Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| mx mrna expression and rflp analysis of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss genetic crosses selected for susceptibility or resistance to ihnv. | three interferon-inducible mx genes have been identified in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss and their roles in virus resistance have yet to be determined. in mice, expression of the mx1 protein is associated with resistance to influenza virus. we report a study to determine whether there was a correlation between the expression of mx in rainbow trout and resistance to a fish rhabdovirus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). a comparison of mx mrna expression was made between differe ... | 2000 | 10785857 |
| nanogram quantities of a dna vaccine protect rainbow trout fry against heterologous strains of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. | the efficacy of a dna vaccine containing the glycoprotein gene of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), a rhabdovirus affecting trout and salmon, was investigated. the minimal dose of vaccine required, the protection against heterologous strains, and the titers of neutralizing antibodies produced were used to evaluate the potential of the vaccine as a control pharmaceutical. results indicated that a single dose of as little as 1-10 ng of vaccine protected rainbow trout fry against wate ... | 2000 | 10812224 |
| genetic diversity and epidemiology of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in alaska. | forty-two infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) isolates from alaska were analyzed using the ribonuclease protection assay (rpa) and nucleotide sequencing. rpa analyses, utilizing 4 probes, n5, n3 (n gene), gf (g gene), and nv (nv gene), determined that the haplotypes of all 3 genes demonstrated a consistent spatial pattern. virus isolates belonging to the most common haplotype groups were distributed throughout alaska, whereas isolates in small haplotype groups were obtained from only ... | 2000 | 10843554 |
| comparison of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) isolation on monolayers and in suspended cells. | a cell culture virus isolation procedure for infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) in the epithelioma papulosum cyprini cell line (epc) is described. ovarian fluid samples were collected from fish and tested for ihnv at 9 farms. the samples were inoculated in parallel on 24 h old epc cell monolayers and in freshly trypsinized cells. the titre of the initial virus isolation and of first passages were compared using the 2 methods for each sample. titres were consistently higher in suspen ... | 2000 | 10843561 |
| dna vaccines encoding viral glycoproteins induce nonspecific immunity and mx protein synthesis in fish. | protective immunity by vaccination with plasmid dna encoding a viral glycoprotein (g) has long been assumed to result from the induction of a specific immune response. we report here that the initial protection may be due to the induction of alpha/beta interferon, with long-term protection due to a specific response to the encoded viral g. dna vaccines encoding the gs of three serologically unrelated fish rhabdoviruses were used to vaccinate rainbow trout against a lethal challenge with infectio ... | 2000 | 10888644 |
| rescue of synthetic salmonid rhabdovirus minigenomes. | synthetic t7-driven cdna minigenomes containing the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene as a reporter were derived from the genome of two salmonid novirhabdoviruses, infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) and viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv). we showed that an exogenous ihnv rna minigenome transfected into fish cells could be rescued following ihnv infection as it was replicated, encapsidated and transcribed. when cells were infected with a recombinant vaccinia v ... | 2000 | 10900031 |
| infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus matrix protein inhibits host-directed gene expression and induces morphological changes of apoptosis in cell cultures. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) infection in tissue culture cells has previously been shown to result in the shutdown of host protein synthesis, cell rounding, and cell death. we report here an investigation of the cytopathogenicity of the viral phosphoprotein (p or m1), matrix (m or m2), and nonvirion (nv) proteins in cultured fish cells. the expression of m alone potently inhibited reporter gene expression from a viral and an interferon (ifn)-inducible promoter, whereas p and nv ... | 2000 | 10906216 |
| recovery of nv knockout infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus expressing foreign genes. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is a novirhabdovirus and is the causative agent of a devastating acute, lethal disease in wild and farmed rainbow trout. the virus is enzootic throughout western north america and has spread to asia and europe. a full-length cdna of the ihnv antigenome (pihnv-pst) was assembled from subgenomic overlapping cdna fragments and cloned in a transcription plasmid between the t7 rna polymerase promoter and the autocatalytic hepatitis delta virus ribozyme. ... | 2000 | 11070023 |
| genetic analyses reveal unusually high diversity of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus in rainbow trout aquaculture. | infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is the most significant virus pathogen of salmon and trout in north america. previous studies have shown relatively low genetic diversity of ihnv within large geographical regions. in this study, the genetic heterogeneity of 84 ihnv isolates sampled from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) over a 20 year period at four aquaculture facilities within a 12 mile stretch of the snake river in idaho, usa was investigated. the virus isolates were characte ... | 2000 | 11086112 |
| responses of cloned rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss to an attenuated strain of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. | the objective of this work was to examine the response of homozygous clones of rainbow trout to vaccination by an attenuated strain (nan scott lake; nsl) of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). adult rainbow trout of the hot creek strain (yy males maintained in a recirculating system at 12 degrees c) were injected 3 times with 10(5) to 10(7) plaque forming units (pfu) of nsl. intraperitoneal injections were given at day 0 and at 2 and 4 mo post-infection. all fish were nonlethally ble ... | 2000 | 11104067 |
| effects of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus infection on hematopoietic precursors of the zebrafish. | the zebrafish danio rerio is a new model system for studying the genetics of hematopoiesis. to define naturally occurring viruses which could infect and replicate within hematopoietic precursors of the zebrafish, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) were studied. infection of whole fish with viral supernatants demonstrated infectious replicants for both viruses, indicating that the virus host range includes the zebrafish. in other species ... | 2000 | 11112382 |
| fish dna vaccine against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus: efficacy of various routes of immunisation. | the dna vaccine, pihnvw-g, contains the gene for the glycoprotein (g) of the rhabdovirus infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), a major pathogen of salmon and trout. the relative efficacy of various routes of immunisation with pihnvw-g was evaluated using 1.8 g rainbow trout fry vaccinated via intramuscular injection, scarification of the skin, intraperitoneal injection, intrabuccal administration, cutaneous particle bombardment using a gene gun, or immersion in water containing dna vac ... | 2000 | 11185755 |
