Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| assessment of the anti-viral effect of a short-term oral treatment of mice with live saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. | for assessing the efficacy of antiviral treatments, influenza and herpes virus hsv-1 infections of varying degrees of severity have been produced. the infections proved to be reproducible with respect to both their course and death rate. these infections also exhibited a course slow enough to permit the assessment of treatments under conditions mimicking human infections and lent themselves to the choice of the best adapted strategy to treat an infection. a short-term oral treatment with live ce ... | 1992 | 1426651 |
| type-specific identification of influenza viruses a, b and c by the polymerase chain reaction. | the aim of this study was to develop a polymerase chain reaction for specific detection of influenza a, b, and c rna genomes. three primer sets were selected from conserved regions of the genome coding for the non-structural proteins and were tested on 61 influenza a (22 h1n1, 9 h2n2, and 30 h3n2), 11 influenza b, and three influenza c isolates. specific amplified products were obtained with all these strains after electrophoresis on a 2% agarose gel. the specificity of the reaction was increase ... | 1992 | 1430057 |
| a nylon membrane enzyme immunoassay for rapid diagnosis of influenza a infection. | a new membrane-enzyme immunofiltration assay (mifa) was developed for rapid diagnosis of influenza a infection. the pretreated specimens were dispensed into a 1.2 micron biodyne b nylon membrane-bottomed microplate and vacuum filtration was applied. blocking solution, peroxidase-conjugated anti-influenza a nucleoprotein monoclonal antibody, washing buffer and substrate were added in that order. the assay was completed within 30 min. out of 103 nasopharyngeal swabs collected in transport medium, ... | 1992 | 1430074 |
| the impact of influenza vaccination on respiratory illness at a boarding school. | we studied the impact of influenza vaccine during an outbreak of influenza at a 989-student boarding school in january to march, 1989. by february 6, 120 (17%) of 690 students completing survey questionnaires had been ill with fever and respiratory symptoms. eighty-seven students had received influenza vaccine in the previous 18 months; these students had an attack rate half that of the unvaccinated students (9% v 19%; vaccine efficacy = 50%, confidence interval = 0%-70%). we estimate that, if t ... | 1992 | 1430675 |
| who should get influenza vaccine? | 1992 | 1430676 | |
| the role of double-stranded rna in induction of the acute-phase response in an abortive influenza virus infection model. | the inducer of the acute-phase response in "flu-like" viral infections is not defined. the hypothesis that virus-associated double-stranded (ds) rna serves this function was investigated by comparison of several acute-phase responses (fever and sleep patterns, white and nucleated red blood cell levels, serum antiviral activity and ceruloplasmin) induced by the synthetic dsrna polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid (poly[ri:rc]) with those induced by influenza virus in rabbits. the capacity of e ... | 1992 | 1431245 |
| [rapid diagnosis of influenza infection by pcr method--detection of influenza virus ha gene in throat swab]. | we studied the detection of the ha gene of human influenza viruses in throat swabs obtained from the outbreaks of influenza in school children utilizing the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method. sensitivity and specificity of the pcr method was compared to conventional virus isolation using mdck cells. three pairs of primers for pcr in detecting the ha genes of ah1, ah3, and b influenza viruses showed both subtype and type specificity. the dilution experiments showed that influenza viruses, as ... | 1992 | 1431371 |
| effects of altering palmitylation sites on biosynthesis and function of the influenza virus hemagglutinin. | mutagenesis studies indicated that the three cytoplasmic cysteines of the influenza virus a/japan/305/57 hemagglutinin (ha) are all palmitylated, but to an unequal extent. replacement of all three cysteines abolished palmitylation, but affected neither ha biosynthesis nor function. palmitate was not required for ha to be incorporated into virions. | 1992 | 1433532 |
| neurologist as expert witness. | prevailing liberal rules of evidence permit qualified medical and scientific experts to offer opinions designed to help courts decide issues to which their expertise relates. the opinions can be based on direct examinations, review of data assembled by others and data or inferences of a type relied on by other experts in the field. application of these rules is illustrated through analysis of expert testimony in litigation involving a neurologic syndrome allegedly caused by an immunization and i ... | 1992 | 1435658 |
| influenza surveillance--united states, 1991-92. | during the 1991-92 influenza season, sustained regional influenza activity began to be reported by state and territorial epidemiologists in the united states in mid-october 1991. sustained reporting of widespread influenza activity began in early november 1991, 5-10 weeks earlier than in any of the previous nine influenza seasons. influenza caused substantial morbidity among school-age children and excess mortality among the elderly. regional outbreaks of influenza ended 2-6 weeks earlier than i ... | 1992 | 1435687 |
| [epidemiology of micro-organisms responsible for community-acquired pneumonia]. | pneumonias occupy a prominent situation among lower respiratory tract infections where they are remarkable for their potential mortality and for our relative knowledge of the responsible micro-organisms. analysis and synthesis of each series published must answer several questions, such as: what are the lung diseases considered? which investigations have been performed? which criteria of imputability have been used? in which patients has the study been carried out? in which place, which period a ... | 1992 | 1439460 |
| selecting t cell receptors with high affinity for self-mhc by decreasing the contribution of cd8. | selective events during t cell repertoire development in the thymus include both the positive selection of cells whose receptors recognize self-major histocompatibility complex (mhc) molecules and negative selection (tolerance) of cells whose interaction with self-mhc is of high affinity. the affinity of t cell interactions with class i mhc molecules includes contributions by both the t cell receptor and the cd8 coreceptor. therefore, by decreasing the affinity of the interaction with cd8, t cel ... | 1992 | 1439792 |
