Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| a chlorophyll c2 analogue from the marine brown alga eisenia bicyclis inactivates the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, a fish rhabdovirus. | we screened in vitro antiviral activity against a salmonid pathogenic virus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), from the extracts of a total of 342 species of marine algae collected from the japanese coastline. the anti-ihnv activity was found primarily in meoh extracts, and the extract from one marine brown alga in particular, eisenia bicyclis, showed high anti-ihnv activity. the anti-ihnv compound was isolated and purified as mc15 from the e. bicyclis extract, and the chemical str ... | 2007 | 17277903 |
| effects of salmonid fish viruses on mx gene expression and resistance to single or dual viral infections. | we examined the ability of several fish viruses to induce protection against homologous or heterologous viruses in single or double infections, and assessed whether such protection is correlated with innate immunity or expression of the mx gene. monolayers of bf2 cells pre-treated with supernatants of brown trout (salmo trutta l.) macrophage cultures that had been stimulated with either polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (poly i:c) or viruses, such as infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv), in ... | 2007 | 17442587 |
| characterization of virus/double-stranded rna-dependent induction of antimicrobial peptide hepcidin in trout macrophages. | hepcidin is an antimicrobial peptide responsive to bacterial infection. we report the characterization of a virus/double-stranded rna (dsrna) induction of hepcidin in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). increased level of hepcidin mrna was observed in trout macrophage rts11 cells treated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly i:c), a mimic of viral dsrna. the induction was also observed in poly i:c-injected trout, demonstrating that it is a bona fide biological response. the induction was n ... | 2007 | 17498800 |
| monitoring viral-induced cell death using electric cell-substrate impedance sensing. | using an electrical measurement known as electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ecis), we have recorded the dynamics of viral infections in cell culture. with this technique, cells are cultured on small gold electrodes where the measured impedance mirrors changes in attachment and morphology of cultured cells. as the cells attach and spread on the electrode, the measured impedance increases until the electrode is completely covered. viral infection inducing cytopathic effect results in drama ... | 2007 | 17826975 |
| cell-mediated immune responses in rainbow trout after dna immunization against the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus. | to identify viral proteins that induce cell-mediated cytotoxicity (cmc) against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv)-infected cells, rainbow trout were immunized with dna vectors encoding the glycoprotein g or the nucleocapsid protein n of vhsv. the g protein was a more potent trigger of cytotoxic cells than the n protein. peripheral blood leukocytes (pbl) isolated from trout immunized against the g protein killed both vhsv-infected mhc class i matched (rtg-2) and vhsv-infected xenogeneic ( ... | 2008 | 17629943 |
| comparative analysis of the acute response of the trout, o. mykiss, head kidney to in vivo challenge with virulent and attenuated infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus and lps-induced inflammation. | the response of the trout, o. mykiss, head kidney to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps) or active and attenuated infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv and attinhv respectively) intraperitoneal challenge, 24 and 72 hours post-injection, was investigated using a salmonid-specific cdna microarray. | 2008 | 18366750 |
| "mid-g" region sequences of the glycoprotein gene of austrian infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus isolates form two lineages within european isolates and are distinct from american and asian lineages. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is one of the most important pathogens of salmonid fish. in this study a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the genetic evolution and variety of austrian ihnv strains, as well as selected strains ensuring worldwide coverage, is presented. the phylogenetic investigation is based on sequences comprising the "mid-g" region of the g gene, and it includes all currently available ihnv sequences of the g gene with a length of at least 615 bp. austrian ... | 2008 | 17977986 |
| positively selected sites on the surface glycoprotein (g) of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. | mutations in the surface glycoprotein (g) of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), a rhabdovirus that causes significant losses in hatcheries raising salmonid fish, were studied. a 303 nt segment (mid-g region) of this protein from 88 idaho isolates of ihnv was sequenced. evidence of positive selection at individual codon sites was estimated by using a bayesian method (mrbayes). a software algorithm (cphmodels) was used to construct a three-dimensional (3d) representation of the ihnv p ... | 2008 | 18272761 |
| detecting molecular adaptation at individual codons in the glycoprotein gene of the geographically diversified infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, a fish rhabdovirus. | salmonid fishes, the principal hosts of the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), are a candidate species for aquaculture in many countries. ihnv causes an acute disease resulting in severe economic loss in salmonid fish farming. previous phylogenetic analyses revealed the existence of multiple genogroups of this virus throughout the geographical range of its host. here, we report the importance of natural selection in shaping the evolution of certain codons at the surface glycoprotein ... | 2008 | 18178282 |
| salmonid fish viruses and cell interactions at early steps of the infective cycle. | a flow cytometric virus-binding assay that directly visualizes the binding and entry of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv), infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) and virus haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) to several cell lines was established. the highest efficiency of binding was shown by the bf-2 cell line and this was used to study, at the attachment level, the interactions of these cells with salmonid fish viruses in coinfections, and to further determine if the earli ... | 2008 | 18482382 |
| [rt-pcr-based methods for identification and typing of infectious hemopoietic necrosis virus in salmons]. | a rt-pcr method has been developed to diagnose infectious hemopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) in salmons. the authors show it possible to use the method for viral shedding in both a cell culture and a clinical sample from infected fishes. genotyping of ihnv strains originating from north america, europe, and russia, by using the restriction fragment length polymerase analysis, has revealed that 10 of them belong to 3 existing genogroups (u, m, and l). three russian isolates are assigned into a sep ... | 2008 | 18590135 |
| expression of immune-regulatory genes in juvenile chinook salmon following exposure to pesticides and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). | impairment of fish immune function as a consequence of polluted aquatic environments can result in changes in susceptibility to disease. in this study, we investigated the effects of two widely used insecticides, chlorpyrifos (cp) and esfenvalerate (ev), and a pathogen, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), singly and in combination, on survival and cytokine (mx protein, il-1beta, tgf-beta and igf-1) expression in juvenile chinook salmon. fish were exposed for 96 h to sublethal concent ... | 2008 | 18691654 |
