| prevalence of rabies in bats in michigan, 1981-1993. | to analyze the species distribution of animals submitted to the michigan department of public health (mdph) for rabies testing during 1993. to determine whether any of the 9 species of bats residing in michigan carries a disproportionate rabies burden, and to determine whether bats contributed the most cases of confirmed rabies during 1981 through 1992. | 1997 | 9018352 |
| effectiveness of sag1 oral vaccine for the long-term protection of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) against rabies. | three groups of 10 foxes were vaccinated by the direct oral instillation of 2 ml of sag1 rabies virus vaccine containing 10(6) micld50 (10(7) tcid50/ml) infectious viral particles/ml. sag1 is a natural variant of the attenuated rabies vaccine strain sad bern and was selected in the presence of monoclonal antibodies. the strain is devoid of residual pathogenicity for the fox and the highly susceptible adult laboratory mouse by the oral, intramuscular and intracerebral routes. the foxes were chall ... | 1997 | 9023904 |
| field use of a vaccinia-rabies recombinant vaccine for the control of sylvatic rabies in europe and north america. | during recent years, most research on the control of sylvatic rabies has concentrated on developing methods of oral vaccination of wild rabies vectors. to improve both the safety and the stability of the vaccine used, a recombinant vaccinia virus, which expresses the immunising glycoprotein of rabies virus (vrg), has been developed and tested extensively in the laboratory as well as in the field. from 1989 to 1995, approximately 8.5 million vrg vaccine doses were dispersed in western europe to v ... | 1996 | 9025144 |
| potential force of infection of human rabies transmitted by vampire bats in the amazonian region of brazil. | human rabies transmitted by bats has acquired greater epidemiologic relevance in various latin american countries, just when cases transmitted by dogs have decreased. concern has been heightened by reports of increased rates of bats biting humans in villages in the amazonian region of brazil. the aim of the present work was to estimate the potential force of infection (per capita rate at which susceptible individuals acquire infection) of human rabies transmitted by the common vampire bat if the ... | 1996 | 9025698 |
| clinicopathologic variation in raccoons infected with different street rabies virus isolates. | ten raccoons were divided into two random groups (groups 1 and 2) of five animals each. group 1 raccoons were inoculated intramuscularly in the masseter muscle with a raccoon rabies virus isolate obtained from a natural case of raccoon rabies from the northeastern usa. group 2 raccoons were infected by a similar route with a latin american canine isolate of rabies virus. raccoons either died suddenly or developed neurologic signs compatible with rabies. clinical signs of rabies in group 1 raccoo ... | 1996 | 9026079 |
| an indirect immunofluorescent test for detection of rabies virus antibodies in foxes. | the blood-containing fluids in the thoracic cavity or blood from the heart from 177 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in slovenia were evaluated for rabies antibodies by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) and an adapted indirect immunofluorescent test (iif) in 1994. we evaluated the usefulness of anti-dog fluorescein-isothiocyanate (fitc) conjugate instead of anti-fox fitc conjugate in detection of antibodies against rabies virus in fox sera. in the rffit test, 92 (52%) of the fox samples w ... | 1997 | 9027703 |
| an outbreak of vampire bat-transmitted rabies in cattle in northeastern mexico. | an outbreak of bovine rabies occurred on a ranch when cattle were bitten by vampire bats. microscopic lesions showed a nonsuppurative encephalitis with intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. immunohistochemistry demonstrated viral antigen in the brain, and monoclonal antibodies identified a serotype 1 (vampire strain) of the rabies virus. | 1997 | 9056070 |
| a recombinant vaccinia-rabies virus in the immunocompromised host: oral innocuity, progressive parenteral infection, and therapeutics. | with the emergence of raccoons (procyon lotor) as the primary rabies reservoir in the united states of america, a recombinant vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (v-rg) virus vaccine was developed that protected raccoons by the oral route from rabies infection. despite extensive laboratory evaluation, vaccine safety concerns remained about free-choice distribution for wildlife rabies control. in this study, the oral innocuity of v-rg virus was demonstrated in immunodeficient mice but parenteral exposur ... | 1997 | 9066030 |
| monoclonal antibody #5-2-26 recognizes the phosphatase-sensitive epitope of rabies virus nucleoprotein. | we prepared monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the rabies virus n protein, among which one antibody (mab 5-2-26) was shown to lack reactivity with the phosphatase-treated n protein. the mab was able to recognize the sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds)-denatured n protein. the mab did not recognize the n-protein analogues produced in escherichia coli (e. coli), indicating that the n-gene products were not normally processed in e. coli after translation. on the other hand, the mab reacted normally with ... | 1997 | 9087966 |
| rabies in a camel--a case report. | | 1997 | 9090016 |
| the use of an e1-deleted, replication-defective adenovirus recombinant expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein for early vaccination of mice against rabies virus. | an e1-deleted, replication-defective adenovirus recombinant of the human strain 5 expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein, termed adrab.gp, was tested in young mice. mice immunized at birth with the adrab.gp construct developed antibodies to rabies virus and cytokine-secreting lymphocytes and were protected against subsequent challenge. maternal immunity to rabies virus strongly interferes with vaccination of the offspring with a traditional inactivated rabies virus vaccine. the immune response ... | 1997 | 9094641 |
| folding of rabies virus glycoprotein: epitope acquisition and interaction with endoplasmic reticulum chaperones. | four well-characterized monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed against rabies virus glycoprotein (g) were used to study g folding in vivo. two of the mabs were able to immunoprecipitate incompletely oxidized folding intermediates. the two others recognized g only after folding was completed. by using these mabs, the ability of g to undergo low-ph-induced conformational changes during folding was also investigated. it appeared that some domains acquire this ability before folding is completed. in ... | 1997 | 9094649 |
