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lyssaviruses: special emphasis on rabies virus and other members of the lyssavirus genus.rabies is routinely diagnosed based on the clinical description and history of exposure in a rabies-endemic country. a negative diagnostic test for rabies virus or a related lyssavirus does not exclude the clinical diagnosis. diagnostic tests are never optimal and are entirely dependent on the nature and quality of the sample supplied. often, only a sample from a single time point is investigated reducing the overall sensitivity of any diagnosis. with the advent of molecular biology, tests have ...201121116807
computational analysis suggests that lyssavirus glycoprotein gene plays a minor role in viral adaptation.the lyssavirus glycoprotein (g) is a membrane protein responsible for virus entry and protective immune responses. to explore possible roles of the glycoprotein in host shift or adaptation of lyssavirus, we retrieved 53 full-length glycoprotein gene sequences from ncbi genbank. the sequences were from different host isolates over a period of 70 years in 21 countries. computational analyses detected 1 recombinant (ay987478, a dog isolate of chand03, genotype 1 in india) with incongruent phylogene ...201121350634
molecular characterization of korean rabies virus isolates.the nucleoprotein (n) and glycoprotein (g) of 11 korean rabies virus (rabv) isolates collected from animals diagnosed with rabies between 2008 and 2009 were subjected to molecular and phylogenetic analyses. six isolates originated from domestic animals (cattle and dogs) and five were obtained from wild free-ranging raccoon dogs. the similarities in the nucleotide sequences of the n gene among all korean isolates ranged from 98.1 to 99.8%, while those of the g gene ranged from 97.9 to 99.3%. base ...201121368564
lyssavirus detection and typing using pyrosequencing.rabies is a fatal zoonosis caused by a nonsegmented negative-strand rna virus, namely, rabies virus (rabv). apart from rabv, at least 10 additional species are known as rabies-related lyssaviruses (rrvs), and some of them are responsible for occasional spillovers into humans. more lyssaviruses have also been detected recently in different bat ecosystems, thanks to the application of molecular diagnostic methods. due to the variety of the members of the genus lyssavirus, there is the necessity to ...201121389152
phylogeny of european bat lyssavirus 1 in eptesicus isabellinus bats, spain.to better understand the epidemiology of european bat lyssavirus 1 (eblv-1) in europe, we phylogenetically characterized lyssavirus from eptesicus isabellinus bats in spain. an independent cluster of eblv-1 possibly resulted from geographic isolation and association with a different reservoir from other european strains. eblv-1 phylogeny is complex and probably associated with host evolutionary history.201121392449
llama-derived single domain antibodies to build multivalent, superpotent and broadened neutralizing anti-viral molecules.for efficient prevention of viral infections and cross protection, simultaneous targeting of multiple viral epitopes is a powerful strategy. llama heavy chain antibody fragments (vhh) against the trimeric envelope proteins of respiratory syncytial virus (fusion protein), rabies virus (glycoprotein) and h5n1 influenza (hemagglutinin 5) were selected from llama derived immune libraries by phage display. neutralizing vhh recognizing different epitopes in the receptor binding sites on the spikes wit ...201121483777
molecular phylogenetics of the lyssaviruses-insights from a coalescent approach.technical improvements over the past 2 decades have enormously facilitated the generation of nucleotide sequence data for lyssavirus collections. these databases are amenable to methods of phylogenetic analysis, which attempt to define the taxonomic structure of this genus and predict the evolutionary relationships of current circulating strains. coupled with a range of mathematical tools to explore the appropriateness of nucleotide substitution models and test for positive selection, the evolut ...201121601049
bats and lyssaviruses.numerous bat species have been identified as important reservoirs of zoonotic viral pathogens. rabies and rabies-related viruses constitute one of the most important viral zoonoses and pose a significant threat to public health across the globe. whereas rabies virus (rabv) appears to be restricted to bats of the new world, related lyssavirus species have not been detected in the americas and have only been detected in bat populations across africa, eurasia, and australia. currently, 11 distinct ...201121601050
novel lyssavirus in natterer's bat, germany.a virus isolated from a natterer's bat (myotis nattererii) in germany was differentiated from other lyssaviruses on the basis of the reaction pattern of a panel of monoclonal antibodies. phylogenetic analysis supported the assumption that the isolated virus, bokeloh bat lyssavirus, may represent a new member of the genus lyssavirus.201121801640
a review of the epidemiology and surveillance of viral zoonotic encephalitis and the impact on human health in australia.human encephalitis in australia causes substantial mortality and morbidity, with frequent severe neurological sequelae and long-term cognitive impairment. this review discusses a number of highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses which have recently emerged in australia, including hendra virus and australian bat lyssavirus which present with an encephalitic syndrome in humans. encephalitis surveillance currently focuses on animals at sentinel sites and animal disease or definitive diagnosis of notifia ...201121781616
a universal real-time assay for the detection of lyssaviruses.rabies virus (rabv) is enzootic throughout most of the world. it is now widely accepted that rabv had its origins in bats. ten of the 11 lyssavirus species recognised, including rabv, have been isolated from bats. there is, however, a lack of understanding regarding both the ecology and host reservoirs of lyssaviruses. a real-time pcr assay for the detection of all lyssaviruses using universal primers would be beneficial for lyssavirus surveillance. it was shown that using sybr(®) green, a unive ...201121777619
generation and characterization of a panel of anti-phosphoprotein monoclonal antibodies directed against mokola virus.the generation of a new panel of 21 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) reactive with the p protein of mokola virus (mokv) is described. through competitive elisa and immunoblotting analyses, these mabs were classified into several groups. consistent with prior studies on lyssavirus p protein antigenic structure, many of the sites recognized by these mabs appear to correspond to sites identified previously. studies on the reactivity of these anti-mokv p mabs against a collection of lyssaviruses identif ...201121749906