| the role of viruses and mycoplasma pneumoniae in lower respiratory tract infections in childhood. | acute lower respiratory tract infections are one of the major causes of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries. this study was undertaken at hacettepe university children's hospital to determine the role of viruses and mycoplasma pneumoniae in respiratory tract infections in children. eighty-three patients with lower respiratory tract infections were selected at random from among the children admitted to the hospital for evaluation of respiratory symptoms. acute and convalesce ... | 1992 | 1440953 |
| [body immunocorrection when vaccination is contraindicated (a clinico-epidemiological validation)]. | the article summarizes the results of epidemiological observation which was performed in one of the training units. the goals of this observation were to estimate the prophylactic efficiency of the selected application of natrii nucleinas in persons with the lowered immunoresistance on the background of antigrip immunization. a high clinico-epidemiological effectiveness ws approved for 10-days administration of the natrii nucleinas in persons with clinic manifestations of grip and other respirat ... | 1992 | 1441268 |
| [the origin of pandemic strains of the influenza a virus]. | 1992 | 1441437 | |
| [monoclonal antibodies to the influenza a virus matrix protein that react with viral strains of different subtypes]. | to obtain hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies (mca) to matrix (m) protein of influenza virus, mice were immunized with a modified antigen which consisted of subvirus units after electrophoretic removal of surface glycoproteins from virions using desintegnon-o detergent. six stable hybrid cultures producing mca to m-protein were derived. the properties of mca to the antigen determinant common for a group of influenza a virus strains of different subtypes allow them to be used in the develo ... | 1992 | 1441439 |
| [the effect of the influenza virus on the activity of macrophage 5-nucleotidase and murine resistance to staphylococcal infection]. | 1992 | 1441446 | |
| liposomes enhance the immunogenicity of reconstituted influenza virus a/pr/8 envelopes and the formation of protective antibody by influenza virus a/sichuan/87 (h3n2) surface antigen. | reconstituted influenza virus (a/pr/8 strain) envelopes (rive) and influenza virus (a/sichuan/87 (h3n2) strain) surface antigens were entrapped in dehydration-rehydration vesicles (drv liposomes) composed of egg phosphatidylcholine (pc) or distearoyl phosphatidylcholine (dspc drv) and equimolar (32 mumol) cholesterol. entrapment values for rive were 31.2 (pc) and 29.4% (dspc drv) of the material used. corresponding entrapment values for the a/sichuan/87 strain antigens were 40.7 and 39.3%. balb/ ... | 1992 | 1441730 |
| in vivo anti-influenza virus activity of plant flavonoids possessing inhibitory activity for influenza virus sialidase. | isoscutellarein (5,7,8,4'-tetrahydroxyflavone) from the leaf of scutellaria baicalensis non-competitively inhibited (ic50, 20 microm) the hydrolysis of sodium p-nitrophenyl-n-acetyl-alpha-d-neuraminate by influenza virus sialidase with an apparent ki value of 41 microm. negligible inhibitory activity was observed for mouse liver sialidase at a concentration of 79 microm. isoscutellarein also inhibited the replication of influenza virus a/wsn/33 in madin-darby bovine kidney cells with 50% virus i ... | 1992 | 1444327 |
| in vivo priming of cytotoxic t lymphocyte responses in relation to in vitro up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex class i molecules by short synthetic peptides. | cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) recognize target antigens as short peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex class i molecules (mhc-i). externally added peptides can sensitize target cells by binding directly to mhc-i without any need for internal processing. those which are similar in length to endogenously processed peptides are more potent in this respect than slightly longer peptides. peptide mhc-i interactions can also be reflected as up-regulation of mhc-i in vitro on certain ce ... | 1992 | 1446701 |
| induction of primary anti-viral cytotoxic t cells by in vitro stimulation with short synthetic peptide and interleukin-7. | the present study investigated whether a short synthetic peptide npp, with a modified sequence (147-158 r156-) derived from influenza a virus nucleoprotein with high affinity for kd major histocompatibility complex class i molecules, could induce primary influenza virus-specific cytotoxic t (tc) cells in vitro. naive balb/c (h-2d) splenocytes did not respond to the stimulation with only npp with the generation of effector tc cells specific for influenza a virus-infected target cells in vitro. ho ... | 1992 | 1446709 |
| influenza a outbreaks in nursing homes. | 1992 | 1447451 | |
| influence of amantadine resistance mutations on the ph regulatory function of the m2 protein of influenza a viruses. | mutations in the influenza m2 membrane protein which confer resistance to the antiviral drug amantadine are exclusively located within the transmembrane region of the molecule. the influence of specific amino acid substitutions on the activity of the m2 protein in influenza a virus-infected cells is assessed in this report by their effects upon haemagglutinin (ha) stability and virus growth. a number of amino acid substitutions, e.g., l26h, a30t, s31n and g34e reduced the activity of the m2 prot ... | 1992 | 1448912 |
| suppression of plasmodium falciparum infections during concomitant measles or influenza but not during pertussis. | in tropical countries, concomitant infections are a continuous problem. in the rufiji delta, an area of tanzania that is holoendemic for malaria, there were outbreaks of influenza a, measles, and pertussis in 1986 and 1987. significantly lower parasitic prevalences and mean densities of malaria parasites were found in children up to nine years of age who had measles or influenza than in asymptomatic control children. in contrast, children with pertussis had a higher prevalence and mean density t ... | 1992 | 1449208 |
| western blot analysis of antibody responses to influenza virion proteins. | an immunoblotting procedure was developed to detect antibody responses in mice and humans to influenza virion proteins. the technique was capable of detecting 1.5 micrograms of haemagglutinin (ha) on nitrocellulose strips at a 1:5000 dilution of a mouse serum with an initial haemagglutination inhibition titre of 20. the effects of the use of the blocking agent tween-20 on virion proteins were also studied. the commonly used concentration of 0.05% (v/v) tween-20, when included in blocking and inc ... | 1992 | 1452221 |
| structural basis of antigenic variation: studies of influenza virus neuraminidase. | 1992 | 1452222 | |