| characterization of a virus obtained from snakeheads ophicephalus striatus with epizootic ulcerative syndrome (eus) in the philippines. | this is the first report of the isolation and characterization of a fish virus from the philippines. the virus was isolated using snakehead spleen cells (shs) from severely lesioned epizootic ulcerative syndrome (eus)-affected snakehead ophicephalus striatus from laguna de bay, in january 1991. the virus induced cytopathic effects (cpe) in shs cells yielding a titer of 3.02 x 10(6) tcid50 ml(-1) at 25 degrees c within 2 to 3 d. other susceptible cell lines included bluegill fry (bf-2), catfish s ... | 2000 | 11206734 |
| expressed sequence tag analysis of kidney and gill tissues from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) infected with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. | expressed sequence tags (ests) were obtained from the kidney and gill tissues of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, infected with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). the results of single-pass sequencing of ests from 198 clones (au081027-au081192) from kidney complementary dna and 45 clones (au081193-au081236) from gill cdna are reported herein. sequences of the cdna clones were compared with sequences in the genbank database. fourteen clones (20%) appeared to be completely unknown ... | 2000 | 11246416 |
| adsorption and infectivity of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) with various solids. | adsorption of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) to sea sand, japanese acid clay, diatomaceous earth, kaolin, bentonite, quartz sand, chitin, cellulose powder, ion exchange hydrophobic toyopeal and cellulofine, alundum, active carbon, silica gel, glass, plastic, and bacterial cells was studied. the ihnv adsorbed to several clays (kaolin, bentonite, japanese acid clay) and diatomaceous earth in sterilized water with a wide range of ph (5-11) at concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 mg/ml. ... | 2000 | 28880780 |
| susceptibility of arctic char to experimental challenge with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv). | arctic char salvelinus alpinus were exposed to the fish pathogens infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) to estimate susceptibility of the species to infection. fish were immersion challenged at 46, 74, and 95 d posthatch for 5 h in viral concentration of 103 or 105 pfu(plaque-forming units)/ml and were monitored for 21 d postchallenge. fish that died were assayed individually for virus-associated mortality, and survivors were assayed indiv ... | 2000 | 28880774 |
| recombinant vaccines against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus: production by the caulobacter crescentus s-layer protein secretion system and evaluation in laboratory trials. | we report the development of an ihnv vaccine produced by a new protein production system based on the bacterium caulobacter crescentus. the subunit vaccines that were tested contain a 184 amino acid segment of the ihnv glycoprotein in different fusion arrangements with the c. crescentus s-layer protein. relative percent survival of 26 to 34% was demonstrated in rainbow trout fry for a vaccine that contained the 184 amino acid segment of the ihnv glycoprotein fused to the c-terminal one-quarter o ... | 2001 | 11253870 |
| evidence for a carrier state of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha. | in british columbia, canada, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is prevalent in wild sockeye salmon oncorhynchus nerka and has caused disease in seawater net-pen reared atlantic salmon salmo salar. in this study, chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha experimentally exposed to an isolate of ihnv found in british columbia became carriers of the virus. when atlantic salmon were cohabited with these virus-exposed chinook salmon, ihnv was isolated from the atlantic salmon. identificatio ... | 2001 | 11710551 |
| infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus antibody profiles in naturally and experimentally infected atlantic salmon salmo salar. | atlantic salmon salmo salar naturally and experimentally exposed to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) in british columbia, canada, developed antibodies against the virus. more than 50% of the fish exposed to ihnv remained seropositive for several months after the ihn epizootic had subsided. the virus itself could not be detected in asymptomatic fish once the fish had recovered from ihn. the persistence of ihnv-specific antibodies in a large percentage of atlantic salmon, from 4 diff ... | 2001 | 11592705 |
| protection of rainbow trout against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus four days after specific or semi-specific dna vaccination. | a dna vaccine against a fish rhabdovirus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), was shown to provide significant protection as soon as 4 d after intramuscular vaccination in 2 g rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) held at 15 degrees c. nearly complete protection was also observed at later time points (7, 14, and 28 d) using a standardized waterborne challenge model. in a test of the specificity of this early protection, immunization of rainbow trout with a dna vaccine against another f ... | 2001 | 11427277 |
| gene transfer to fish cells by attenuated invasive escherichia coli. | genetic immunization has proved effective in a number of applications including vaccination of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) against the fish pathogen infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. however, injection vaccines, especially in aquaculture, are not as desirable as oral or immersion dosing schemes. in this report we present evidence that attenuated invasive escherichia coli can infect and deliver plasmid dna to salmonid fish cells. | 2002 | 14961263 |
| immunity induced shortly after dna vaccination of rainbow trout against rhabdoviruses protects against heterologous virus but not against bacterial pathogens. | it was recently reported that dna vaccination of rainbow trout fingerlings against viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) induced protection within 8 days after intramuscular injection of plasmid dna. in order to analyse the specificity of this early immunity, fish were vaccinated with plasmid dna encoding the vhsv or the infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) glycoprotein genes and later challenged with homologous or heterologous pathogens. challenge experiments revealed that immun ... | 2002 | 11696382 |
| influence of storage temperature on infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus detection by cell culture isolation and rt-pcr methods. | the detection of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) in infected rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss and in cell culture supernatants stored under different conditions was studied. ihnv-positive fish visceral organ homogenates and cell culture supernatants were incubated at 4 and 25 degrees c. virus titre was measured by virus isolation on epithelioma papulosum cyprini (epc) cells and the ihnv rna was detected by rt-pcr and semi-nested rt-pcr. the influence of repeated freezing and thaw ... | 2002 | 12553445 |
| novel form of fibronectin from zebrafish mediates infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus infection. | the presence of a novel form of zebrafish fibronectin (fn2) on the cell surface increased the cell's susceptibility to infection by infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). unlike other fibronectins, fn2 possesses a truncated structure and accumulates on the cell surface instead of in the extracellular matrix. fish embryo cells expressing recombinant fn2 were more susceptible to ihnv infection, with a greater percentage of cells exhibiting cytopathic effect (cpe) compared to nontransfecte ... | 2002 | 11752139 |
| heterologous exchanges of the glycoprotein and the matrix protein in a novirhabdovirus. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) are two salmonid rhabdoviruses replicating at low temperatures (14 to 20 degrees c). both viruses belong to the novirhabdovirus genus, but they are only distantly related and do not cross antigenically. by using a recently developed reverse-genetic system based on ihnv (s. biacchesi et al., j. virol. 74:11247-11253, 2000), we investigated the ability to exchange ihnv glycoprotein g with that of vhsv. thu ... | 2002 | 11861855 |