the viruses of australia and the risk to tourists.australia is a climatically diverse country varying from a tropical climate in the north to arid central desert and grassland regions, and to temperate climates in the south. there are many viral infections found in australia that are common to developed countries worldwide, but this article will focus on those that pose a special risk for travellers to australia, especially the mosquito-borne viruses. the commonest are the members of the alphavirus genus, particularly ross river virus and barma ...201121679887
Rabies-related knowledge and practices among persons at risk of bat exposures in Thailand.Rabies is a fatal encephalitis caused by lyssaviruses. Evidence of lyssavirus circulation has recently emerged in Southeast Asian bats. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Thailand to assess rabies-related knowledge and practices among persons regularly exposed to bats and bat habitats. The objectives were to identify deficiencies in rabies awareness, describe the occurrence of bat exposures, and explore factors associated with transdermal bat exposures.201121738801
challenges in postexposure prophylaxis of a vaccinated bat carer. 201121929488
pathology associated with a human case of rabies in the united kingdom caused by european bat lyssavirus type-2.human infection with the rabies-related virus european bat lyssavirus type-2 (eblv-2) has only been reported on two occasions. here we report the pathology observed within spinal cord and visceral tissues associated with eblv-2 infection for the first time. neuronal labelling with an anti-rabies nucleocapsid monoclonal antibody was observed and appeared indistinguishable from the labelling reported from human infection with rabies virus. © 2011 crown copyright. published by s. karger ag, basel.201122142887
endemic disease control and regulation in australia 1901-2010.at federation in 1901, australia retained separate state veterinary services responsible for the control of endemic animal diseases. by 2010 the commonwealth, state and territory governments and the livestock industries had coordinated a structure with supporting activities and shared finances that provides australia's veterinary services and its livestock industries with preparedness and control programs for nominated exotic and endemic animal diseases. animal health australia operates as the c ...201121933170
differentiation of the seven major lyssavirus species by oligonucleotide microarray.an oligonucleotide microarray, lyssachip, has been developed and verified as a highly specific diagnostic tool for differentiation of the 7 major lyssavirus species. as with conventional typing microarray methods, the lyssachip relies on sequence differences in the 371-nucleotide region coding of the nucleoprotein. this region was amplified using nested rt-pcr primers binding to the 7 major lyssaviruses. the lyssachip includes 57 pairs of species-typing and corresponding control oligonucleotide ...201122189108
laboratory surveillance of rabies in humans, domestic animals, and bats in madagascar from 2005 to 2010.background. rabies virus (rabv) has circulated in madagascar at least since the 19th century. objectives. to assess the circulation of lyssavirus in the island from 2005 to 2010. materials and methods. animal (including bats) and human samples were tested for rabv and other lyssavirus using antigen, ribonucleic acid (rna), and antibodies detection and virus isolation. results. half of the 437 domestic or tame wild terrestrial mammal brains tested were found rabv antigen positive, including 54% o ...201121991442
prevalence of rabies antibodies in street and household dogs in chandigarh, india.the present study reports the first survey for the detection of antirabies antibodies in street and household dogs in india. we aimed to check the efficacy of control programs for the disease in the union territory of chandigarh. the serum samples were collected from 100 street and 50 household dogs and tested for the presence of antirabies antibodies by elisa. as per who criteria, a titre of >0.5 iu/ml of antirabies antibody in serum samples was taken as the protective level. protective antirab ...201120676764
long-term survival of an urban fruit bat seropositive for ebola and lagos bat viruses.ebolaviruses (ebov) (family filoviridae) cause viral hemorrhagic fevers in humans and non-human primates when they spill over from their wildlife reservoir hosts with case fatality rates of up to 90%. fruit bats may act as reservoirs of the filoviridae. the migratory fruit bat, eidolon helvum, is common across sub-saharan africa and lives in large colonies, often situated in cities. we screened sera from 262 e. helvum using indirect fluorescent tests for antibodies against ebov subtype zaire. we ...201020694141
emerging tropical diseases in australia. part 3. australian bat lyssavirus.since its discovery in a juvenile black flying fox (pteropus alecto) in 1996, australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) has become the cause of a potentially important emerging disease for health authorities in australia, with two human deaths (one in 1996 and one in 1998) attributed to the virus in the north-eastern state of queensland. in australia, the virus has been isolated from all four species of flying fox found on the mainland (i.e. p. alecto, p. scapulatus, p. poliocephalus and p. conspicillatu ...201021144181
comment on: 'rabies and african bat lyssavirus encephalitis and its prevention'. 201021176874
evolutionary dynamics of rabies viruses highlights the importance of china rabies transmission in asia.rabies in asia is emerging as a serious public health issue. to explore the possible origin, phylogenetic relationships, and evolutionary dynamics of asian rabies viruses (rabv), we examined 200 complete nucleoprotein (n) gene sequences from rabv isolates in the region. phylogeny supported the classification of asian rabvs into five distinct clusters in lyssavirus genotype 1. our geospatial and temporal analyses demonstrated that china appears to be the prime source of asian rabvs. understanding ...201021195445
bat population genetics and lyssavirus presence in great britain.summarymost lyssaviruses appear to have bat species as reservoir hosts. in europe, of around 800 reported cases in bats, most were of european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1) in eptesicus serotinus (where the bat species was identified). about 20 cases of eblv-2 were recorded, and these were in myotis daubentonii and m. dasycneme. through a passive surveillance scheme, britain reports about one case a year of eblv-2, but no cases of the more prevalent eblv-1. an analysis of e. serotinus and m. da ...201021205436
structure of the nucleoprotein binding domain of mokola virus phosphoprotein.mokola virus (mokv) is a nonsegmented, negative-sense rna virus that belongs to the lyssavirus genus and rhabdoviridae family. mokv phosphoprotein p is an essential component of the replication and transcription complex and acts as a cofactor for the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase. p recruits the viral polymerase to the nucleoprotein-bound viral rna (n-rna) via an interaction between its c-terminal domain and the n-rna complex. here we present a structure for this domain of mokv p, obtained ...201019906936