| in vivo virus growth competition assays demonstrate equal fitness of fish rhabdovirus strains that co-circulate in aquaculture. | a novel virus growth competition assay for determining relative fitness of rna virus variants in vivo has been developed using the fish rhabdovirus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), in juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). we have conducted assays with ihnv isolates designated b, c, and d, representing the three most common genetic subtypes that co-circulate in idaho trout farm aquaculture. in each assay, groups of 30 fish were immersed in a 1:1 mixture of two genotypes of ... | 2008 | 18703096 |
| recombinant infectious hematopoietic necrosis viruses induce protection for rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) and viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) are rhabdoviruses that infect salmonids, producing serious economic losses. two recombinant ihn viruses were generated by reverse genetics. for one (rihnv gfp) the ihnv nv gene was replaced with the green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene. in the other (rihnv-gvhsv gfp) the g gene was also exchanged for that of vhsv. no mortalities, external signs or histological lesions were observed in experimental infec ... | 2008 | 18717065 |
| inactivated infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) vaccines. | the inactivation dynamics of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) by b-propiolactone (bpl), binary ethylenimine (bei), formaldehyde or heat and the antigenic and immunogenic properties of the inactivated vaccines were evaluated. chemical treatment of ihnv with 2.7 mm bpl, 1.5 mm bei or 50 mm formaldehyde abolished virus infectivity within 48 h whereas heat treatment at 50 or 100 degrees c rendered the virus innocuous within 30 min. the inactivated ihnv vaccines were recognized by rain ... | 2008 | 18752542 |
| expression and antiviral activity of a beta-defensin-like peptide identified in the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) est sequences. | the in silico identification of a beta-defensin-like peptide sequence (ombd-1) in the rainbow trout (oncorhynchuss mykiss) database of salmonid est is reported here. we have studied the transcript expression of this beta-defensin-like sequence in different organs and expressed the recombinant peptide in a fish cell line. finally, we have demonstrated the in vitro antiviral activity of the recombinant trout beta-defensin-like peptide against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia rhabdovirus (vhsv), one ... | 2008 | 17692376 |
| simultaneous detection of three fish rhabdoviruses using multiplex real-time quantitative rt-pcr assay. | spring viremia of carp virus (svcv), infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) are three important fish rhabdoviruses, causing serious office international des epizooties (oie) classified diseases in wild and farmed fish. here, a new multiplex real-time quantitative rt-pcr (mqrt-pcr) assay was developed for simultaneous detection, identification and quantification of these three rhabdoviruses. the sets of primers and probes were targeted to cons ... | 2008 | 18299154 |
| evaluation of a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction test and virus isolation on field samples collected for the diagnosis of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in cultured atlantic salmon in british columbia. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) has been found to cause disease in cultured salmon of the pacific northwest region of north america. diagnosis of ihnv by virus isolation (vi) can take over 2 weeks. recently, a rapid reverse transcriptase (rt) polymerase chain reaction (pcr) test on fish tissues has been used for diagnosis. test performances of the vi and rt pcr assays were compared using samples collected in the field. the effect of different storage conditions (tissue frozen with ... | 2008 | 18536498 |
| study of the viral interference between infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) and infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | the resistance of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) to an infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) challenge following a preceding non-lethal infection with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) was investigated through experimental dual infections. trout initially infected with ipnv were inoculated 14 days later with ihnv. single infections of trout with 1 of the 2 viruses or with cell culture supernatant were also carried out and constituted control groups. no mortality was note ... | 2008 | 18329899 |
| transcriptional profiling of mhc class i genes in rainbow trout infected with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. | major histocompatibility complex (mhc) molecules are important mediators of cell-mediated immunity in vertebrates. mhc class ia molecules are important for host anti-viral immunity as they present intracellular antigens and regulate natural killer cell (nk) activity. mhc class ib molecules on the other hand are less understood and have demonstrated diverse immune and non-immune functions in mammals. rainbow trout possess a single classical mhc ia locus (onmy-uba) that is believed to function sim ... | 2008 | 18187194 |
| innate immunomodulation with recombinant interferon-alpha enhances resistance of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. | we examined the in vivo immunostimulatory effects of a recombinant atlantic salmon (salmo salar) interferon-alpha2 (rsasaifn-alpha2). the mature rsasaifn-alpha2, expressed and purified from escherichia coli, was administered to rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) via the oral, immersion, or intraperitoneal (ip) injection route. injection of rsasaifn-alpha2 at 0.1microg/g fish gave significantly greater protection than a phosphate buffered saline (pbs) injection against a lethal challenge of infe ... | 2008 | 18466972 |
| detection and quantification of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) by sybr green real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. | a real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay using the fluorogenic dye sybr green i was developed for the detection and quantification of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) infecting rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). using primers designed for the ihnv nucleocapsid (n) and surface glycoprotein (g) genes, virus was detected in liver, kidney, spleen, adipose tissue, and pectoral fin samples from fish challenged in the laboratory via either injection or immersion ... | 2008 | 17945355 |
| a soluble nonglycosylated recombinant infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) g-protein induces ifns in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | viral glycoproteins interact with cell-surface receptors to mediate virus entry and innate immune system activation. we found that a soluble recombinant infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus g-protein (rihnv-g) stimulated an early innate immune response mediated by proinflammatory cytokines, ifn1 and ifn-gamma in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) fry. expression of both ifn1 and ifn-gamma mrna transcripts was an early event and was rihnv-g dose-dependent. in addition, preliminary evidence re ... | 2008 | 18499475 |
| protection of rainbow trout from infectious hematopoietic necrosis (ihn) by injection of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) or poly(i:c). | it was recently reported that prophylaxis against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) in fish was induced by pre-exposure to the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv). here the establishment of ihnv immunity in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss was investigated by ihnv challenge following non-lethal pre-infection with ipnv. also, synthetic double-stranded rna polyinosinic polycytidylic acid, poly(i:c), an inducer for interferon (ifn), was evaluated as a substitute for ipnv induc ... | 2009 | 19326791 |