| [rabies virus]. | rabies is not found in japan at present, but the possibility of invasion of this dangerous infection into japan always must be kept in mind. in this paper, concerning this disease, epidemiology, infection route to men, pathology, incubation time, general clinical findings, clinical course, various diagnostic methods, differential diagnosis and palliative treatments are described and discussed respectively. next, prophylaxis using japanese-make inactivated rabies vaccine derived from chicken embr ... | 1997 | 9103890 |
| rabies. | equine rabies is a sporadic but highly fatal zoonotic disease. the disease persists in wildlife populations throughout the united states, canada, mexico, and other parts of the world. it remains a threat to all domestic species, including the horse. this article reports recent advances in the molecular virology of the rabies virus and its pathogenesis, and it also reviews the history, clinical signs, diagnostic tests, vaccination protocols, and postexposure management recommendations for the equ ... | 1997 | 9106339 |
| immune response to neonatal genetic immunization. | the effect of genetic immunization of neonatal mice was tested with a plasmid vector expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein. mice inoculated within 24 hr after birth with the plasmid dna developed antibodies as well as t helper cells to the rabies virus glycoprotein. the response could not be distinguished from that seen upon vaccination of adult mice. taken together, these data clearly show that the immune system, known to be prone to induction of immunological tolerance to some antigens appl ... | 1997 | 9123835 |
| identification of a phosphatase-sensitive epitope of rabies virus nucleoprotein which is recognized by a monoclonal antibody 5-2-26. | we have investigated a phosphatase-sensitive sequential epitope of the nucleoprotein (n), one of the phosphoproteins of rabies virus, which is recognized by the monoclonal antibody (mab) #5-2-26. the epitope was shared in common by all of the rabies virus strains we tested, including the hep, era, cvs and japanese strains (nishigahara and komatsukawa). thin layer chromatography of the acid hydrolyzates of 32p-labeled n protein showed that the protein contained phosphoserine and phosphothreonine ... | 1997 | 9130235 |
| occurrence of rabies in wolves of alaska. | we describe a rabies epizootic in northwest alaska (usa) during 1989 and 1990 which resulted in mortality to several different wolf (canis lupus) packs. four radio-collared wolves were confirmed to have rabies while evidence for seven others was strongly suggestive but not confirmed. the wolf population declined during the rabies epizootic; thus rabies may have been a significant limiting factor. | 1997 | 9131553 |
| rabies virus infection of cultured adult mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons. | an in vitro model of adult dorsal root ganglion neurons infection by rabies virus is described, viral marked neurotropism is observed, and the percentage and the degree of infection of the neurons is higher than in non neuronal cells, even if neurons are the minority of the cells in the culture. the neuritic tree is also heavily infected by the virus. | 1996 | 9137748 |
| australian bat lyssavirus infection in three fruit bats from north queensland. | we report the case findings of australian bat lyssavirus infection in two black flying foxes (pteropus alecto) and one little red flying fox (pteropus scapulatus) from north queensland between january 1995 and august 1996. although the p. alecto case in january 1995 is the first recognised case of australian bat lyssavirus infection in australia, this was a retrospective diagnosis made after identification of the index case at ballina in may 1996. eight persons had exposure to the three bats. se ... | 1997 | 9145563 |
| [isolation and identification of lyssavirus strains from an area of slovakia where oral antirabies vaccine was administered]. | the study was aimed at isolation and subsequent identification of strains of rabies virus by means of monoclonal antibodies from foxes killed in the vaccination zone within the complex preliminary monitoring of oral antirabies vaccination. the results obtained indicate that the vaccines for oral antirabies vaccination used in slovakia did not contain any vaccination strain pathogenic to the extremely sensitive target species-the fox (vulpes vulpes). | 1997 | 9148571 |
| antigens produced in plants by infection with chimeric plant viruses immunize against rabies virus and hiv-1. | the coat protein (cp) of alfalfa mosaic virus was used as a carrier molecule to express antigenic peptides from rabies virus and hiv. the antigens were separately cloned into the reading frame of alfalfa mosaic virus cp and placed under the control of the subgenomic promoter of tobacco mosaic virus cp in the 30brz vector. the in vitro transcripts of recombinant virus with sequences encoding the antigenic peptides were synthesized from dna constructs and used to inoculate tobacco plants. the plan ... | 1997 | 9159151 |
| regulation of n-linked core glycosylation: use of a site-directed mutagenesis approach to identify asn-xaa-ser/thr sequons that are poor oligosaccharide acceptors. | n-linked glycosylation can profoundly affect protein expression and function. n-linked glycosylation usually occurs at the sequon asn-xaa-ser/thr, where xaa is any amino acid residue except pro. however, many asn-xaa-ser/thr sequons are glycosylated inefficiently or not at all for reasons that are poorly understood. we have used a site-directed mutagenesis approach to examine how the xaa and hydroxy (ser/thr) amino acid residues in sequons influence core-glycosylation efficiency. we recently dem ... | 1997 | 9163332 |
| [a patient with rabies in the netherlands]. | a 49-year-old moroccan man was admitted to hospital with chest pain and dyspnoea. the next day he had paresis of the left arm and because of respiratory arrest he was transferred to the intensive care unit. a fast-progressive neurological illness developed with flaccid tetraparesis, areflexia and a lowered level of consciousness. he died 11 days after admission. the strong clinical suspicion of rabies was confirmed by very high antibody titres in serum and csf and by positive immunofluorescence ... | 1997 | 9173305 |
| molecular epidemiology of rabies in the united states: reemergence of a classical neurotropic agent. | | 1997 | 9179794 |