intergenotypic replacement of lyssavirus matrix proteins demonstrates the role of lyssavirus m proteins in intracellular virus accumulation.lyssavirus assembly depends on the matrix protein (m). we compared lyssavirus m proteins from different genotypes for their ability to support assembly and egress of genotype 1 rabies virus (rabv). transcomplementation of m-deficient rabv with m from european bat lyssavirus (eblv) types 1 and 2 reduced the release of infectious virus. stable introduction of the heterogenotypic m proteins into rabv led to chimeric viruses with reduced virus release and intracellular accumulation of virus genomes. ...201019955305
mokola virus involved in a human contact (south africa).isolations of mokola virus (mokv) are rare, but in south africa and zimbabwe this genotype 3 lyssavirus variant has been occasionally found in domestic mammals (cats and a dog) with a total of 17 virus isolates (south africa 10, zimbabwe 7) having been recovered during the past 30 years. we report the identification of a mokv isolate involved in a human contact in grahamstown (eastern cape, south africa) and a genetic comparison with previously characterized isolates. this reported mokv case was ...201019817861
evidence of lagos bat virus circulation among nigerian fruit bats.during lyssavirus surveillance, 350 brains from four species of fruit bats and one species of insectivorous bat were collected from seven locations in northern nigeria during may to october, 2006. lyssavirus antigen was not detected in the brains, and isolation attempts in mice were unsuccessful. however, serologic tests demonstrated the presence of lyssavirus-neutralizing antibodies in bat sera. of 140 sera tested, 27 (19%) neutralized lagos bat virus, and two of these additionally neutralized ...201020090042
shimoni bat virus, a new representative of the lyssavirus genus.during 2009, 616 bats representing at least 22 species were collected from 10 locations throughout kenya. a new lyssavirus, named shimoni bat virus (shibv), was isolated from the brain of a dead commerson's leaf-nosed bat (hipposideros commersoni), found in a cave in the coastal region of kenya. genetic distances and phylogenetic reconstructions, implemented for each gene and for the concatenated alignment of all five structural genes (n, p, m, g and l), demonstrated that shibv cannot be identif ...201020138934
human rabies due to lyssavirus infection of bat origin.rabies is a fatal viral encephalitis and results from infection with viruses belonging to the genus lyssavirus. infection usually results from a bite from a dog infected with classical rabies virus. however, a small number of cases result from contact with bats. it is within bats that most lyssavirus variants, referred to as genotypes, are found. the lyssaviruses found in bats have a distinct geographical distribution and are often restricted to specific bat species. most have been associated wi ...201020188498
genomics and structure/function studies of rhabdoviridae proteins involved in replication and transcription.some mammalian rhabdoviruses may infect humans, and also infect invertebrates, dogs, and bats, which may act as vectors transmitting viruses among different host species. the vizier programme, an eu-funded fp6 program, has characterized viruses that belong to the vesiculovirus, ephemerovirus and lyssavirus genera of the rhabdoviridae family to perform ground-breaking research on the identification of potential new drug targets against these rna viruses through comprehensive structural characteri ...201020188763
first encounter of european bat lyssavirus type 2 (eblv-2) in a bat in finland.in finland, rabies in bats was suspected for the first time in 1985 when a bat researcher, who had multiple bat bites, died in helsinki. the virus isolated from the researcher proved to be antigenically related to rabies viruses previously detected in german bats. later, the virus was typed as eblv-2b. despite an epidemiological study in bats 1986 and subsequent rabies surveillance, rabies in bats was not detected in finland until the first case in a daubenton's bat (myotis daubentonii) was conf ...201020196902
the structure of the nucleoprotein binding domain of lyssavirus phosphoprotein reveals a structural relationship between the n-rna binding domains of rhabdoviridae and paramyxoviridae.the phosphoprotein p of non-segmented negative-sense rna viruses is an essential component of the replication and transcription complex and acts as a co-factor for the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase. p recruits the viral polymerase to the nucleoprotein-bound viral rna (n-rna) via an interaction between its c-terminal domain and the n-rna complex. we have obtained the structure of the c-terminal domain of p of mokola virus (mokv), a lyssavirus that belongs to the rhabdoviridae family and mapp ...201020458178
immunohistochemical study of rabies virus within the central nervous system of domestic and wildlife species.immunohistochemistry using a commercial polyclonal antibody for lyssavirus was applied to 39 archival cases of rabies. paraffin blocks from 13 different species were available, including 3 dogs, 4 cats, 1 pig, 6 cattle, 4 horses, 1 llama, 7 skunks (mephitis mephitis), 7 raccoons (procyon lotor), 1 bat (myotis species), 1 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), 1 bobcat (lynx rufus), 2 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus), and 1 red fox (vulpes vulpes). all cases had previously been diagnose ...201020484176
reassessing the risk from rabies: a continuing threat to the uk?the threat of re-introduction of rabies virus into the united kingdom exists on several levels. firstly, importation of live animals into the uk continues to challenge the regulations in place to ensure that the virus does not enter the country. secondly, the indigenous bat population is known to carry a virus genetically related to rabies virus, the european bat lyssavirus (eblv). molecular characterization of this virus has further characterized it as being eblv type 2, genetically distinct fr ...201020558215
generation of recombinant european bat lyssavirus type 1 and inter-genotypic compatibility of lyssavirus genotype 1 and 5 antigenome promoters.bat lyssaviruses (fam. rhabdoviridae) represent a source for the infection of terrestial mammals and the development of rabies disease. molecular differences in the replication of bat and non-bat lyssaviruses and their contribution to pathogenicity, however, are unknown. one reason for this is the lack of reverse genetics systems for bat-restricted lyssaviruses. to investigate bat lyssavirus replication and host adaptation, we developed a reverse genetics system for european bat lyssavirus type ...201020614145