| assessment of exotic fish disease introduction and establishment in the united kingdom via live fish transporters. | live fish transporters returning empty from mainland europe may mechanically introduce exotic pathogens and parasites to the uk. a qualitative risk assessment approach was adopted to investigate the likelihood of introduction and establishment in rainbow trout farms of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs), infectious haematopoietic necrosis (ihn) and gyrodactylus salaris via this route. a scenario tree was developed and estimates made for the likelihood of each step based on a review of the avai ... | 2009 | 19326789 |
| dual dna vaccination of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) against two different rhabdoviruses, vhsv and ihnv, induces specific divalent protection. | dna vaccines encoding the glycoprotein genes of the salmonid rhabdoviruses vhsv and ihnv are very efficient in eliciting protective immune responses against their respective diseases in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the early anti-viral response (eavr) provides protection by 4 days post vaccination and is non-specific and transient while the specific anti-viral response (savr) is long lasting and highly specific. since both vhsv and ihnv are endemic in rainbow trout in several geographica ... | 2009 | 19118593 |
| in vitro and in vivo immune responses induced by a dna vaccine encoding the vp2 gene of the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. | the work presented here describes the construction of a plasmid encoding the vp2 gene of the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv), its expression in bf-2 cells and an evaluation of its activity in brown trout (salmo trutta l) soon after injection. preliminary experiments to evaluate the potential of the plasmid to induce neutralizing antibodies were also performed. we established a bf-2 cell line that expresses vp2 constitutively and we examined the infection of these vp2-transfected bf-2 ... | 2009 | 19121400 |
| antibody response of rainbow trout with single or double infections involving viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus and infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus. | juvenile rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss were experimentally infected by immersion with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv), infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) or with both viruses. the presence of neutralizing antibodies in the sera of infected fish were analysed by 50% plaque neutralization tests (50%pnt). in group 1 (infected with vhsv) and group 2 (infected with ihnv) neutralizing antibodies were found in 41% and 21% of the serum samples, respectively. no cross-reactin ... | 2009 | 19301633 |
| differential virulence mechanisms of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) include host entry and virus replication kinetics. | host specificity is a phenomenon exhibited by all viruses. for the fish rhabdovirus infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), differential specificity of virus strains from the u and m genogroups has been established both in the field and in experimental challenges. in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), m ihnv strains are consistently more prevalent and more virulent than u ihnv. the basis of the differential ability of these two ihnv genogroups to cause disease in rainbow trout was inve ... | 2009 | 19474249 |
| characterization of the interferon genes in homozygous rainbow trout reveals two novel genes, alternate splicing and differential regulation of duplicated genes. | the genes encoding the type i and type ii interferons (ifns) have previously been identified in rainbow trout and their proteins partially characterized. these previous studies reported a single type ii ifn (rtifn-gamma) and three rainbow trout type i ifn genes that are classified into either group i (rtifn1, rtifn2) or group ii (rtifn3). in this present study, we report the identification of a novel ifn-gamma gene (rtifn-gamma2) and a novel type i group ii ifn (rtifn4) in homozygous rainbow tro ... | 2009 | 19070666 |
| genetic and serological typing of european infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) isolates. | infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) causes the lethal disease infectious haematopoietic necrosis (ihn) in juvenile salmon and trout. the nucleocapsid (n) protein gene and partial glycoprotein (g) gene (nucleotides 457 to 1061) of the european isolates it-217a, fr-32/87, de-df 13/98 11621, de-df 4/99-8/99, au-9695338 and ru-fr1 were sequenced and compared with ihnv isolates from the north american genogroups u, m and l. in phylogenetic studies the n gene of the italian, french, german ... | 2009 | 20066956 |
| the protective mechanisms induced by a fish rhabdovirus dna vaccine depend on temperature. | dna vaccines encoding the viral glycoproteins of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) and infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) have proved highly efficient in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) under experimental conditions. non-specific as well as specific immune mechanisms seem to be activated. temperature is an important external parameter affecting the immune response in fish. the present study aimed at determining the effectiveness of a dna vaccine against vhs at differen ... | 2009 | 19427083 |
| infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus genogroup-specific virulence mechanisms in sockeye salmon, oncorhynchus nerka (walbaum), from redfish lake, idaho. | characterization of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) field isolates from north america has established three main genogroups (u, m and l) that differ in host-specific virulence. in sockeye salmon, oncorhynchus nerka, the u genogroup is highly virulent, whereas the m genogroup is nearly non-pathogenic. in this study, we sought to characterize the virus-host dynamics that contribute to genogroup-specific virulence in a captive stock of sockeye salmon from redfish lake in idaho. juve ... | 2009 | 19486239 |
| early viral replication and induced or constitutive immunity in rainbow trout families with differential resistance to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). | the main objective of this study was to assess correlates of innate resistance in rainbow trout full-sibling families that differ in susceptibility to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). as part of a commercial breeding program, full-sibling families were challenged with ihnv by waterborne exposure at the 1 g size to determine susceptibility to ihnv. progeny from select families (n = 7 families) that varied in susceptibility (ranging from 32 to 90% cumulative percent mortality (cpm)) ... | 2010 | 19819334 |
| concurrent injection of a rhabdovirus-specific dna vaccine with a polyvalent, oil-adjuvanted vaccine delays the specific anti-viral immune response in atlantic salmon, salmo salar l. | vaccines are commonly used in salmonid aquaculture as a method of disease prevention. although there is a substantial amount of published research regarding the immunological and physiological effects following the injection of different polyvalent vaccines and dna vaccines, there are no published reports examining the physiological and immunological effects of concurrent vaccine injection, which is the situation encountered in aquaculture. using key immunological parameters such as lysozyme act ... | 2010 | 20045062 |
| relationships between growth and disease resistance in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). | rainbow trout from 23 families were evaluated for growth and resistance to the bacterial coldwater disease (bcwd) caused by flavobacterium psychrophilum and infectious haematopoietic necrosis (ihn) caused by ihn virus. average family weights were between 161 and 263 g with an average of 225 g at 213 days post-fertilization with specific growth rates ranging from 2.37 to 2.88. per cent survival of fish challenged with f. psychrophilum was between 18% and 100%, while for those challenged with ihnv ... | 2010 | 20059633 |
