| variability of nonpathogenic influenza virus h5n3 under immune pressure. | mutations arising in influenza viruses that have undergone immune pressure may promote a successful spread of mutants in nature. in order to evaluate the variability of nonpathogenic influenza virus a/duck/moscow/4182-c/2010(h5n3) and to determine the common epitopes between it and highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza viruses (hpaiv), a set of escape mutants was selected due to action of mabs specific against a/chicken/pennsylvania/8125/83(h5n2), a/vietnam/1203/04(h5n1) and a/duck/novosibirsk/ ... | 2020 | 33151742 |
| effects of licorice extract, probiotic, toxin binder and poultry litter biochar on performance, immune function, blood indices and liver histopathology of broilers exposed to aflatoxin-b1. | probiotics, toxin binders, and plant extracts improve health and immunity of broiler chickens exposed to aflatoxin. the effects of licorice extract (le), protexin probiotic, toxin binder (agrabound), and poultry litter biochar (plb) in experimental aflatoxicosis were evaluated. in a completely randomized design, 504 broiler chickens were allotted to 7 treatments and 6 replicates with 12 broiler chickens in each. the experimental groups were as follows: t1) basal diet (b) without any feed additiv ... | 2020 | 33142507 |
| genetic characterization of an h5n6 avian influenza virus from chickens in guangdong, china. | | 2020 | 33098955 |
| analysis of the microrna expression profiles of chicken dendritic cells in response to h9n2 avian influenza virus infection. | microrna (mirna) plays a key role in virus-host interactions. here, we employed deep sequencing technology to determine cellular mirna expression profiles in chicken dendritic cells infected with h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv). a total of 66 known and 36 novel mirnas were differently expressed upon h9n2 infection, including 72 up-regulated and 30 down-regulated mirnas. functional analysis showed that the predicted targets of these mirnas were significantly enriched in several pathways includin ... | 2020 | 33069243 |
| comparison of the effectiveness of two different vaccination regimes for avian influenza h9n2 in broiler chicken. | low pathogenic avian influenza virus is one of the major threats that has been affecting the poultry industry in the middle east region for decades. attempts to eradicate this disease have failed. currently, there are commercial vaccines that are either imported or produced locally from recently circulating isolates of h9n2 in egypt and middle eastern countries. this present work focused on comparing the effectiveness of two vaccines belonging to these categories in egypt. two commercial broiler ... | 2020 | 33066560 |
| probiotic lactobacilli limit avian influenza virus subtype h9n2 replication in chicken cecal tonsil mononuclear cells. | low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) h9n2 poses significant threat to animal and human health. the growing interest in beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria on host immune system has led to research efforts studying their interaction with cells of host immune system. however, the role of lactobacilli in inducing antiviral responses in lymphoid tissue cells requires further investigation. the objective of the present study was to examine the antiviral and immunostimulatory effects of l ... | 2020 | 33066282 |
| haemagglutinin displayed on the surface of lactococcus lactis confers broad cross-clade protection against different h5n1 viruses in chickens. | the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus poses a potential threat to the poultry industry. the currently available avian influenza h5n1 vaccines for poultry are clade-specific. therefore, an effective vaccine for preventing and controlling h5n1 viruses belonging to different clades needs to be developed. | 2020 | 33059676 |
| selection and antigenic characterization of immune-escape mutants of h7n2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus using homologous polyclonal sera. | understanding the dynamics of the selection of influenza a immune escape variants by serum antibody is critical for designing effective vaccination programs for animals, especially poultry where large populations have a short generation time and may be vaccinated with high frequency. in this report, immune-escape mutants of a/turkey/new york/4450/1994 h7n2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus, were selected by serially passaging the virus in the presence of continuously increasing concentrations ... | 2020 | 33045306 |
| selective usage of anp32 proteins by influenza b virus polymerase: implications in determination of host range. | the influenza b virus (ibv) causes seasonal influenza and has accounted for an increasing proportion of influenza outbreaks. ibv mainly causes human infections and has not been found to spread in poultry. the replication mechanism and the determinants of interspecies transmission of ibv are largely unknown. in this study, we found that the host anp32 proteins are required for the function of the ibv polymerase. human anp32a/b strongly supports ibv replication, while anp32e has a limited role. un ... | 2020 | 33045004 |
| co-inections of domestic and wild birds with avian influenza and newcastle disease viruses: implications for control and genetic mutations. | co-infections of birds' upper respiratory tract by avian pathogens are common and cause increasing economic losses. this study determines co-infection status of avian influenza (ai) and newcastle disease (nd) in birds in two nigerian states with different highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) records and where modified stamping out policy contained the virus for seven years after which the virus resurged with higher infectivity in 2015. a cross-sectional study sampling 910 apparently healthy ... | 2020 | 33040313 |
| emergence of highly pathogenic h5n2 and h7n1 influenza a viruses from low pathogenic precursors by serial passage in ovo. | highly pathogenic (hpai) strains emerge from their low pathogenic (lpai) precursors and cause severe disease in poultry with enormous economic losses, and zoonotic potential. understanding the mechanisms involved in hpai emergence is thus an important goal for risk assessments. in this study ostrich-origin h5n2 and h7n1 lpai progenitor viruses were serially passaged seventeen times in 14-day old embryonated chicken eggs and ion torrent ultra-deep sequencing was used to monitor the incremental ch ... | 2020 | 33031421 |
| a fluorescence polarization immunoassay for the rapid detection of antibody against influenza a virus in chicken and goat sera. | highly pathogenic influenza a viruses (iavs) cause substantial damage to the poultry industry. a simple and quick testing method is required for strict control of this infectious agent. the fluorescence polarization immunoassay (fpia) is a rapid test based on antigen-antibody binding, which can detect antigen-specific antibody in the infected animal samples within a few minutes. fpia is a one-step reaction assay that does not require a secondary antibody and complicated steps. we evaluated the u ... | 2020 | 33025860 |
| phylogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin gene and evaluation of the viral shedding of h9n2 avian influenza viruses using real-time rt-pcr in spf chickens. | in recent years, the h9n2 influenzavirus has been circulating widely in poultry farms causing extensive damage. the hemagglutinin (ha) genes of the two virus isolates of h9n2 subtype in specific pathogen-free chickens were studied to determine the shedding rate in the host’s oropharyngeal and cloacal routes and their genetic relationship. the sequence analysis and phylogenetic study of the samples were performed by comparing each isolate with other h9n2 isolates in the gene bank. in th ... | 2020 | 33025774 |