| high growth reassortant influenza vaccine viruses: new approaches to their control. | when a new strain of an influenza virus is required to be incorporated into influenza vaccine, attempts are made to recombine such strains with laboratory adapted viruses, which will grow to high titre in order to improve the yield of the vaccine strain. it is important that such high growth reassortant vaccine strains are not contaminated with genes coding for the antigenic determinants of the high growth laboratory strain. we describe the characterization of two recent high growth reassortants ... | 1992 | 1457106 |
| influenza in the world. 1 october 1991-30 september 1992. | 1992 | 1457338 | |
| anti-influenza virus activity of a lignin fraction from cone of pinus parviflora sieb. et zucc. | when mice were inoculated intranasally or intracerebrally with lethal doses of influenza virus a/wsn/33, most died within 12 days. however, the infectivity of virus that had been preincubated with a lignin prepared from cones of pinus parviflora sieb. et zucc. (pc-fr. vi) was significantly reduced. intraperitoneal or oral administration of pc-fr. vi, prior to virus inoculation, slightly increased the survival ratio of the infected mice. experiments using radiolabeled pc-fr. vi revealed that this ... | 1992 | 1457741 |
| update: influenza activity--united states and worldwide, 1992-93 season. | influenza activity in the united states is monitored by cdc through surveillance systems maintained cooperatively with state and local health departments (1); in addition, cdc receives reports of worldwide influenza activity from international world health organization (who) collaborating laboratories and from who, geneva. this report summarizes surveillance for influenza in the united states and worldwide during the 1992-93 season through december 5, 1992. | 1992 | 1461251 |
| influenza vaccination in chronic hemodialysis patients. the effect of zinc supplementation. | since influenza increases the mortality of chronically ill patients we decided to study the effectiveness of influenza vaccination in hemodialysis (hd) patients. nineteen hd patients aged from 20 to 60 years, on unrestricted diet and with no febrile episode, were studied. blood samples were collected before the intramuscular injection of 0.5 ml multivalent influenza vaccine (inflexal berna) and every 2 weeks thereafter. at the end of 4th week a second vaccination was done and a dosage of 200 mg ... | 1992 | 1462010 |
| influenza--its impact and control. | influenza is an underestimated public health problem. epidemics spread rapidly from country to country and may affect as many as 500 million people across the world in a moderate influenza year. the disease, particularly influenza a, kills and the new influenza viruses which appeared in 1957 (asian influenza) and 1968 (hong kong) are estimated to have caused at least 100,000 deaths in the united states of america. deaths from influenza also occur in years when there is no new virus; at least 10, ... | 1992 | 1462665 |
| the influence of dextran sulfate on influenza a virus fusion with erythrocyte membranes. | dextran sulfate suppresses the low ph-induced fusion of influenza virus a/brazil 11/78 with erythrocyte membranes, as shown by fluorescence dequenching assay, using the fluorophore octadecylrhodamine b chloride (r18). inhibition of fusion was maximal at ph 5.0, while at higher ph values (> 5.6) fusion was not affected. hemolysis of intact red blood cells by influenza a virus at low ph values is also prevented by dextran sulfate. the inhibiting effect of the polymer is mainly ascribed to repressi ... | 1992 | 1463322 |
| [influenza, the elderly and amantadine]. | 1992 | 1464395 | |
| pneumonia--a clinical or radiographic diagnosis? etiology and clinical features of lower respiratory tract infection in adults in general practice. | etiology and clinical manifestations have been studied in 153 adult patients with lower respiratory tract infection, and the results are presented according to clinical and radiographic diagnosis. laboratory investigations revealed that bacterial infection, mycoplasma and chlamydia included, occurred as often in 22 patients whose clinical diagnoses of pneumonia were not evident radiographically, as in 20 patients with radiographic pneumonia. in the latter group significantly higher values of ery ... | 1992 | 1465584 |
| [experimental influenzal and tuberculous infections under conditions of specific and nonspecific immunosuppression]. | the course of influenza and tuberculosis infections under the conditions of disturbances in the immune response of experimental animals has been studied. as revealed in the survival test, the induction of secondary t- and b-cell-mediated immunodeficiency in mice leads to an increase in the sensitivity of the body to influenza virus, especially in cases of t-cell-mediated immunodeficiency. the injection of bcg in combination with cyclophosphamide into mice induces tolerance to this antigen in the ... | 1992 | 1466173 |
| specificity of the proteus antibody response in rheumatoid arthritis. | antibodies to proteus were determined by indirect immunofluorescence in 146 serum samples from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (ra). an autoantibody screen was performed in the same samples and in 52 of these antibody titres to the viruses influenza a, adenovirus, rubella, and parvovirus were determined. there was no significant correlation between proteus antibodies and any of the other antibodies tested. dividing the samples into those from patients with active (c reactive protein > 10 mg/l ... | 1992 | 1466597 |
| a pathogenesis study of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n2 in chickens, using immunohistochemistry. | eighteen specific pathogen-free chickens (nine hens older than 1 year and nine 15-week-old males) were inoculated with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus a/chicken/pennsylvania/1370/1983 (h5n2). birds were serially killed and tissues collected for histological and immunohistochemical evaluation. in the group of older hens, disease was acute or peracute. by immunohistochemistry, antigen was abundant in capillary endothelium in multiple organs, and staining for antigen in parenchymal cells wa ... | 1992 | 1469128 |
| nucleotides 9 to 11 of the influenza a virion rna promoter are crucial for activity in vitro. | the 12 nucleotide conserved sequence at the 3' end of influenza a virion rna is sufficient to function as a promoter in vitro. by introducing point mutations in all 12 positions of this promoter in model rna templates and studying the efficiency of rna synthesis in vitro, we show that only three nucleotides, residues 9, 10 and 11, are crucial for activity, although other nucleotides play a significant but less important role. additions or deletions within the promoter are tolerated, resulting in ... | 1992 | 1469351 |