| apoptosis plays an important role in experimental rabies virus infection. | cultured rat prostatic adenocarcinoma (at3) cells infected with the challenge virus standard (cvs) strain of fixed rabies virus showed characteristic morphologic features of apoptosis, evidence of oligonucleosomal dna fragmentation, and expression of the bax protein. cvs-infected bcl-2-transfected at3 cells did not demonstrate these features. adult icr mice inoculated intracerebrally with cvs showed morphologic changes of apoptosis, dna fragmentation, and increased bax expression in neurons, wit ... | 1997 | 9188634 |
| polymorphism of rabies viruses within the phosphoprotein and matrix protein genes. | although the rabies virus p and m genes, encoding the viral phosphoprotein and matrix protein respectively, have been characterised for a few laboratory-adapted strains, there is essentially no information on the variability of these two genes in wild-type rabies viruses. in this study rabies viruses, responsible for epizootics in different wildlife species in three geographically distinct areas of north america, have been characterised at the p and m gene loci. these data reveal that the m gene ... | 1997 | 9191862 |
| rabies viruses infect primary cultures of murine, feline, and human microglia and astrocytes. | recent studies have reported the detection of rabies viral antigens and virions in astrocytes and microglia of rabies-infected animals. as a first step toward understanding whether these glial cells may be involved in rabies virus replication, persistence, and/or pathogenesis, we explored their potential to be infected in vitro. primary cultures of murine, feline, and human microglia and astrocytes were infected with several different rabies viruses: two unpassaged street virus isolates, a cell ... | 1997 | 9191865 |
| [serological effect after immunization with rabies vaccine of different doses]. | ninety-one cases bitten by pets as dogs, cats were randomly divided into two groups, and immunized with different doses of rabies vaccine. the antibody levels were detected by ifat after immunization. result showed that the immune response of the group who received boosting doses was better than the 5-doses group. 51 cases were examined by ifat and elisa. the positive rates of ifat and elisa were 72.5% and 64.9%, respectively (p < 0.05). | 1996 | 9208508 |
| repeated physical and cytologic characterizations of subcutaneous postvaccinal reactions in cats. | to examine local reactions and short-term cytologic responses of cats to administration of rabies virus (rv); felv; and combined feline rhinotracheitis, calicivirus, and panleukopenia virus (frcpv) vaccines. | 1997 | 9215446 |
| the current state of rabies prevention in europe. | in europe, from the late 1970s, the main reservoirs of rabies virus have been wild animals, mainly foxes, except in turkey, where dog rabies account for almost all cases. between 1977 and 1994, 198 human rabies cases were reported in europe. in most of these cases vaccination had not been performed. in europe, both tissue culture and nerve tissue vaccines are used with or without rabies immunoglobulin or serum, though the tissue culture vaccines have largely replaced the nerve tissue vaccines. i ... | 1997 | 9218286 |
| rabies and rabies research: past, present and future. | rabies is probably the oldest recorded infection of mankind. the development of the first rabies vaccine by pasteur surely had been hoped to eliminate or at least drastically reduce its incidence. however, this goal has not been achieved because rabies is maintained in many animal reservoirs, including both domestic and wild. there are still many aspects of the pathogenicity of rabies that are unknown. for example, we have no explanation for the long incubation period (up to 6 years). furthermor ... | 1997 | 9218287 |
| production methods for rabies vaccine. | | 1997 | 9218362 |
| effect of neurotropic virus infection on neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity in rat brain. | to elucidate the potential role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) and neuronal constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cnos) in the pathogenesis of virus-induced encephalopathy, the activities of both nos isoforms were determined in the brains of rats infected with borna disease virus (bdv) or rabies virus. inos activity strongly increased, whereas neuronal cnos activity significantly decreased in a time-dependent manner after either bdv or rabies virus infection. choline acetyltransferase a ... | 1995 | 9222348 |
| the long incubation period in rabies: delayed progression of infection in muscle at the site of exposure. | the striped skunk (mephitis mephitis) is a host of rabies in large areas of canada and the united states. in each of two experiments, equal numbers of skunks in two groups were inoculated intramuscularly with low doses of a field strain of rabies virus (street rabies virus). in each experiment, skunks in one group surviving to 2 months were killed at this time and selected tissues were used for examination by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method or by immunohistochemistry for rabies antige ... | 1997 | 9224533 |
| rabies virus infection of imr-32 human neuroblastoma cells and effect of neurochemical and other agents. | imr-32 human neuroblastoma cells are a continuous nerve cell line expressing neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. these cells were found to be susceptible to infection by rabies virus (cvs strain). after infection, viral antigen accumulated in the cell body in puncta and larger masses and spread out into the processes until at 3-4 days the entire cell was filled with antigen and lysed. a variety of chemical agents including cholinergic agonists and antagonists were tested for ability to i ... | 1997 | 9224959 |
| immune response following a vaccination campaign against rabies in dogs from northwestern spain. | a cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies to the rabies virus in 156 vaccinated dogs from two provinces in the castilla y león autonomous community (northwest spain). an obligatory anti-rabies programme is currently in place in this region. seroprevalence was established by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. of the 156 animals tested, 91 (58.3%) were positive (titres of 0.5 iu ml-1 or above). however, soria province showed a significantly h ... | 1997 | 9234449 |
| nanogram quantities of plasmid dna encoding the rabies virus glycoprotein protect mice against lethal rabies virus infection. | vaccination against virus infections has proven to be an effective strategy in the improvement of human health. in this study, we evaluated two plasmid dna vaccines expressing the glycoprotein (g) gene of the challenge virus standard (cvs) rabies virus for their ability to elicit neutralizing antibody and protect balb/cbyj mice against lethal rabies virus challenge. a single inoculation of 10 micrograms of plasmid dna encoding g protected 100% of the intramuscularly (i.m.) vaccinated mice, and 0 ... | 1997 | 9234541 |