| antiviral activity of a novel mixture of natural antimicrobials, in vitro, and in a chicken infection model in vivo. | the aim of this study was to test in vitro the ability of a mixture of citrus extract, maltodextrin, sodium chloride, lactic acid and citric acid (aurashield l) to inhibit the virulence of infectious bronchitis, newcastle disease, avian influenza, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) and bovine coronavirus viruses. secondly, in vivo, we have investigated its efficacy against infectious bronchitis using a broiler infection model. in vitro, these antimicrobials had expressed antivi ... | 2020 | 33024252 |
| evaluation of vaccination strategies to control an avian influenza outbreak in french poultry production networks using evacs tool. | france recently faced two epizootic waves of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) in poultry (h5n6 in 2015-2016 and h5n8 in 2016-2017), mainly in the fattening duck production sector. vaccination against avian influenza (ai) is currently not authorised in france even though its potential benefits were discussed during these epizootic events. the objective of this work was to evaluate the potential efficiency of different vaccination strategies that could be applied against ai in france. the ... | 2020 | 33002655 |
| research note: rapid detection of avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus with real-time fluorescence-based recombinase-aided amplification. | in this study, specific primers and fluorescent probes were designed to target the thymidine kinase (tk) gene sequence of avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv). through specificity and sensitivity tests, a real-time fluorescence-based recombinase-aided amplification (rf-raa) method for detecting iltv was established. the results showed that the method was specific and could be used to accurately detect iltv, and there was no cross-reaction with newcastle disease virus (ndv), avian infl ... | 2020 | 32988516 |
| experimental infection and pathology of two highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses isolated from crow and chicken in house crows (corvus splendens). | we investigated the experimental infection of two highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses isolated from crow (a/crow/assam/142119/2008) and chicken (a/chicken/sikkim/151466/2009) in house crows (corvus splendens). both viruses caused infection in crows, where four out of six and three out of six crows succumbed to h5n1 infection within 11 days post challenge by crow and chicken viruses, respectively. the major clinical signs in crows were wing paralysis, circling and torticollis. the viru ... | 2020 | 32985206 |
| genetic characterization of a novel genotype h9n2 avian influenza virus from chicken in south china. | | 2020 | 32956732 |
| effectiveness of a simultaneous rhvt-f(nd) and rhvt-h5(ai) vaccination of day-old chickens and the influence of ndv- and aiv-specific mda on immune response and conferred protection. | the recombinant herpesvirus of turkey (rhvt) vaccines targeting newcastle disease (nd) and h5nx avian influenza (ai) have been demonstrated efficient in chickens when used individually at day-old. given the practical field constraints associated with administering two vaccines separately and in the absence of a currently available bivalent rhvt vector vaccine expressing both f(nd) and h5(ai) antigens, the aim of this study was to investigate whether interference occurs between the two vaccines w ... | 2020 | 32948028 |
| enterotropism of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n8 from the 2016/2017 epidemic in some wild bird species. | in 2016/2017, h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus of the goose/guangdong lineage spread from asia to europe, causing the biggest and most widespread hpai epidemic on record in wild and domestic birds in europe. we hypothesized that the wide dissemination of the 2016 h5n8 virus resulted at least partly from a change in tissue tropism from the respiratory tract, as in older hpaiv viruses, to the intestinal tract, as in low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses, allowing more ef ... | 2020 | 32928280 |
| lactobacillus plantarum surface-displayed influenza antigens (np-m2) with flic flagellin stimulate generally protective immune responses against h9n2 influenza subtypes in chickens. | the h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) causes serious economic losses to the poultry industry every year. vaccines that induce a mucosal immune response may be successful against influenza virus infection because its transmission occurs primarily in the mucosa. to develop novel and potent oral vaccines based on lactobacillus plantarum (l. plantarum) to control the spread of aiv in poultry industry, in the present study, we constructed and expressed fusions of the influenza antigens np and m2 with ... | 2020 | 32919197 |
| pathobiology of the highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses h7n1 and h5n8 in different chicken breeds and role of mx 2032 g/a polymorphism in infection outcome. | chickens are highly susceptible to highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs). however, the severity of infection varies depending of the viral strain and the genetic background of the host. in this study, we evaluated the pathogenesis of two hpaivs (h7n1 and h5n8) and assessed the susceptibility to the infection of local and commercial chicken breeds from spain. eight chicken breeds were intranasally inoculated with 105 eld50 of a/chicken/italy/5093/1999 (h7n1) or a/goose/spain/ia17cr02 ... | 2020 | 32912265 |
| orally administered recombinant baculovirus vaccine elicits partial protection against avian influenza virus infection in mice. | avian influenza outbreaks have placed a tremendous economic burden on the poultry industry, necessitating the need for an effective vaccine. although multiple vaccine candidates are available, its development is hindered by several drawbacks associated with the vaccine platforms and as such, more improvements to the vaccines are needed. therefore, in this study, the vaccine efficacy in the murine models was assessed prior to evaluation in chickens. an oral recombinant baculovirus (rbv) vaccine e ... | 2020 | 32910984 |
| continued evolution of h5nx avian influenza viruses in bangladeshi live poultry markets: pathogenic potential in poultry and mammalian models. | the genesis of novel influenza viruses through reassortment poses a continuing risk to public health. this is of particular concern in bangladesh, where highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the a(h5n1) subtype are endemic and cocirculate with other influenza viruses. active surveillance of avian influenza viruses in bangladeshi live poultry markets detected three a(h5) genotypes, designated h5n1-r1, h5n1-r2, and h5n2-r3, that arose from reassortment of a(h5n1) clade 2.3.2.1a viruses. the ... | 2020 | 32907981 |
| efficacy evaluation of commercial vaccines against circulating filed isolates of avian influenza h9n2 and infectious bronchitis viruses in broiler chickens. | | 2020 | 32896117 |
| assessing the efficacy of a recombinant h9n2 avian influenza virus-inactivated vaccine. | the h9n2 avian influenza virus has been widely spread in poultry around the world. it is proved to the world that the avian influenza virus can directly infect human beings without any intermediate host adaptation in "1997 hong kong avian influenza case," which shows that the avian influenza virus not only causes significant losses to the poultry industry but also affects human health. in this study, we aimed to address the problem of low protection of avian h9n2 subtype influenza virus vaccine ... | 2020 | 32867977 |