| binding of influenza a virus ns1 protein to dsrna in vitro. | the non-structural protein ns1 of influenza a virus exhibits two modes of rna-binding activity. one is sequence-specific binding to minus-sense virus rna with either a 5'- or 3'-terminal common sequence as reported previously. the other was identified as binding to dsrna and this activity did not show sequence specificity. the affinity of binding to dsrna was much higher than that to ssrna. a short miniature virion rna forming a panhandle structure by pairing between the 5'- and 3'-terminal comm ... | 1992 | 1469370 |
| [low protection against this winter's influenza. a repeat performance of last season's subtype a?]. | 1992 | 1469973 | |
| [laboratory problems of chemotherapy of viral infections in humans]. | the following problems are presented and discussed: scientific and epidemiologic basis of chemotherapy, relations of antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo especially important when new-drugs are developed and evaluated, inhibitors used in medical treatment and mechanisms of their antiviral functions, genesis and nature of virus resistance, possible role of interfering defective particles. the paper is addressed both to laboratories involved in new drugs construction as well to clinical ones pe ... | 1992 | 1470577 |
| [a study of potassium-conserving diuretic preparations for their antiviral activity in respect to the influence virus]. | 1992 | 1471343 | |
| immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (irivs) and other adjuvants for improved presentation of small antigens. | synthetic peptides, purified subunits or inactivated small virus particles require immunopotentiation if they are to be effective vaccines. a large range of procedures to enhance immunogenicity has evolved over the last decades: aluminium salts, proteosomes, immunostimulating complexes (iscoms), liposomes, conjugation with bacterial products or derivatives, combination with surface-active agents or application of cytokines have been the most described classes of adjuvants. we describe here the d ... | 1992 | 1471412 |
| [influenza--1990]. | 1992 | 1475393 | |
| detection of influenza a and b in respiratory secretions with the polymerase chain reaction. | influenza a and b are rna-containing viruses that frequently infect humans. currently, sensitive detection of these viruses requires fresh respiratory secretions and special facilities for culture. to facilitate diagnosis of influenza, the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used in the present studies to detect dna produced by reverse transcription of influenzal rna in vaccines, tissue culture fluids, and stored respiratory secretions. primers were directed at targets on the highly conserved se ... | 1992 | 1477662 |
| the pathogenic determinant of influenza virus. | influenza viruses, like other viruses, must exhibit a genome constellation, which permits optimal virus reproduction in a given host. besides this prerequisite the influenza virus haemagglutinin glycoprotein (ha) has been shown to be an essential determinant for pathogenicity. ha, which is synthesized as a precursor molecule, is activated by posttranslational cleavage by host proteases to obtain its full biological properties. proteolytic activation is therefore indispensable for effective virus ... | 1992 | 1481363 |
| behavioral thermoregulation in mice inoculated with influenza virus. | mice housed at 30 degrees c and inoculated with a mouse-adapted influenza virus show a fall in body temperature (tb) and a decrease in food intake to almost 0 grams per day. this study tested whether the fall in tb could be accounted for by the decreased food intake and whether the fall in tb was due to a decrease of thermoregulatory set point or to an inability to maintain tb at set point level. the fall in tb of influenza-infected mice was greater than that of food-deprived mice. when food dep ... | 1992 | 1484872 |
| nephrotropic properties demonstrated by a/chicken/alabama/75 (h4n8) following intravenous challenge of chickens. | tissue tropism properties of a/chicken/alabama/75 (h4n8) were examined after intravenous inoculation of 5-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens. from 14 clinically normal chickens euthanatized on days 1-20 postinoculation, the frequencies of virus recovery were highest for cloacal swabs (86%), bursal swabs (64%), and kidney tissues (64%) and lowest for tracheal swabs (14%), thymus tissues (14%), bone-marrow swabs (7%), and brain tissues (0%). evidence that the high frequency of virus recovery ... | 1992 | 1485875 |
| evaluation of the kidney as a potential site of avian influenza virus persistence in chickens. | one-day-old chickens were inoculated intravenously with one of three low-pathogenicity avian-origin influenza isolates. on day 5 postinoculation (pi), the frequency of influenza virus isolation from cloacal swabs following challenge with each isolate ranged from 83% to 100% for clinically normal euthanatized chickens. influenza virus was also frequently isolated from kidneys of these chickens (47%) and from chickens that died (100%). kidneys positive for virus isolation had lesions of nephrosis ... | 1992 | 1485877 |
| re-evaluation of the pathogenicity of a/chicken/alabama/75 (h4n8) influenza virus. | avian influenza (ai) virus a/chicken/alabama/7395/75 (h4n8), a putatively non-pathogenic virus associated with a self-limiting outbreak of severe disease in commercial layers, was selectively passed in chickens or in cell cultures and then in chickens to determine whether virus with increased pathogenicity would emerge. when 20 derivatives of the parental virus were each inoculated intranasally and intratracheally in leghorn hens, mortality rates ranged from zero (0/24) to 25% (6/24); mortality ... | 1992 | 1485880 |
| [concept of the mechanism of the therapeutic effect of flu chemotherapy]. | 1992 | 1486335 | |
| use of monoclonal antibodies for rapid diagnosis of respiratory viruses: memorandum from a who meeting. | a monoclonal antibody diagnostic kit (using immunofluorescence) to detect directly viral antigens of respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus a, influenza virus b, parainfluenza viruses (types 1, 2, and 3), and adenovirus has been developed by who. during 1990 and 1991 a total of 16 laboratories in different parts of the world were invited to test the kit in clinical use. this memorandum summarizes the results obtained as well as the discussions and recommendations made by participants at a ... | 1992 | 1486665 |
| the use of hybrid-selected template increases the specificity of the polymerase chain reaction. | an efficient method for generating full-length dna sequences from apparently unsuccessful polymerase chain reactions (pcr) has been developed. in cases where nonspecific background interferes with detection of the pcr product, a second amplification is performed using a nested set of primers. the internal fragment of dna amplified in this reaction is then blotted to a membrane and used to hybrid-select the desired dna from the initial amplification. this dna is eluted and used as the template fo ... | 1992 | 1490174 |
