and pathogenic characteristics of clade 2.3.2.1c h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from poultry outbreaks in laos during 2015-2018. | since 2004, there have been multiple outbreaks of h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses in laos. here, we isolated h5n1 hpai viruses from poultry outbreaks in laos during 2015-2018 and investigated their genetic characteristics and pathogenicity in chickens. phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates belonged to clade 2.3.2.1c and that they differed from previous laos viruses with respect to genetic composition. in particular, the isolates were divided into two genotypes, eac ... | 2020 | 31769586 |
| mimicking the passage of avian influenza viruses through the gastrointestinal tract of chickens. | in contrast to human influenza viruses that replicate in the respiratory tract and are airborne transmitted, avian viruses also replicate in gut epithelial cells and are transmitted via the fecal-oral route. on this route, the virus is exposed to destructive fluids of the digestive tract, which are acidic and contain the proteases pepsin (gizzard) or chymotrypsin and trypsin (intestine). only the latter enzyme activates virus by cleaving hemagglutinin (ha) into ha1 and ha2 subunits. we mimicked ... | 2019 | 31767100 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza h5 hemagglutinin fused with the a subunit of type iib escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin elicited protective immunity and neutralization by intranasal immunization in mouse and chicken models. | highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses are classified by the world organization for animal health (oie) as causes of devastating avian diseases. this study aimed to develop type iib escherichiacoli heat-labile enterotoxin (ltiib) as novel mucosal adjuvants for mucosal vaccine development. the fusion protein of h5 and ltiib-a subunit was expressed and purified for mouse and chicken intranasal immunizations. intranasal immunization with the h5-ltiib-a fusion protein in mice elicited potent neut ... | 2019 | 31766677 |
| analysis of antibody response to an epitope in the haemagglutinin subunit 2 of avian influenza virus h5n1 for differentiation of infected and vaccinated chickens. | the h5n1 subtype of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus has been circulating in poultry in indonesia since 2003 and vaccination has been used as a strategy to eradicate the disease. however, monitoring of vaccinated poultry flocks for h5n1 infection by serological means has been difficult, as vaccine antibodies are not readily distinguishable from those induced by field viruses. therefore, a test that differentiates infected and vaccinated animals (diva) would be essential. currently, no sim ... | 2020 | 31738584 |
| conserved ha-peptides expressed along with flagellin in trichoplusia ni larvae protects chicken against intranasal h7n1 hpaiv challenge. | the immunization of poultry where h5 and h7 influenza viruses (ivs) are endemic is one of the strategies to prevent unexpected zoonoses. our group has been focused on conserved ha-epitopes as potential vaccine candidates to obtain multivalent immune responses against distinct iv subtypes. in this study, two conserved epitopes (ng-34 and cs-17) fused to flagellin were produced in a baculovirus platform based on trichoplusia ni larvae as living biofactories. soluble extracts obtained from larvae e ... | 2020 | 31735501 |
| the effect of a lipopolysaccharide from rhodobacter capsulatus pg on inflammation caused by various influenza strains. | the development of a specific inflammation in mice that had been infected by two influenza virus strains, a/chicken/kurgan/5/2005 (h5n1) and a/hamburg/2009 ma (h1n1), was studied. we investigated the effect of a non-toxic lipopolysaccharide from rhodobacter capsulatus pg on the survival and body weight of the mice, production of igg antibodies, and the induction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in blood serum. the administration of the r. capsulatus pg lipopolysaccharide was shown to indu ... | 2020 | 31720016 |
| improvement of a recombinant avian avulavirus serotype 10 vectored vaccine by the addition of untranslated regions. | we have previously developed a recombinant avian avulavirus serotype 10 (raavv-10/ha) expressing the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) as an emergency vaccine for poultry. raavv-10/ha can overcome the activity of the anti-aavv-1 (newcastle disease virus) antibody acquired by commercial chickens upon routine vaccination. most chickens do not have the anti-aavv-10 antibody, which could interfere with the vaccine efficacy. however, the vaccine efficacy of ... | 2020 | 31718900 |
| comparative virological and pathogenic characteristics of avian influenza h5n8 viruses detected in wild birds and domestic poultry in egypt during the winter of 2016/2017. | the surveillance and virological characterization of h5n8 avian influenza viruses are important in order to assess their zoonotic potential. the genetic analyses of the egyptian h5n8 viruses isolated through active surveillance in wild birds and domestic poultry in the winter of 2016/2017 showed multiple introductions of reassortant viruses. in this study, we investigated and compared the growth kinetics, infectivity, and pathogenicity of the three reassortant forms of h5n8 viruses detected in w ... | 2019 | 31717865 |