| the effect of interferon-gamma on genetic immunization. | the effect of co-inoculation of a plasmid vector expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein and an additional vector encoding mouse interferon (ifn)-gamma on the development of an antigen specific b and t helper cell response was tested upon intramuscular inoculation of mice. the effect of ifn-gamma was dependent on the promoter driving expression of the viral antigen. the immune responses to antigen-expressing vector carrying a viral promoter such as the sv40 early promoter or the major histocomp ... | 1997 | 9234542 |
| [transmission of rabies virus: importance of the species barrier]. | the authors describe experimental inoculations of different animal species with either the wild-type rabies virus or the modified one through in vivo or in vitro passages. with these experiments, it was possible to determine the 50% lethal dose of these viruses for these species, and to thus quantify the importance of the species barrier that opposes, in particular, the transmission of vulpine rabies to cats and dogs (respectively 10(5) and 10(6) times more resistant than foxes). studies were al ... | 1997 | 9235229 |
| partial inhibition of the in vitro infection of adult mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons by rabies virus using nicotinic antagonists. | the infection of target cells by rabies virus is effected through membrane receptors. several authors have suggested that nicotinic receptors could be used by this virus, but no direct experimental evidence is available. in this study mouse dorsal root ganglia cells were treated with various nicotinic antagonists (dihydro-beta-eritroidine, mecamilamine, d-tubocurarin, hexametonium, alpha-bungarotoxin and erabutoxin). after incubation, the cultures were infected with rabies virus. cells were fixe ... | 1997 | 9237492 |
| zoonoses control. human rabies, kentucky and montana, 1996. | | 1997 | 9240029 |
| postexposure rabies prophylaxis. | | 1997 | 9258793 |
| evaluation of post-exposure vaccination against rabies in cattle. | post-exposure vaccination of bovines against rabies with three anti-rabies vaccines viz. bhk21 cell culture inactivated vaccine. "raksharab", vero cell culture vaccine and semple's vaccine was studied with different schedules of vaccination. the mean rffit and elisa titres of animals vaccinated with raksharab and vero cell culture vaccine reached a peak 95 days post-exposure (dpe). the animals vaccinated with semple's vaccine showed maximum rffit and elisa titres on 40 dpe and the titres were lo ... | 1997 | 9258949 |
| innocuity studies of sag-2 oral rabies vaccine in various zimbabwean wild non-target species. | the sag-2 modified live rabies vaccine was tested for innocuity when administered by the oral route in several potential wild non-target bait-consuming species, as follows: ten chacma baboons (papio ursinus), six african civets (civettictis civetta), six slender mongooses (galerella sanguinea), six honey badgers (mellivora capensis), six large-spotted genets (genetta tigrina), 39 multi-mammate mice (mastomys natalensis), 26 bushveld gerbils (tatera leucogaster) and six pied crows (corvus albus). ... | 1997 | 9261938 |
| knowledge and attitudes of residents in two areas of massachusetts about rabies and an oral vaccination program in wildlife. | to compare public knowledge and attitudes about rabies and an oral rabies vaccination program in raccoons. | 1997 | 9262668 |
| incorporation of t cell counterparts in the fusion partners for generation of human monoclonal antibodies from staphylococcus aureus stimulated b lymphocytes. | b cell growth and differentiation into immunoglobulin secreting cells is controlled by various cytokines and cell to cell contact with t cells. fusion partner for human hybridoma therefore should accommodate all or some of these signaling systems to overcome the unique situation of mhc incompatibility, need for specific growth factors simultaneously taking into consideration the downstream processing of the product for the clinical use. we have thus directed our efforts towards the development o ... | 1997 | 9265502 |
| results of a survey to assess knowledge and expectations of veterinarians and their clients regarding heartworm preventives and vaccinations in dogs. | to determine the knowledge and expectations of veterinarians and clients regarding heartworm preventives and annual vaccinations for dogs. | 1997 | 9267503 |
| outbreak of vampire bat biting in a venezuelan village. | an outbreak of 154 cases of vampire bat biting in a four-month period in the gold mine of payapal, a venezuelan village, is reported. all patients were bitten during the night and the most bites were on their toes. no complication attributed to the bite was reported. diagnoses of rabies virus made by means of immunofluorescence were negative. a possible reason for this outbreak may been the development of mining areas, with the inhabitants providing an alternative food source for the bats. | 1996 | 9269099 |
| molecular epidemiology of animal virus diseases. | in this review the application of methods of molecular epidemiology, particularly the combined approach of amplifying defined fragments of viral genomes using the polymerase chain reaction and subsequent nucleotide sequencing analysis, is described. emphasis is put on examples of a few important diseases (e.g. those caused by morbilliviruses, rhabdoviruses, pestiviruses and aphthoviruses) to demonstrate the impact of this methodology. molecular epidemiology is already an important and very sensi ... | 1997 | 9270348 |
| human rabies--montana and washington, 1997. | on january 5 and january 18, 1997, respectively, a man in montana and a man in washington died of neurologic illnesses initially suspected to be creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) but diagnosed as rabies encephalitis during subsequent histologic examination on autopsy. the cases were not linked epidemiologically, and no secondary cases occurred. postexposure prophylaxis (pep) was administered to 113 potential contacts. this report summarizes the clinical presentations of the cases and the epidemiol ... | 1997 | 9272584 |