| molecular characterization of the virulent infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) strain 220-90. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is the type species of the genus novirhabdovirus, within the family rhabdoviridae, infecting several species of wild and hatchery reared salmonids. similar to other rhabdoviruses, ihnv has a linear single-stranded, negative-sense rna genome of approximately 11,000 nucleotides. the ihnv genome encodes six genes; the nucleocapsid, phosphoprotein, matrix protein, glycoprotein, non-virion protein and polymerase protein genes, respectively. this study de ... | 2010 | 20085652 |
| a vaccinia-virus-free reverse genetics system for infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. | reverse genetics system is a powerful tool to study the function of a particular gene. the currently available reverse genetics system for novirhabdovirus is based on vaccinia-driven t7 rna polymerase expression. an improved system for the recovery of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) was developed which utilizes cellular rna polymerase ii machinery for transcription. a full-length cdna clone of ihnv, flanked by hammerhead ribozyme and hepatitis delta ribozyme sequences, was assembl ... | 2010 | 20362010 |
| evolution of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), a fish rhabdovirus, in europe over 20 years: implications for control. | the fish pathogenic rhabdovirus infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) causes substantial losses in european aquaculture. ihnv was first detected in europe in 1987 and has since undergone considerable spread. phylogenetic analyses of the full g-gene sequences of 73 isolates obtained from 4 countries in europe (france, n = 18; italy, 9; switzerland, 4; germany, 42) enable determination of the evolution of the virus in europe since the first detection, and identification of characteristic ... | 2010 | 20391908 |
| genetic signature of rapid ihhnv (infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus) expansion in wild penaeus shrimp populations. | infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihhnv) is a widely distributed single-stranded dna parvovirus that has been responsible for major losses in wild and farmed penaeid shrimp populations on the northwestern pacific coast of mexico since the early 1990's. ihhnv has been considered a slow-evolving, stable virus because shrimp populations in this region have recovered to pre-epizootic levels, and limited nucleotide variation has been found in a small number of ihhnv isolates stu ... | 2010 | 20668694 |
| an isolate and sequence database of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). | in the field of fish diseases, the amount of relevant information available is enormous. internet-based databases are an excellent tool for keeping track of the available knowledge in the field. fishpathogens.eu was launched in june 2009 with the aim of collecting, storing and sorting data on fish pathogens. the first pathogen to be included was the rhabdovirus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv). here, we present an extension of the database to also include infectious haematopoietic ne ... | 2010 | 20367737 |
| differential growth of u and m type infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus in a rainbow trout-derived cell line, rtg-2. | infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is one of the most important viral pathogens of salmonids. in rainbow trout, ihnv isolates in the m genogroup are highly pathogenic, while u genogroup isolates are significantly less pathogenic. we show here that, at a multiplicity of infection (moi) of 1, a representative u type strain yielded 42-fold less infectious virus than an m type strain in the rainbow trout-derived rtg-2 cell line at 24 h post-infection (p.i.). however, at an moi of 10, th ... | 2010 | 20367739 |
| virulence correlates with fitness in vivo for two m group genotypes of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). | the nature of the association between viral fitness and virulence remains elusive in vertebrate virus systems, partly due to a lack of in vivo experiments using statistically sufficient numbers of replicate hosts. we examined the relationship between virulence and fitness in infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), in vivo, in intact living rainbow trout. trout were infected with a high or low virulence genotype of m genogroup ihnv, or a mixture of the two genotypes, so as to calculate re ... | 2010 | 20494388 |
| current lineages of the epithelioma papulosum cyprini (epc) cell line are contaminated with fathead minnow, pimephales promelas, cells. | 2010 | 20497291 | |
| assessing the impact of climate change on disease emergence in freshwater fish in the united kingdom. | a risk framework has been developed to examine the influence of climate change on disease emergence in the united kingdom. the fish immune response and the replication of pathogens are often correlated with water temperature, which manifest as temperature ranges for infection and clinical diseases. these data are reviewed for the major endemic and exotic disease threats to freshwater fish. increasing water temperatures will shift the balance in favour of either the host or pathogen, changing the ... | 2010 | 20561287 |
| establishment and partial characterization of a cell line from burbot lota lota maculosa: susceptibility to ihnv, ipnv and vhsv. | this study describes the development and partial characterization of a continuous fibroblastic-like cell line (bef-1) developed from late stage embryos of north american burbot lota lota maculosa. this cell line has been maintained for over 5 yr and 100 passages in vitro. cells were cultured using eagle's minimum essential medium with earle's salts (mem) supplemented with glutamax, and 10% fetal bovine serum (fbs), ph 7.4. the addition of penicillin-streptomycin-neomycin (psn) antibiotic mixture ... | 2010 | 20597426 |
| limited interference at the early stage of infection between two recombinant novirhabdoviruses: viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. | the genome sequence of a hypervirulent novirhabdovirus, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) french strain 23-75, was determined. compared to the genome of the prototype fil3 strain, a number of substitutions, deletions, and insertions were observed. following the establishment of a plasmid-based minigenome replication assay, recombinant vhsv (rvhsv) was successfully recovered. rvhsv exhibits wild-type-like growth properties in vitro as well as in vivo in rainbow trout. the dispensable role ... | 2010 | 20631140 |
| characterization of susceptibility and carrier status of burbot, lota lota (l.), to ihnv, ipnv, flavobacterium psychrophilum, aeromonas salmonicida and renibacterium salmoninarum. | in this study, susceptibility and potential carrier status of burbot, lota lota, were assessed for five important fish pathogens. burbot demonstrated susceptibility and elevated mortality following challenge with infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) by immersion and to aeromonas salmonicida by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. ihnv persisted in fish for at least 28 days, whereas a. salmonicida was not re-isolated beyond 17 days post-challenge. in contrast, burbot appeared refractory t ... | 2010 | 20367740 |
| resistance and protective immunity in redfish lake sockeye salmon exposed to m type infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). | differential virulence of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) isolates from the u and m phylogenetic subgroups is clearly evident in the redfish lake (rfl) strain of sockeye salmon oncorhynchus nerka. in these fish, experimental immersion challenges with u isolates cause extremely high mortality and m isolates cause low or no mortality. when survivors of m virus immersion challenges were exposed to a secondary challenge with virulent u type virus they experienced high mortality, indic ... | 2010 | 20848888 |