| low pathogenic avian influenza virus isolates with different levels of defective genome segments vary in pathogenicity and transmission efficiency. | defective interfering particles (dips) of influenza virus are generated through incorporation of highly truncated forms of genome segments, mostly those coding polymerase complex proteins (pb2, pb1, pa). such particles are able to replicate only in the presence of a virus with the complete genome, thus dips may alter the infection outcome by suppressing production of standard virus particles, but also by stimulating the immune response. in the present study we compared the clinical outcome, mort ... | 2020 | 32859269 |
| comparison of autogenous and commercial h9n2 avian influenza vaccines in a challenge with recent dominant virus. | avian influenza (ai) caused by ai virus subtype h9n2 is a prevalent viral disease with enormous economic losses in poultry farms through significant respiratory and gastrointestinal manifestations. the degree of protection obtained from a vaccine strongly depends on the level of antigenic similarity between challenge and vaccine virus. | 2020 | 32849889 |
| the emergence of h7n7 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus from low pathogenicity avian influenza virus using an in ovo embryo culture model. | outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) often result in the infection of millions of poultry, causing up to 100% mortality. hpaiv has been shown to emerge from low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (lpaiv) in field outbreaks. direct evidence for the emergence of h7n7 hpaiv from a lpaiv precursor with a rare di-basic cleavage site (dbcs) was identified in the uk in 2008. the dbcs contained an additional basic amino acid compared to commonly circulating lpaivs that harbor a ... | 2020 | 32839404 |
| co-infection of salmonella enteritidis with h9n2 avian influenza virus in chickens. | salmonella and avian influenza virus are important pathogens affecting the poultry industry and human health worldwide. in this experimental study, we evaluated the consequences of co-infection of salmonella enteritidis (se) with h9n2 avian influenza virus (h9n2-aiv) in chickens. four groups were included: control group, h9n2-aiv group, h9n2-aiv + se group, and se group. infected chickens were intranasally inoculated with h9n2-aiv at 21 days of age and then orally administered se on the same day ... | 2020 | 32835500 |
| detection of pb2 627 k mutation in two highly pathogenic isolates of the h7n9 subtype influenza a virus from chickens in northern china. | | 2020 | 32828821 |
| taishan pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharide inhibits h9n2 subtype influenza virus infection both in vitro and in vivo. | the h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) is one of the most prevalent aiv subtypes that can be found throughout most countries. currently, due to the neglect of low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) and monotonous control technique, an expanding h9n2 virus epizootic have been arisen and causes great economic losses in the poultry industry. therefore, novel anti-influenza drugs are necessary for the prevention and control of h9n2 aiv. our previous studies have found that taishan pinus ... | 2020 | 32827926 |
| population genomic transformations induced by isolation of wild bird avian influenza viruses (orthomyxoviridae) in embryonated chicken eggs. | isolation and cultivation of wild-type viruses in model organism cells or tissues is standard practice in virology. oftentimes, the virus host species is distantly related to the species from which the culture system was developed. thus, virus culture in these tissues and cells basically constitutes a host jump, which can lead to genomic changes through genetic drift and/or adaptation to the culture system. we directly sequenced 70 avian influenza virus (orthomyxoviridae) genomes from oropharyng ... | 2020 | 32827730 |
| anti-influenza protective efficacy of a h6 virus-like particle in chickens. | h6 avian influenza viruses (aivs) have a worldwide distribution, and they pose a potential concern for public health. in taiwan, h6 aivs have circulated in domestic chickens for more than 40 years, and certain strains have crossed the species barrier to infect mammals. with the goal of containing the disease, there is a pressing need to develop a safe and effective vaccine for pandemic preparedness. in this study, we prepared a virus-like particle (vlp) that consisted of the hemagglutinin (ha) a ... | 2020 | 32825685 |
| continuous reassortment of clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 highly pathogenetic avian influenza viruses demonstrating high risk to public health. | since it firstly emerged in china in 2013, clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) has rapidly replaced predominant h5n1 to become the dominant h5 subtype in china, especially in ducks. not only endemic in china, it also crossed the geographical barrier and emerged in south korea, japan, and europe. here, we analyzed the genetic properties of the clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 hpaivs with full genome sequences available online together with our own isolates. phylogenetic analys ... | 2020 | 32824873 |
| generation of a recombinant chickenized monoclonal antibody against the neuraminidase of h9n2 avian influenza virus. | we previously reported a monoclonal antibody (mab), 1g8, against the neuraminidase (na) of h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) with significant na inhibitory activity. to generate a recombinant chickenized mab (rcmab) against the na of h9n2 aiv for passive immunization in poultry, the gene of the fragment of antigen binding (fab) of mab 1g8 was cloned and fused with the fragment crystallizable (fc) gene of chicken igy. the rcmab 1g8 was expressed in cos-1 cells and could be detected in cell culture ... | 2020 | 32816156 |
| understanding the motivation of western java smallholder broiler farmers to uptake measures against highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai). | understanding broiler farmers' intention toward highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) control is important to design successful hpai control programs. we used theory of planned behavior (tpb) to identify factors (i.e., attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control) associated with the intentions of western-java small-scale broiler farmers toward implementing cleaning and disinfection (c&d), vaccination, reporting, and stamping-out without or with 50% compensation. for this, 203 ... | 2020 | 32793640 |
| vaccine efficacy on the novel reassortant h9n2 virus in indonesia. | vaccination is one of the leading methods of controlling the spread of the avian influenza (ai) viruses in indonesia. the variety of circulating viruses and their ability to mutate must be followed by updating the vaccine master seed used in the field. in this study, we identified the reassortant h9n2 viruses in chicken farms that showed significant problems in decreased egg production with high mortality. the reassortant h9n2 viruses derived the pb2 gene from the h5n1 virus. the pathogenicity t ... | 2020 | 32785201 |
| pathogenicity and transmissibility of clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype h5n6 in pigeons. | pigeons were previously thought to be resistant to h5 viruses and to play a minimal role in spreading these viruses. in this study, we evaluated the pathogenicity of two clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 viruses in pigeons and the potential viral transmissibility to specific-pathogen-free chickens in direct close contact with experimentally infected pigeons. no pigeons from the a/goose/eastern china/xin/2015 (gs/xin) group exhibited clinical signs or mortality, and the virus was only detected in a few organs. ... | 2020 | 32768222 |
| distinct mirna profile of cellular and extracellular vesicles released from chicken tracheal cells following avian influenza virus infection. | innate responses provide the first line of defense against viral infections, including the influenza virus at mucosal surfaces. communication and interaction between different host cells at the early stage of viral infections determine the quality and magnitude of immune responses against the invading virus. the release of membrane-encapsulated extracellular vesicles (evs), from host cells, is defined as a refined system of cell-to-cell communication. evs contain a diverse array of biomolecules, ... | 2020 | 32764349 |