| procedures for reproducible detection of rabies virus antigen mrna and genome in situ in formalin-fixed tissues. | procedures allowing the reproducible in situ detection of rabies virus antigen and rnas (both genome and message) in formalin-fixed tissue are described. these procedures can be used on sequential tissue sections and thereby permit comparison of results from tests detecting both antigen and rna in the same tissue. this antigen-detecting procedure has also been used to identify both the phylogenetically distant rabies viruses from silver-haired bat and vampire bat and the rabies-related viruses m ... | 1997 | 9274812 |
| a cxcr4/cd4 pseudotype rhabdovirus that selectively infects hiv-1 envelope protein-expressing cells. | we show that a cellular virus receptor functions in the envelope of a virus, allowing selective infection of cells displaying the receptor ligand. a g-deficient rabies virus (rv) pseudotyped with cd4- and cxcr4-derived proteins selectively infected cells expressing hiv-1 envelope protein. envelope protein or cd4 antibodies blocked virus entry. pseudotype virus formation was most efficient with chimeric receptor proteins possessing the cytoplasmic tail of the rv g spike protein (cxcr4-rv and cd4- ... | 1997 | 9298896 |
| phage-displayed and soluble mouse scfv fragments neutralize rabies virus. | a phage-display technology was used to produce a single-chain fv antibody fragment (scfv) from the 30aa5 hybridoma secreting anti-glycoprotein monoclonal antibody (mab) that neutralizes rabies virus. scfv was constructed and then cloned for expression as a protein fusion with the g3p minor coat protein of filamentous phage. the display of antibody fragment on the phage surface allows its selection by affinity using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa); the selected scfv fragment was prod ... | 1997 | 9300387 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. human rabies--montana and washington, 1997. | | 1997 | 9302227 |
| raccoon poxvirus live recombinant feline panleukopenia virus vp2 and rabies virus glycoprotein bivalent vaccine. | a raccoon poxvirus (rcnv) recombinant for immunizing against feline panleukopenia and rabies was developed by homologous recombination with a chimeric plasmid for insertional inactivation of the rcnv thymidine kinase gene. the recombinant, rcn-fpv/vp2-rabg, coexpressed the feline panleukopenia virus (fpv) vp2 protein and the rabies virus spike glycoprotein (rabg) under oppositely oriented vaccinia virus p11 promoters. cats vaccinated subcutaneously with the recombinant showed relatively high neu ... | 1997 | 9302762 |
| an acute neurologic syndrome temporally associated with postexposure treatment of rabies. | | 1997 | 9310532 |
| ambisense gene expression from recombinant rabies virus: random packaging of positive- and negative-strand ribonucleoprotein complexes into rabies virions. | we have recovered from cdna a rabies virus (rv) containing identical, transcriptionally active promoters at its genome (negative-strand) and antigenome rna and directing efficient expression of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) reporter gene from the antigenome. transcription of the antigenome cat gene was terminated by a modified rv gene junction able to mediate transcription stop and polyadenylation but not reinitiation of downstream transcripts. while in standard rv-infected cells gen ... | 1997 | 9311803 |
| rabies virus infects mouse and human lymphocytes and induces apoptosis. | attenuated and highly neurovirulent rabies virus strains have distinct cellular tropisms. highly neurovirulent strains such as the challenge virus standard (cvs) are highly neurotropic, whereas the attenuated strain era also infects nonneuronal cells. we report that both rabies virus strains infect activated murine lymphocytes and the human lymphoblastoid jurkat t-cell line in vitro. the lymphocytes are more permissive to the attenuated era rabies virus strain than to the cvs strain in both case ... | 1997 | 9311815 |
| immune response to simulated postexposure rabies booster vaccinations in volunteers who received preexposure vaccinations. | several studies of the efficacy of intradermal postexposure rabies vaccination have shown that this procedure is safe, effective, and cost saving. less is known about the reliability of the present world health organization (who)-approved intradermal preexposure regimen, which consists of three 0.1-ml doses that are generally given on days 0, 7, and 28. previous studies have shown that neutralizing antibody responses are lower and of shorter duration in subjects given the reduced-dose intraderma ... | 1997 | 9314448 |
| quarantine changes take effect in hawaii. | | 1997 | 9333077 |
| [rabid hedgehog in inner-city area of budapest]. | a family found a hedgehog in the inner-city area of budapest (1st district, castle quarter). while playing with it, the four members of the family got beslavered by the hedgehog who then died. the dead animal was subjected to obligatory veterinarian examination abduction, and it proved to be rabid. all members of the family had to be inoculated against rabies as the probability of infection could not be excluded by the epidemiological examination. surveying the available literature, if could not ... | 1997 | 9333732 |
| antigen-specific immune responses in cattle with inherited beta2-integrin deficiency. | the significance of beta2-integrins for the generation of antigen-specific immune responses in vivo was studied employing the bovine model of beta2-integrin deficiency. to that end four cattle with bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (blad) and healthy age-matched controls were immunized with tetanus toxoid (tt) and rabies virus (rv) vaccines three times in monthly intervals. in addition, two animals with blad and three controls received a fourth vaccination 8 months after the start of the stud ... | 1997 | 9343338 |
| molecular mimicry between the rabies virus glycoprotein and human immunodeficiency virus-1 gp120: cross-reacting antibodies induced by rabies vaccination. | the 160-170 sequence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 gp120 mimics a nicotinic receptor-binding motif of rabies virus glycoprotein and snake neurotoxins. this sequence has been proposed to be involved in the binding of hiv-1 gp120 to the acetylcholine binding sites of nicotinic receptors. by using biomolecular interaction analysis (bia) technology we have found that hiv-1 gp120 can bind to detergent-extracted nicotinic receptor from fetal calf muscle. the binding is inhibited by nicotine ... | 1997 | 9345046 |
| computer design of t-cell agonist or antagonist glycopeptides: the effect of sugar identity and anomeric configuration on mhc binding. | the improved chemical and biological properties of synthetic glycopeptides over peptides suggest their use as t cell agonists or antagonists. recently, we prepared glycopeptide analogues of major t helper cell epitopic peptides corresponding to rabies virus proteins, and experimentally characterized their ability to bind to mhc class ii proteins and stimulate t cell clones to rabies virus. in the current study, we investigated these mhc: peptide interactions by molecular modeling. we obtained st ... | 1995 | 9346848 |