two overlapping domains of a lyssavirus matrix protein that acts on different cell death pathways.the lyssavirus matrix (m) protein induces apoptosis. the regions of the m protein that are essential for triggering cell death pathways are not yet clearly defined. we therefore compared the m proteins from two viruses that have contrasting characteristics in terms of cellular apoptosis: a genotype 3 lyssavirus, mokola virus (mok), and a genotype 1 rabies virus isolated from a dog from thailand (tha). we identified a 20-amino-acid fragment (corresponding to positions 67 to 86) that retained the ...201020631119
transmission dynamics of rabies in china over the last 40 years: 1969-2009.rabies is a serious reemerging zoonosis in china. the molecular evolution and transmission patterns of rabies virus inferred from historical data can provide guidelines for better disease control and prevention in the future.201020650678
rabies and african bat lyssavirus encephalitis and its prevention.unlike any other human infection, encephalitis caused by dog rabies virus is always fatal. rabies and other lyssaviruses have been found in unexpected places, and human disease, especially paralytic rabies, has gone unrecognised. evidence is emerging that rabies-related bat lyssaviruses are enzootic across europe, africa, asia and australia, but none has been detected in the americas. the epidemiology and origins of african lyssaviruses are discussed. ideal rabies prophylaxis (pre-exposure immun ...201020801003
surveillance for european bat lyssavirus in swiss bats.most countries in western europe are currently free of rabies in terrestrial mammals. nevertheless, rabies remains a residual risk to public health due to the natural circulation of bat-specific viruses, such as european bat lyssaviruses (eblvs). european bat lyssavirus types 1 and 2 (eblv-1 and eblv-2) are widely distributed throughout europe, but little is known of their true prevalence and epidemiology. we report that only three out of 837 brains taken from bats submitted to the swiss rabies ...201020803042
improved pcr methods for detection of african rabies and rabies-related lyssaviruses.eleven different lyssavirus species, four of which occur on the african continent, are presently recognized. these viruses cause rabies, the burden of which is highest in the developing world, where routine laboratory diagnosis is often not available. from an epidemiological and control perspective, it is necessary that diagnostic methods detect the diversity of lyssaviruses present in different regions of the world. a published and widely used heminested reverse transcription-pcr (hnrt-pcr) was ...201020810772
quantifying antigenic relationships among the lyssaviruses.all lyssaviruses cause fatal encephalitis in mammals. there is sufficient antigenic variation within the genus to cause variable vaccine efficacy, but this variation is difficult to characterize quantitatively: sequence analysis cannot yet provide detailed antigenic information, and antigenic neutralization data have been refractory to high-resolution robust interpretation. here, we address these issues by using state-of-the-art antigenic analyses to generate a high-resolution antigenic map of a ...201020826698
mhc class ii drb diversity in raccoons (procyon lotor) reveals associations with raccoon rabies virus (lyssavirus).in north america, the raccoon rabies virus (rrv) is an endemic wildlife disease which causes acute encephalopathies and is a strong selective force on raccoons (procyon lotor), with estimates of ∼85% of the population succumbing to the disease when epizootic. rrv is regarded as a lethal disease if untreated; therefore, no evolutionary response would be expected of raccoon populations. however, variable immune responses to rrv have been observed in raccoons indicating a potential for evolutionary ...201020924575
virus neutralising activity of african fruit bat (eidolon helvum) sera against emerging lyssaviruses.it is likely that phylogroup 2 lyssaviruses circulate within bat reservoirs. we adapted a pseudotype (pt) neutralisation assay (pna) to a multiplex format enabling serosurveillance for lagos bat virus (lbv), mokola virus (mokv) and west caucasian bat virus (wcbv) in a potential reservoir, the african straw-coloured fruit bat, eidolon helvum. highly correlated titres were observed between single and multiplex pnas using ptlbv and ptmokv (r=0.97, p<0.0001), validating its use for bat serosurveilla ...201020951400
molecular characterization of rabies virus isolated from dogs in tunisia: evidence of two phylogenetic variants.in an attempt to explain temporal and geographical rabies incidence fluctuations in tunisia, a molecular epidemiological study of rabies virus (rv) was carried out. a panel of rv isolates from dogs, collected between 1992 and 2003, from different regions in tunisia have been analysed by direct sequencing of pcr-amplified products coding for the nucleoprotein gene. new sequences have been compared to prototype sequences of lyssavirus species and nine lineages of species 1. all tunisian isolates b ...201020970468
potential exposure to australian bat lyssavirus in south east queensland: what has changed in 12 years?public health measures have been targeting potential exposure to australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) since the first recognised human cases, more than a decade ago. the effect of these measures on the epidemiology of notifications of potential exposure has not been investigated since 2003. trends in notifications of potential exposure to ablv reported to the brisbane southside public health unit between november 1996 and october 2008 were examined. during the study period notification rates decline ...201021090189
repeated detection of european bat lyssavirus type 2 in dead bats found at a single roost site in the uk.in august 2007, european bat lyssavirus type 2 (eblv-2) was isolated from a daubenton's bat found at stokesay castle. in september 2008, another bat from the same vicinity of stokesay castle also tested positive for eblv-2. this is the first occurrence of repeated detection of eblv-2 from a single site. here, we report the detection of low levels of viral rna in various bat organs by qrt-pcr and detection of viral antigen by immunohistochemistry. we also report sequence data from both cases and ...200919841859
encephalitis in australia, 1979-2006: trends and aetiologies.the acute encephalitis syndrome has heralded the emergence of multiple virulent pathogens, including murray valley encephalitis, hendra virus and australian bat lyssavirus, which may result in severe morbidity and mortality. in australia, encephalitis is not notifiable and there has been no analysis of trends in encephalitis death rates or causation. australian bureau of statistics mortality and population data for the period 1979-2006 were obtained and cause of death data were extracted using i ...200919877537
targeted surveillance for european bat lyssaviruses in english bats (2003-06).in 2003-06, targeted (active) surveillance for european bat lyssaviruses (eblvs) was undertaken throughout england, focusing on two species most likely to host these viruses, myotis daubentonii and eptesicus serotinus. blood was sampled for the detection of eblv-specific neutralizing antibodies and oropharyngeal swabs were taken for the detection of viral rna or infectious virus in saliva. between 2003 and 2006, 273 e. serotinus and 363 m. daubentonii blood samples were tested by the eblv-1 or e ...200919901379
