Publications

absence of prenatal infection of bats with rabies virus.		1986	3520031
stability of immunofluorescence reactions produced by polyclonal and monoclonal antibody conjugates for rabies virus.	we investigated two consumer complaints that described fading of immunofluorescence reactions associated with the use of a commercial antirabies, fluorescein-labeled, monoclonal antibody conjugate. we compared the performance of this product with that of two polyclonal antibody antirabies conjugates and observed significant diminution of fluorescence with the monoclonal antibody conjugate only. furthermore, the fading occurred only on tissue impressions that had been mounted but not exposed to u ...	1986	3528216
use of immunofluorescence examination to detect rabies virus antigen in the skin of humans with clinical encephalitis.		1986	3528322
the influence of the type of immunosorbent on rabies antibody eia; advantages of purified glycoprotein over whole virus.	two types of in vitro assay (enzyme immunoassay and sero-neutralization test) for the titration of rabies antibodies were used to assay sera from mice and humans immunized with cell culture vaccines or neural tissue vaccines. enzyme immunoassays (eia) were performed in plates sensitized with whole virus, purified glycoprotein or purified nucleocapsid. neutralizing antibody titres were determined by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (refit) and by an in vitro seroneutralization test inc ...	1986	3531213
a rapid rabies enzyme immuno-diagnosis (rreid): a useful and simple technique for the routine diagnosis of rabies.	a rapid rabies enzyme immuno-diagnosis (rreid) technique has been developed. this technique for the diagnosis of rabies was performed in microplates which had been previously sensitized with igg to purified antinucleocapsids. suspensions of homogenized material were incubated in the plate and the specific binding of rabies antigen was revealed by the use of the same igg conjugated with peroxidase. with the rreid technique it was possible to detect rabies antigens in brain specimens with the same ...	1986	3531215
[use of the capture antibody method for the detection of the presence of igm in the sera of persons immunized against rabies].		1986	3531742
[usefulness of the indirect immunofluorescence method in the serological diagnosis of rabies].		1986	3531743
[evaluation of an antirabies conjugate by titration using various fluorescent microscopes].		1986	3532282
[detection of rabies virus antibodies in human blood serum by an immunoenzyme method].	in a coded experiment on rabies virus antibody detection in the blood sera of humans immunized with rabies vaccines, coincidence of the results of indirect elisa, neutralization test and radial hemolysis test (rht) was observed in 83% and 90% of the cases. the correlation coefficient of antibody titres in elisa and nt was r = +0.75, elisa and rht r = +0.81. instances of discrepancy of the results were observed with sera of low titres, no more than 1:50 by neutralization test.	1986	3532544
[persistent infection with rabies virus].		1986	3535239
[rapid technics for the laboratory diagnosis of rabies].		1986	3535707
an evaluation of second generation tissue culture rabies vaccines for use in man: a four-vaccine comparative immunogenicity study using a pre-exposure vaccination schedule and an abbreviated 2-1-1 postexposure schedule.	in a double-blind comparative trial the immunogenicity of three new tissue culture rabies vaccines was evaluated, using a commercial human diploid cell vaccine (hdcv) lot as the reference. two different vaccination regimens, a pre-exposure schedule, and an abbreviated 2-1-1 postexposure schedule (two doses of the vaccine applied bilaterally on day 0, with subsequent single doses given on days 7 and 21) were employed. in both, two of the new vaccines, purified chick embryo cell vaccine and purifi ...	1986	3541428
the demonstration of rabies antigen in paraffin-embedded tissues using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method: a comparative study.	mice experimentally infected with challenge virus standard rabies virus as well as skunks and foxes experimentally infected with street rabies virus were used to demonstrate rabies viral antigen in paraffin-embedded tissue by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. tissues fixed with different fixatives (10% formalin, bouin's, acetone, ethanol) for various times and fresh frozen tissues were stained by the fluorescent antibody and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. formalin- and bouin's-fixed t ...	1987	3552169
combined tetanus-rabies vaccination.	studies in mice have shown that calcium phosphate adsorbed tetanus toxoid (ipadt) can be used as a vehicle for freezedried rabies vaccine. trials were undertaken in human volunteers and patients receiving a post-exposure treatment using the same vaccines to evaluate tolerance and antibody response to both vaccines.	1986	3556772
immunologic studies in subjects with a serum sickness-like illness after immunization with human diploid cell rabies vaccine.	ten patients developing a serum sickness-like hypersensitivity reaction to human diploid cell rabies vaccine were studied and compared with control subjects matched for previous vaccination history and level of rabies virus-specific igg response to immunization. the clinical reaction consisted of delayed onset, generalized urticaria, and angioedema, with some arthralgias. skin biopsy specimens demonstrated a leukocytoclastic vasculitis. individuals reacting to the vaccine possessed ige antibodie ...	1987	3558997