| studies on pathogenesis following single and double infection with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were bath challenged with viral hemorrhagic septicemia (vhs) virus or infectious hematopoietic necrosis (ihn) virus or with both viruses simultaneously. the viral distribution and development of histologic lesions were examined using immunohistochemistry, while virus titer in kidney was determined by viral titration in cell culture. single infections with vhs virus and ihn virus showed similar distributions of virus in internal organs. the early identification ... | 2002 | 12009056 |
| dna vaccines as a tool for analysing the protective immune response against rhabdoviruses in rainbow trout. | dna vaccines based on the glycoprotein genes of the salmonid rhabdoviruses vhsv and ihnv have been demonstrated to be very efficient in inducing a protective immune response against the respective diseases in rainbow trout. nanogram doses of plasmid dna delivered by intramuscular injection are sufficient to induce high levels of immunity in fingerling-size fish, whereas larger fish require more vaccine for protection. the protection is long lasting and, more surprisingly, is partly established a ... | 2002 | 12194454 |
| [comparison of methods for detection of an infection with different isolates of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv)]. | the infectious haematopoietic necrosis (ihn) is beside the viral haemorrhagic septicemia (vhs) one of the viral fish diseases that have a considerable economic impact on german aquaculture. the measures actually in force are focused on control and spread prevention of the disease within the borders of the european union (eu). the detection and confirmation of an outbreak is performed according to the pertinent eu legislation which allow the application of methods like the virus neutralisation te ... | 2002 | 12357677 |
| enhanced detection of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (a salmonid rhabdovirus) by pretreatment of the virus with a combinatorial library-selected peptide. | a 17-mer peptide (saaeasakataeatakg, p5) was selected by screening a combinatorial library for its ability to enhance in vitro the infectivity of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv), a salmonid rhabdovirus. preincubation of vhsv samples with p5 at micromolar concentrations led to up to 5-fold increase of viral titers compared to untreated samples, as measured by a 1-day post-infection immunochemical focus assay. treatment with p5 also increased vhsv titers when using the more traditional p ... | 2002 | 12367726 |
| induction of the rainbow trout mhc class i pathway during acute ihnv infection. | interferons are essential for establishing cytotoxic t-lymphocyte immunity against viral pathogens through different mechanisms including the modulation of antigen presentation to t-cell subsets. at the present time, interferons have yet to be isolated from teleost fish. we have developed a salmonid model to examine whether mhc gene regulation is modulated during acute viral infection in trout, an event attributable to interferons in mammals. during peak infection with infectious hematopoietic n ... | 2002 | 12466898 |
| cloning and characterization of cdna clones encoding cd9 from atlantic salmon (salmo salar) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | in comparison to mammals, relatively few of the molecules involved in teleost immune responses have been isolated and characterized. a rapid method of isolating molecules important for immune function is subtractive hybridization. one such experiment using infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus-infected atlantic salmon produced several cdna clones with similarity to mammalian immune-specific genes, including granzyme m (accession no. af434669) and cd9. after cloning the rainbow trout version of ... | 2002 | 12439625 |
| detection of infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav) by in situ hybridisation. | an in situ hybridisation method was developed to detect infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav) in fixed tissues from atlantic salmon salmo salar l. three dna probes detected isav in heart, liver, kidney, spleen, caeca, and mid-gut from infected farmed atlantic salmon obtained from a natural outbreak of isa. the strongest signals were obtained using probe s8, from segment 8 of isav. hybridisation was most prominent in the endothelial cells of heart tissue. the probes reacted specifically with isa ... | 2002 | 12180700 |
| effect of cecropin b and a synthetic analogue on propagation of fish viruses in vitro. | cecropins and other natural antimicrobial peptides are widely distributed in animals from insects to mammals. these proteins have been shown to be major constituents of the innate immune systems of animals for nonspecific defense of the host against various bacteria and parasites. therefore, exploitation of this natural innate defense system may lead to the development of effective methods for protecting fish from invasion by microbial pathogens. recently, we have demonstrated that the introduct ... | 2002 | 14961262 |
| a new putative g-protein coupled receptor gene associated with the immune system of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | a putative g-protein coupled receptor (gpcr) gene belonging to the rhodopsin-like family was detected in rainbow trout and designated lpsenhr-1. only moderate homology (<35%) was present with known gpcrs. semi-quantitative rt-pcr indicated that the gene was expressed predominantly in lymphoid tissues, with highest expression associated with cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. expression was strongly up-regulated by injection with lps but not by infection with infectious haematopoietic necr ... | 2003 | 12834616 |
| recognition of cis-acting elements of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus by homologous and heterologous helper proteins. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) are grouped in the novirhabdovirus genus within the family rhabdoviridae. there are many similarities between these two viruses including the lengths of the leader and trailer regions and the homologies of the terminal sequences. we have developed two systems in which ihnv and vhsv minigenomes encoding the marker green fluorescent protein (gfp) can be expressed from plasmids by t7 rna polymerase. these n ... | 2003 | 12727345 |
| the promoter of the classical mhc class i locus in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | in rainbow trout only a single classical major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i locus has been identified. in previous studies it was shown that this locus, onmy-uba, is characterised by extensive polymorphism and ubiquitous expression. in the present study the sequence of the promoter region of onmy-uba was analysed. within this region several fragments for transcription regulation could be detected, including interferon-sensitive enhancer elements. the promoter region is very similar t ... | 2003 | 12526881 |
| phylogeography of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus in north america. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is a rhabdoviral pathogen that infects wild and cultured salmonid fish throughout the pacific northwest of north america. ihnv causes severe epidemics in young fish and can cause disease or occur asymptomatically in adults. in a broad survey of 323 ihnv field isolates, sequence analysis of a 303 nucleotide variable region within the glycoprotein gene revealed a maximum nucleotide diversity of 8.6 %, indicating low genetic diversity overall for this ... | 2003 | 12655081 |
| haemorrhagic smolt syndrome (hss) in norway: pathology and associated virus-like particles. | atlantic salmon salmo salar pre-smolt, smolt and post-smolt, with clinical signs of haemorrhagic smolt syndrome (hss) have been found in several locations along the norwegian coast (rogaland to troms). affected fish had pale gills and bleeding at the fin bases, but seemed to be in good physical condition with no obvious weight loss. the internal organs and body cavity showed distinct bleedings. petechiae were found on the gastrointestinal tract, swim bladder and peritoneum, visceral adipose tiss ... | 2003 | 12718466 |