comparative pathological study of the murine brain after experimental infection with classical rabies virus and european bat lyssaviruses.european bat lyssaviruses (eblvs) types 1 (eblv-1) and 2 (eblv-2) cause rabies in terrestrial species, but the pathological changes associated with neuroinvasion have yet to be fully elucidated. swiss of-1 mice were inoculated peripherally with strain rv61 (classical rabies virus), rv1423 (eblv-1) or rv1332 (eblv-2) to compare the nature and extent of histopathological changes produced. inoculated animals developed varying degrees of non-suppurative encephalitis, and lyssavirus infection was con ...200919111840
comparative analysis of hiv-1-based lentiviral vectors bearing lyssavirus glycoproteins for neuronal gene transfer.the delivery of therapeutic genes to the central nervous system (cns) using viral vectors represents an appealing strategy for the treatment of nerve injury and disorders of the cns. important factors determining cns targeting include tropism of the viral vectors and retrograde transport of the vector particles. retrograde transport of equine anemia virus (eiav)-based lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with the glycoprotein derived from the rabies virus rabera strain from peripheral muscle to spinal ...200919144125
lagos bat virus virulence in mice inoculated by the peripheral route.lagos bat virus (lbv) constitutes genotype (gt) 2 in the lyssavirus genus. in contrast to the gt1 lyssavirus, rabies virus (rabv), lbv was reported to have markedly reduced levels of peripheral pathogenicity. however, this opinion was based on a study of one isolate of lbv only and the reduction in pathogenicity was essentially attributed to the amino-acid substitution at position 333 of glycoprotein ectodomain. in the present study we have demonstrated that peripheral pathogenicity of represent ...200919144249
european bat lyssavirus transmission among cats, europe.we identified 2 cases of european bat lyssavirus subtype 1 transmission to domestic carnivores (cats) in france. bat-to-cat transmission is suspected. low amounts of virus antigen in cat brain made diagnosis difficult.200919193273
is there a need for anti-rabies vaccine and immunoglobulins rationing in europe?rabies is a lethal encephalitis caused by a lyssavirus and transmitted from animals to humans via bite wound, scratch wound, or licking of mucous membranes. it is preventable by timely administration of post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) consisting of four or five doses of rabies vaccine combined, in the most severe cases of exposures, with anti-rabies immunoglobulin (rig). although the rabies incidence in humans remains low, rabies is still present in some european countries. moreover, rabid anima ...200919341608
development of a dna microarray for simultaneous detection and genotyping of lyssaviruses.the lyssavirus genus of the rhabdoviridae family of viruses includes 7 genotypes and several non-assigned isolates. the source of lyssavirus infections is diverse with numerous reservoirs in a wide geographical area. in many parts of the world reservoir hosts can potentially be carrying one of several lyssavirus strains and possibly new divergent isolates await discovery. accordingly, generic detection methods are required to be able to detect and discriminate all lyssaviruses and identify new d ...200919433118
experimental infection of foxes with european bat lyssaviruses type-1 and 2.since 1954, there have been in excess of 800 cases of rabies as a result of european bat lyssaviruses types 1 and 2 (eblv-1, eblv-2) infection, mainly in serotine and myotis bats respectively. these viruses have rarely been reported to infect humans and terrestrial mammals, as the only exceptions are sheep in denmark, a stone marten in germany and a cat in france. the purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of foxes to eblvs using silver foxes (vulpes vulpes) as a model.200919454020
feline rabies. abcd guidelines on prevention and management.overview: rabies virus belongs to the genus lyssavirus, together with european bat lyssaviruses 1 and 2. in clinical practice, rabies virus is easily inactivated by detergent-based disinfectants. infection: rabid animals are the only source of infection. virus is shed in the saliva some days before the onset of clinical signs and transmitted through a bite or a scratch to the skin or mucous membranes. the average incubation period in cats is 2 months, but may vary from 2 weeks to several months, ...200919481038
detection of high levels of european bat lyssavirus type-1 viral rna in the thyroid gland of experimentally-infected eptesicus fuscus bats.two common bat lyssavirus species have been identified in many european countries: european bat lyssavirus type-1 and -2 (eblv-1 and eblv-2). only limited knowledge on the susceptibility of the natural eblv-hosts, insectivorous bats, to lyssavirus infection is available. our study was undertaken to evaluate the susceptibility and pathology associated with an eblv-1 infection in eptesicus fuscus following different routes of virus inoculation including intracranial (n = 6), intramuscular (n = 14) ...200919497087
experimental infection of serotine bats (eptesicus serotinus) with european bat lyssavirus type 1a.the serotine bat (eptesicus serotinus) accounts for the vast majority of bat rabies cases in europe and is considered the main reservoir for european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1, genotype 5). however, so far the disease has not been investigated in its native host under experimental conditions. to assess viral virulence, dissemination and probable means of transmission, captive bats were infected experimentally with an eblv-1a virus isolated from a naturally infected conspecific from germany. ...200919515825
audit of post-exposure treatment to prevent lyssavirus infection in sydney south west area health service, 2005-2007.to describe the profile of people who received post-exposure treatment to prevent lyssavirus infection in sydney south west area health service between 2005 and 2007 and to assess treatment compliance with the current nsw health protocol.200919552855
antibodies induced by vaccination with purified chick embryo cell culture vaccine (pcecv) cross-neutralize non-classical bat lyssavirus strains.tissue-culture vaccines like purified chick embryo cell vaccine (pcecv) have been shown to provide protection against classical rabies virus (rabv) via pre-exposure or post-exposure prophylaxis. a cross-neutralization study was conducted using a panel of 100 human sera, to determine, to what extent after vaccination with pcecv protection exists against non-classical bat lyssavirus strains like european bat lyssavirus (eblv) type 1 and 2 and australian bat lyssavirus (ablv). virus neutralizing an ...200919615958