ige and igg antibodies to beta-propiolactone and human serum albumin associated with urticarial reactions to rabies vaccine.	we examined the antibody response to a rabies vaccine doubly inactivated with 0.025% beta-propiolactone and 0.1% tri(n)butyl phosphate and stabilized with 2.5% human serum albumin. antibodies were measured by using the following four antigen preparations: complete doubly inactivated rabies vaccine, rabies vaccine inactivated only with tri(n)butyl phosphate, beta-propiolactone and human serum albumin, and human serum albumin alone. the fluid phase of the preparation of beta-propiolactone and huma ...	1987	3559291
[adaptation of strains of the rabies virus flury lep and hep to primary culture of fibroblasts of the embryo of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica)].		1986	3561096
resolution of conformation equilibria in linear peptides by circular dichroism in cryogenic solvents.	the circular dichroism spectra of the synthetic peptide antigen, 209-222 of the surface glycoprotein of the rabies virus were recorded as a function of solvent composition and over the temperature range of +60 degrees c to -135 degrees c; beta-iii and beta-ii reverse turn conformations were found to exist in tfe/h2o (3:1) at room temperature and in ethanediol/h2o (2:1) below -110 degrees c respectively. evidence, from comparison of observed and calculated spectra, is given to support the existen ...	1987	3566748
anti-rabies virus igm in serum and cerebrospinal fluid from rabid dogs.	an anti-rabies igm antibody capture radio immunoassay was used to test serum and cerebrospinal fluid from 37 dogs held in quarantine for suspicion of rabies. rabies was confirmed in dogs that died by mouse inoculation and subsequent examination of mouse brains by fluorescent antibody technique to detect rabies antigen. the mean counts per minute (cpm) of iodinated anti-rabies gamma globulin coupled igm rabies antibody in csf and serum from rabid dogs were significantly higher than in csf and ser ...	1986	3576284
[serological evaluation of the efficacy of an antirabies vaccine in field dogs in tunisia].	we have vaccinated with an inactivated experimental vaccine, rabi rabta, prepared in lamb brain 52 dogs from the field in tunisia and we tested by recommended serological methods the production of specific antibodies. the animals (35) received a boost injection after one year and the control of the immunological response was done on the same way after one month. this work done on 27 dogs showed very low serological data. a comparable batch of 42 dogs was immunised with a commercial vaccine with ...	1987	3579184
enhanced antibody responses in mice by combined administration of interferon with rabies vaccine.	exogenous interferon administered to mice at the time of, and 6 hours after the first dose of 3 daily vaccinations accelerated and enhanced the igm and igg antibody responses to rabies virus. the effect of interferon was not evident when the interferon was administered later in the vaccination schedules and was abrogated by prior administration of anti-interferon antibody to the mice. the number of igm antibody secreting cells in the spleen was significantly greater in mice treated with interfer ...	1987	3579612
membrane carbohydrate requirement for rabies virus binding to chicken embryo related cells.	the involvement of cellular carbohydrates in the interaction of rabies virus with chicken embryo related cell receptors was investigated. two different methodological approaches were employed: specific glycosidases were used to treat the cells before infection, and specific lectins were used to compete with the viral binding. the results indicate the participation of sialic acid, galactose, mannose, and n-acetyl-glucosamine but not fucose in the cellular requirements for rabies virus infection.	1986	3583664
in vivo studies of pathogenic, immunogenic and protective properties of roma strain rabies virus recovered from a persistently infected bhk21 cell line.	rabies virus strain roma was adapted to grow in bhk21 cells and a persistently infected cell line was established. the cell line released infectious virus only irregularly and at low titers. we report in this work experiments carried out in mice on pathogenicity, immunogenicity and protective properties of the virus recovered at different phases of the persistent infection. the adapted virus strain was only weakly pathogenic when injected intracerebrally and apathogenic when given intramuscularl ...	1987	3587068
characterization of rabies virus soluble proteins in mouse brain.		1986	3589202
[rabies in bats in denmark. occurrence, significance and instruction rules].		1987	3603849
persistence of rabies antibody 5 years after pre-exposure prophylaxis with human diploid cell antirabies vaccine and antibody response to a single booster dose.	in 1978, 22 staff members of the national institute of virology, pune, india, were given two doses of human diploid cell antirabies vaccine (hdcv) for primary pre-exposure prophylactic immunization; the interval between the two doses being approximately 4 weeks. eighteen of these 22 vaccinees were given a booster dose 1 year later. all 18 vaccinees developed protective levels of antibody; most of them had antibody levels exceeding 10 iu/ml. in 1984, 5 years after the booster dose, 11 (79.0%) of ...	1987	3609177
antibody response after a two-year intradermal booster of rabies human diploid cell vaccine.	a study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of a low dose of rabies human diploid cell vaccine administered intradermally for preexposure booster inoculation. seventy-six volunteers received a 0.1-ml dose of rabies human diploid cell vaccine intradermally, approximately 2 years after their primary series. though only 25 (32.9%) had a titer less than 0.5 iu/ml before the booster, all had a postbooster titer of greater than or equal to 4.0 iu/ml 3 weeks later. five of 73 (6.8%) reported a ...	1987	3610792