| emergence of raccoon rabies in connecticut, 1991-1994: spatial and temporal characteristics of animal infection and human contact. | the north american raccoon rabies epizootic continues to expand, now affecting most of new england. in 1990, raccoons became the vertebrate most often reported rabid in the united states. emergence of this zoonosis poses increasing, but poorly defined risks to humans. this study analyzed various demographic, environmental, and behavioral factors associated with animal infection and human exposure before and during the epizootic in connecticut. rabies virus infections among terrestrial vertebrate ... | 1997 | 9347964 |
| heminested pcr assay for detection of six genotypes of rabies and rabies-related viruses. | a heminested reverse transcriptase pcr (hnrt-pcr) protocol which is rapid and sensitive for the detection of rabies virus and rabies-related viruses is described. sixty isolates from six of the seven genotypes of rabies and rabies-related viruses were screened successfully by hnrt-pcr and southern blot hybridization. of the 60 isolates, 93% (56 of 60) were positive by external pcr, while all isolates were detected by heminested pcr and southern blot hybridization. we also report on a comparison ... | 1997 | 9350729 |
| natural spillover of a distinctly canidae-associated biotype of rabies virus into an expanded wildlife host range in southern africa. | rabies enzootics in southern africa are associated with two genetically distinct groups of viruses, thought to be adapted to two different sets of host species. the virus groups are referred to as the canid biotype (infecting carnivores of the family canidae) and the viverrid biotype (infecting carnivores of the subfamily viverrinae). cross- or spillover infections of one biotype into the host range of the other are thought to occur from time to time. however, very little is known about this phe ... | 1997 | 9354274 |
| pathogenesis of experimentally induced rabies in domestic ferrets. | to determine susceptibility, incubation and morbidity periods, clinical signs, serologic response, and excretion of virus in domestic ferrets inoculated with rabies virus. | 1997 | 9361901 |
| vaccine-induced canine distemper in european mink, mustela lutreola. | this report describes vaccine-induced canine distemper virus (cdv) infection in four european mink (mustela lutreola) induced by the administration of a multivalent, avian-origin vaccine. clinical signs consisting of seizures, ataxia, facial twitching, oculonasal discharge, hyperkeratosis of footpads, and anorexia developed 16-20 days postvaccination. conjunctival smears from one animal were positive for cdv antigen by direct fluorescent antibody testing, confirming the clinical diagnosis. the f ... | 1997 | 9365945 |
| alteration of the actin-based cytoskeleton by rabies virus. | we investigated the effect of rabies virus infection on the actin cytoskeleton using various techniques. confocal microscopic examination of rabies virus-infected neuroblastoma cells at late stages of infection revealed a dramatic decrease in f-actin staining. the results of a fluorimetric assay with pyrenylated actin indicated that purified rabies virus nucleocapsid has no direct action on the kinetics of actin polymerization and only a weak effect on the final extent of polymerization. video-m ... | 1997 | 9367369 |
| some thoughts on quarantine changes in hawaii. | | 1997 | 9373352 |
| a virus-neutralizing epitope on the glycoprotein of rabies virus that contains trp251 is a linear epitope. | we have established a hybridoma producing monoclonal antibody (mab) against a linear epitope of glycoprotein (g protein) of the rc-hl strain of rabies virus. this mab15-13 showed almost the same neutralizing activity to all of five rabies fixed strains, including rc-hl, and reacted to the denatured g protein in western blot analysis. to characterize and map this linear epitope, an antigenic variant nr15-13 was selected from rc-hl strain in the presence of neutralizing mab15-13. the variant react ... | 1997 | 9381793 |
| a new competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrates adequate immune levels to rabies virus in compulsorily vaccinated japanese domestic dogs. | a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-elisa) was developed as an alternative to the viral neutralization (vn) test for rapid and simple detection of antibodies to rabies virus. the competitor antibody in the c-elisa was a biotinylated monoclonal antibody to the nucleoprotein of rabies virus. initial comparisons showed a high correlation between titers obtained with the vn test and the c-elisa (n = 88, r = 0.90), indicating that the c-elisa could be used as a reliable substitute for ... | 1997 | 9384298 |
| microwave fixation of rabies specimens for fluorescent antibody testing. | an adaptation of the conventional procedure for fixation of brain impressions prior to rabies testing was developed using a microwave oven to fix slides in less than 1 min. a total of 2394 routine specimens were examined to evaluate the efficacy of microwave fixation of brain impressions as an aid to shortening the turnaround time for reporting. slides were fixed for 55-60 s in a standard household microwave oven at 50%, power using phosphate buffered saline supplemented with 3% tween 20 as a fi ... | 1997 | 9389407 |
| serosurvey for selected viral diseases and demography of african wild dogs in tanzania. | african wild dogs (lycaon pictus) are endangered, with only 3,000-5,000 remaining in the wild. it is believed that wild dogs are unusually vulnerable to viral diseases, particularly rabies and canine distemper (cdv). however, canine distemper has been confirmed by laboratory diagnosis in only one free-living wild dog. the 43,000 km2 selous game reserve (sgr; tanzania) holds approximately 900 adult wild dogs. in a study area of 2,600 km2, the population maintained high density (> or = 1 dog/20.5 ... | 1997 | 9391968 |
| rabies virus in the decomposed brain of an ethiopian wolf detected by nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. | approximately 75 individuals from a population of 111 ethiopian wolves (canis simensis) died or disappeared from the bale mountains national park (ethiopia) between 1988 and 1992 during two significant population declines. confirmation of rabies virus in two carcasses was based on the fluorescent antibody test (fat) and the mouse inoculation test (mit). in an ethiopian wolf brain previously designated rabies negative by both fat and mit, rabies virus was identified by nested reverse transcriptio ... | 1997 | 9391984 |