fatal human rabies due to duvenhage virus from a bat in kenya: failure of treatment with coma-induction, ketamine, and antiviral drugs. 200919636367
peptides that mimic the amino-terminal end of the rabies virus phosphoprotein have antiviral activity.we wanted to develop a therapeutic approach against rabies disease by targeting the lyssavirus transcription/replication complex. because this complex (nucleoprotein n-rna template processed by the l polymerase and its cofactor, the phosphoprotein p) is similar to that of other negative-strand rna viruses, we aimed to design broad-spectrum antiviral drugs that could be used as a complement to postexposure vaccination and immunotherapy. recent progress in understanding the structure/function of t ...200919706704
[viruses and bats: rabies and lyssavirus].recent emerging zoonoses (hemorrhagic fevers due to ebola or marburg virus, encephalitis due to nipah virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome due to sras virus...) outline the potential of bats as vectors for transmission of infectious disease to humans. such a potential is already known for rabies encephalitis since seven out of the eight genotypes of lyssavirus are transmitted by bats. in addition, phylogenetic reconstructions indicate that lyssavirus have evolved in chiropters before their e ...200919718950
european bat lyssavirus type 2 in a daubenton's bat in scotland. 200919783855
public health risk analysis of european bat lyssavirus infection in the netherlands.we present the frequency and the nature of contact incidents of the serotine bat, eptesicus serotinus, with humans and with companion animals (specifically cats and dogs), in the netherlands between 2000 and 2005. out of 17 bats in bite contact with humans, five tested positive for european bat lyssavirus (eblv) type 1a. cats had the most numerous contacts with bats (49 times) but a relatively low number of these bats were eblv positive (six times). we estimated that the average incidence of hum ...200918205973
new adenovirus in bats, germany.we tested 55 deceased vespertilionid bats of 12 species from southern germany for virus infections. a new adenovirus was isolated from tissue samples of 2 pipistrellus pipistrellus bats, which represents the only chiropteran virus isolate found in europe besides lyssavirus (rabies virus). evidence was found for adenovirus transmission between bats.200919961700
bat rabies--a gordian knot?although classical rabies is one of the earliest identified and best studied infectious diseases, there is still limited knowledge about lyssaviruses and their major natural hosts, bats. focussing on bat rabies in europe caused by european bat lyssaviruses 1 (eblv-1) and 2, for instance the association of eblv-1 to eptesicus bats and eblv-2 to myotis daubentonii and m. dasycneme together with an apparent clustering of cases is one question still to be answered. furthermore, the question whether ...200919999377
a robust lentiviral pseudotype neutralisation assay for in-field serosurveillance of rabies and lyssaviruses in africa.the inflexibility of existing serological techniques for detection of rabies in surveillance constrains the benefit to be gained from many current control strategies. we analysed 304 serum samples from tanzanian dogs for the detection of rabies antibodies in a pseudotype assay using lentiviral vectors bearing the cvs-11 envelope glycoprotein. compared with the widely used gold standard fluorescent antibody virus neutralisation assay, a specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 94.4% with a strong c ...200919925950
a retrospective longitudinal study of animal and human rabies in botswana 1989-2006.a longitudinal study of animal and human rabies covering 18 years from 1989 to 2006 was retrospectively conducted in order to highlight the epidemiological features and trends of the disease in botswana. over the 18-year period, a total of 4 306 brain specimens collected from various species of animals including human beings with clinical signs consistent with rabies were submitted to the national veterinary laboratory in gaborone for confirmatory diagnosis. of the samples submitted, 2419 cases ...200921344790
evaluation of a rapid immunodiagnostic test kit for detection of african lyssaviruses from brain material.a rapid immunodiagnostic test kit was evaluated against a selection of isolates of lyssavirus genotypes occurring in africa. the test was carried out in parallel comparison with the fluorescent antibody test (fat) and isolates representing previously established phylogenetic groups from each genotype were included. the specificity of the rapid immunodiagnostic test compared favourably with the fat and was found to detect all representatives of genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4 in brain samples of either f ...200920698445
expression of gdnf transgene in astrocytes improves cognitive deficits in aged rats.glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (gdnf) was assayed for its neurotrophic effects against the neuronal atrophy that causes cognitive deficits in old age. aged fisher 344 rats with impairment in the morris water maze received intrahippocampal injections at the dorsal ca1 area of either a lentiviral vector encoding human gdnf or the same vector encoding human green fluorescent protein as a control. recombinant lentiviral vectors constructed with human cytomegalovirus promotor and pseudot ...200817399854
cross-protective and cross-reactive immune responses to recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing full-length lyssavirus glycoprotein genes.lyssaviruses cause acute, progressive encephalitis in mammals. current rabies vaccines offer protection against the lyssaviruses, with the notable exceptions of mokola virus (mokv), lagos bat virus (lbv) and west caucasian bat virus (wcbv). here we describe the cross-protective and cross-reactive immune responses induced by experimental recombinant vaccinia viruses encoding the glycoprotein genes of rabies virus (rabv), mokv and wcbv, either singly or in dual combinations. constructs expressing ...200817588277
[survey on human rabies cases and its viral molecular biological features in baoshan city, yunnan province].to understand the epidemiological features of two rabies cases in baoshan city year 2006 and 2007 and to analyze its source of infection.200819173855
rhabdovirus matrix protein structures reveal a novel mode of self-association.the matrix (m) proteins of rhabdoviruses are multifunctional proteins essential for virus maturation and budding that also regulate the expression of viral and host proteins. we have solved the structures of m from the vesicular stomatitis virus serotype new jersey (genus: vesiculovirus) and from lagos bat virus (genus: lyssavirus), revealing that both share a common fold despite sharing no identifiable sequence homology. strikingly, in both structures a stretch of residues from the otherwise-di ...200819112510