| phylogeny, pathogenicity, transmission, and host immune responses of four h5n6 avian influenza viruses in chickens and mice. | h5nx viruses have continuously emerged in the world, causing poultry industry losses and posing a potential public health risk. here, we studied the phylogeny, pathogenicity, transmission, and immune response of four h5n6 avian influenza viruses in chickens and mice, which were isolated from waterfowl between 2013 and 2014. their ha genes belong to clade 2.3.4.4, circulated in china since 2008. their na genes fall into n6-like/eurasian sublineage. their internal genes originated from different h ... | 2019 | 31717638 |
| susceptibility of chickens to low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses of wild bird- and poultry-associated subtypes. | analysis of low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses circulating in the netherlands in a previous study revealed associations of specific hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) subtypes with wild bird or poultry hosts. in this study, we identified putative host associations in lpai virus internal proteins. we show that lpai viruses isolated from poultry more frequently carried the allele a variant of the nonstructural protein (ns) gene, compared to wild bird viruses. we determined the su ... | 2019 | 31683727 |
| maternally-derived antibodies protect against challenge with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of the h7n3 subtype. | vaccination of hens against influenza leads to the transfer of protective maternally-derived antibodies (mda) to hatchlings. however, little is known about the transfer of h7n3 vaccine-induced mda. here, we evaluated transfer, duration, and protective effect of mda in chickens against h7n3 hpaiv. to generate chickens with mda (mda (+)), 15-week-old white leghorn hens were vaccinated and boosted twice with an inactivated h7n3 low pathogenic avian influenza virus vaccine, adjuvanted with montanide ... | 2019 | 31671571 |
| protective efficacy of vaccines of the korea national antigen bank against the homologous h5nx clade 2.3.2.1 and clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. | the occurrence of severe outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in korea led to establishment of a national antigen bank for emergency preparedness. here, we developed five vaccines for this bank (clade 2.3.2.1c, clade 2.3.4.4a, b, c, and d) by reverse genetics, inactivated them with formalin, and evaluated the protective efficacy and potency of serial dilutions against lethal homologous challenge in specific-pathogen-free chickens. after vaccination with one dose, each vaccine resulted ... | 2020 | 31669062 |
| avian influenza-factors affecting consumers' purchase intentions toward poultry products. | recently, continuing outbreaks of avian influenza in china have not only caused great loss to the agricultural sector but also brought fear and distrust to consumers, seriously undermining consumer confidence in chicken products. we investigated consumers' purchase intentions during avian influenza outbreaks by examining a regionally representative sample of 330 consumers in guangzhou. with respect to 7 kinds of attributes, the ordered logit analysis indicated that possible health threat and unc ... | 2019 | 31661764 |
| molecular epidemiology of respiratory viruses in commercial chicken flocks in pakistan from 2014 through to 2016. | viral diseases are a matter of great concern for poultry farmers in pakistan. multiple common viral respiratory diseases (cvrds) cause huge economic losses in the poultry industry. the prevalence of cvrds in many countries, including pakistan, is not clearly understood. | 2019 | 31638995 |
| genetic characterization and pathogenesis of the first h9n2 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from chickens in kenyan live bird markets. | poultry production plays an important role in the economy and livelihoods of rural households in kenya. as part of a surveillance program, avian influenza virus (aiv)-specific real-time rt-pcr (rrt-pcr) was used to screen 282 oropharyngeal swabs collected from chickens at six live bird markets (lbms) and 33 backyard poultry farms in kenya and 8 positive samples were detected. virus was isolated in eggs from five samples, sequenced, and identified as h9n2 low pathogenic aiv (lpaiv) g1 lineage, wi ... | 2020 | 31634645 |
| molecular pathogenic and host range determinants of reassortant egyptian low pathogenic avian influenza h9n2 viruses from backyard chicken. | since the introduction of h9n2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus in egypt, it became an endemic disease causing considerable economic losses in different poultry sectors especially in the presence of other secondary bacterial and viral infections. the h9n2 viruses in egypt are in continuous evolution that needs deep analysis for their evolution pattern based on the genetic constitutions of the pathogenic determinant genes (ha, pb2, pb1, pa, and ns). in this work, samples were collected from t ... | 2019 | 31620483 |