| [effect of air pollutants on the health of the annaberg district population with special reference to acute respiratory tract diseases]. | from 1978 to 1988 in the district of annaberg (saxony, state frontier to czechoslovakia) investigations were accomplished to assess the state of health in people living there. the southern part of the district rises to a crest (saxon ore mountain). it is influenced by air pollution from northern bohemia. the incidence of acute infections of the upper airways showed a remarkable dependence on the degree of air pollution in the age groups up to 18 years, especially in the group of infants. in the ... | 1992 | 1495266 |
| influenza basic polymerase 2 peptides are recognized by influenza nucleoprotein-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes. | cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) play an important role in limiting viral infections and in eradicating virus from host tissues. recent progress in understanding the processing and presentation of viral antigens to ctl indicates that the ctl antigen receptor recognizes peptides derived from viral proteins that are bound to an antigen binding groove present in class i major histocompatibility complex (mhc) molecules. in understanding ctl anti-viral responses and in creating vaccines designed to elic ... | 1992 | 1495499 |
| [usefulness and limitations of vaccination against influenza]. | influenza viruses have caused major epidemics of respiratory disease and a high mortality in patients with advanced age and in those with underlying health conditions. it has been estimated in the usa that, during a moderate epidemic of influenza, there is an excess of 170,000 hospitalizations and approximately 20,000 to 40,000 influenza-associated deaths per years. costs may exceed 1 billion dollars per year. influenza viruses have been difficult to control because of a large animal reservoir a ... | 1992 | 1496181 |
| [the correction of the functional activity of alveolar macrophages in inducing a primary immune response in influenza]. | the functional activity of alveolar macrophages obtained from mice, both healthy and infected with influenza virus a/aichi 2/68 (h3n2), as manifested by their capacity to initiate the development of primary immune response to sheep red blood cells and escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide after the transfer of these macrophages to intact syngeneic recipients was studied. the capacity of alveolar macrophages to perform antigen-presenting functions in the induction of humoral immune response was sho ... | 1992 | 1496877 |
| recombinant salmonella typhimurium strains that invade nonphagocytic cells are resistant to recognition by antigen-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes. | to address the question of whether salmonella-infected nonphagocytic cells could serve as target cells for recognition by antigen-specific, major histocompatibility complex class i-restricted cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl), four recombinant salmonella typhimurium constructs that expressed full-length, or fragments of, influenza a virus nucleoprotein (np) were made. the bacteria were shown to infect chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells. appropriate major histocompatibility complex restriction molecul ... | 1992 | 1500187 |
| expression of the influenza a virus m2 protein is restricted to apical surfaces of polarized epithelial cells. | the m2 protein of influenza a virus is a small, nonglycosylated transmembrane protein that is expressed on surfaces of virus-infected cells. a monoclonal antibody specific for the m2 protein was used to investigate its expression in polarized epithelial cells infected with influenza virus or a recombinant vaccinia virus that expresses m2. the expression of m2 on the surfaces of influenza virus-infected cells was found to be restricted to the apical surface, closely paralleling that of the influe ... | 1992 | 1501289 |
| peptide binding to class i molecules of the major histocompatibility complex on the surface of living target cells. | molecules encoded by the class i major histocompatibility genes bind short (nonameric) peptides produced by intracellular proteolysis of antigens. these complexes formed intracellularly are then expressed on membranes of target cells and recognized by the antigen receptor of cytolytic t cells. no binding of externally added peptides could so far be monitored directly on the antigen presenting cells, although cytotoxicity experiments and indirect binding assays provided evidence for its existence ... | 1992 | 1502501 |
| influenza vaccine strain selection: equivalence of two antigenically distinct haemagglutinin variants of 1989 h3n2 influenza a virus in protection of mice. | precise antigenic analysis with haemagglutinin-inhibition (hi) tests of 1989 h3n2 influenza a viruses with polyclonal ferret, rabbit and mouse antisera has shown, first, significant differences among 1989 wild-type isolates, second, antigenic differences between two high-yield vaccine candidate reassortant viruses, third, significant antigenic differences of one reassortant (x-105) from the wild-type virus (a/guangdong a/39) from which it was derived, and fourth, dependence of antigenic characte ... | 1992 | 1502837 |
| enhancement of antibody response of turkeys to trivalent avian influenza vaccine by positively charged liposomal avridine adjuvant. | trivalent avian influenza (aiv) antigens (h4n8, h5n2 and h7n3), mixed with positively charged, negatively charged and neutral avridine-containing liposomes, and oil-emulsion were subcutaneously administered to 6-week-old turkeys. charged liposomal avridine adjuvant, either positive or negative, produced a better antibody response than uncharged liposomal avridine or oil-emulsion adjuvants when used in a trivalent avian influenza vaccine. the antibody response to the different antigens was genera ... | 1992 | 1502840 |
| morphological estimation of total number of influenza a type virion spikes. | when purified and stored influenza a type virions were observed by the negative staining method in electron microscopy, we found disintegrated virions associated with a population of dispersed but clustered spikes. the total spike numbers of the clusters were morphologically counted, and their peak number (about 200) was consistent with the spike number measured by the molecular biology method, described in the other report. | 1992 | 1506801 |