| inhibition of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus replication using a short hairpin rna targeting the g gene. | rna interference (rnai), a mechanism for post-transcriptional silencing of homologous genes by double-stranded rna (dsrna), has emerged as an antiviral strategy in animals. in this study, the epithelioma papulosum cyprini (epc) cell line, in combination with a fugu-u6-promoter-driven shrna construct designed against g gene, was used to investigate whether short hairpin rna (shrna) could inhibit viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) proliferation by sequence-specific rnai. the results showed ... | 2010 | 21184243 |
| development and evaluation of a sensitive and quantitative assay for hirame rhabdovirus based on quantitative rt-pcr. | the aim of the present work was to develop a quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qrt-pcr) assay using a taqman probe to detect and quantify hirame rhabdovirus (hrv). the results demonstrated that the assay had a detection limit of 100 copies of rna per reaction and a log-linear range up to 10(8) copies of hrv rna. regression analysis demonstrated a significant correlation with an r(2) value of 0.9963 and a slope of -3.18 between the mean c(t) values and hrv crna. this a ... | 2010 | 20723563 |
| transcriptome analysis of rainbow trout infected with high and low virulence strains of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. | there are three main genetic lineages or genogroups of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) in n. america. strains representing the m genogroup are more virulent in rainbow trout relative to the u genogroup. in this study, we used microarray analysis to evaluate potential mechanisms responsible for host-specific virulence in rainbow trout that were given intraperitoneal injections of buffer or a representative m or u type virus strain. reverse transcriptase quantitative pcr (rt-qpcr) w ... | 2010 | 20883797 |
| interaction of the attenuated recombinant rihnv-gvhsv gfp virus with macrophages from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | one of the most important threats to the salmonid aquaculture industry is infection caused by novirhabdoviruses such as infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) or viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv). using reverse genetics, an avirulent recombinant rihnv-gvhsv gfp strain was generated, which was able to replicate as effectively as wild type ihnv in a fish cell line and in macrophages. although this recombinant virus induced protective responses against ihnv and vhsv, the response ... | 2010 | 21185087 |
| rainbow trout surviving infections of viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) show lasting antibodies to recombinant g protein fragments. | rainbow trout antibodies (abs) binding to recombinant fragments (frgs) derived from the protein g of the viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv)-07.71 strain, could be detected by elisa (frg-elisa) in sera from trout surviving laboratory-controlled infections. abs were detected not only by using sera from trout infected with the homologous vhsv isolate but also with the vhsv-dk-201433 heterologous isolate, which had 13 amino acid changes. sera from healthy trout and/or from trout surviving in ... | 2011 | 21295144 |
| whole-body analysis of a viral infection: vascular endothelium is a primary target of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in zebrafish larvae. | the progression of viral infections is notoriously difficult to follow in whole organisms. the small, transparent zebrafish larva constitutes a valuable system to study how pathogens spread. we describe here the course of infection of zebrafish early larvae with a heat-adapted variant of the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), a rhabdovirus that represents an important threat to the salmonid culture industry. when incubated at 24 °c, a permissive temperature for virus replication, la ... | 2011 | 21304884 |
| a comparative review on european-farmed finfish rna viruses and their vaccines. | the diseases causing the highest ecological and socio-economical impacts in european farmed finfish are produced by rna viruses. salmon, trout, sea bream, sea bass, carp and turbot, suffer viral nervous necrosis produced by betanodaviruses (vnnv), infectious pancreatic necrosis produced by aquabirnaviruses (ipnv), viral haemorrhagic septicemia (vhsv) and infectious haematopoietic necrosis (ihnv) produced by novirhabdoviruses, spring viremia of carp produced by vesicular-like rhabdoviruses (svcv) ... | 2011 | 21320546 |
| prevalence of three shrimp viruses in zhejiang province in 2008. | white spot syndrome virus (wssv), taura syndrome virus (tsv) and infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihhnv) are three shrimp viruses responsible for major pandemics affecting the shrimp farming industry. shrimps samples were collected from 12 farms in zhejiang province, china, in 2008 and analyzed by pcr to determine the prevalence of these viruses. from the 12 sampling locations, 8 farms were positive for wssv, 8 for ihhnv and 6 for both wssv and ihhnv. an average percentag ... | 2011 | 21331893 |
| monitoring of viruses in chum salmon (oncorhynchus keta) migrating to korea. | it is important to investigate the prevalence of salmonid pathogens because they can affect the amount of release of salmonid fry and the migration rate of adult salmonids. in this study, routine surveys were conducted for investigating virus distribution in migrating chum salmon spawners (oncorhynchus keta) and their offsprings at the namdae river, yangyang, korea, during 2006-2008. anterior kidneys were removed from chum salmon spawner individuals, homogenized with minimal essential medium, an ... | 2011 | 21340742 |
| larval and juvenile pacific herring clupea pallasii are not susceptible to infectious hematopoietic necrosis under laboratory conditions. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis (ihn) leads to periodic epidemics among certain wild and farmed fish species of the northeast (ne) pacific. the source of the ihn virus (ihnv) that initiates these outbreaks remains unknown; however, a leading hypothesis involves viral persistence in marine host species such as pacific herring clupea pallasii. under laboratory conditions we exposed specific pathogen-free (spf) larval and juvenile pacific herring to 10(3) to 10(4) plaque-forming units (pfu) of ih ... | 2011 | 21381516 |
| development and validation of a reverse transcription quantitative pcr for universal detection of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus. | viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) infects over 70 fish species inhabiting marine, brackish or freshwater environments throughout the northern hemisphere. over its geographic range, 4 vhsv genotypes and multiple subtypes exist. here, we describe the development and validation of a rapid, sensitive and specific real-time reverse transcription quantitative pcr assay (rt-qpcr) that amplifies sequence from representative isolates of all vhsv genotypes (i, ii, iii and iv). the pan-specific vhs ... | 2011 | 21848118 |
| concentration of infectious aquatic rhabdoviruses from freshwater and seawater using ultrafiltration. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, and spring viremia of carp virus were concentrated and detected from freshwater and seawater samples by using hollow-fiber ultrafiltration. within 60 min, virus in a 50-l freshwater or saltwater sample was concentrated more than 70-fold, and virus retention efficiencies were consistently greater than 88%. retention efficiency was highly dependent upon concentrations of column blocking and sample stabilization sol ... | 2011 | 22372250 |