| aiv polyantigen epitope expressed by recombinant baculovirus induces a systemic immune response in chicken and mouse models. | the protective efficacy of avian influenza virus (aiv) vaccines is unsatisfactory due to the presence of various serotypes generated by genetic reassortment. thus, immunization with a polyantigen chimeric epitope vaccine may be an effective strategy for protecting poultry from infection with different aiv subtypes. | 2020 | 32758272 |
| contribution of segment 3 to the acquisition of virulence in contemporary h9n2 avian influenza viruses. | h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aivs) circulate in poultry throughout much of asia, the middle east, and africa. these viruses cause huge economic damage to poultry production systems and pose a zoonotic threat both in their own right and in the generation of novel zoonotic viruses, for example, h7n9. in recent years, it has been observed that h9n2 viruses have further adapted to gallinaceous poultry, becoming more highly transmissible and causing higher morbidity and mortality. here, we investiga ... | 2020 | 32727875 |
| 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide inhibits apoptosis in influenza a(h5n1) virus-infected human lung epithelial cells via the caspase-9-dependent intrinsic apoptotic pathway which contributes to its antiviral activity. | influenza a virus (iav) infection represents a global health challenge. excavating antiviral active components from traditional chinese medicine (tcm) is a promising anti-iav strategy. our previous studies have demonstrated that 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (dap), a major ingredient of a tcm herb called andrographis paniculata, shows anti-iav activity that is mainly effective against a/chicken/hubei/327/2004 (h5n1), a/duck/hubei/xn/2007 (h5n1), and a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) in vitro and in viv ... | 2020 | 32702348 |
| sequence analysis and pathogenicity of avian orthoavulavirus 1 strains isolated from poultry flocks during 2015-2019. | newcastle disease (nd) causes severe economic losses in poultry industry worldwide. egyptian poultry industry suffered from severe economic losses since the isolation of velogenic newcastle disease virus (vndv) genotype viid in 2011 and up till now despite the use of different vaccination programs. so, this study aimed to isolate and characterize the vndv from a total of 120 poultry flocks from ten provinces in the egyptian delta region with a history of respiratory manifestation, high mortaliti ... | 2020 | 32698866 |
| evolution and extensive reassortment of h5 influenza viruses isolated from wild birds in china over the past decade. | lethal infection of wild birds with different subtypes of h5 viruses continuously occur. to investigate the genetic evolution and pathogenicity of h5 viruses in wild birds, we performed a detailed genetic and biologic analysis of 27 viruses, including h5n1, h5n2, h5n6, and h5n8 subtypes, that were responsible for avian influenza outbreaks in wild birds in china over the past decade. we found that these 27 viruses, bearing different clades/subclades of ha, were complicated reassortants and formed ... | 2020 | 32686602 |
| detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza in sekong province lao pdr 2018-potential for improved surveillance and management in endemic regions. | significant global efforts have been directed towards understanding the epidemiology of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) across poultry production systems and in wild-bird reservoirs, yet understanding of disease dynamics in the village poultry setting remains limited. this article provides a detailed account of the first laboratory-confirmed outbreak of hpai in the south-eastern provinces of lao pdr, which occurred in a village in sekong province in october 2018. perspectives from an an ... | 2020 | 32686364 |
| co-circulation of both low and highly pathogenic avian influenza h5 viruses in current poultry epidemics in taiwan. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) a(h5) viruses belonging to clade 2.3.4.4c of the a/goose/guangdong/1/96-like (gs/gd) lineage caused severe global outbreaks in domestic birds from 2014 to 2015, that also represented the first incursions of gs/gd viruses into taiwan and the usa. however, few studies have investigated the circulation of clade 2.3.4.4c viruses after 2015. here, we describe gs/gd clade 2.3.4.4c and mexican-like h5n2 viruses that were isolated in taiwan during active surveill ... | 2020 | 32661493 |
| patterns of avian influenza a (h5) and a (h9) virus infection in backyard, commercial broiler and layer chicken farms in bangladesh. | in order to control highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 and low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h9n2 virus spread in endemically infected countries, a detailed understanding of infection patterns is required. we conducted cross-sectional studies in bangladesh in 2016 and 2017, on 144 backyard, 106 broiler and 113 layer chicken farms. although all sampled birds were negative for h5 virus by rt-pcr, h5 antibodies were detected in unvaccinated birds on all three farming systems. higher ... | 2020 | 32639112 |
| replication of a dog-origin h6n1 influenza virus in cell culture and mice. | the world's first natural avian-origin h6n1 influenza a virus infection case in dogs was confirmed in taiwan in 2014. the h6n1 virus in chickens has been endemic in taiwan since 1972. whether the dog h6n1 virus has interspecies transmission potential is the key issue we aim to understand. following one virus passage in embryonated eggs and two further passages in mdck cells, we obtained two virus derivatives, e01ee (pb1 739e and pb2 627e) and e01gk (pb1 739g and pb2 627k), respectively. the path ... | 2020 | 32629810 |
| avian influenza overview august - november2019. | between 16 august and 15 november 2019, one low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) a(h5) outbreak in poultry in france was reported in europe. genetic characterisation reveals that the virusclusterswith eurasian lpai viruses. no highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks in birds were notified in europe in the relevant period for this report. hpai a(h5n6) viruswas identified in chickens in nigeria, this isthe first report of hpai a(h5n6) from the african continent.fewerhpai outbreaks in a ... | 2019 | 32626216 |
| investigation of avian influenza viruses (h9n2-h5nx) in pigeons during highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in iran, in 2016. | avian influenza (ai) virus (h9n2 and h5 subtypes) infections in birds cause major concerns around the world. the majority of the avian species, such as domestic, pet, and wild birds, are natural and experimental hosts of avian influenza viruses. there are global concerns about members of the columbidae family, namely pigeons or doves, for their role as the potential interspecies bridge in influenza a viruses ecology. the acquired scientific data in this regard is still not clear since there are ... | 2020 | 32621448 |
| supplemental dietary selenium enhances immune responses conferred by a vaccine against low pathogenicity avian influenza virus. | selenium is a trace mineral that has antioxidant activities and can influence the immune system. however, antiviral effects of selenium have not been well studies in chickens. chickens were therefore fed diets supplemented with two levels of two different sources of selenium (organic: selenium enriched yeast; sey or inorganic: sodium selenite; ss). chickens in the control groups did not receive supplemental dietary selenium. at 14 and 21 days of age, chickens were vaccinated with an inactivated ... | 2020 | 32615272 |