| genomics of avian viral infections. | the poultry industry currently accounts for the production of around 118 million metric tons of meat and around 74 million metric tons of eggs annually. as the global population continues to increase, so does our reliance on poultry as a food source. it is therefore of vital importance that we safeguard this valuable resource and make the industry as economically competitive as possible. avian viral infections, however, continue to cost the poultry industry billions of dollars annually. this can ... | 2019 | 31618995 |
| insights into species-specific regulation of anp32a on the mammalian-restricted influenza virus polymerase activity. | the anp32a is responsible for mammalian-restricted influenza virus polymerase activity. however, the mechanism of anp32a modulation of polymerase activity remains poorly understood. here, we report that chicken anp32a (chanp32a) -x1 and -x2 stimulated mammalian-restricted pb2 627e polymerase activity in a dose-dependent manner. distinct effects of anp32a constructs suggested that the 180vk181 residues within chanp32a-x1 are necessary but not sufficient to stimulate pb2 627e polymerase activity. ... | 2019 | 31608791 |
| novel mutations evading avian immunity around the receptor binding site of the clade 2.3.2.1c hemagglutinin gene reduce viral thermostability and mammalian pathogenicity. | abstract: since 2007, highly pathogenic clade 2.3.2 h5n1 avian influenza a (a(h5n1)) viruses have evolved to clade 2.3.2.1a, b, and c; currently only 2.3.2.1c a(h5n1) viruses circulate in wild birds and poultry. during antigenic evolution, clade 2.3.2.1a and c a(h5n1) viruses acquired both s144n and v223i mutations around the receptor binding site of hemagglutinin (ha), with s144n generating an n-glycosylation sequon. we introduced single or combined reverse mutations, n144s and/or i223v, into t ... | 2019 | 31600990 |
| evaluation and comparison of the potential immunogenicity of two commercial inactivated bivalent newcastle and avian influenza vaccines in spf chicken. | in the present study, the potency and immunogenicity of the inactivated bivalent vaccine of newcastle disease (nd) and avian influenza (ai) produced by razi institute in iran were compared with a similar imported vaccine administered by standard methods to specific-pathogen-free (spf) chicken. a total of 150 twenty-one-day-old spf chickens were used for evaluating razi and imported inactivated h9n2/nd vaccines. the chickens were divided into eight groups. the subjects in groups 1 and 3 were vacc ... | 2019 | 31592590 |
| insights into the acquisition of virulence of avian influenza viruses during a single passage in ferrets. | circulating avian influenza viruses pose a significant threat, with human infections occurring infrequently but with potentially severe consequences. to examine the dynamics and locale of the adaptation process of avian influenza viruses when introduced to a mammalian host, we infected ferrets with h5n1 viruses. as expected, all ferrets infected with the human h5n1 isolate a/vietnam/1203/2004 showed severe disease and virus replication outside the respiratory tract in multiple organs including t ... | 2019 | 31590265 |
| quantification of visits of wild fauna to a commercial free-range layer farm in the netherlands located in an avian influenza hot-spot area assessed by video-camera monitoring. | free-range poultry farms have a high risk of introduction of avian influenza viruses (aiv), and it is presumed that wild (water) birds are the source of introduction. there is very scarce quantitative data on wild fauna visiting free-range poultry farms. we quantified visits of wild fauna to a free-range area of a layer farm, situated in an aiv hot-spot area, assessed by video-camera monitoring. a total of 5,016 hr (209 days) of video recordings, covering all 12 months of a year, were analysed. ... | 2020 | 31587498 |
| h5n8 avian influenza virus acquires enhanced pathogenicity after a single passage in chicken. | the h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) isolated in japan during the 2014-2015 winter differed in their pathogenicity in chickens. in the present study, we examined the possibility that a comparatively less pathogenic strain was first brought into the country by migratory birds, and then acquired enhanced pathogenicity by infecting chicken flocks. we showed that the a/tundra swan/tottori/c6nk/2014 (h5n8) (tottori p0) strain required 10 days to kill all chickens via the intran ... | 2019 | 31585646 |
| host-specific restriction of avian influenza virus caused by differential dynamics of anp32 family members. | influenza viruses must utilize host factors to complete their lifecycle. species-specific differences in host factors between birds and mammals mean that avian influenza viruses (aivs) replicate well in avian hosts but not in human hosts. acidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member a (anp32a) has been identified as the host restriction factor for the viral polymerase (vpol) activity of aivs. the anp32a belongs to the conserved anp32 family, the functional roles of which during viral replicati ... | 2020 | 31581291 |
| rapid detection of avian leukosis virus using a fluorescent microsphere immunochromatographic test strip assay. | we developed a rapid fluorescent microsphere immunochromatographic test strip (fm-icts) assay for the quantitative detection of avian leukosis virus (alv). a monoclonal antibody specific for the alv major capsid protein encoded by the gag gene was coupled to label fluorescent microspheres. alv antibodies were coated on a nitrocellulose membrane to prepare a test line for sample detection. the fluorescence signals of the test and control lines can be read either visually by exposure to uv light o ... | 2019 | 31553793 |