| virulence of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus coinfection in rainbow trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss) and nucleotide sequence analysis of the ihnv glycoprotein gene. | the outcomes of a coinfection of rainbow trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss) with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) strain s46 and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) strain s46 was determined after waterborne infection. trout infected with the ihnv/ipnv.s46 sample, (a mixed sample containing equal infectious titers of the viruses) showed 50% less mortality than fish infected with either of the reference viruses alone. forty-five days after the coinfection, ipnv antigens were detec ... | 2003 | 12898328 |
| characterization of the mutant spectra of a fish rna virus within individual hosts during natural infections. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is an rna virus that causes significant mortalities of salmonids in the pacific northwest of north america. rna virus populations typically contain genetic variants that form a heterogeneous virus pool, referred to as a quasispecies or mutant spectrum. this study characterized the mutant spectra of ihnv populations within individual fish reared in different environmental settings by rt-pcr of genomic viral rna and determination of partial glycoprote ... | 2003 | 12951262 |
| a survey of viral diseases in farmed and feral salmonids in switzerland. | a field survey was carried out to study the occurrence and distribution of viruses causing diseases of major impact in fish farming, namely viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs), infectious haematopoietic necrosis (ihn) and infectious pancreatic necrosis (ipn) in farmed and wild fish in switzerland. the presence of vhs virus (vhsv), ihn virus (ihnv) and ipn virus (ipnv) in the tissue samples was tested by virus isolation in cell cultures, and subsequent virus identification by immunofluorescence. ... | 2003 | 12962226 |
| molecular epidemiology of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus reveals complex virus traffic and evolution within southern idaho aquaculture. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is a rhabdovirus which infects salmon and trout and may cause disease with up to 90% mortality. in the hagerman valley of idaho, ihnv is endemic or epidemic among numerous fish farms and resource mitigation hatcheries. a previous study characterizing the genetic diversity among 84 ihnv isolates at 4 virus-endemic rainbow trout farms indicated that multiple lineages of relatively high diversity co-circulated at these facilities (troyer et al. 2000 j ... | 2003 | 13677504 |
| two distinct phylogenetic clades of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus overlap within the columbia river basin. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), an aquatic rhabdovirus, causes a highly lethal disease of salmonid fish in north america. to evaluate the genetic diversity of ihnv from throughout the columbia river basin, excluding the hagerman valley, idaho, the sequences of a 303 nt region of the glycoprotein gene (mid-g) of 120 virus isolates were determined. sequence comparisons revealed 30 different sequence types, with a maximum nucleotide diversity of 7.3% (22 mismatches) and an intrapopu ... | 2003 | 13677505 |
| viral susceptibility of newly established cell lines from the hawaiian monk seal monachus schauinslandi. | ten of 11 cell lines, recently established from the snout (ms-sn), periorbital soft tissue (ms-ey), liver (ms-lv), kidney (ms-kd), lung (ms-lg), spleen (ms-sp), heart (ms-ht), thyroid (ms-ty), brain (ms-br) and urinary bladder (ms-ub) of a juvenile hawaiian monk seal monachus schauinslandi, were evaluated in vitro for their susceptibility to 5 mammalian viruses: herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), reovirus type 3 (reo-3), poliovirus type 1 (polio-1) and vaccini ... | 2003 | 14960030 |
| age- and weight-dependent susceptibility of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss to isolates of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) of varying virulence. | the virulence of 5 european and 1 north american isolate of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) was compared by infecting female sibling rainbow trout ('isle of man' strain) of different weights and ages (2, 20 and 50 g). the fish were exposed to 10(4) tcid50 ihnv per ml of water by immersion, and the mortality was recorded for 28 d. two new ihnv isolates from germany were included in the investigation. one was isolated from european eels kept at 23 degrees c (+/- 2 degrees c) and th ... | 2003 | 13677506 |
| establishment and characterization of two new cell lines derived from flounder, paralichthys olivaceus (temminck & schlegel). | two new cell cultures from flounder, paralichthys olivaceus (temminck & schlegel), flounder fin (ffn) cells from fin tissue and flounder spleen (fsp) cells from spleen tissue, were established and characterized. the cells multiplied well in eagle's minimum essential medium, supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum, and have been subcultured more than 100 times, becoming continuous cell lines. modal diploid chromosome number of ffn and fsp cells was 64 and 62, respectively. polymerase chain reac ... | 2003 | 14710758 |
| establishment, characterization and viral susceptibility of 3 new cell lines from snakehead, channa striatus (blooch). | three cell lines were established from muscle (shms), heart (shht) and swim bladder (shsb) of snakehead (channa striatus). the cells grew initially at 25 degrees c in l15 medium supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum and have been subcultured 13-18 times since their initiation on june 25, 2002. growth of the snakehead cells was serum-dependent and plating efficiencies ranged from 22-29%. these snakehead cells grew well in rpmi 1640 and l-15 media, which are commonly used for cultivation of ani ... | 2003 | 15801161 |
| isolation and characterization of a rhabdovirus from starry flounder (platichthys stellatus) collected from the northern portion of puget sound, washington, usa. | the initial characterization of a rhabdovirus isolated from a single, asymptomatic starry flounder (platichthys stellatus) collected during a viral survey of marine fishes from the northern portion of puget sound, washington, usa, is reported. virions were bullet-shaped and approximately 100 nm long and 50 nm wide, contained a lipid envelope, remained stable for at least 14 days at temperatures ranging from -80 to 5 degrees c and grew optimally at 15 degrees c in cultures of epithelioma papulosu ... | 2004 | 14769907 |
| the nv gene of snakehead rhabdovirus (shrv) is not required for pathogenesis, and a heterologous glycoprotein can be incorporated into the shrv envelope. | snakehead rhabdovirus (shrv) affects warm-water fish in southeast asia and belongs to the genus novirhabdovirus by virtue of its "nonvirion" (nv) gene. to examine the function of the nv gene, we used a recently developed reverse genetic system to produce a viable recombinant shrv carrying an nv gene deletion. the recombinant virus was produced at the same rate and same final concentrations as the wild-type virus in cultured fish cells in spite of the nv gene deletion. the role of the nv protein ... | 2004 | 15140985 |
| susceptibility of captive adult winter-run chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha to waterborne exposures with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). | sexually mature female chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha with no prior history of exposure to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) were susceptible to experimental infection induced by additions of virus to the water. the resulting infections resembled those observed among naturally infected hatchery and wild populations of chinook salmon. virus was detected as early as 4 d post-exposure (p.e.) and subsequently in all virus-exposed fish that died or that were examined at 14 d p.e ... | 2004 | 15264717 |