| pathogenicity of different h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strains and host immune responses in chickens. | the h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) has been circulating in china since 2013. in this report, we describe our recent chicken experimental studies investigating the pathogenicity and transmission of four h5n6 hpaiv field strains of different origins (gs39, ck44, dk47 and ck74) and the host immune responses. four-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were inoculated intranasally with one of the four h5n6 hpaiv strains (one strain per group). among the contact chickens, the ... | 2020 | 32605756 |
| a77 1726, the active metabolite of the anti-rheumatoid arthritis drug leflunomide, inhibits influenza a virus replication in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting the activity of janus kinases. | the newly reassorted iav subtypes from zoonotic reservoirs respond poorly to current vaccines and antiviral therapy. there is an unmet need in developing novel antiviral drugs for better control of iav infection. the cellular factors that are crucial for virus replication have been sought as novel molecular targets for antiviral therapy. recent studies have shown that janus kinases (jak), jak1, and jak2, play an important role in iav replication. leflunomide is an anti-inflammatory drug primaril ... | 2020 | 32598086 |
| geographical variation in the risk of h7n9 human infections in china: implications for risk-based surveillance. | the influenza a (h7n9) subtype remains a public health problem in china affecting individuals in contact with live poultry, particularly at live bird markets. despite enhanced surveillance and biosecurity at lbms h7n9 viruses are now more widespread in china. this study aims to quantify the temporal relationship between poultry surveillance results and the onset of human h7n9 infections during 2013-2017 and to estimate risk factors associated with geographical risk of h7n9 human infections in co ... | 2020 | 32587266 |
| contributions of ha1 and ha2 subunits of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in induction of neutralizing antibodies and protection in chickens. | highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) subtype h5n1 causes a devastating disease in poultry. vaccination is an effective method of controlling avian influenza virus (aiv) infection in poultry. the hemagglutinin (ha) protein is the major determinant recognized by the immune system of the host. cleavage of the ha precursor ha0 into ha1 and ha2 subunits is required for infectivity of the aiv. we evaluated the individual contributions of ha1 and ha2 subunits to the induction of hpaiv serum ... | 2020 | 32582071 |
| a ligation and restriction enzyme independent cloning technique: an alternative to conventional methods for cloning hard-to-clone gene segments in the influenza reverse genetics system. | reverse genetics is used in many laboratories around the world and enables the creation of tailor-made influenza viruses with a desired genotype or phenotype. however, the process is not flawless, and difficulties remain during cloning of influenza gene segments into reverse genetics vectors (phw2000, phh21, pcaggs). reverse genetics begins with making cdna copies of influenza gene segments and cloning them into bi-directional (phw2000) or uni-directional plasmids (phh21, pcaggs) followed by tra ... | 2020 | 32576218 |
| srsf10 inhibits the polymerase activity and replication of avian influenza virus by regulating the alternative splicing of chicken anp32a. | compared with mammalian anp32a, most avian-coded anp32a contains a 33 amino acids insertion (ch-anp32a-33) or a 29 amino acids insertion (ch-anp32a-29), which can rescue the mammalian-restricted avian influenza virus polymerase activity, with ch-anp32a-33 exhibiting a more potent phenotype. the alternative splicing of 3' splice sites (sss) of chicken anp32a intron 4 generates full-length ch-anp32a-33 and truncated ch-anp32a-29. in this study, we found a splicing regulatory cis-element that affec ... | 2020 | 32574681 |
| the presence of poultry influenza strains in two live bird markets near the east-west boundary of vietnam. | the spread of avian influenza virus among asian countries is becoming a concern after influenza epidemics in recent years. this study is aimed at identifying the subtypes of avian influenza viruses collected from healthy chickens and ducks at two live bird markets in a border province of vietnam and the lao people democratic republic. cloacal and tracheal swab samples from 100 chickens and 101 ducks were collected in may 2017. all samples were screened to detect avian influenza virus by real-tim ... | 2020 | 32566655 |
| immunostimulant effect of a mixed herbal extract on infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) vaccinated chickens in the context of a co-infection model of avian influenza virus h9n2 and ibdv. | this study was conducted to assess the comparative effects of a mixed herbal extract (mhe) containing ocimum sanctum, withania somnifera, emblica officinalis, tinospora cordifolia, mangifera indica, and asphaltum (shilajit) on infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv)-vaccinated (vac) chickens infected with ibdv and avian influenza virus (aiv) h9n2. the experiment included three groups (g1-g3): g1, the negative control group; g2, the vac + challenged (ch) group; and g3, the vac + ch + mhe group. mh ... | 2020 | 32563798 |
| y-box-binding protein 3 (ybx3) restricts influenza a virus by interacting with viral ribonucleoprotein complex and imparing its function. | the influenza a virus (iav) ribonucleoprotein (vrnp) complex consists of polymerase subunits, nucleoprotein (np) and viral rna and is responsible for rna transcription and replication. interactions between the vrnp complex and host factors play important roles in virus replication, pathogenicity and species tropism. in this study, strep-tag affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry was used to identify host factors that interact with iav vrnp complex in infected human cells. we purifi ... | 2020 | 32553055 |
| effects of an h7 highly pathogenic and related low pathogenic avian influenza virus on chicken egg production, viability, and virus contamination of egg contents and surfaces. | both highly pathogenic (hp) and low pathogenic (lp) avian influenza virus (aiv) can cause decreases or even cessation of egg production in chickens and turkeys. production of abnormal eggs (deformed, thin-shelled, soft-shelled) can also be caused by aiv infection. additionally, egg surfaces and contents may also be contaminated with virus. because data quantifying these effects are lacking, white plymouth rock hens were inoculated with hp or lp aiv while in production. no decreases in egg produc ... | 2020 | 32550614 |
| pathological and molecular characterization of h5 avian influenza virus in poultry flocks from egypt over a ten-year period (2009-2019). | avian influenza virus (aiv) remains one of the enzootic zoonotic diseases that challenges the poultry industry in egypt. in the present study, a total of 500 tissue samples were collected from 100 chicken farms (broilers and layers) suspected to be infected with aiv through the period from 2009 to 2019 from dakahlia governorate, egypt. these samples were pooled in 100 working samples and screened for aiv then the positive samples were subjected to histopathological examination combined with real ... | 2020 | 32527004 |
| protection of layers and breeders against homologous or heterologous hpaiv by vaccines from korean national antigen bank. | korean government has selected and stocked five type antigens of two clades as korean national antigen bank having high possibility of introduction to korea. we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the clade 2.3.2.1c and 2.3.4.4c h5nx vaccines from the korean avian influenza (ai) national antigen bank for emergency preparedness for their potency and protective efficacy against lethal homologous and heterologous viruses in layer and breeder chickens practically. the pd50 (dose of vaccine that protec ... | 2020 | 32523096 |