| synthesis and antiviral evaluation of n-carboxamidine-substituted analogues of 1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamidine hydrochloride. | ten, hitherto unreported, analogues of 1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamidine hydrochloride (2a, ribamidine) and methyl carboximidate 5 have been synthesized. these include the n-cyano (2b), n-alkyl (2c-e), n-amino acid (2f-h), n,n'-disubstituted (6, 7a,b), and the n-methylated carboxamide (1f) analogues of ribavirin. in addition, a new facile synthesis of carboxamidine 2a was also developed. all compounds were evaluated for biological activity against the following rna viruses: p ... | 1992 | 1507208 |
| [amantadine in influenza]. | 1992 | 1509589 | |
| [epidemiological effectiveness of an inactivated three-component flu vaccine with an increased concentration of hemagglutinin in the inoculation dose]. | the work presents the results of the evaluation of mass immunization of working adults with inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine under the conditions of an epidemic caused by influenza viruses a (h1n1), a (h3n2) and b. this immunization produced no effect on influenza morbidity in the groups of vaccinees in comparison with those of nonvaccinated persons. the index of effectiveness was 1.0 and less. the ineffectiveness of mass immunization was due to a high level of natural immunity to influen ... | 1992 | 1509849 |
| [use of highly purified subvirion trivalent flue vaccine ("grippovak") in groups with a high risk of complications]. | during the epidemic season of 1989-1990 the subunit vaccine grippovac was used in 20 asylums for old people and psychoneurological invalids in moscow for the protection of the inhabitants and the personnel from influenza. follow-up of the vaccinees during the period from november 1989 to march 1990 revealed that the use of this vaccine decreased the incidence of influenza-like diseases (ild) 3.4-4.1 times among the vaccinees in comparison with that in the nonvaccinated control groups and signifi ... | 1992 | 1509852 |
| [effect of mytilane, a bioglycan from the mussel crenomytilus grayanus, on the course and outcome of experimental flu infection]. | materials characterizing the antiviral activity of mytilane, manifested by the protection of 50-60% of mice infected with the lethal dose of influenza virus and by a decrease in the severity of pathological changes in the lungs of mice, are presented. the inhibiting activity of mytilane with respect to the reproduction of influenza virus in vivo and in vitro under experimental conditions is demonstrated. | 1992 | 1509854 |
| effects of protease inhibitors on replication of various myxoviruses. | we studied the effects of eight protease inhibitors on the multicycle replications of various orthomyxoviruses and paramyxoviruses. among the compounds, nafamostat mesilate, camostat mesilate, gabexate mesilate, and aprotinin, which are widely used in the treatment of pancreatitis, inhibited influenza virus a and b replication at concentrations that were significantly lower than their cytotoxic thresholds in vitro. none of the protease inhibitors had activity against respiratory syncytial virus, ... | 1992 | 1510439 |
| cultured human langerhans cells process and present intact protein antigens. | epidermal langerhans cells (lc) undergo profound phenotypic and functional alterations when cultured for 2 to 3 d. to determine whether the in vitro culture of human lc modulates their capacity to process and present intact protein antigens, we compared the ability of freshly isolated lc (flc) and cultured lc (clc) to stimulate in vitro t-cell proliferative responses to recall antigens. we found that human flc and clc were able to process and present recall antigens to primed t cells, inducing s ... | 1992 | 1512470 |
| influenza virus a infection induces interleukin-8 gene expression in human airway epithelial cells. | to determine the role of the airway epithelial cell in mediating virus-induced inflammation, we infected primary cultures of human airway epithelial cells with human influenza type a/port chalmers/72 (h3n2). after two days, the medium was collected for measurement of the chemotactic cytokine interleukin-8 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. the rna was extracted from the cells for analysis of interleukin-8 mrna by northern blot analysis. interleukin-8 production was more than doubled by viral ... | 1992 | 1516705 |
| in vivo primary induction of virus-specific ctl by immunization with 9-mer synthetic peptides. | a primary cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) response in vivo requires antigen presentation by cytosolic processing and can not in general be obtained by vaccination with soluble proteins. in the present work we have found that vaccination of mice with pre-processed synthetic peptides, corresponding to endogenous 9-mers produced in influenza a virus-infected cells, resulted in strong primary ctl responses. the generated ctl efficiently killed virus-infected target cells with preference for viral strai ... | 1992 | 1517589 |
| influenza virus hemagglutinin ha-2 n-terminal fusogenic peptides augment gene transfer by transferrin-polylysine-dna complexes: toward a synthetic virus-like gene-transfer vehicle. | complexes containing plasmid dna, transferrin-polylysine conjugates, and polylysine-conjugated peptides derived from the n-terminal sequence of the influenza virus hemagglutinin subunit ha-2 have been used for the transfer of luciferase or beta-galactosidase marker genes to k562 cells, hela cells, and bnl cl.2 hepatocytes. these dna complexes mimic the entry of viruses into cells, as they contain functions for (i) the packaging of the nucleic acid with polylysine, (ii) the attachment to the cell ... | 1992 | 1518816 |
| implications of viral resistance to amantadine in control of influenza a. | antiviral agents are valuable adjuncts to vaccine in the control of type a influenza. amantadine has been available for many years for prophylaxis and therapy, but there have been concerns about side effects, particularly in the elderly. thus, the anticipated licensure of rimantadine, an antiviral with the same efficacy as amantadine but with fewer side effects, has been viewed as a major advance. rimantadine has thus far remained unlicensed, and attention has become focused on antiviral resista ... | 1992 | 1520770 |
| crystal structures of two mutant neuraminidase-antibody complexes with amino acid substitutions in the interface. | the site on influenza virus n9 neuraminidase recognized by nc41 monoclonal antibody comprises 19 amino acid residues that are in direct contact with 17 residues on the antibody. single sequence changes in some of the neuraminidase residues in the site markedly reduce antibody binding. however, two mutants have been found within the site, ile368 to arg and asn329 to asp selected by antibodies other than nc41, and these mutants bind nc41 antibody with only slightly reduced affinity. the three-dime ... | 1992 | 1522584 |