| quantitative expression profiling of immune response genes in rainbow trout following infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) infection or dna vaccination. | infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is a well-studied virus of salmonid fishes. a highly efficacious dna vaccine has been developed against this virus and studies have demonstrated that this vaccine induces both an early and transient non-specific anti-viral phase as well as long-term specific protection. the mechanisms of the early anti-viral phase are not known, but previous studies noted changes in mx gene expression, suggesting a role for type i interferon. this study used quanti ... | 2004 | 15313511 |
| the glycoprotein of a fish rhabdovirus profiles the virus-specific t-cell repertoire in rainbow trout. | t-cell responses to viruses are still poorly investigated in lower vertebrates. in rainbow trout, a specific clonal expansion of t cells in response to infection with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) was recently identified. expanded t-cell clones expressed a unique 8 aa vbeta4-jbeta1 junction (ssgdsyse) in different individuals, reminiscent of a typical public response. to get further insight into the nature of this response the modifications of the t-cell repertoire following immuni ... | 2004 | 15448373 |
| essential role of the nv protein of novirhabdovirus for pathogenicity in rainbow trout. | novirhabdovirus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) are fish rhabdoviruses that, in comparison to the other rhabdoviruses, contain an additional gene coding for a small nonvirion (nv) protein of unassigned function. a recombinant ihnv with the nv gene deleted but expressing the green fluorescent protein (rihnv-delta nv) has previously been shown to be efficiently recovered by reverse genetics (s. biacchesi et al., j. virol. 74:11247-1125 ... | 2004 | 15047826 |
| contaminants as viral cofactors: assessing indirect population effects. | current toxicological methods often miss contaminant effects, particularly when immune suppression is involved. the failure to recognize and evaluate indirect and sublethal effects severely limits the applicability of those methods at the population level. in this study, the vitality model is used to evaluate the population level effects of a contaminant exerting only indirect, sublethal effects at the individual level. juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were injected with 2.5 or 10.0 ... | 2004 | 15642628 |
| a loop mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method for detection of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) protocol was developed for detection of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) rna in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). a set of four primers, two outer and two inner primers for the rt-lamp and the lamp assay, were designed based on the sequence of g-protein of ihnv. time and temperature conditions were optimized for 60 min at 63 degrees c for both rt-lamp and lamp protocols. the detection limit was found to be ... | 2005 | 15662483 |
| histological, serological and virulence studies on rainbow trout experimentally infected with recombinant infectious hematopoietic necrosis viruses. | several recombinant infectious hematopoietic necrosis viruses (ihnv) were produced by reverse genetics and their pathogenicity in trout was evaluated and compared to that of the wild type (wt) viruses ihnv and viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv). recombinant ihnvs used in this study were: rihnv, identical to the wtihnv; rihnv-gvhsv, a recombinant virus expressing the vhsv g gene instead of the ihnv g gene; rihnv-gmut, which possesses 2 targeted mutations in the glycoprotein; and rihnvmut- ... | 2005 | 16465830 |
| infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus: monophyletic origin of european isolates from north american genogroup m. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) was first detected in europe in 1987 in france and italy, and later, in 1992, in germany. the source of the virus and the route of introduction are unknown. the present study investigates the molecular epidemiology of ihnv outbreaks in germany since its first introduction. the complete nucleotide sequences of the glycoprotein (g) and non-virion (nv) genes from 9 ihnv isolates from germany have been determined, and this has allowed the identification ... | 2005 | 16261933 |
| loop-mediated isothermal amplification: an emerging technology for detection of fish and shellfish pathogens. | fish and shellfish diseases are a constant threat to the sustainability and economic viability of aquaculture. early diagnosis plays a vital role in management of fish and shellfish diseases. traditionally, various biochemical and serological tests have been used for fish disease diagnosis. however, the time and expertise required for such diagnoses makes it difficult for aquaculturists to easily adopt them under production conditions. polymerase chain reaction and probe-based nucleic acid detec ... | 2005 | 16302951 |
| complete nucleotide sequence of the hirame rhabdovirus, a pathogen of marine fish. | reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) derived clones were constructed for the hirame rhabdovirus (hirrv) ca-9703 strain from korea, and the dna was sequenced. the 3'-end of genomic rna was cloned by poly(a)-tailing of the genomic rna before reverse transcription, and the 5'-end of the genome was cloned by poly(g)- or poly(c)-tailing of the first strand, followed by pcr. the remainder of the genomic dna was cloned by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using primers ... | 2005 | 15567027 |
| application of isotope coded affinity tag (icat) analysis for the identification of differentially expressed proteins following infection of atlantic salmon (salmo salar) with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) or renibacterium salmoninarum (bkd). | aquaculture and commercial fisheries worldwide suffer from significant economic loss due to diseases of net-pen reared fish. in british columbia, infectious hematopoietic necrosis (ihn) and bacterial kidney disease (bkd) epidemics occur because there are currently no commercially available drugs or fully licensed vaccines to treat these diseases. with a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these diseases, this circumstance might be significantly improved. in the present st ... | 2005 | 15822907 |
| efficacy of an infectious hematopoietic necrosis (ihn) virus dna vaccine in chinook oncorhynchus tshawytscha and sockeye o. nerka salmon. | the level of protective immunity was determined for chinook oncorhynchus tshawytscha and sockeye/kokanee salmon (anadromous and landlocked) o. nerka following intramuscular vaccination with a dna vaccine against the aquatic rhabdovirus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). a dna vaccine containing the glycoprotein gene of ihnv protected chinook and sockeye/kokanee salmon against waterborne or injection challenge with ihnv, and relative percent survival (rps) values of 23 to 86% were o ... | 2005 | 15900683 |
| update on viral vaccines for fish. | a substantial amount of research has been done on fish viruses affecting species in aquaculture. this review will focus on the salmonid industry, as this is the most industrialised part of fish farming where vaccines are extensively used. in spite of the amount of research performed, both in commercial companies and in academic organisations, few viral vaccines are licensed. as of today, all fish virus vaccines for sale are based upon inactivated virus or recombinant proteins. no live attenuated ... | 2005 | 15962473 |
| overview of recent dna vaccine development for fish. | since the first description of dna vaccines for fish in 1996, numerous studies of genetic immunisation against the rhabdovirus pathogens infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) and viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) have established their potential as both highly efficacious biologicals and useful basic research tools. single small doses of rhabdovirus dna constructs provide extremely strong protection against severe viral challenge under a variety of conditions. dna vaccines fo ... | 2005 | 15962483 |