[veterinary chief inspection of public health. rabies in bats].		1987	3617025
antibody response to suckling mouse brain rabies vaccines for post exposure treatment.	a new suckling mouse brain vaccine (smbv) against rabies, produced by the thai red cross society, was compared with the well established institut pasteur smbv in patients with very low risk rabies contact. the 4 regimens used were the standard daily injections with booster doses of thai red cross vaccine (trcv) and institut pasteur vaccine (ipv), and a reduced dose scheme of 6 injections as used for tissue culture vaccines. the effect of 20 iu/kg of human rabies immune globulin (hrig) was tested ...	1987	3617187
immune sera and antiglycoprotein monoclonal antibodies inhibit in vitro cell-to-cell spread of pathogenic rabies viruses.	although the cell-to-cell spread of many viruses in vitro is inhibited by antibody, the effect of antibody on such spread of rabies viruses is uncertain. thus, we examined the effects of anti-rabies virus immune sera and monoclonal antibodies (mabs) on the in vitro spread of pathogenic rabies viruses in neuronal and nonneuronal cells. both anti-rabies virus immune sera and neutralizing antiglycoprotein mabs inhibited the cell-to-cell spread of street rabies virus, challenge virus standard, and e ...	1987	3625841
rabies prevention in primary care. a four-step approach.	although most physicians in the united states have not seen a person with rabies, the primary care physician is often confronted with a patient who has been bitten by an animal capable of transmitting rabies virus. rabies is almost always transmitted by a bite; licks and other nonbite exposures hardly ever cause the disease. the control of rabies in domestic animals has greatly reduced the risk of human disease following the bite of a dog or cat, but rabies in wild animals (especially skunks and ...	1987	3628129
immune response in skunks to a vaccinia virus recombinant expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein.	striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) were vaccinated with a vaccinia virus recombinant expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein. virus neutralizing antibodies to rabies virus were present at 14 days postvaccination by the following routes: scarification (6/6), intramuscular (4/4) and intestinal (5/8). six out of seven skunks that ate vaccine filled baits had virus neutralizing antibodies at 28 days. when challenged intramuscularly with street virus, the survival rates were 5/7 for the bait-fed gro ...	1987	3651890
a tissue culture infection test in routine rabies diagnosis.	a cell culture infection test was developed for the isolation of rabies virus from field cases submitted for rabies diagnosis. the procedure involved the addition of a suspension of suspect brain tissue to a suspension of murine neuroblastoma cells in 96-well microtiter plates. the cultures were then incubated at 35-36 degrees c for four days at which time they were fixed, stained with a fluorescein-labelled hamster antirabies antibody conjugate and examined with a fluorescence microscope. rabie ...	1987	3651891
immunomodulatory effects of orally-administered saponins and nonspecific resistance against rabies infection.	we present evidence that orally fed quillaja saponins offer nonspecific resistance to mice against rabies viral infection. adoptive transfer of spleen cells and thymocytes from animals preconditioned with saponin (sap), inactivated rabies antigen (ag), or a mixture of ag+sap has offered significant protection against an intracerebral challenge with live rabies virus. levels of serum rabies-neutralizing antibodies in the different groups of recipient animals did not correlate with the respective ...	1987	3654000
antigenic variation in rabies and rabies-related viruses: cross-protection independent of glycoprotein-mediated virus-neutralizing antibody.	immunization experiments with vaccines prepared from the pm and era strains of rabies virus demonstrated that in mice, only era vaccine primes for an anamnestic response to the rabies-related strain duvenhage (duv6); in rabbits, both era and pm vaccines induced immunologic memory to duv6 virus. in mice, era vaccine, but not an equal concentration of pm vaccine, conferred protection against a lethal challenge infection with duv6 virus. this result indicated that the protective activity correlated ...	1987	3655404
[central veterinary institute finds rabid bats also in the metropolitan area, twente and the provinces of groningen and friesland].		1987	3660394
an attempt to treat rabies encephalitis in monkeys with intrathecal live rabies virus rv 675. brief report.	a highly attenuated rabies virus, rv 675, proved innocuous but immunogenic when injected intrathecally into monkeys by the lumbar route. attempts to use this virus to modify the course of fatal rabies encephalitis in monkeys were inconclusive possibly because of the brief encephalitic illness. further studies are indicated to investigate rv 675 as a candidate therapeutic agent for rabies encephalitis.	1987	3662827
comparative prevalence of rabies antibodies among household and unclaimed/stray dogs as determined by the immune adherence haemagglutination assay.	the immune adherence haemagglutination assay (iaha), widely used for human viral disease diagnosis, has been adapted for detection of rabies virus antibodies in dog sera. rabies virus antibody titres obtained by the iaha correlated well with those obtained by the currently accepted test for rabies antibody determination, the rapid-fluorescent-focus-inhibition test (rffit). although it is not known if the antibodies detected in iaha test represent neutralizing antibodies against rabies, iaha has ...	1987	3667050