| nlrc5 serves as a pro-viral factor during influenza virus infection in chicken macrophages. | avian influenza viruses (aivs) cause major economic losses to the global poultry industry. many host factors have been identified that act as regulators of the inflammatory response and virus replication in influenza a virus (iav) infected cells including nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (nod) like receptor (nlr) family proteins. evidence is emerging that nlrc5, the largest nlr member, is a regulator of host immune responses against invading pathogens including viruses; however, its rol ... | 2020 | 32509599 |
| seasonal risk of low pathogenic avian influenza virus introductions into free-range layer farms in the netherlands. | poultry can become infected with avian influenza viruses (aiv) via (in) direct contact with infected wild birds. free-range chicken farms in the netherlands were shown to have a higher risk for introduction of low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) virus than indoor chicken farms. therefore, during outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai), free-range layers are confined indoors as a risk mitigation measure. in this study, we characterized the seasonal patterns of aiv introductions in ... | 2020 | 32506770 |
| induction of adaptive immune responses against antigens incorporated within the capsid of simian virus 40. | simian virus 40 (sv40) is a monkey polyomavirus. the capsid structure is icosahedral and comprises vp1 units that measure 45 nm in diameter. five sv40 vp1 molecules form one pentamer subunit, and a single icosahedral subunit comprises 72 pentamers; a single sv40 vp1 capsid comprises 360 sv40 vp1 molecules. in a previous study, we showed that an influenza a virus matrix protein 1 (m1) ctl epitope inserted within sv40 virus-like particles (vlps) induced cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) without the n ... | 2020 | 32501197 |
| induction of robust immune responses by cpg-odn-loaded hollow polymeric nanoparticles for antiviral and vaccine applications in chickens. | poultry vaccine has limited choices of adjuvants and is facing severe threat of infectious diseases due to ineffective of widely used commercial vaccines. thus, development of novel adjuvant that offers safe and effective immunity is of urgent need. | 2020 | 32494131 |
| prevalence and diversity of avian influenza virus hemagglutinin sero-subtypes in poultry and wild birds in bangladesh. | highly pathogenic avian influenza h5 viruses have pandemic potential, cause significant economic losses and are of veterinary and public health concerns. this study aimed to investigate the distribution and diversity of hemagglutinin (ha) subtypes of avian influenza virus (aiv) in poultry and wild birds in bangladesh. we conducted an avian influenza sero-surveillance in wild and domestic birds in wetlands of chattogram and sylhet in the winter seasons 2012-2014. we tested serum samples using a c ... | 2020 | 32492967 |
| an overview of avian influenza in the context of the australian commercial poultry industry. | from 1976 australia has experienced seven highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks in poultry farms and there have been a total of 16 confirmed low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) cases in poultry in australia at the time of writing. this paper describes all past lpai and hpai detections in australian poultry and reviews avian influenza risk in the australian commercial chicken industry. the factors that influence this risk are also discussed; notably the nomadic nature of australian ... | 2020 | 32490131 |
| age-dependent lethality in ducks caused by highly pathogenic h5n6 avian influenza virus. | ducks show notably higher resistance to highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses as compared to chickens. here, we studied the age-dependent susceptibility in ducks to the infections caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. we intranasally infected ducks aged 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks with highly pathogenic h5n6 avian influenza viruses isolated in south korea in 2016. all the 1-and 2-week-old ducks died after infection, 20% of 3-week-old ducks died, and from the ducks aged 4 and 8 weeks, ... | 2020 | 32485904 |
| oral immunization with an attenuated salmonella gallinarum encoding the h9n2 haemagglutinin and m2 ectodomain induces protective immune responses against h9n2 infection in chickens. | h9n2, a low pathogenic avian influenza virus, causes significant economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. herein, we describe the construction of an attenuated salmonella gallinarum (sg) strain for expression and delivery of h9n2 haemagglutinin (ha) 1 (sg-ha1), ha2 (sg-ha2) and/or the conserved matrix protein 2 ectodomain (sg-m2e). we demonstrated that recombinant sg strains expressing ha1, ha2 and m2e antigens were immunogenic and safe in a chicken model. chickens (n = 8) were vaccina ... | 2020 | 32483989 |
| impact of different rearing systems on growth, carcass traits, oxidative stress biomarkers, and humoral immunity of broilers exposed to heat stress. | the effects of different rearing systems (rs) including cage rearing systems (crs), litter rearing systems (lrs), and perforated plastic slate rearing systems (psrs) on the productive performance, carcass traits, blood hematological and biochemical parameters, and humoral immunity in broiler chickens exposed to heat stress were investigated. a total of 270 1-day-old avian 48 chicks were randomly assigned to 3 groups equally, each was divided into 9 replicates (each of 10 birds) housed in studied ... | 2020 | 32475443 |
| effect of essential oils on the immune response to some viral vaccines in broiler chickens, with special reference to newcastle disease virus. | this trial assessed the efficacy of a commercial essential oil (eo) product on the immune response to vaccination against newcastle disease (nd) and subsequent challenge with virulent nd virus genotype vii (vndv genotype vii) by using the following experimental groups of broiler chickens (each group had 21 birds with 3 replicates in each, n = 7): nc (negative control), pc (positive control), vc (vaccinated), and vtc (vaccinated and treated with eos). moreover, in a trial to study the effect of e ... | 2020 | 32475429 |
| effect of the selection pressure of vaccine antibodies on evolution of h9n2 avian influenza virus in chickens. | h9n2 avian influenza virus has spread worldwide, and vaccination with an inactivated virus is currently the major prevention method in china. to further understand the effect of the selection pressure from antibodies on the evolution of h9n2 avian influenza virus, f/98 (a/chicken/shanghai/f/98), which is the vaccine representative of h9n2 avian influenza virus in east china, was used for serial passaging for 20 generations in chickens with and without vaccination. after plaque purification from ... | 2020 | 32462233 |
| a d200n hemagglutinin substitution contributes to antigenic changes and increased replication of avian h9n2 influenza virus. | influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha) plays an important role in viral antigenicity, replication and host range. however, few amino acid positions in ha were reported to play multiple functions in both viral antigenicity and replication. in the present study, through analyzing the amino acid sequences of h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aivs) isolated from china, we identified a multi-functional substitution of d200n in ha1 protein. firstly, the substitution of d200n changed the antigenicity of h9n2 a ... | 2020 | 32456831 |