| [amantadine and rimantadine against influenza a]. | amantadine and the analogue rimantadine have an antiviral effect on influenza a virus and are approximately 60% effective in preventing illness. the drugs are administered orally, and peak plasma concentration is achieved at two hours after a single dose. side effects occur in 5-20% of the cases, but generally mild and transient and seen mainly with doses of more than 200 mg a day. this paper describes the mechanism of action and the pharmacokinetics of the drugs, and refers to some important cl ... | 1992 | 1523633 |
| in vivo antibody response to mucosal (nasal) and subcutaneous stimulation of influenza virus in patients with iga nephropathy. | anomalies in the production of antibodies have been postulated in the development of iga nephropathy. in order to study the aberrant immune response in patients with iga nephropathy (igan), an influenza virus vaccine was administered to healthy adults and patients with igan to demonstrate if there was any in vivo alteration in the antibody production to mucosal and non-mucosal antigenic stimulation in these groups. the vaccine was administered subcutaneously (s.c) or intranasally at a dose of 35 ... | 1992 | 1523689 |
| interactions between bacteria and influenza a virus in the development of influenza pneumonia. | different proteases from various microorganisms present in the respiratory tract were capable of enhancing influenza virus infectivity and pathogenicity in mice by proteolytic activation of hemagglutinin (ha). aerococcus viridans, isolated from a patient with pneumonia, secreted a protease that could activate ha directly, similarly to some staphylococcus aureus strains. the protease of pseudomonas aeruginosa could not activate ha directly, but combined application of p. aeruginosa protease and v ... | 1992 | 1527412 |
| nuclear retention of m1 protein in a temperature-sensitive mutant of influenza (a/wsn/33) virus does not affect nuclear export of viral ribonucleoproteins. | we investigated the properties of ts51, an influenza virus (a/wsn/33) temperature-sensitive rna segment 7 mutant. nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that ts51 possesses a single nucleotide mutation, t-261----c, in rna segment 7, resulting in a single amino acid change. phenylalanine (position 79) in the wild-type m1 protein was substituted by serine in ts51. this mutation was phenotypically characterized by dramatic nuclear accumulation of the m1 protein and interfered with some steps at the ... | 1992 | 1527844 |
| internal entry of ribosomes on a tricistronic mrna encoded by infectious bronchitis virus. | mrna3 specified by the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus appears to be functionally tricistronic, having the capacity to encode three small proteins (3a, 3b, and 3c) from separate open reading frames (orfs). the mechanism by which this can occur was investigated through in vitro translation studies using synthetic mrnas containing the 3a, 3b, and 3c orfs, and the results suggest that translation of the most distal of the three orfs, that for 3c, is mediated by an unconventional, cap-indepe ... | 1992 | 1527853 |
| maturation of influenza a virus hemagglutinin--estimates of the ph encountered during transport and its regulation by the m2 protein. | the susceptibility of h7 influenza a viruses to the m2-mediated alteration in ha resulting from treatment with amantadine or rimantadine depends both on the ph stability of ha and the ph encountered during transport to the plasma membrane of the particular virus-infected cell. ph stabilities of a range of virus mutant has exhibited an inverse correlation with drug sensitivity and the proportion of low-ph ha expressed on the surface of infected cells in the absence of drug. the lowest ph encounte ... | 1992 | 1529523 |
| location and character of the cellular enzyme that cleaves the hemagglutinin of a virulent avian influenza virus. | h.-d. klenk, w. garten, and r. rott (1984, embo j. 3, 2911-2915) have reported that hemagglutinin (ha) cleavage of virulent avian influenza viruses occurs in later steps of its intracellular transport and that the cleavage enzyme is calcium dependent and has a neutral ph optimum. the precise intracellular location of the ha cleavage, however, has never been established. furthermore, because klenk et al. used the whole cell lysate to examine the cleavage activity and the amino acid sequencing of ... | 1992 | 1529533 |
| protective efficacy of combined live intranasal and inactivated influenza a virus vaccines in the elderly. | to evaluate the efficacy of adding intranasal live attenuated cold-adapted influenza a vaccine to inactivated influenza vaccine to prevent influenza a in elderly residents of long-term-care institutions. | 1992 | 1530193 |
| mice can recover from pulmonary influenza virus infection in the absence of class i-restricted cytotoxic t cells. | intranasal exposure of athymic (nu/nu) balb/c mice to influenza virus leads to a persistent infection of the respiratory tract from which the mice die, usually within 3 to 4 wk with symptoms of general cachexia. however, if these nude mice were injected 1 day after infection, with approximately 10(6) cells from individual virus-specific mhc class ii-restricted th cell clones, they showed greatly reduced mortality and the titers of infectious virus in their lungs were reduced, often to undetectab ... | 1992 | 1530795 |
| subtype h7 influenza viruses: comparative antigenic and molecular analysis of the ha-, m-, and ns-genes. | antigenic analysis of the haemagglutinin and matrix protein with corresponding sets of monoclonal antibodies as well as sequence analysis of ha-, m-, and ns-genes were carried out to establish antigenic and genetic relationships between four fowl plague virus (fpv) strains of h7 subtype. the data obtained revealed close genetic relatedness between the oldest known influenza a virus, a/chicken/brescia/1902 (h7n7), and two fpv strains, a/fpv/dobson (h7n7) and a/fpv/weybridge (h7n7). these three st ... | 1992 | 1530908 |
| specific binding of influenza a virus ns1 protein to the virus minus-sense rna in vitro. | the non-structural protein ns1, encoded by genome segment 8 of influenza a virus, was expressed in escherichia coli from cloned cdna and purified. the ns1 protein had a specific rna-binding activity, binding to influenza a virus minus-sense but not plus-sense rna synthesized in vitro from cloned dna using phage rna polymerase. ns1 bound preferentially to the regions of rna containing either 5'- or 3'-terminal common sequences of the genomic rna. binding was inhibited by virion rna, but not by si ... | 1992 | 1530962 |