review article: animal bites: an update for management with a focus on infections.animal bites are a significant public health problem, with an estimated 2% of the population bitten each year. the majority of bites are from dogs and risk factors include young children, men, certain dog breeds and unrestrained dogs. the risk of infection following bites differs among animal species and is dependent on animal dentition and oral flora. recent studies have demonstrated a broad range of pathogens isolated from infected bite wounds, with pasteurella species being the predominant is ...200819125823
lagos bat virus in kenya.during lyssavirus surveillance, 1,221 bats of at least 30 species were collected from 25 locations in kenya. one isolate of lagos bat virus (lbv) was obtained from a dead eidolon helvum fruit bat. the virus was most similar phylogenetically to lbv isolates from senegal (1985) and from france (imported from togo or egypt; 1999), sharing with these viruses 100% nucleoprotein identity and 99.8 to 100% glycoprotein identity. this genome conservancy across space and time suggests that lbv is well ada ...200818305130
mitochondrial dysfunction in lyssavirus-induced apoptosis.lyssaviruses are highly neurotropic viruses associated with neuronal apoptosis. previous observations have indicated that the matrix proteins (m) of some lyssaviruses induce strong neuronal apoptosis. however, the molecular mechanism(s) involved in this phenomenon is still unknown. we show that for mokola virus (mok), a lyssavirus of low pathogenicity, the m (m-mok) targets mitochondria, disrupts the mitochondrial morphology, and induces apoptosis. our analysis of truncated m-mok mutants suggest ...200818321977
phylogeny of lagos bat virus: challenges for lyssavirus taxonomy.lagos bat virus (lbv) belongs to genotype 2 of the lyssavirus genus. the complete nucleoprotein (n), phosphoprotein (p), matrixprotein (m) and glycoprotein (g) genes of 13 lbv isolates were sequenced and phylogenetically compared with other lyssavirus representatives. the results identified three different lineages of lbv. one of these lineages demonstrated sufficient sequence diversity to be considered a new lyssavirus genotype (dakar bat lyssavirus). the suggested quantitative separation of ly ...200818359532
expression, purification and crystallization of a lyssavirus matrix (m) protein.the matrix (m) proteins of lyssaviruses (family rhabdoviridae) are crucial to viral morphogenesis as well as in modulating replication and transcription of the viral genome. to date, no high-resolution structural information has been obtained for full-length rhabdovirus m. here, the cloning, expression and purification of the matrix proteins from three lyssaviruses, lagos bat virus (lag), mokola virus and thailand dog virus, are described. crystals have been obtained for the full-length m protei ...200818391421
compendium of animal rabies prevention and control, 2008: national association of state public health veterinarians, inc. (nasphv).rabies is a fatal viral zoonosis and a serious public health problem. the disease is an acute, progressive encephalitis caused by a lyssavirus. although the united states has been declared free of canine rabies virus variant transmission, multiple viral variants are maintained in wild mammal populations, and there is always a risk of reintroduction of canine rabies. all mammals are believed to be susceptible to the disease, and for purposes of this document, use of the term "animal" refers to ma ...200818418348
first isolation of eblv-2 in germany.in europe, rabies in bats is caused by european bat lyssavirus (eblv) type 1 (eblv-1) or type 2 (eblv-2) which form two distinct genotypes (gt 5 and 6) within the genus lyssavirus of the family of rhadoviridae. spill-over infections of eblv in humans have caused fatal rabies encephalitis and highlighted the relevance of this wildlife disease for public health. the vast majority of the 831 european bat rabies cases reported between 1977 and 2006 were identified as eblv-1. only few virus isolates ...200818424021
genomic diversity and evolution of the lyssaviruses.lyssaviruses are rna viruses with single-strand, negative-sense genomes responsible for rabies-like diseases in mammals. to date, genomic and evolutionary studies have most often utilized partial genome sequences, particularly of the nucleoprotein and glycoprotein genes, with little consideration of genome-scale evolution. herein, we report the first genomic and evolutionary analysis using complete genome sequences of all recognised lyssavirus genotypes, including 14 new complete genomes of fiel ...200818446239
emerging aspects of rabies infection: with a special emphasis on children.increased awareness of the long-neglected rabies virus could promote the highly effective methods of preventing human deaths. rabies and rabies-related lyssaviruses have recently been appearing in unexpected places, sometimes with dire consequences. although rabies of canine origin remains 100% fatal in human beings, should the surprising recovery of a single unvaccinated child influence treatment now?200818448969
antibodies against lagos bat virus in megachiroptera from west africa.to investigate the presence of lagos bat virus (lbv)-specific antibodies in megachiroptera from west africa, we conducted fluorescent antibody virus neutralization tests. neutralizing antibodies were detected in eidolon helvum (37%), epomophorus gambianus (3%), and epomops buettikoferi (33%, 2/6) from ghana. these findings confirm the presence of lbv in west africa.200818507903
complete genomes of aravan, khujand, irkut and west caucasian bat viruses, with special attention to the polymerase gene and non-coding regions.the purpose of this study was to generate complete genome sequences of aravan (arav), khujand (khuv), irkut (irkv) and west caucasian bat (wcbv) viruses, and to compare them with genomes of other lyssaviruses. we focused on rna-dependent rna-polymerase (l) and non-coding regions, because other genes of these viruses have been described previously. the l protein is organized into six conserved blocks (i-vi), previously detected in all mononegavirales. furthermore, lyssaviruses have two additional ...200818514350
complete genome sequence of a raccoon rabies virus isolate.the entire genome of a mid-atlantic raccoon strain rabies virus (rrv) isolated in canada was sequenced; this is the second north american wildlife rabies virus isolate to be fully characterized. the overall organization and length of the genome was similar to that of other lyssaviruses. the nucleotide sequence identity of the raccoon strain ranged between 32.7% and 85.0% when compared to other lyssaviruses, while the deduced amino acid sequence identity ranged between 22.9% and 94.2% with the nu ...200818554740
spatial distribution of mitochondrial and microsatellite dna variation in daubenton's bat within scotland.daubenton's bat (myotis daubentonii) is a known reservoir for european bat lyssavirus type 2 (eblv-2). an appreciation of the potential for epidemiological spread and disease risk requires an understanding of the dispersal of the primary host, and any large-scale geographical barriers that may impede gene flow. the spatial pattern of microsatellite and mitochondrial dna variation was examined to infer patterns of dispersal of bats among 35 populations across scotland. dna sequence variation at t ...200818565113