| genotyping and reassortment analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses h5n8 and h5n2 from egypt reveals successive annual replacement of genotypes. | highly pathogenic (hp) h5n1, clade 2.2.1, and low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h9n2 viruses, g1-b lineage, are endemic in poultry in egypt and have co-circulated for almost a decade. surprisingly, no inter-subtypic reassortment events have been reported from the field during that time. after the introduction of hpaiv h5n8, clade 2.3.4.4b, in egyptian poultry in 2016, suddenly hp h5n2 reassortants with h9n2 viruses emerged. the current analyses focussed on studying 32 duck flocks, 4 broiler ... | 2020 | 32454245 |
| mammalian pathogenicity and transmissibility of low pathogenic avian influenza h7n1 and h7n3 viruses isolated from north america in 2018. | abstractlow pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h7 subtype viruses are infrequently, but persistently, associated with outbreaks in poultry in north america. these lpai outbreaks provide opportunities for the virus to develop enhanced virulence and transmissibility in mammals and have previously resulted in both occasional acquisition of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) phenotype in birds and sporadic cases of human infection. two notable lpai h7 subtype viruses caused outbreaks in 2018 ... | 2020 | 32449503 |
| characterization of novel, pathogenic field strains of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in poultry in trinidad and tobago. | avian coronaviruses, including infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and turkey coronavirus (tcov), are economically important viruses affecting poultry worldwide. ibv is responsible for causing severe losses to the commercial poultry sector globally. the objectives of this study were to identify the viruses that were causing outbreaks of severe respiratory disease in chickens in trinidad and tobago (t&t) and to characterize the strains. swab samples were collected from birds showing severe respirat ... | 2020 | 32438523 |
| genetic and antigenic characterization of h5 and h7 avian influenza viruses isolated from migratory waterfowl in mongolia from 2017 to 2019. | the circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) of various subtypes (e.g., h5n1, h5n6, h5n8, and h7n9) in poultry remains a global concern for animal and public health. migratory waterfowls play important roles in the transmission of these viruses across countries. to monitor virus spread by wild birds, active surveillance for avian influenza in migratory waterfowl was conducted in mongolia from 2015 to 2019. in total, 5000 fecal samples were collected from lakesides in cen ... | 2020 | 32430568 |
| negligible effect of chicken cytokine il-12 integration into recombinant fowlpox viruses expressing avian influenza virus neuraminidase n1 on host cellular immune responses. | in comparison to the extensive characterization of haemagglutinin antibodies of avian influenza virus (aiv), the role of neuraminidase (na) as an immunogen is less well understood. this study describes the construction and cellular responses of recombinant fowlpox viruses (rfwpv) strain fp9, co-expressing na n1 gene of aiv a/chicken/malaysia/5858/2004, and chicken il-12 gene. our data shows that the n1 and il-12 proteins were successfully expressed from the recombinants with 48 kd and 70 kd mole ... | 2020 | 32427095 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype h5nx clade 2.3.4.4 outbreaks in dutch poultry farms, 2014-2018: clinical signs and mortality. | in recent years, different subtypes of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses caused outbreaks in several poultry types worldwide. early detection of hpai virus infection is crucial to reduce virus spread. previously, the use of a mortality ratio threshold to expedite notification of suspicion in layer farms was proposed. the purpose of this study was to describe the clinical signs reported in the early stages of hpai h5n8 and h5n6 outbreaks on chicken and pekin duck farms between 2014 ... | 2020 | 32418364 |
| effect of newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis live vaccines on the immune system and production parameters of experimentally infected broiler chickens with h9n2 avian influenza. | h9n2 avian influenza (ai) is an infectious disease which considered to have low pathogenic virulence, but in the case of coinfection with other pathogens it has the potential to become a major threat to the poultry industry. infectious bronchitis (ib) and newcastle diseases (nd) are other common problems to the poultry industry, which there are an extensive vaccination program against these viral pathogens. to investigate the effects of administration of infectious bronchitis and newcastle disea ... | 2020 | 32417570 |
| a within-host mathematical model of h9n2 avian influenza infection and type-i interferon response pathways in chickens. | chickens infected with avian influenza virus (aiv) transmit the virus via respiratory and cloacal shedding. while previous mathematical models have shown that the innate immune response is necessary for the early suppression of virus production in infected respiratory cells, the different pathways by which the innate immune response can affect cloacal viral shedding have not been studied in chickens. the present study aims to evaluate the sensitivity of h9n2 low pathogenic aiv shedding in chicke ... | 2020 | 32407720 |
| response to a dna vaccine against the h5n1 virus depending on the chicken line and number of doses. | avian influenza virus infections cause significant economic losses on poultry farms and pose the threat of a possible pandemic outbreak. routine vaccination of poultry against avian influenza is not recommended in europe, however it has been ordered in some other countries, and more countries are considering use of the avian influenza vaccine as a component of their control strategy. although a variety of such vaccines have been tested, most research has concentrated on specific antibodies and c ... | 2020 | 32381003 |
| chlamydia psittaci triggers the invasion of h9n2 avian influenza virus by impairing the functions of chicken macrophages. | in a pilot study, simultaneous infection with chlamydia psittaci (c. psittaci) and h9n2 virus induced 20% mortality and severe avian airsacculitis, shedding light on animal models of poultry respiratory diseases. however, the pathogenesis is still unclear. in the current study, we hypothesized that c. psittaci infection execrates macrophage function and facilitates h9n2 infection. to explore the potential mechanism, we studied the effect of c. psittaci and h9n2 on the functions of hd11 cells in ... | 2020 | 32326284 |
| [preparation of monoclonal antibody against hemagglutinin of h4 subtype avian influenza and establishment of sandwich elisa]. | objective to prepare the monoclonal antibodies (mab) against hemagglutinin of h4 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv), and develop a sandwich elisa for the detection of h4 subtype aiv. methods the balb/c mice were immunized with inactive h4 subtype aiv. a mab against h4 subtype aiv, designated as 6g4, was obtained by cell fusion, hemagglutination inhibition (hi) screening and subcloing. immuofluorescence cytochemistry and western blotting were used to detect the reactivity of 6g4 with h4 subtype ... | 2020 | 32314726 |
| dendrigraft poly-l-lysines delivery of dna vaccine effectively enhances the immunogenic responses against h9n2 avian influenza virus infection in chickens. | biodegradable nanomaterials can protect antigens from degradation, promote cellular absorption, and enhance immune responses. we constructed a eukaryotic plasmid [pcaggs-opti441-hemagglutinin (ha)] by inserting the optimized ha gene fragment of h9n2 aiv into the pcaggs vector. the pcaggs-opti441-ha/dgl was developed through packaging the pcaggs-opti441-ha with dendrigraft poly-l-lysines (dgls). dgl not only protected the pcaggs-opti441-ha from degradation, but also exhibited high transfection ef ... | 2020 | 32305593 |