| fish rhabdoviruses: molecular epidemiology and evolution. | rhabdoviruses may cause serious diseases in wild and farmed fish. within the rhabdoviridae six genera have been established: ephemerovirus, cytorhabdovirus, nucleorhabdovirus, lyssavirus, vesiculovirus, and novirhabdovirus. viruses that infect fish are official or tentative members of the genera vesiculovirus and novirhabdovirus, or are listed as unassigned rhabdoviruses. in this report, we summarize and discuss published and our own unpublished data on the molecular epidemiology and phylogeogra ... | 2005 | 15981469 |
| comparison of two birnavirus-rhabdovirus coinfections in fish cell lines. | aquabirnaviruses, such as the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv), novirhabdoviruses, such as the infectious hematopoiteic necrosis virus (ihnv) and the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv), cause considerable losses to the salmonid industry worldwide. coinfections of 2 viruses have been described, but the interactions between rhabdoviruses and birnaviruses have not been examined closely. using virus titration, flow cytometry and rt-pcr assays, we compared the effect of ipnv on the ... | 2005 | 16408833 |
| synergistic effects of esfenvalerate and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus on juvenile chinook salmon mortality. | sublethal concentrations of pollutants may compromise fish, resulting in increased susceptibility to endemic pathogens. to test this hypothesis, juvenile chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were exposed to sublethal levels of esfenvalerate or chlorpyrifos either alone or concurrently with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). three trials were performed with fish exposed to concentrations of ihnv between 0.8 x 10(2) and 2.7 x 10(6) plaque-forming units/ml and to 5.0 microg/l of c ... | 2005 | 16050595 |
| analysis of dna-vaccinated fish reveals viral antigen in muscle, kidney and thymus, and transient histopathologic changes. | a highly efficacious dna vaccine against a fish rhabdovirus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), was used in a systematic study to analyze vaccine tissue distribution, persistence, expression patterns, and histopathologic effects. vaccine plasmid pihnw-g, containing the gene for the viral glycoprotein, was detected immediately after intramuscular injection in all tissues analyzed, including blood, but at later time points was found primarily in muscle tissue, where it persisted to 90 ... | 2005 | 16075347 |
| inhibition of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus in cell cultures with peptide-conjugated morpholino oligomers. | delivery of phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (pmo) into fish cells in vitro and tissues in vivo was examined. uptake was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry after treating cultured cells or live rainbow trout with 3' fluorescein-tagged pmo. arginine-rich peptide conjugated to the 5' end of the pmo markedly enhanced cellular uptake in culture by 8- to 20-fold compared with non-peptide-conjugated pmo as determined by flow cytometry. enhanced uptake of pmo conjugated to p ... | 2005 | 16083445 |
| dna vaccines for aquacultured fish. | deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) vaccination is based on the administration of the gene encoding the vaccine antigen, rather than the antigen itself. subsequent expression of the antigen by cells in the vaccinated hosts triggers the host immune system. among the many experimental dna vaccines tested in various animal species as well as in humans, the vaccines against rhabdovirus diseases in fish have given some of the most promising results. a single intramuscular (im) injection of microgram amounts ... | 2005 | 16110889 |
| characterization of toll-like receptor 3 gene in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | antiviral immunity in fish is not well understood. in mammals, toll-like receptor (tlr) 3 is involved in double-stranded rna recognition and host immune response activation. here, we report the first identification of a rainbow trout tlr3 ortholog (rttlr3), its genomic structure, and mrna regulation. six exons and five introns were identified from bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) and expressed sequence tag (est) sequencing, and this genomic organization is similar to mammalian and fish tlr3 ... | 2005 | 16086174 |
| protective immunity and lack of histopathological damage two years after dna vaccination against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in trout. | the dna vaccine pihnw-g encodes the glycoprotein of the fish rhabdovirus infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). vaccine performance in rainbow trout was measured 3, 6, 13, 24, and 25 months after vaccination. at three months all fish vaccinated with 0.1 microg pihnw-g had detectable neutralizing antibody (nab) and they were completely protected from lethal ihnv challenge with a relative percent survival (rps) of 100% compared to control fish. viral challenges at 6, 13, 24, and 25 months ... | 2006 | 16154239 |
| interferon mediated antiviral activity against salmonid fish viruses in bf-2 and other cell lines. | double-stranded rna and type i interferon-like activity induce an antiviral state in vertebrate cells and in several fish cell lines by increasing the expression of proteins that inhibit virus replication. we compared the protection induced by the polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly i:c) or poly i:c plus transfection agents against the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) and the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) in bf-2 cells, with that induced in rtg-2, chse-214, or saf c ... | 2006 | 16169598 |
| strand-specific, real-time rt-pcr assays for quantification of genomic and positive-sense rnas of the fish rhabdovirus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. | the fish rhabdovirus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), is an important pathogen of salmonids. cell culture assays have traditionally been used to quantify levels of ihnv in samples; however, real-time or quantitative rt-pcr assays have been proposed as a rapid alternative. for viruses having a single-stranded, negative-sense rna genome, standard qrt-pcr assays do not distinguish between the negative-sense genome and positive-sense rna species including mrna and anti-genome. thus, ... | 2006 | 16199097 |
| in vitro effects of recombinant zebrafish ifn on spring viremia of carp virus and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. | in order to evaluate the effects of fish recombinant interferon (rifn) on fish pathogenic rhabdoviruses, the zebrafish (danio rerio) ifn (dreifn) allele b gene was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. in addition, the effects of recombinant dreifn (rdreifn) on spring viremia of carp virus (svcv), infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), and vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) were surveyed in fish and chicken cells. the mature peptide of dreifn allele b gene encodes 163 amino acids. res ... | 2006 | 16704302 |
| introduction of translation stop codons into the viral glycoprotein gene in a fish dna vaccine eliminates induction of protective immunity. | a highly efficacious dna vaccine against a fish rhabdovirus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), was mutated to introduce two stop codons to prevent glycoprotein translation while maintaining the plasmid dna integrity and rna transcription ability. the mutated plasmid vaccine, denoted pihnw-g2stop, when injected intramuscularly into fish at high doses, lacked detectable glycoprotein expression in the injection site muscle, and did not provide protection against lethal virus challenge ... | 2006 | 16761198 |