| effect of beta-propiolactone treatment on the complement activation mediated by equine antisera. | reduction of complement activation through an alteration of the fc fragment of immunoglobulins by beta-propiolactone treatment was carried out in equine antisera raised against rabies virus, bothrops venoms and diphtherial toxin. results were evaluated by means of an anaphylactic test performed on guinea-pigs, and compared to the ones obtained with the same sera purified by saline precipitation (ammonium sulfate), followed or not by enzymatic digestion with pepsin. protein purity levels for anti ... | 1997 | 9394526 |
| monoclonal antibody characterization of rabies virus strains isolated in the river plate basin. | in this study, 91 strains isolated in the river plate basin, south america, were examined from the epidemiological standpoint and with monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to the nucleocapsid of rabies virus. such strains reacted to mabs in accordance with nine different patterns (antigenic variants). rabies virus was isolated from 49 cattle, 21 dogs, 11 non-haematophagous bats, four vampire bats, two foxes, two horses, one buffalo, and one human. five of the variants had not been described previously. ... | 1997 | 9394612 |
| molecular epidemiology of rabies epizootics in texas. | texas is in the midst of two independent epizootics of rabies, involving coyotes (canis latrans) and domestic dogs (canis familiaris) in southern texas and grey foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) in west central texas. the domestic dog/coyote (ddc) and grey for (tf) rabies virus variants cannot be differentiated by antigenic typing with currently available monoclonal antibodies. these two variants also cannot be distinguished from a third variant, sonora dog (sd) rabies, that is not enzootic in te ... | 1997 | 9406651 |
| rabies surveillance in the united states during 1996. | in 1996, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 7,124 cases of rabies in non-human animals and 4 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control and prevention. nearly 92% (6,550 cases) were wild animals, whereas 8% (574 cases) were domestic species. the total number of reported cases decreased 9.6% from that of 1995 (7,881 cases). although much of the decline was the result of fewer reported cases of rabies in raccoons, fewer cases were also reported among most g ... | 1997 | 9412679 |
| synthetic peptides from the heptad repeats of the glycoproteins of rabies, vesicular stomatitis and fish rhabdoviruses bind phosphatidylserine. | this work follows up on observations previously published concerning phosphatidylserine (ps) binding properties of synthetic peptides (p2) from the hydrophobic heptad repeats of the glycoprotein of viral haemorrhagic septicemia (vhs) rhabdovirus and the presence of similar repeats in the sequences of the glycoproteins of four separate rhabdoviruses. similar p2-like peptides are now synthesized according to the corresponding cdna sequences of infectious haematopoietic necrosis (ihn), rabies and v ... | 1997 | 9413518 |
| an avirulent mutant of rabies virus is unable to infect motoneurons in vivo and in vitro. | an antigenic double mutant of rabies virus (challenge virus standard [cvs] strain) was selected by successive use of two neutralizing antiglycoprotein monoclonal antibodies, both specific for antigenic site iii. this mutant differed from the original virus strain by two amino acid substitutions in the ectodomain of the glycoprotein. the lysine in position 330 and the arginine in position 333 were replaced by asparagine and methionine, respectively. this double mutant was not pathogenic for adult ... | 1998 | 9420224 |
| cell-mediated immunosuppression in mice by street rabies virus not restored by calcium ionophore or pma. | it is known that rabies virus can suppress the host immune system. in this study we demonstrate a depression of cell-mediated immunity in mice, peripherally infected with thai street rabies virus. the cell-mediated cytolysis of spleen cells from mice increased transiently on day 5 after infection and declined rapidly thereafter until death. the proliferation of spleen cells stimulated with a t-cell mitogen such as phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin a, was significantly suppressed during the cour ... | 1997 | 9438544 |
| neuronal cell surface molecules mediate specific binding to rabies virus glycoprotein expressed by a recombinant baculovirus on the surfaces of lepidopteran cells. | the existence of specific rabies virus (rv) glycoprotein (g) binding sites on the surfaces of neuroblastoma cells is demonstrated. spodoptera frugiperda (sf21) cells expressing g of the rv strain cvs (gcvs-sf21 cells) bind specifically to neuroblastoma cells of different species but not to any other cell type (fibroblast, myoblast, epithelial, or glioma). attachment to mouse neuroblastoma ng108-15 cells is abolished by previous treatment of gcvs-sf2 cells with anti-g antibody. substitutions for ... | 1998 | 9445003 |
| human rabies--texas and new jersey, 1997. | on october 19 and october 23, 1997, a man in texas and a man in new jersey, respectively, died from rabies. this report summarizes the clinical features of these cases and the epidemiologic investigations by the texas department of health and the new jersey state department of health and senior services, which indicated that a bat-associated variant of the rabies virus was responsible for infection in both cases. | 1998 | 9450721 |
| the role of site-specific n-glycosylation in secretion of soluble forms of rabies virus glycoprotein. | rabies virus glycoprotein is important in the biology and pathogenesis of neurotropic rabies virus infection. this transmembrane glycoprotein is the only viral protein on the surface of virus particles, is the viral attachment protein that facilitates virus uptake by the infected cell, and is the target of the host humoral immune response to infection. the extracellular domain of this glycoprotein has n-glycosylation sequons at asn37, asn247, and asn319. appropriate glycosylation of these sequon ... | 1998 | 9451021 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. human rabies--texas and new jersey, 1997. | | 1998 | 9466619 |