| prime-boost vaccination with a novel hemagglutinin protein produced in bacteria induces neutralizing antibody responses against h5-subtype influenza viruses in commercial chickens. | the highly pathogenic (hp) avian influenza virus (aiv), h5n1 and reassortant h5-subtype hpaivs, h5n2, h5n6, and h5n8, cause high mortality in domestic birds, resulting in economic losses in the poultry industry. h5n1 and h5n6 also pose significant public health risks and h5n1 viruses are a permanent pandemic threat. to control hpaivs, eukaryotic expression systems have traditionally been exploited to produce vaccines based on hemagglutinin (ha), a protective viral antigen. in contrast, we used a ... | 2019 | 31552018 |
| soluble recombinant hemagglutinin protein of h1n1pdm09 influenza virus elicits cross-protection against a lethal h5n1 challenge in mice. | currently, influenza vaccines are produced using embryonated chicken eggs. recently, recombinant influenza vaccines have been developed as a potential alternative to egg-grown vaccines. in this study, we evaluated the efficacy of soluble recombinant hemagglutinin (ha) protein produced in human cell culture (expi293f cells) as an influenza vaccine against homosubtypic and heterosubtypic influenza virus challenges in mice. mice were immunized intramuscularly with purified soluble ha protein of h1n ... | 2019 | 31551968 |
| a novel recombinant avian leukosis virus isolated from gamecocks induced pathogenicity in three-yellow chickens: a potential infection source of avian leukosis virus to the commercial chickens. | one natural recombinant avian leukosis virus (alv) strain gx14dj3-18 was isolated from a native gamecock by df-1 cell culture and identified with polymerase chain reaction (pcr), immunofluorescence assay and the viral genome's nucleotide sequencing. this strain was revealed as a novel recombinant virus with nucleotide sequence similarities of 95.4% long terminal repeated (ltr), 95.8% 5', utr, 97.9% gag, and 92.9% 3'untranslated regions (utr) in alv-j. also we found sequence similarities of 99.3% ... | 2019 | 31549168 |
| commensal gut microbiota can modulate adaptive immune responses in chickens vaccinated with whole inactivated avian influenza virus subtype h9n2. | variations in the composition of commensal gut microbiota have been reported to be major contributors to differences in responses to vaccination among individuals. in chickens, there is limited information on the role of gut microbiota in responses to vaccination. the current study studied the role of gut microbiota in cell- and antibody-mediated immune responses to vaccination with a whole inactivated avian influenza virus, subtype h9n2. a total of 166 one-day-old specific pathogen free layer c ... | 2019 | 31542262 |
| antigenic variation of avian influenza a(h5n6) viruses, guangdong province, china, 2014-2018. | market surveillance showed continuing circulation of avian influenza a(h5n6) virus in live poultry markets in guangdong province in 2017, despite compulsory vaccination for avian influenza a(h5nx) and a(h7n9). we analyzed h5n6 viruses from 2014-2018 from guangdong province, revealing antigenic drift and decreased antibody response against the vaccine strain in vaccinated chickens. | 2019 | 31538920 |
| active surveillance and genetic evolution of avian influenza viruses in egypt, 2016-2018. | egypt is a hotspot for avian influenza virus (aiv) due to the endemicity of h5n1 and h9n2 viruses. aivs were isolated from 329 samples collected in 2016-2018; 48% were h9n2, 37.1% were h5n8, 7.6% were h5n1, and 7.3% were co-infections with 2 of the 3 subtypes. the 32 hemagglutinin (ha) sequences of the h5n1 viruses formed a well-defined lineage within clade 2.2.1.2. the 10 ha sequences of the h5n8 viruses belonged to a subclade within 2.3.4.4. the 11 ha of h9n2 isolates showed high sequence homo ... | 2019 | 31526249 |
| intragastric delivery of recombinant lactococcus lactis displaying ectodomain of influenza matrix protein 2 (m2e) and neuraminidase (na) induced focused mucosal and systemic immune responses in chickens. | compounding with the problem of frequent antigenic shift and occasional drift of the segmented genome of avian influenza virus (aiv), vaccines based on major surface glycoproteins such as haemagglutinin (ha) to counter heterosubtypic aiv infection in chickens remain unsuccessful. in contrast, neuraminidase (na), the second most abundant surface glycoprotein present in viral capsid is less mutable and, in some instances, successful in eliciting inter-species cross-reactive antibody responses. how ... | 2019 | 31518854 |
| protective immunity against influenza virus challenge by norovirus p particle-m2e and ha2-atcyn vaccines in chickens. | development of a broadly reactive influenza vaccine that can provide protection against emerging type a influenza viruses is a big challenge. we previously demonstrated that a vaccine displaying the extracellular domain of the matrix protein 2 (m2e) on the surface loops of norovirus p-particle (m2ep) can partially protect chickens against several subtypes of avian influenza viruses. in the current study, a chimeric vaccine containing a conserved peptide from the subunit 2 of hemagglutinin (ha) g ... | 2019 | 31506195 |