| development of real-time polymerase chain reaction assay with taqman probe for the quantitative detection of infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus from shrimp. | an assay was developed for the detection of infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihhnv) based on real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (pcr). a pair of primers and a taqman probe were designed that are specific for the recognition of a conservative region in the ihhnv genome. the ihhnv real-time pcr assay had a detection limit of 9 dna copies, with a dynamic range of detection between 9 x 106 and 9 dna copies. the primer pairs and probe were specific to ihhnv and di ... | 2006 | 16512254 |
| establishment and characterization of two cell lines from bluefin trevally caranx melampygus. | bluefin trevally caranx melampygus cuvier is a popular game fish and highly valued sea food with potential importance for aquaculture. to help establish this marine animal as an important aquacultural species in hawaii and the pacific and develop in vitro cell culture systems for long-term management and control of potential viral diseases 2 cell lines were established from body muscle (bluefin trevally muscles, btms) and fins (bluefin trevally fins, btf). primary culture of these cells was cond ... | 2006 | 16532601 |
| identification of novel rainbow trout (onchorynchus mykiss) chemokines, cxcd1 and cxcd2: mrna expression after yersinia ruckeri vaccination and challenge. | chemokines play important roles in controlling leukocyte trafficking under normal and inflammatory conditions. sixteen cxc chemokines have been identified in the human and mouse genomes, while considerably fewer teleost fish cxc chemokines have been reported. here, we describe a novel clade of trout (onchorynchus mykiss) cxc chemokines, designated onmy cxcd, and we identify a novel gene, cxcd1, and a putative duplicate, cxcd2. the trout cxcd proteins contain 112 amino acids and the cxcd1 gene is ... | 2006 | 16570138 |
| detection of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus and infectious salmon anaemia virus by molecular padlock amplification. | a new method for the molecular detection of the fish pathogens, infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) and infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav), is described. by employing molecular padlock probe (mpp) technology combined with rolling circle amplification (rca) and hyperbranching (hbr), it is possible to detect rna target sequence from these viruses at levels comparable with those detected by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr), but without prior reverse transcription. the use of mpp ... | 2006 | 16635060 |
| comprehensive gene expression profiling following dna vaccination of rainbow trout against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. | the dna vaccine based on the glycoprotein gene of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus induces a non-specific anti-viral immune response and long-term specific immunity against ihnv. this study characterized gene expression responses associated with the early anti-viral response. homozygous rainbow trout were injected intra-muscularly (i.m.) with vector dna or the ihnv dna vaccine. gene expression in muscle tissue (i.m. site) was evaluated using a 16,008 feature salmon cdna microarray. eighty ... | 2006 | 16426680 |
| identification and regulatory analysis of rainbow trout tapasin and tapasin-related genes. | tapasin (tapbp) is a key member of mhc class ia antigen-loading complexes, bridging the class ia molecule to the transporter associated with antigen presentation (tap). as part of an ongoing study of mhc genomics in rainbow trout, we have identified two rainbow trout tapbp genes (onmy-tapbp.a and .b) and a similar but distinct tapbp-related gene (onmy-tapbp-r) that had previously only been described in mammals. physical and genetic mapping indicate that onmy-tapbp.a is on chromosome 18 in the mh ... | 2006 | 16447046 |
| bioluminescence imaging of live infected salmonids reveals that the fin bases are the major portal of entry for novirhabdovirus. | although novirhabdovirus viruses, like the infectious hematopietic necrosis virus (ihnv), have been extensively studied, limited knowledge exists on the route of ihnv entry during natural infection. a recombinant ihnv (rihnv) expressing the renilla luciferase gene was generated and used to infect trout. a noninvasive bioluminescence assay was developed so that virus replication in live fish could be followed hours after infection. we provide here evidence that the fin bases are the portal of ent ... | 2006 | 16537634 |
| quantitative expression (walbaum) of immunological factors in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), after infection with either flavobacterium psychrophilum, aeromonas salmonicida, or infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus. | to further enhance our understanding of immunological gene expression in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, after infection with naturally occurring pathogens, a series of probes and primers were developed for the quantification of immune factors. separate groups of specific-pathogen-free rainbow trout were infected with either flavobacterium psychrophilum, aeromonas salmonicida or infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). three different concentrations of each pathogen were used and sam ... | 2006 | 16635061 |
| establishment of embryonic cell line from sea bass (lates calcarifer) for virus isolation. | a continuous cell line was established from blastula stage embryos of sea bass (lates calcarifer). the sea bass embryonic cells were maintained in leibovitz's l-15 supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum. the embryonic cell line was sub-cultured more than 70 passages over a period of 1.5 years and is designated as sahul indian sea bass embryonic (sise) cell line. the cells were able to grow at temperatures between 25 and 32 degrees c with an optimum temperature of 28 degrees c. the growth rate ... | 2006 | 16919787 |
| nucleotide diversity of japanese isolates of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) based on the glycoprotein gene. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), a member of the genus novirhabdovirus, causes a highly lethal disease of salmonid fish. in the present study, g gene nucleotide sequences of 9 japanese ihnv isolates obtained from 1971 to 1996 were analyzed to evaluate the genetic diversity and compared with ihnv isolates from north america and europe. a radial phylogenetic tree revealed 5 major clusters including 3 genogroups (u, m and l) for north american isolates and 1 genogroup for european is ... | 2006 | 17058607 |
| detection and identification of ihn and isa viruses by isothermal dna amplification in microcapillary tubes. | unique base sequences derived from rna of both infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) and infectious salmon anemia virus (isav) were detected and identified using a combination of surface-associated molecular padlock dna probes (mpps) and rolling circle amplification (rca) in microcapillary tubes. dna oligonucleotides with base sequences identical to rna obtained from ihnv or isav were recognized by mpps. circularized mpps were then captured on the inner surfaces of glass microcapillary ... | 2006 | 17072595 |
| infectious haematopoietic necrosis epidemic (2001 to 2003) in farmed atlantic salmon salmo salar in british columbia. | i investigated a recent infectious haematopoietic necrosis disease (ihn) epidemic in farmed atlantic salmon salmo salar in british columbia (bc), canada. all companies with infected farms (n = 36) participated in the study. over 12 million atlantic salmon on infected farms died or were culled during the epidemic with cumulative mortality on the farms averaging 58%. the first reported case of ihn occurred in august 2001 and the last outbreak in june 2003. outbreaks on the farms lasted between 20 ... | 2006 | 17190200 |