| nonvirion protein of novirhabdovirus suppresses apoptosis at the early stage of virus infection. | viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) are members of the genus novirhabdovirus within the rhabdoviridae family, which can cause severe hemorrhagic disease in fresh- and saltwater fish worldwide. these viruses carry an additional nonvirion (nv) gene, which codes for the nonstructural nv protein that has been implicated to play a role in viral pathogenesis. to determine the precise biological function of this nv gene and its gene product, we g ... | 2011 | 21653667 |
| antibody recognition of the glycoprotein g of viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) purified in large amounts from insect larvae. | abstract: | 2011 | 21693048 |
| survey of pathogens in hatchery chinook salmon with different out-migration histories through the snake and columbia rivers. | the operation of the federal columbia river power system (fcrps) has negatively affected threatened and endangered salmonid populations in the pacific northwest. barging snake river spring chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha through the fcrps is one effort to mitigate the effect of the hydrosystem on juvenile salmon out-migration. however, little is known about the occurrence and transmission of infectious agents in barged juvenile salmon relative to juvenile salmon that remain in-river to n ... | 2011 | 21834329 |
| molecular display technology--creation of novel ligands and vaccines for controlling biological processes. | 2011 | 21415562 | |
| development of a suicidal dna vaccine for infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). | we developed a suicidal dna vaccine (pirf1a-g-pmt-m) for salmonid fish susceptible to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). the suicidal vaccine consists of two operons: i) an inducible fish promoter, the interferon regulatory factor 1a promoter (pirf1a), driving the expression of the ihnv viral glycoprotein (g) gene that induces protection, and ii) a zncl(2) inducible fish promoter, the metallothionein promoter (pmt), driving the expression of the ihnv matrix (m) protein that induces ... | 2011 | 21232606 |
| restricted growth of u-type infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) in rainbow trout cells may be linked to casein kinase ii activity. | previously, we demonstrated that a representative m genogroup type strain of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) from rainbow trout grows well in rainbow trout-derived rtg-2 cells, but a u genogroup type strain from sockeye salmon has restricted growth, associated with reduced genome replication and mrna transcription. here, we analysed further the mechanisms for this growth restriction of u-type ihnv in rtg-2 cells, using strategies that assessed differences in viral genes, host imm ... | 2011 | 21241319 |
| in vivo fitness associated with high virulence in a vertebrate virus is a complex trait regulated by host entry, replication, and shedding. | the relationship between pathogen fitness and virulence is typically examined by quantifying only one or two pathogen fitness traits. more specifically, it is regularly assumed that within-host replication, as a precursor to transmission, is the driving force behind virulence. in reality, many traits contribute to pathogen fitness, and each trait could drive the evolution of virulence in different ways. here, we independently quantified four viral infection cycle traits, namely, host entry, with ... | 2011 | 21307204 |
| quantum dot-labeled infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus can visualize clathrin-mediated endocytosis in living host cells. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is an important fish pathogen that infects both wild and cultured salmonids. as a species of the genus novirhabdovirus, ihnv is a valuable model system for exploring the host-entry mechanisms of rhabdoviruses. in this study, quantum dots (qds) were used as fluorescent labels for sensitive, long-term tracking of ihnv entry. using live-cell fluorescence microscopy, we found that ihnv is internalized through clathrin-coated pits after binding to host c ... | 2011 | 21525360 |
| reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in oncorhynchus keta. | a reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay was developed for detecting infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) from chum salmon oncorhynchus keta in south korea with high specificity, sensitivity and rapidity. a set of 6 ihnv-specific primers was designed, based on the g-protein sequence of ihnv (prt strain), recognizing 8 distinct sequences of the target rna. the assay was optimized to detect ihnv at 63 degrees c for 30 min. the limit of detection was ... | 2011 | 21553563 |
| specificity of dna vaccines against the u and m genogroups of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is a fish rhabdovirus that causes significant mortality in salmonid species. in north america ihnv has three major genogroups designated u, m, and l. host-specificity of the m and u genogroups of ihnv has been established both in the field and in experimental challenges, with m isolates being more prevalent and more virulent in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), and u isolates being more prevalent and highly virulent in sockeye salmon (oncorhynchu ... | 2011 | 21385613 |
| viruses of fish: an overview of significant pathogens. | the growing global demand for seafood together with the limited capacity of the wild-capture sector to meet this demand has seen the aquaculture industry continue to grow around the world. a vast array of aquatic animal species is farmed in high density in freshwater, brackish and marine systems where they are exposed to new environments and potentially new diseases. on-farm stresses may compromise their ability to combat infection, and farming practices facilitate rapid transmission of disease. ... | 2011 | 22163333 |
| detection of viruses in farmed rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) in korea by rt-lamp assay. | the viral diseases have been the serious problem in salmonid farming, and rainbow trout is not an exception. in this study, routine surveys were conducted for detecting of viruses in farmed rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) in korea during 2009-2010. head kidneys from individual fish were employed for virus detection by using a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay. infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv), infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv ... | 2011 | 22068489 |
| a nuclear localization of the infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus nv protein is necessary for optimal viral growth. | the nonvirion (nv) protein of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) has been previously reported to be essential for efficient growth and pathogenicity of ihnv. however, little is known about the mechanism by which the nv supports the viral growth. in this study, cellular localization of nv and its role in ihnv growth in host cells was investigated. through transient transfection in rtg-2 cells of nv fused to green fluorescent protein (gfp), a nuclear localization of nv was demonstrated ... | 2011 | 21814578 |
| development of an aquatic pathogen database (aquapathogen x) and its utilization in tracking emerging fish virus pathogens in north america. | the aquapathogen x database is a template for recording information on individual isolates of aquatic pathogens and is freely available for download (http://wfrc.usgs.gov). this database can accommodate the nucleotide sequence data generated in molecular epidemiological studies along with the myriad of abiotic and biotic traits associated with isolates of various pathogens (e.g. viruses, parasites and bacteria) from multiple aquatic animal host species (e.g. fish, shellfish and shrimp). the cata ... | 2011 | 21762169 |