up-regulation of chemokine gene transcripts and t-cell infiltration into the central nervous system and dorsal root ganglia are characteristics of experimental european bat lyssavirus type 2 infection of mice.european bat lyssaviruses (eblv) types 1 and 2 are closely related to classical rabies virus (rabv), and are capable of causing rabies in terrestrial mammals, including humans. the authors have investigated the murine host innate immune response in the brain, salivary gland, spinal cord, and blood, following peripheral inoculation with eblv-2. in the brain, increases in toll-like receptor-3 (tlr-3) transcript preceded overt disease, with a range of inflammatory gene transcripts increasing during ...200818569456
susceptibility of north american big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) to infection with european bat lyssavirus type 1.the aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility of insectivorous bats (using the big brown bat as a model) to infection with european bat lyssavirus type 1a (eblv-1a), to assess the dynamics of host immune responses and to evaluate the opportunity for horizontal viral transmission within colonies. two isolates of eblv-1a, originating from slovakia (eblv-1ask) and germany (eblv-1age), were tested. four different routes of inoculation were used with isolate eblv-1ask [10(4.8) mouse intra ...200818632972
can rabies be eradicated?rabies, an acute progressive encephalitis, is an ancient zoonosis. its distribution encompasses all continents, except antarctica. agents consist of at least 11 species orgenotypes of rhabdoviruses, in the genus lyssavirus. susceptible natural hosts include all mammals. primary reservoirs reside in the orders carnivora and chiroptera. a plethora of variants, maintained by a diversity of abundant hosts, presents a challenge to a strict concept of true eradication. globally, the domestic dog remai ...200818634470
molecular epidemiology of lyssaviruses in eurasia.the lyssavirus genus, a member of the rhabdoviridae family, consists of seven established related viruses (genotypes 1-7). rabies cases in eurasia are principally attributed to three of these genotypes, namely genotype 1 (rabv, classical rabies) and to a lesser extent genotypes 5 and 6 (european bat lyssaviruses type-1 and -2). in addition, four newly identified divergent lyssaviruses have been isolated from insectivorous bats. the molecular diversity of classical rabies viruses (genotype 1, rab ...200818634471
a random grid based molecular epidemiological study on eblv isolates from germany.germany has reported one of the highest levels of eblv cases in bats in europe. so far, all isolates originating from germany have been identified as eblv-1, using monoclonal antibodies, and a preliminary epidemiological study has indicated that there is a distinct geographical distribution of eblv-1 in germany. to further investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of eblv-1 variants in germany and their impact on molecular epidemiology, isolates were selected using a random grid sampling ...200818634492
asymptomatic rhabdovirus infection in meridional serotine bats (eptesicus isabellinus) from spain.different rhabdoviruses have been found in healthy bats, suggesting asymptomatic infection. the aim of this study was to focus on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of eblv1 infection in the meridional serotine bat (eptesicus isabellinus), as well as to search for other rhabdoviruses in this bat, which is the responsible for more than 95% of cases of human exposure to lyssaviruses in europe. rt-pcr on oropharyngeal swabs was used together with antibody detection by the rapid fluorescent focus inh ...200818634493
epidemiology and pathogenicity of african bat lyssaviruses.lyssaviruses belonging to all four known african lyssavirus genotypes (gts) have been reported and isolated from southafrica over the past few decades. these are: (1) duvenhage virus (gt4), isolated again in 2006 from a human fatality; (2) mokola virus (gt3), isolated irregularly, mostly from cats; (3) lagos bat virus (gt2) continually isolated over the past four years from epomophorus fruit bats and from incidental terrestrial animals and (4) rabies virus (gt1) - with two virus biotypes endemic ...200818634494
experimental infection of big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) with west caucasian bat virus (wcbv).big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus), either recently captured individuals or survivors from previous experimental infection with irkut virus (irkv), were inoculated with west caucasian bat virus (wcbv), intramuscularly into the masseter (n=7) or neck (n=8) muscles, or orally (n=6). three bats inoculated into the neck muscles developed rabies and died between days 10 and 18. viral rna was detected in a number of tissues but isolation was successful only from the brain. an oral swab of one of these ...200818634495
experimental infection of foxes with european bat lyssaviruses type-1 and -2.experimental studies have been undertaken to assess the susceptibility of silver foxes to bat variants of rabies virus, namely european bat lyssaviruses (eblvs). both eblv-1 and eblv-2 have been isolated in european bats since 1954, in eptesicus serotinus and myotis species, respectively. since 2000, the number of reported cases has increased largely due to the improvement of the surveillance of bat rabies virus throughout europe. although over >800 eblvs cases have been reported in bats in euro ...200818634496
the application of genetic markers for eblv surveillance in european bat species.the united kingdom has performed passive surveillance for european bat lyssaviruses (eblvs) since 1987, and species-targeted surveillance since 2003. one critical component of these studies is the accurate identification of bats either submitted for testing or sampled in the field. identification is dependent on numerous morphological characteristics. whilst this is an effective means of bat identification, a number of problems remain with this approach. it relies on the experience of bat specia ...200818634497
active monitoring of eblv infection in natural colonies of the mouse-eared bat (myotis myotis).bats are important reservoir hosts of rna viruses, including lyssaviruses, which can cross the species barrier to infect humans and other domestic and wild non-flying mammals. six of the seven lyssavirus genotypes described to date infect bats. in europe, two genotypes of lyssavirus, european bat lyssavirus types 1 and 2 (eblv-1 and eblv-2), circulate among several bat species and numerous bats are found infected every year. to provide epidemiologists and public health officials with data to eff ...200818634518
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