| virulence comparisons of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus u and m genogroups in sockeye salmon and rainbow trout. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is an aquatic rhabdovirus that infects salmonids in the pacific northwest of the united states, europe, and asia. isolates of ihnv have been phylogenetically classified into three major viral genogroups, designated u, m, and l. to characterize virulence of ihnv in the context of these three viral genogroups, seven strains of ihnv (three u genogroup strains, three m strains, and one l strain) were compared for their pathogenicity in juvenile sockeye ... | 2006 | 26599159 |
| occurrence and genetic typing of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in kamchatka, russia. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is a well known rhabdoviral pathogen of salmonid fish in north america that has become established in asia and europe. on the pacific coast of russia, ihnv was first detected in hatchery sockeye from the kamchatka peninsula in 2001. results of virological examinations of over 10,000 wild and cultured salmonid fish from kamchatka during 1996 to 2005 revealed ihnv in several sockeye salmon oncorhynchus nerka populations. the virus was isolated from sp ... | 2007 | 17523538 |
| use of immunohistochemical and pcr methods in diagnosis of infectious haematopoietic necrosis disease in some rainbow trout hatcheries in iran. | the aim of this research was investigation on infection in reproducing and breeding centers of rainbow trout in iran by infectious necrosis haematpoietic virus. we collected 100 samples from 100 reproducing and breeding centers of rainbow trout of the iran that showed clinical sings or were healthy in appearance in larva stage and finger link. samples were tested by immunohistochemistry and nested-pcr methods. by immunohistochemistry methods 35 samples and by pcr 43 samples were positive. there ... | 2007 | 19070020 |
| wide range of susceptibility to rhabdoviruses in homozygous clones of rainbow trout. | inbred lines differentially susceptible to diseases are a powerful tool to get insights into the mechanisms of genetic resistance to pathogens. in fish, chromosome manipulation techniques allow a quick production of such homozygous lines. using gynogenesis, we produced nine homozygous clones of rainbow trout from a domestic population (inra sy strain). we examined the variability between clones for resistance to two rhabdoviruses, the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) and the infectiou ... | 2007 | 17085058 |
| a chlorophyll c2 analogue from the marine brown alga eisenia bicyclis inactivates the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, a fish rhabdovirus. | we screened in vitro antiviral activity against a salmonid pathogenic virus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), from the extracts of a total of 342 species of marine algae collected from the japanese coastline. the anti-ihnv activity was found primarily in meoh extracts, and the extract from one marine brown alga in particular, eisenia bicyclis, showed high anti-ihnv activity. the anti-ihnv compound was isolated and purified as mc15 from the e. bicyclis extract, and the chemical str ... | 2007 | 17277903 |
| effects of salmonid fish viruses on mx gene expression and resistance to single or dual viral infections. | we examined the ability of several fish viruses to induce protection against homologous or heterologous viruses in single or double infections, and assessed whether such protection is correlated with innate immunity or expression of the mx gene. monolayers of bf2 cells pre-treated with supernatants of brown trout (salmo trutta l.) macrophage cultures that had been stimulated with either polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (poly i:c) or viruses, such as infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv), in ... | 2007 | 17442587 |
| characterization of virus/double-stranded rna-dependent induction of antimicrobial peptide hepcidin in trout macrophages. | hepcidin is an antimicrobial peptide responsive to bacterial infection. we report the characterization of a virus/double-stranded rna (dsrna) induction of hepcidin in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). increased level of hepcidin mrna was observed in trout macrophage rts11 cells treated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly i:c), a mimic of viral dsrna. the induction was also observed in poly i:c-injected trout, demonstrating that it is a bona fide biological response. the induction was n ... | 2007 | 17498800 |
| pesticide and pathogen: heat shock protein expression and acetylcholinesterase inhibition in juvenile chinook salmon in response to multiple stressors. | rapid expression of heat shock protein (hsp) families in response to a variety of stressors has been demonstrated in many organisms, including fish. the present 60-d challenge study was designed to compare hsp induction in juvenile chinook salmon following exposure to individual pesticides, virus, and both stressors combined. heat shock protein expression patterns over time were monitored and related to the extent of virus infection and mortality. acetylcholinesterase (ache) inhibition and recov ... | 2007 | 17571690 |
| virus isolation vs rt-pcr: which method is more successful in detecting vhsv and ihnv in fish tissue sampled under field conditions? | this study compared the results of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and traditional virus isolation on cell culture in detection of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) and infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). rt-pcr was used for 172 tissue sample pools (total of 859 fish) originating from a field survey on the occurrence of vhsv and ihnv in farmed and wild salmonids in switzerland. these samples represented all sites with fish that were either identifi ... | 2007 | 17718710 |
| monitoring viral-induced cell death using electric cell-substrate impedance sensing. | using an electrical measurement known as electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ecis), we have recorded the dynamics of viral infections in cell culture. with this technique, cells are cultured on small gold electrodes where the measured impedance mirrors changes in attachment and morphology of cultured cells. as the cells attach and spread on the electrode, the measured impedance increases until the electrode is completely covered. viral infection inducing cytopathic effect results in drama ... | 2007 | 17826975 |
| genotypes and phylogeographical relationships of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in california, usa. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) contains 3 major genogroups in north america with discreet geographic ranges designated as upper (u), middle (m), and lower (l). a comprehensive genotyping of 237 ihnv isolates from hatchery and wild salmonids in california revealed 25 different sequence types (a to y) all in the l genogroup; specifically, the genogroup contained 14 sequence types that were unique to individual isolates as well as 11 sequence types representing 2 or more identical i ... | 2007 | 17933395 |
| genotyping of korean isolates of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) based on the glycoprotein gene. | glycoprotein (g) gene nucleotide sequences of four korean isolates of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) were analyzed to evaluate their genetic relatedness to worldwide isolates. all korean isolates were closely related to japanese isolates of genogroup jrt rather than to those of north american and european genogroups. it is believed that korean ihnv has been most likely introduced from japan to korea by the movement of contaminated fish eggs. among the korean isolates, phylogeneti ... | 2007 | 17668275 |
| the road to licensure of a dna vaccine. | the licensure of three dna vaccines for animal health applications has provided renewed interest in the broader potential of this technology. at the very least, this will spur efforts to understand the reasons behind these successes and whether this information can be used to enable dna vaccines for humans. this review maps the pathway to the licensure of the dna vaccine against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in fish, and discusses the implications of this on the development of human dn ... | 2007 | 17668365 |