| alterations in antioxidant defences in lung and liver of mice infected with influenza a virus. | we investigated the possible involvement of oxidative mechanisms in the pathogenesis of influenza a/pr8/34 virus infection in mice. as a biochemical marker of oxidative stress, we determined the endogenous concentrations of the antioxidants glutathione and vitamins c and e in their reduced and oxidized forms in the lungs, liver and blood plasma of control and infected animals. following intranasal infection with 8 to 10 ld50, influenza virus was detected in the lungs, but not in the plasma, live ... | 1992 | 1530963 |
| biological properties of waterfowl-origin type a influenza viruses in chickens. | the replicative abilities and tissue tropism properties of 13 non-pathogenic or low-pathogenic waterfowl-origin type a influenza isolates recovered in 1986 were examined in chickens. following intravenous challenge, reisolation of challenge virus was attempted from swabs of the luminal surfaces of the cloaca, jejunum, ileum, bursa, trachea, and air sacs and from swabs of bone marrow and liver tissues. virus-isolation attempts were also accomplished on brain, thymus, spleen, pancreas, gonad, kidn ... | 1992 | 1533115 |
| analyzing the distribution of cells expressing mrna for t cell receptor gamma and delta chains in a virus-induced inflammatory process. | acute inflammatory processes are extremely complex, containing sets of activated cells that may be difficult to categorize. the interface between two methodologies for characterizing the involvement of gamma delta t cells, in situ hybridization to detect t cell receptor (tcr) mrna and flow cytometric analysis of surface tcr expression, is utilized here to study the pneumonia caused by intranasal (i.n.) infection of mice with influenza a viruses. substantial numbers of cells expressing mrna for t ... | 1992 | 1535834 |
| genetic relatedness of the nucleoprotein (np) of recent swine, turkey, and human influenza a virus (h1n1) isolates. | the sequences of nucleoprotein (np) genes of recent human and turkey isolates of influenza a viruses, which serologically could be correlated to contemporary swine viruses, were determined. these sequences were closely related to the nps of these swine viruses and they formed a separate branch on the phylogenetic tree. while the early swine virus from 1931 resembled the avian strains in consensus amino acids of the np and in its ability to rescue np ts mutants of fowl plague virus in chicken emb ... | 1992 | 1536092 |
| ph-dependent membrane fusion and vesiculation of phospholipid large unilamellar vesicles induced by amphiphilic anionic and cationic peptides. | we studied fusion induced by a 20-amino acid peptide derived from the amino-terminal segment of hemagglutinin of influenza virus a/pr/8/34 [murata, m., sugahara, y., takahashi, s., & ohnishi, s. (1987) j. biochem. (tokyo) 102, 957-962]. to extend the study, we have prepared several water-soluble amphiphilic peptides derived from the ha peptide; the anionic peptides d4, e5, and e5l contain four and five acidic residues and the cationic peptide k5 has five lys residues in place of the five glu res ... | 1992 | 1536841 |
| superior cross-protective effect of nasal vaccination to subcutaneous inoculation with influenza hemagglutinin vaccine. | intranasal (i.n.) vs. subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of influenza hemagglutinin (ha) vaccine was systematically compared in balb/c mice. mice were immunized with different vaccines, together with cholera toxin b subunit as an adjuvant, and 4 weeks later were challenged with either a small (2 microliters) or a large (20 microliters) volume of mouse-adapted a/guizhou-x (h3n2) virus, each of which gave virgin mice either a nasal or a lung predominant infection. both i.n. and s.c. inoculations o ... | 1992 | 1537382 |
| the relationship between influenza vaccine-induced specific antibody responses and vaccine-induced nonspecific autoantibody responses in healthy older women. | the effect of aging on human humoral immunity was investigated by studying in vivo the relationship between influenza specific antibody responses and nonspecific vaccine-induced autoantibody responses in 32 independent, well-nourished older women volunteers (mean age 86 yr, range 74-97) and 23 young women volunteers (mean age 34 yr, range 23-46). anti-influenza a/taiwan/1/86(h1n1) antibody titers were determined by a hemagglutination inhibition test (hi-test), and serum anti-dsdna antibodies wer ... | 1992 | 1538066 |
| human influenza a (h1n2) viruses isolated from china. | reassortant influenza a viruses bearing h1 haemagglutinin and n2 neuraminidase were isolated from humans in china between december 1988 and march 1989. as primary isolation of influenza a (h1n2) viruses from humans had not been reported previously, it was of interest to determine the genetic origin of these virus isolates. the haemagglutinins of the h1n2 viruses were antigenically and genetically related to those of h1 viruses isolated world-wide since 1986, and the neuraminidases of these virus ... | 1992 | 1538194 |
| from the centers for disease control. outbreak of influenza a in a nursing home--new york, december 1991-january 1992. | 1992 | 1538527 | |
| presentation of viral antigen by mhc class i molecules is dependent on a putative peptide transporter heterodimer. | major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i molecules present peptides derived from the endogenous protein pool to cytotoxic t lymphocytes, which can thus recognize intracellular antigen. this pathway may depend on a transporter (psf1) to mediate entry of the cytosolic peptides into a pre-golgi compartment where they bind to class i heavy chains and promote their stable assembly with beta 2-microglobulin. there is, however, only indirect support for this function of psf1. here we show that ps ... | 1992 | 1538752 |
| [varying clinical pictures among young children with influenza virus type a infections]. | the clinical course of influenza type a virus infections in 47 hospitalized children aged 0-9 years was assessed retrospectively. the infection was diagnosed by demonstration of the virus in the nasopharyngeal secretion during the acute phase of the illness. out of 21 influenza a strains in which the subtype was determined, one was found to be h1- and 20 were h3-subtype. lower respiratory tract disease was the main diagnosis in 21 children, 16 of whom had pneumonia; 14 of these patients were und ... | 1992 | 1539390 |
| nursing home outbreak of influenza a (h3n2): evaluation of vaccine efficacy and influenza case definitions. | describe an outbreak of influenza a (h3n2); provide an analysis of vaccine efficacy; measure the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of 3 clinical case definitions of influenza. | 1992 | 1541810 |
| prevention and control of influenza a outbreaks in long-term care facilities. | 1992 | 1545112 |