mechanisms of rabies virus neutralization by glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibodies.	incubation of radiolabeled rabies virus with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) resulted in complete neutralization of the virus but only partial inhibition of virus binding to, and internalization by, bhk cells. several of the neutralizing mabs were capable of preventing infection after virus adsorption to cells; up to 30% of the bound virus was released when cells containing adsorbed virus were incubated with these mabs at 4 degrees, indicating that the release of bound virus accounts o ...	1987	3672933
characterization of a double avirulent mutant of rabies virus and its potency as a vaccine, live or inactivated.	a strain bearing two mutations which abolish the virulence for adult animals after intracerebral or intramuscular inoculation has been constructed from the cvs strain of rabies virus. this apathogenic phenotype is stable after three successive passages of the double mutant in suckling mice brain. trials of vaccination performed on mice in parallel with the double mutant and cvs both inactivated with beta-propiolactone indicate that the mutant is at least as efficient as cvs. this strain has also ...	1987	3673209
[experimental development of the principles for designing an optimal schedule for inoculations with an inactivated cultured rabies vaccine].	immune response was studied experimentally in mice immunized according to 23 different schedules with rabies vaccine in 1:10 and 1:20 dilutions for the elucidation of principles of developing an optimal vaccination schedule. each group consisted of 40 to 50 animals. the most objective, reliable, and strict test, challenge of immunity to street rabies virus inoculated peripherally which is closest to natural conditions, was used as the criterion for the evaluation of immune response. the studies ...	1987	3686985
antigenic characterization of twenty stress rabies virus strains isolated in italy using monoclonal antibodies.		1987	3687285
[effect of gangliosides on the resistance of mice to the rabies virus].	the survival of animals has been studied after their infection with a mixture of rabies virus and gangliosides isolated from various organs. it has been found that virus incubation with a summarized fraction of cerebral gangliosides increased considerably the survival of animals. at the same time it was shown that gangliosides from cattle spleen and red blood cells taken in the same proportions as cerebral gangliosides, do not have any protective effect. the in vivo study of the antiviral gangli ...	1987	3689963
encephalitis associated with borrelia burgdorferi infection in a horse.	infection with borrelia burgdorferi was associated with encephalitis in a horse. the horse lived in an area of wisconsin endemic for b burgdorferi infection. borrelia burgdorferi was isolated from the brain, but rabies virus was not detected in the brain. serum obtained from the horse had a b burgdorferi antibody titer of 1:2,048, but was negative for antibodies to eastern and western encephalomyelitis.	1987	3692996
rabies vaccination of captive white-handed gibbons potentially exposed to wild rabies virus.		1987	3695407
experimental rabies in skunks and foxes. pathogenesis of the spongiform lesions.	the pathogenesis of rabies spongiform lesions in striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) and red foxes (vulpes vulpes) was studied by light and electron microscopy and peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemistry. studies in skunks included use of several street virus variants (different antigenic profiles as tested by monoclonal antibodies) different routes of inoculation (intranasal, intracerebral and intramuscular), immunosuppression of infected skunks, different preparations of virus (brain and ...	1987	3695410
the early kinetics of the neutralizing antibody response after booster immunizations with human diploid cell rabies vaccine.	persons immunized in developing countries were recently shown to have low titers after pre-exposure immunization with human diploid cell rabies vaccine (hdcv). an investigation into the response to hdcv boosters was conducted to determine if immunologic sensitization had occurred and if there was a response difference in persons immunized in and outside of the united states. intramuscular (im) booster doses of vaccine were administered to 113 persons previously immunized outside the united state ...	1986	3706630
an effective economical intradermal regimen of human diploid cell rabies vaccination for post-exposure treatment.	a closely-spaced multisite intradermal regimen of human diploid cell rabies vaccine (hdcv) was evaluated in 39 patients after low-risk exposure to rabies, in comparison to full-dose intramuscular hdcv and sheep brain-derived rabies (semple) vaccine. the regimen consisted of four intradermal injections, 0.1 ml each of hdcv on days 0, 3 and 7, followed by two booster doses of only 0.1 ml each on days 28 and 91 administered intradermally. although the total amount of hdcv used in this intradermal r ...	1986	3708902
[serologic studies of rabies vaccination in dogs in switzerland].		1986	3715447