| global gene expression analysis data of chicken dendritic cells infected with h9n2 avian influenza virus. | this data article reports the global gene expression analysis data of chicken dcs infected with h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) compared with mock infection. the differentially expressed genes (degs), and the data of go enrichment analysis and kegg pathway analysis for degs were reported here. in addition, some of these degs associated with innate immune response and antigen presentation were also verified by qpcr. the replication of h9n2 aiv in dcs, and the viability kinetic of dcs during h9n2 ... | 2020 | 32300615 |
| [epidemiological characteristics of a case infected with avian influenza a (h5n6) virus associated with exposure to aerosol]. | objective: to investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of a case infected with avian influenza a (h5n6) virus associated with exposure to aerosol and provide evidence for the prevention and control of human infection with avian influenza virus. methods: epidemiological investigation was conducted to identify the history of exposure, infection route, and disease progression. real-time fluorescent quantitative rt-pcr was used to test the samples collected from the case, close c ... | 2020 | 32294835 |
| trend of changes in the titer of antibody against avian influenza virus h9n2 during raising period in vaccinated and unvaccinated broiler farms in qazvin province, iran: a cohort study. | avian influenza virus (aiv) h9n2 is endemic in iran and its large-scale circulation in the poultry industry of the country is devastating. this virus was first reported in the industrial poultry populations of iran in july 1998. some of the published studies showed that inactivated avian influenza (ai) vaccines are capable of inducing an immune response and providing protection against morbidity and mortality in different countries (vasfi et al., 2002; tavakkoli et al., 2011). low pathogenicity ... | 2020 | 32291997 |
| chimeric newcastle disease virus-like particles containing dc-binding peptide-fused haemagglutinin protect chickens from virulent newcastle disease virus and h9n2 avian influenza virus challenge. | newcastle disease virus (ndv) and h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) are two notorious avian respiratory pathogens that cause great losses in the poultry industry. current inactivated commercial vaccines against ndv and aiv have the disadvantages of inadequate mucosal responses, while an attenuated live vaccine bears the risk of mutation. dendritic cell (dc) targeting strategies are attractive for their potent mucosal and adaptive immune-stimulating ability against respiratory pathogens. i ... | 2020 | 32274680 |
| baculovirus surface display of the ha protein of h5n2 avian influenza virus and its immunogenicity against a lethal challenge with h5n1 virus in chickens. | in the present study, we have generated several h5n2 ha recombinant baculoviruses for production of a ha subunit vaccine against the lethal h5n2 avian influenza virus (aiv). the effective display of functional ha on the cell membrane and baculoviral envelope was examined. our results reveal that chickens immunized with the chimeric aiv ha protein fused with the baculovirus gp64 cytoplasmic domain (ctd) induced higher hi titer. to further increase the expression level of the h5n2 aiv ha protein, ... | 2020 | 32273019 |
| influenza pb1-f2 inhibits avian mavs signaling. | rig-i plays an essential role in the duck innate immune response to influenza infection. rig-i engages the critical adaptor protein mitochondrial antiviral signaling (mavs) to activate the downstream signaling pathway. the influenza a virus non-structural protein pb1-f2 interacts with mavs in human cells to inhibit interferon production. as duck and human mavs share only 28% amino acid similarity, it is not known whether the influenza virus can similarly inhibit mavs signaling in avian cells. us ... | 2020 | 32272772 |
| establishment of adequate functional cellular immune response in chicks is age dependent. | the development of immunocompetence in chicks after hatching is not fully understood. however, detailed knowledge of immunocompetence and maturation processes in day-old chicks (docs) and juvenile chickens (gallus gallus domesticus) is necessary to implement enhanced immunization strategies. for viral diseases, this especially includes the development of cellular immunity focusing on t-cell-dependent responses. in the current study, we investigated t-cell subsets in blood and lymphoid tissues of ... | 2020 | 32267127 |
| recombinant lactococcus lactis expressing m1-ha2 fusion protein provides protective mucosal immunity against h9n2 avian influenza virus in chickens. | h9n2 subtype low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (lpaiv) is distributed worldwide and causes enormous economic losses in the poultry industry. despite immunization of almost all chickens with inactivated vaccines, the disease still remains widespread. we speculated that improving mucosal or cellular immune responses could contribute to improved control of h9n2 viruses. in this study, we constructed a novel lactococcus lactis (l. lactis) strain expressing a recombinant fusion protein consisti ... | 2020 | 32266297 |
| antiviral activity of chicken cathelicidin b1 against influenza a virus. | cathelicidins (caths) are host defense peptides (hdps) that play an important role in the innate immune response against infections. although multiple functions of cathelicidins have been described, including direct antimicrobial activity and several immunomodulatory effects on the host, relatively little is known about their antiviral activity. therefore, in vitro antiviral activity of chicken cathelicidins and the underlying mechanism was investigated in this study against different influenza ... | 2020 | 32265870 |
| immunization with the h5n1 recombinant vaccine candidate induces high protection in chickens against vietnamese highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strains. | abstract: vietnam is one of the countries most affected worldwide by the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus, which caused enormous economic loss and posed threats to public health. over nearly two decades, with the antigenic changes in the diversified h5ny viruses, the limited protective efficacy of the available vaccines was encountered. therefore, it is necessary to approach a technology platform for the country to accelerate vaccine production that enables quick response to new in ... | 2020 | 32252383 |
| knockout of irf7 highlights its modulator function of host response against avian influenza virus and the involvement of mapk and tor signaling pathways in chicken. | interferon regulatory factor 7 (irf7) is known as the master transcription factor of the type i interferon response in mammalian species along with irf3. yet birds only have irf7, while they are missing irf3, with a smaller repertoire of immune-related genes, which leads to a distinctive immune response in chickens compared to in mammals. in order to understand the functional role of irf7 in the regulation of the antiviral response against avian influenza virus in chickens, we generated irf7-/- ... | 2020 | 32252379 |
| the immune enhancement effects of recombinant ndv expressing chicken granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on the different avian influenza vaccine subtypes. | avian influenza is an acute and highly contagious infectious disease that is caused by the influenza virus. avian influenza has been widely spread all over the world, has caused property loss and has threatened human life and security. in this study, the recombinant plasmid rclone30-chgm-csf was constructed and rescued to the recombinant virus rclone30-chgm-csf successfully. after 8 days of immunization with the recombinant virus, the titre of ndv hi (haemagglutination inhibition) antibodies in ... | 2020 | 32246561 |