| [economical production of rabies vaccine on cell cultures]. | by producing the rabies vaccine from cell culture, this vaccination has become safe, with minimal postvaccinal reactions. the first vaccine according to this technology was produced by pavle (paul) fenje, former chief of department of the pasteur institute in novi sad. many cell cultures have been introduced so far for the rabies virus multiplication: primary hamster kidney, fetal bovine kidney, chick embryo, continuous cell line monkey kidney (vero), human diploid cell (hdc), etc. some possibil ... | 1997 | 9471524 |
| [adelchi negri (1876-1912)]. | | 1997 | 9471619 |
| corneal impression test for the diagnosis of acute rabies encephalitis. | this study aimed to alert ophthalmologists as to their role in the diagnosis of rabies. | 1998 | 9479282 |
| immunization against rabies with plant-derived antigen. | we previously demonstrated that recombinant plant virus particles containing a chimeric peptide representing two rabies virus epitopes stimulate virus neutralizing antibody synthesis in immunized mice. we show here that mice immunized intraperitoneally or orally (by gastric intubation or by feeding on virus-infected spinach leaves) with engineered plant virus particles containing rabies antigen mount a local and systemic immune response. after the third dose of antigen, given intraperitoneally, ... | 1998 | 9482911 |
| partial protection by vaccination with recombinant feline immunodeficiency virus surface glycoproteins. | in an effort to induce a strong immune response that might protect against feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) challenge infection, three groups of five specified pathogen-free (spf) cats each were immunized subcutaneously with different fiv antigen preparations. immunizations were done at weeks 0, 2, and 4 with 100 microg of recombinant su from an fiv zurich 2 (fiv z2) strain expressed by e. coli (group 1) or the baculovirus expression system (groups 2 and 3) adsorbed on aluminum hydroxyde and ... | 1998 | 9491919 |
| immunological studies of a 21 kda cellular component efficiently incorporated into rabies virion grown in a bhk-21 cell culture. | to investigate cellular components incorporated into the rabies virion, monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were screened based on their reactivity with additional virion components. two of the mabs we prepared recognized a virion-associated 21 kda polypeptide (referred to as vap21) from a bhk-21 cell. since the mabs precipitated the rabies virion and trypsin digestion eliminated the vap21 antigen from the virion but alkaline treatment (ph 11) did not, vap21 seems to be anchored into the viral envelope ... | 1997 | 9492180 |
| apoptotic cell death in experimental rabies in suckling mice. | a fatal encephalomyelitis developed after intracerebral inoculation of 6-day-old icr mice with the challenge virus standard (cvs) strain of fixed rabies virus. the brains of cvs-infected mice showed widespread morphologic changes of apoptosis, which were particularly prominent in pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus and in the cerebral cortex. evidence of oligonucleosomal dna fragmentation was sought in situ using the tunel method. tunel staining was observed in many neurons, and rabies virus an ... | 1998 | 9498051 |
| effect of passive immunization or maternally transferred immunity on the antibody response to a genetic vaccine to rabies virus. | a plasmid vector, termed psg5rab.gp, expressing the glycoprotein of rabies virus was tested in young adult or neonatal mice in the presence of maternally transferred immunity or passively administered antibodies to rabies virus for induction of an antibody response. mice born to rabies virus-immune dams developed an impaired antibody response to genetic immunization at 6 weeks of age, as had been previously observed upon vaccination with an inactivated viral vaccine. similarly, mice passively im ... | 1998 | 9499029 |
| mapping the interacting domains between the rabies virus polymerase and phosphoprotein. | the rna polymerase of rabies virus consists of two subunits, the large (l) protein and the phosphoprotein (p), with 2,127 and 297 amino acids, respectively. when these proteins were coexpressed via the vaccinia virus-t7 rna polymerase recombinant in mammalian cells, they formed a complex as detected by coimmunoprecipitation. analysis of p and l deletion mutants was performed to identify the regions of both proteins involved in complex formation. the interaction of p with l was not disrupted by l ... | 1998 | 9499045 |
| the specificity of rabies virus rna encapsidation by nucleoprotein. | rabies virus nucleoprotein (n) encapsidates negative-strand genomic rna in vivo, and this rna-n complex, together with the nominal viral phosphoprotein (p) and rna polymerase (l), forms the active cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein (rnp) complex in virus-infected cells and the rnp core in virus particles. the rnp complex is capable of initiating viral rna transcription and replication in vivo and in vitro. to obtain insight into the events leading to the formation of the rna-n complex, we have invest ... | 1998 | 9501055 |
| rabies virus quasispecies: implications for pathogenesis. | passage of the mouse-adapted rabies virus strain cvs-24 (where cvs is challenge virus standard) in bhk cells results in the rapid selection of a dominant variant designated cvs-b2c that differs genotypically and phenotypically from the dominant variant cvs-n2c present in mouse-brain- or neuroblastoma-cell-passaged cvs-24. the glycoprotein of cvs-b2c has 10 amino acid substitutions compared with that of cvs-n2c. because cvs-b2c can be reproducibly selected in bhk cells, it is likely to be a conse ... | 1998 | 9501231 |
| rapid detection of rabies and rabies-related viruses by rt-pcr and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | a rapid detection method for the six established genotypes of rabies and rabies-related viral rna using rt-pcr-elisa is described. the detection of digoxigenin-labelled amplified products is performed by solution hybridization to two specific, biotin-labelled, capture probes, which are complementary to the inner region of the amplification products. the capture probe and amplified product hybrid are then immobilised on a streptavidin-coated microtitre plate, bound products are detected by an ant ... | 1997 | 9504752 |
| [current status of animal rabies in france]. | the main host reservoir and vector of rabies in western europe is the red fox (vulpes vulpes). a vaccination strategy for this species has been developed and tested in switzerland since 1978. results indicate that the vaccine which is administered in spring and autumn for at least two consecutive years is more effective than destruction by shooting or gassing the animals. the same approach using bait containing increasingly effective and safe vaccines has been in use in france since 1986. by cre ... | 1997 | 9513178 |