immune responses of mice to inactivated rabies vaccine administered orally: potentiation by quillaja saponin.	administered orally, quillaja saponin markedly potentiated the humoral immune responses of mice fed inactivated rabies vaccine, and significantly increased their resistance to subsequent intracerebral challenge with live rabies virus. although mean serum neutralizing antibody titres were generally 8- to 16-fold higher when vaccine was given intraperitoneally, orally administered vaccine, with saponin, stimulated production of high protective antibody levels that were maintained for at least 6 mo ...	1986	3719460
[specific antibodies and selected immunologic indicators in persons vaccinated under short-program rabies vaccination].		1986	3719643
rabies in insectivorous bats of western canada, 1979 to 1983.	a total of 1,745, 362, and 536 bats collected in alberta, british columbia, and saskatchewan, respectively, was tested for rabies virus between 1979 and 1983. only one (0.1%) of 769 bats collected at random from buildings was infected with rabies virus in contrast to 95 (5%) of 1,874 symptomatic, rabies-suspect bats submitted for testing. the pattern of infection in the rabies-suspect bats was similar in alberta and saskatchewan, but differed in british columbia. rabies was diagnosed in four spe ...	1986	3735577
oral vaccination of the fox against rabies using a live recombinant vaccinia virus.	rabies, a viral disease affecting all warm-blooded animals, is prevalent in most parts of the world, where it propagates amongst wild animals, particularly the fox and dog. the public health and economic consequences of infection in man and livestock are well known. attempts to control the disease by vaccinating wild carnivores with inactivated or attenuated rabies virus remain controversial, and we have instead evaluated here the potential of a recombinant vaccinia virus to protect foxes agains ...	1986	3736663
[fatal rabies virus infection in humans].		1986	3743444
survey of raccoon hunters for rabies antibody titers: pilot study.		1986	3746238
pleomorphism of fine structure of rabies virus in human and experimental brain.	identification of the negri bodies in the brain of an 8-year-old boy who died 8 days after a paralytic illness and 20 days after a dog bite, and who had received 9 injections of semple's anti-rabies vaccine, provided evidence that he died of acute rabies encephalitis and not of post-vaccinal allergic encephalomyelitis. the negri bodies in the human subject and those seen in the inoculated mouse differed in their morphological structure: the former consisted of a matrix of very fine granular mate ...	1986	3760910
avianized rabies virus infection in mice.		1986	3761776
[long-term persistence of the rabies virus at inoculation sites in an experiment on hibernating rodents].		1986	3765572
cloning of rabies virus matrix protein mrna and determination of its amino acid sequence.	a cdna clone of mrna for rabies virus matrix (m) protein has been identified. the clone hybridizes to an mrna species from rabies virus-infected cells, whose size correlates to the size of the m protein in rabies virions, and selects an mrna that translates into a polypeptide corresponding in size to m protein. the nucleotide sequence of the cloned cdna was determined and from this a complete amino acid sequence for m protein was deduced. the deduced sequence of 202 amino acids bears no detectab ...	1986	3765822
major antigenic groups of rabies virus in canada determined by anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies.	a total of 123 rabies virus isolates from various geographical areas in canada were characterized by a panel of 43 anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies. four major antigenic groups are found in terrestrial mammals: "canadian arctic" from ontario, quebec and the northwest territories; "south-eastern georgian bay" from ontario; "south mid-central skunk" from alberta, saskatchewan and manitoba; and "brook's, alberta skunk" from a restricted area in alberta. bat isolates can be divided into 4 maj ...	1986	3769442
[does rabies return by air to the scandinavian countries?].		1986	3774519
preparation of & comparison between whole cell & sonicated sheep brain antirabies vaccine.		1986	3781589
experimental rabies: ultrastructural quantitative analysis of the changes in the sciatic nerve.	to study the pathology of peripheral nerves in experimental rabies infection, street rabies virus ws inoculated into the right footpad of two groups of mice, a and b, which received, respectively, 10(4.5) ld50 and 10(3.5) ld50 of the virus. paralysis was observed in 60% of animals of group a and 20% of group b. the main ultrastructural abnormality present in the sciatic nerves was degeneration of about 40% of myelinated axons. only occasional unmyelinated axons were degenerated. figures were sim ...	1986	3792512
validation of an in vitro assay for the determination of rabies antigen.	the modified antibody binding test, an in vitro method, was validated by a number of studies and was used as a reliable method for in process controls in the manufacture of rabies vaccines for man and animals over the last 6 years. a calculation was made showing the number of laboratory mice which were not needed for animal experiments because these were substituted by the in vitro method mentioned above.	1986	3792659
alternatives for potency testing of veterinary vaccines: rabies vaccine as a model.	optimum information about potency of a vaccine is achieved by a protection test on the target animal species. however, application of this procedure to routine batch control requires a great number of target animals. in order to reduce the number of such animals, laboratory animal tests or in vitro tests have to be established. these tests must be correlated to target animal protection tests allowing the estimation of the vaccine potency with the same accuracy. with respect to testing the potenc ...	1986	3792660