| in vivo fitness correlates with host-specific virulence of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) in sockeye salmon and rainbow trout. | the relationship between virulence and overall within-host fitness of the fish rhabdovirus infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) was empirically investigated in vivo for two virus isolates belonging to different ihnv genogroups that exhibit opposing host-specific virulence. u group isolates are more virulent in sockeye salmon and m group isolates are more virulent in rainbow trout. in both single and mixed infections in the two fish hosts, the more virulent ihnv type exhibited higher pr ... | 2011 | 21745673 |
| in vitro antiviral activity of red alga, polysiphonia morrowii extract and its bromophenols against fish pathogenic infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. | our previous investigation revealed that 80% methanolic extract of the red alga polysiphonia morrowii has significant antiviral activities against fish pathogenic viruses, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv). the present study was conducted to identify compounds attributed for its antiviral activities and investigate their antiviral activities against ihnv and ipnv. activity-guided fractionation for 80% methanolic extract of polysiphonia ... | 2011 | 21369986 |
| vector potential of the salmon louse lepeophtheirus salmonis in the transmission of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). | to better understand the role of vector transmission of aquatic viruses, we established an in vivo virus-parasite challenge specifically to address (1) whether lepeophtheirus salmonis can acquire infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) after water bath exposure or via parasitizing infected atlantic salmon salmo salar and if so, define the duration of this association and (2) whether l. salmonis can transmit ihnv to naive atlantic salmon and whether this transmission requires attachment t ... | 2011 | 22303632 |
| analysis of host genetic diversity and viral entry as sources of between-host variation in viral load. | little is known about the factors that drive the high levels of between-host variation in pathogen burden that are frequently observed in viral infections. here, two factors thought to impact viral load variability, host genetic diversity and stochastic processes linked with viral entry into the host, were examined. this work was conducted with the aquatic vertebrate virus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), in its natural host, rainbow trout. it was found that in controlled in vivo ... | 2012 | 22310066 |
| oral dna vaccination of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), against infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus using plga [poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid)] nanoparticles. | a dna vaccine against infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is effective at protecting rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, against disease, but intramuscular injection is required and makes the vaccine impractical for use in the freshwater rainbow trout farming industry. poly (d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (plga) is a u.s. food and drug administration (fda) approved polymer that can be used to deliver dna vaccines. we evaluated the in vivo absorption of plga nanoparticles containing cou ... | 2012 | 22324344 |
| antiviral activities of flavonoids isolated from the bark of rhus verniciflua stokes against fish pathogenic viruses in vitro. | an 80% methanolic extract of rhus verniciflua stokes bark showed significant anti-viral activity against fish pathogenic infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) in a cell-based assay measuring virus-induced cytopathic effect (cpe). activity-guided fractionation and isolation for the 80% methanolic extract of r. verniciflua yielded the most active ethyl acetate fraction, and methyl gallate (1) and four flavonoids: fustin (2), fisetin (3), butin ... | 2012 | 22538659 |
| fugu double u6 promoter-driven long double-stranded rna inhibits proliferation of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) in fish cell lines. | a long double-stranded rna (dsrna)-producing vector driven by fugu double u6 promotors, in which the two promoters were arranged in a head-to-head fashion, was newly constructed. to determine whether the dna-vector-based long dsrnas can induce sequence-specific rna interference (rnai), epithelioma papulosum cyprini (epc) cells and chinook salmon embryonic (chse-214) cells were transfected with the long dsrna vector targeting the g gene of vhsv, and its effect on expression of the g gene and vira ... | 2012 | 22398916 |
| development of an in vitro system to measure the sensitivity to the antiviral mx protein of fish viruses. | mx is a structural protein, induced by type i interferon (ifn), with direct antiviral properties. in fish the inherent contribution of mx protein to viral protection is unknown. the transgenic chinook salmon embryonic (chse)-tof cell line was genetically modified to express the rainbow trout mx (rbtmx1) protein under the control of the tetracycline derivative, doxycycline (dox). two clones chse-tof-mx8 and chse-tof-mx10 were isolated and characterised by qpcr. the level of resistance to infectio ... | 2012 | 22405879 |
| mh-dab gene polymorphism and disease resistance to flavobacterium columnare in grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idellus). | in this study, the association between mh-dab gene polymorphism and disease resistance was evaluated by challenging grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idellus) with flavobacterium columnare. eight genotypes and six alleles were found, and named by common nomenclature. the genotypes aa, bb, ee, and de, and the alleles ctid-dab1*0101, ctid-dab1*0201 and ctid-dab1*0401 were more preponderant in fish. the genotype bb was associated with higher resistance to f. columnare, as well as two alleles ctid-dab*01 ... | 2013 | 23727607 |
| the antiviral innate immune response in fish: evolution and conservation of the ifn system. | innate immunity constitutes the first line of the host defense after pathogen invasion. viruses trigger the expression of interferons (ifns). these master antiviral cytokines induce in turn a large number of interferon-stimulated genes, which possess diverse effector and regulatory functions. the ifn system is conserved in all tetrapods as well as in fishes, but not in tunicates or in the lancelet, suggesting that it originated in early vertebrates. viral diseases are an important concern of fis ... | 2013 | 24075867 |
| [prokaryotic expression and immunogenicity analysis of glycoprotein from infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus]. | in order to detect infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus with immunological methods, the surface glycoprotein of a recent ihnv-sn isolated from farmed rainbow trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss ) in china was amplified and cloned into pet27b(+) vector (designated as pet27b-g ). the expression of recombinant plasmid pet27b-g in e. coli bl21(de3) was induced and determined by sds-page analysis. the predicted molecular weight of glycoprotein protein was approximately 55 kd and was confirmed in this stud ... | 2013 | 24386842 |
| enhanced arbovirus surveillance with deep sequencing: identification of novel rhabdoviruses and bunyaviruses in australian mosquitoes. | viral metagenomics characterizes known and identifies unknown viruses based on sequence similarities to any previously sequenced viral genomes. a metagenomics approach was used to identify virus sequences in australian mosquitoes causing cytopathic effects in inoculated mammalian cell cultures. sequence comparisons revealed strains of liao ning virus (reovirus, seadornavirus), previously detected only in china, livestock-infecting stretch lagoon virus (reovirus, orbivirus), two novel dimarhabdov ... | 2013 | 24314645 |