[comparative assessment of the neurovirulence of vaccinal strains of the rabies virus].	neurovirulence of three vaccine strains of rabies virus ("moscow", "vnukovo-32", and "mivp-74") was studied in mice using pathomorphology data. after intracerebral inoculations changes in the cns were similar. the presence and the degree of the involvement of the ammon horn is the main indicator of the infectious activity of the strain. the disease and death of the animals after inoculation with an attenuated strain may be due to the damage of intermediate neurons of descending projection tracts ...	1986	3798910
effects of corticosteroids mediated immunosuppression on the distribution of rabies vaccine virus in red foxes orally immunized against rabies.		1986	3799101
electrophysiological and sleep alterations in experimental mouse rabies.	changes in the spontaneous brain electrical activity and sleep organization were investigated in 5 mice strains during the evolution of experimental fixed rabies infection. cortical electrodes were chronically implanted for continuous eeg recording and spectral analysis until death. three evolutionary phases were individualized. the initial phase exhibited alterations of sleep stages, rem sleep disappearance, pseudoperiodic facial myoclonus and first clinical signs. the mature phase was characte ...	1986	3801886
[rabies, an old problem, new solutions. synthesis].		1986	3802367
preexposure immunization with intradermal human diploid cell rabies vaccine. risks and benefits of primary and booster vaccination.	intradermal human diploid cell rabies vaccine (id hdcv) was licensed for preexposure use in the united states on may 30, 1986. we studied the safety and efficacy of this newly approved route and dose of administration. serologic results were available from 112 (90%) of the 124 persons who participated in an hdcv low-dose preexposure study in which five different id, intramuscular (im), and subcutaneous primary immunization regimens were administered. three 1.0-ml im doses of vaccine resulted in ...	1987	3806894
[factors affecting decision making with regard to the vaccination of humans against rabies].		1986	3809543
early antibody responses to rabies post-exposure vaccine regimens.	the aim of post-exposure rabies vaccine treatment is to induce immunity, measured as neutralizing antibody, as fast as possible. this is especially important in the tropical rabies-endemic areas where simultaneous passive prophylaxis with hyperimmune serum is not practicable in the majority of cases. we compared the rate of production of antibody during the first two weeks, by six vaccine regimens in 118 subjects using two tissue culture vaccines, human diploid cell strain vaccine (hdcsv) and pu ...	1987	3812881
serologic survey of viral antibodies in the peruvian alpaca (lama pacos).	sera from more than 100 alpacas (lama pacos) from the peruvian southern sierra were examined for antibodies to 8 viruses known to infect other domestic animals. on the basis of these serologic findings and previously published serologic or clinical data, it is now known that the alpaca can be infected with the following viruses: parainfluenza-3, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine herpesvirus-1, bluetongue virus, border disease virus, influenza a virus, rotavirus, rabies virus, vesicular ...	1987	3826854
binding of rabies virus to purified torpedo acetylcholine receptor.	the binding of 125i- and 35s-labeled rabies virus (cvs strain) to affinity-purified acetylcholine receptor from torpedo electric organ was demonstrated. the binding of rabies virus to the acetylcholine receptor increased with increasing receptor concentration, was dependent on the ph of the incubation medium, and was saturable with increasing virus concentration. binding of radioactively labeled virus was effectively competed by unlabeled homologous virus particles. binding of 35s-labeled rabies ...	1986	3828757
[human exposure to animal rabies in puerto rico, 1980-1983].		1985	3864449
in vivo interference between pathogenic and non-pathogenic viruses.	the interference among viruses is a well-documented biological phenomenon, both in animals and tissue culture systems. in two of our previous in vivo experiments and in four independent animal experiments, which are described in this presentation, interferences were successfully used to influence the outcomes of viral diseases by using non-pathogenic viruses. in this study, four pathogenic viruses were studied in their natural hosts, and against these viruses, in different combinations, 15 non-p ...	1985	3868686
amplification of rabies virus-induced stimulation of human t-cell lines and clones by antigen-specific antibodies.	the effect of antigen-specific antibodies on the response of human t-cell lines and clones to rabies virus was studied. plasmas from rabies-immune vaccine recipients, but not those from nonimmune individuals, enhanced the proliferative response of rabies-reactive t cells to whole inactivated virus or to the purified glycoprotein and nucleocapsid from the rabies virion. rabies-immune plasma also increased the antigen-induced production of gamma interferon by the rabies-specific t-cell lines. expe ...	1985	3877176
biochemical analysis of rabies virus proteins in three persistently infected bhk-21 cell lines.	three bhk-21 cell lines persistently infected with the cvs strain of rabies virus were passaged for 2.5 years at 37 degrees c. these cells contained relatively stable amounts of n, m1 and l proteins. comparison of tryptic peptide maps of proteins from persistently infected (pi) cells and from purified virions did not reveal any changes in the n protein, whereas m1 had undergone several modifications. phosphorylation of m1 seemed to be greater in pi cells than in acutely infected cells, whereas p ...	1985	3881557
demonstration of rabies viral antigen in paraffin tissue sections: comparison of the immunofluorescence technique with the unlabeled antibody enzyme method.	the immunofluorescence technique and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method were used to demonstrate rabies antigen in a retrospective study on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissues from 34 naturally infected wild and domestic animals. rabies was confirmed with immunofluorescent staining on fresh brain tissue at the time of necropsy of the animals. there was a perfect correlation (serial sections from a given brain area were always positive by both methods), but the peroxidase-antiperoxi ...	1985	3882030
on the replication and spread of rabies virus in the human central nervous system.	ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies on the brains of two autopsy cases of human rabies revealed: by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method, viral antigens were present in all eosinophilic inclusions detected in formalin fixed paraffin sections. numerous antigenic masses, which apparently corresponded to the matrices and cylindrical particles in neurites revealed by electron microscopy, were present in the neuropil remote from neuronal perikarya. there were virions in the intercellular ...	1985	3882892
[results of using the elisa method in studying tick-borne encephalitis and rabies].	the results of using the indirect variant of elisa for the study of serum samples from humans and white mice for the presence of antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis virus and rabies virus are presented. the high sensitivity and specificity of this method have been confirmed.	1985	3885648
the mouse neutralization test in comparison with the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test: differences in the results in rabies antibody determinations.	sixteen lots of rabies immune globulin (rig) and six lots of rabies immune horse serum (ris) from different producers were examined for rabies antibody by the standard mouse neutralization test (mnt) and the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit). an equine rabies standard serum was assayed in parallel. in comparisons of ris with this standard the mnt and rffit gave comparable results. in comparisons of rig the antibody values in the mnt was two to ten times higher than that in the rffi ...	1985	3889002
[laboratory diagnosis in rabies].		1985	3890112
rabies virus binding at neuromuscular junctions.	morphological, immunocytochemical, biochemical, and immunological techniques have been used to describe rabies virus binding to a sub-cellular unit and molecular complex at the neuromuscular junction (nmj). early after infection in vivo, virus antigen and virus particles were found by immunofluorescence, electron microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy in regions of high density acetylcholine receptors (achr) at nmjs. one monoclonal antibody (alpha-mab) to the alpha subunit of the achr blocked ...	1985	3890406
pathways of the early propagation of virulent and avirulent rabies strains from the eye to the brain.	penetration of the central nervous system of the adult rat by the cvs strain of rabies virus and its two avirulent derivatives av01 and av02 has been studied by inoculation of the virus into the anterior chamber of the eye. the primary sites of penetration of cvs were (i) the intraocular parasympathetic oculomotor fibers, (ii) the retinopetal fibers of pretectal origin, and (iii) the intraocular fibers of the ophthalmic nerve. the mutant strains, however, lost the capacity to invade the two form ...	1985	3892043
immunoperoxidase cell surface localization of rabies virus antigen in tissue cultures at a low viral multiplicity.		1985	3893349
antigenic variants of rabies virus in isolates from eastern, central and northern canada.	street rabies virus isolated from 51 specimens from ontario, quebec, manitoba and the northwest territories have been typed by a panel of 36 antinucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies. three main groups were found. the first group comprised those terrestrial mammals originating in ontario, quebec and the northwest territories. the second group was found in terrestrial mammals from manitoba. the third heterogenous group was made up of bats from ontario.	1985	3893660
a rapid quantitative microtest for live, attenuated rabies vaccine.	a rapid fluorescent antigen test (rfat) was developed in microplates to evaluate quantitatively attenuated, live rabies vaccine, era strain, at different stages of vaccine manufacture. this technique is based on the principle of the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit). several samples of bulk rabies vaccine (era strain) were tested in parallel using the rfat and the mouse lethal dose 50 (m-ld50) test, the method currently used to evaluate vaccine potency. although the two tests were ...	1985	3897234
differences in cell-to-cell spread of pathogenic and apathogenic rabies virus in vivo and in vitro.	pathogenic parental rabies virus and apathogenic variant virus were shown to differ in their ability to infect neurons in vivo and neuroblastoma cells in vitro. after intracerebral inoculation, the distribution of infected neurons in the brain was similar for both viruses, but the rate of spread throughout the brain, the number of infected neurons, and the degree of cellular necrosis were much lower in the case of apathogenic virus. after adsorption to mouse neuroblastoma cells, apathogenic viru ...	1985	3897571