| production of homozygous transgenic rainbow trout with enhanced disease resistance. | previous studies conducted in our laboratory showed that transgenic medaka expressing cecropin b transgenes exhibited resistant characteristic to fish bacterial pathogens, pseudomonas fluorescens and vibrio anguillarum. to confirm whether antimicrobial peptide gene will also exhibit anti-bacterial and anti-viral characteristics in aquaculture important fish species, we produced transgenic rainbow trout expressing cecropin p1 or a synthetic cecropin b analog, cf-17, transgene by sperm-mediated ge ... | 2013 | 24085608 |
| emergence of md type infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in washington state coastal steelhead trout. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) occurs in north america as 3 major phylogenetic groups designated u, m, and l. in coastal washington state, ihnv has historically consisted of u genogroup viruses found predominantly in sockeye salmon oncorhynchus nerka. m genogroup ihnv, which has host-specific virulence for rainbow and steelhead trout o. mykiss, was detected only once in coastal washington prior to 2007, in an epidemic among juvenile steelhead trout in 1997. beginning in 2007 and ... | 2013 | 23759556 |
| molecular characterization and functional analysis of toll-like receptor 3 gene in orange-spotted grouper (epinephelus coioides). | toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) plays an important role in activating innate immune responses during viral infection. in this report, tlr3 (ectlr3) was characterized and analyzed for the first time in epinephelus coioides. the full-length ectlr3 cdna is predicted to encode a 909 amino acid polypeptide that contains a signal peptide sequence, 18 leucine-rich repeat (lrr) motifs, a transmembrane region and a toll/interleukin-1 receptor (tir) domain. quantitative real-time pcr revealed that the ectlr3 ... | 2013 | 23792060 |
| dating the divergence of the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is an economically significant rhabdovirus that can cause severe disease to most salmonid fish. phylogenetic analyses of worldwide ihnv isolates have defined five major genogroups. herein, to further the understanding of the molecular epidemiology and evolution of ihnv, bayesian coalescent analyses were conducted to the time-stamped coding sequences of the n, g and nv genes. the nucleotide substitution rates and the divergence times were assessed. a ... | 2013 | 23722020 |
| the role of virulence in in vivo superinfection fitness of the vertebrate rna virus infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. | we have developed a novel in vivo superinfection fitness assay to examine superinfection dynamics and the role of virulence in superinfection fitness. this assay involves controlled, sequential infections of a natural vertebrate host, oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), with variants of a coevolved viral pathogen, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). intervals between infections ranged from 12 h to 7 days, and both frequency of superinfection and viral replication levels were examine ... | 2013 | 23678165 |
| lack of correlation between the resistances to two rhabdovirus infections in rainbow trout. | the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) and the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) are two rhabdoviruses responsible for serious outbreaks in salmonid farms. to date, little is known about the variability of host response to these viruses. using gynogenetic clonal lines of rainbow trout exhibiting a wide range of resistance to viral infections, we showed that there was no correlation between the resistance to vhsv and ihnv. we also confirmed the importance of fish weight for it ... | 2013 | 23583726 |
| viral surveillance of cultured rainbow trout in the eastern black sea, turkey. | to study the presence and spread of viral fish pathogens in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss in the eastern black sea region of turkey, 172 pooled samples (seven fish per pool) of rainbow trout fry from 28 hatcheries were examined from december 2006 to july 2007. forty-three pools (seven broodfish per pool) of seminal and ovarian fluids from 182 female and 119 male brood rainbow trout were also sampled during spawning. moreover, reproductive fluids (22 pools) of wild trout (salmo trutta labrax, ... | 2013 | 23289953 |
| mapping rainbow trout immune genes involved in inflammation reveals conserved blocks of immune genes in teleosts. | we report the genetic map location of 14 genes involved in the inflammatory response to salmonid bacterial and viral pathogens, which brings the total number of immune genes mapped in rainbow trout (rt, oncorhynchus mykiss) to 61. these genes were mapped as candidate genes that may be involved in resistance to bacterial kidney disease, as well as candidates for known qtl for resistance to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus and ceratomyxa shasta. these q ... | 2013 | 23013476 |
| licensed dna vaccines against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). | this article reviews some of the recent patents on dna vaccines against fish viruses, in particular against the novirhabdovirus infectious hematopoitic necrosis virus (ihnv). although very effective in protecting fish against ihnv, only one dna vaccine has been approved to date for use in canada. in europe and in us, its commercialization is restricted due to safety concerns. | 2013 | 22670604 |
| ammocoetes of pacific lamprey are not susceptible to common fish rhabdoviruses of the u.s. pacific northwest. | pacific lampreys entosphenus tridentatus have experienced severe population declines in recent years and efforts to develop captive rearing programs are under consideration. however, there is limited knowledge of their life history, ecology, and potential to harbor or transmit pathogens that may cause infectious disease. as a measure of the possible risks associated with introducing wild lampreys into existing fish culture facilities, larval lampreys (ammocoetes) were tested for susceptibility t ... | 2013 | 24341769 |
| estimation of parameters influencing waterborne transmission of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) in atlantic salmon (salmo salar). | understanding how pathogenic organisms spread in the environment is crucial for the management of disease, yet knowledge of propagule dispersal and transmission in aquatic environments is limited. we conducted empirical studies using the aquatic virus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), to quantify infectious dose, shedding capacity, and virus destruction rates in order to better understand the transmission of ihn virus among atlantic salmon marine net-pen aquaculture. transmission ... | 2013 | 24340016 |
| universal reverse-transcriptase real-time pcr for infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is an acute pathogen of salmonid fishes in north america, europe and asia and is reportable to the world organization for animal health (oie). phylogenetic analysis has identified 5 major virus genogroups of ihnv worldwide, designated u, m, l, e and j; multiple subtypes also exist within those genogroups. here, we report the development and validation of a universal ihnv reverse-transcriptase real-time pcr (rt-rpcr) assay targeting the ihnv nucleoca ... | 2013 | 24113244 |
| antiviral activity of casein and αs2 casein hydrolysates against the infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus, a rhabdovirus from salmonid fish. | salmonid fish viruses, such as infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), are responsible for serious losses in the rainbow trout and salmon-farming industries, and they have been the subject of intense research in the field of aquaculture. thus, the aim of this work is to study the antiviral effect of milk-derived proteins as bovine caseins or casein-derived peptides at different stages during the course of ihnv infection. the results indicate that the 3-h fraction of casein and α(s2) -ca ... | 2013 | 23167612 |