production of rabies vaccine by an industrial scale bhk 21 suspension cell culture process.	a process for the production of an inactivated rabies vaccine for animal use is described, whereby the lep flury strain of rabies virus is grown in 1 000 l cultures of bhk 21 suspension-adapted cells. the virus is inactivated with aziridine and, after concentration and purification by hollow fibre ultrafiltration, is adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide gel. the bhk 21 suspension-adapted master cell seed used has satisfied all the requirements of the us code of federal regulations, title 9, (1977) f ...	1985	3899780
rabies encephalitis: immunohistochemical investigations.	three cases of human rabies encephalitis were studied immunohistochemically using a specific antiserum to rabies ribonucleoprotein (rnp) and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. in this way, rnp could be specifically demonstrated in all cerebral regions and the spinal cord with a predilection for virus attack on the diencephalon and the brain stem according to the clinical course of the disease, and possibly reflecting the phenomenon of pathoclisis. virus antigen was mainly present in the nerve ...	1985	3902307
direct immunoperoxidase test in the diagnosis of rabies--an alternative to fluorescent antibody test.	direct immunoperoxidase test was run parallel to fluorescent antibody test using known rabies-positive and negative materials. both the tests had 100.0% sensitivity and specificity when mice brain infected with cvs strain of rabies virus was used. with the field samples and the mice brains infected with these, the sensitivity of direct immunoperoxidase test and also of fluorescent antibody test dropped a little, giving an overall sensitivity of 95.3 and 99.0 percent respectively. the standardiza ...	1985	3902698
use of a monoclonal antibody for quantitation of rabies vaccine glycoprotein by enzyme immunoassay.	the use of a monoclonal antibody specific for the envelope glycoprotein of rabies virus has been used in a direct enzyme immunoassay to quantify the glycoprotein content of rabies vaccines produced in two kinds of cell culture. the results of this direct enzyme immunoassay are well correlated with the in vivo nih potency test. this test may be a useful tool to rapidly and accurately control the antigenic value of a vaccine. it could also be used for the "in process' control of vaccine production ...	1985	3902842
virulence of chick embryo fibroblast-passaged flury hep rabies virus and its revertants in mice.	chick embryo fibroblast-passaged flury high egg passage (hep) rabies virus failed to kill nude mice or cyclophosphamide-treated mice when inoculated intracerebrally. the virus regained neurovirulence for adult mice after three passages in mouse neuroblastoma c1300 cells (na cells). however, even after 20 passages in na cells, the virulence could not be increased to the level shown by the virus passaged several times in suckling mice. some physiological and biological properties of the virus show ...	1985	3906372
rabies virus in different segments of brain and spinal cord of naturally and experimentally infected dogs.	in order to determine the presence of rabies virus in different segments of central nervous system (cns) of rabid animals, 31 naturally infected dogs and 6 experimentally injected ones by masseter inoculation were studied by means of fluorescent antibody (fa) technique and mouse intracerebral inoculation (mi) test. in the naturally infected group, the positivity by fa technique was 100.0% for the segments of ammon's horn, cerebellum, bulb and for cervical, lumbar and sacral cord and 96.7%; for t ...	1985	3908355
modulation of immunity to rabies virus induced by anti-idiotypic antibodies.		1985	3910362
rabies postexposure prophylaxis with human diploid cell rabies vaccine: lower neutralizing antibody titers with wyeth vaccine.		1985	3918250
a centennial celebration: pasteur and the modern era of immunization.	pasteur's injection of inactivated rabies virus into a 9-year-old child who had been bitten by a rabid dog in 1885 marked the beginning of the modern era of immunization. by 1890, rabies treatment centers had been established throughout the world. the basic pasteur treatment, based on brain tissue vaccine with the addition of formaldehyde, is still used in many countries. in the us and other developed countries, more potent, safer, but expensive cell culture-based rabies vaccines are combined ...	1985	3923322
rabies in the united states and canada, 1983.	primarily as a result of organized canine rabies vaccination, leash laws, and other preventive procedures aimed at the canine population, the number of rabid dogs decreased markedly in the last thirty years (figure 10). this decrease was accompanied by a similar marked reduction in human rabies (table 2, figure 11). as domestic animal rabies declined, rabies in wildlife increased. since 1958 the number of cases of rabid wildlife surpassed domestic rabies cases, and today they account for over 85 ...	1985	3932839
antigenic variants of cvs rabies virus with altered glycosylation sites.	the virion-associated glycoprotein of the cvs-11 strain of rabies virus exists in two forms, gi and gii, which differ in their carbohydrate content. the structural relationship between gi and gii is investigated in order to account for the difference in glycosylation. partial sequence analysis and mapping of tryptic glycopeptides isolated from the parent cvs-11 gi and gii glycoprotein forms revealed that two of the three predicted glycosylation sites (at asn-204 and asn-319) were utilized in the ...	1985	3966297