Publications

the place of marker vaccines in control and eradication of animal diseases--aspects of comparative interest.	smallpox is the first viral infection to have been eradicated world-wide. this remarkable success is due to several factors including the availability of an efficacious vaccine and the absence of a wildlife reservoir. the only animal virus disease sharing these characteristics is rinderpest, for which there are several efficacious vaccines. other animal viral infections do not share the same characteristics, either due to the lack of an efficacious vaccine (african swine fever), or to the existe ...	2005	15962481
rabies human diploid cell vaccine elicits cross-neutralising and cross-protecting immune responses against european and australian bat lyssaviruses.	the ability of antibodies elicited against the rabies human diploid cell vaccine (hdcv) to neutralise european bat lyssaviruses (eblv types-1 and -2), australian bat lyssavirus and classical rabies virus (rabv) has been evaluated using modified fluorescent antibody virus neutralisation (mfavn) assays. ninety-six percent (48 of 50) of the human post-vaccinated sera tested cross-neutralised these viruses (>or=0.5 iu/ml). cross-protection experiments using inbred mice (riii, k/k haplotype) were als ...	2005	15964478
retinal cell type expression specificity of hiv-1-derived gene transfer vectors upon subretinal injection in the adult rat: influence of pseudotyping and promoter.	gene therapy, and particularly gene restoration, is currently a great hope for non-curable hereditary retinal degeneration. clinical applications require a gene transfer vector capable of accurately targeting particular cell types in the retina. to develop such a vector, we compared the expression of a reporter gene after subretinal injections of lentiviral constructs of various pseudotypes and with the transgene expression driven by various promoters.	2005	15966018
genetic comparison of the rhabdoviruses from animals and plants.	there are more than 160 viral species in the rhabdovidae family, most of which can be grouped into one of the six genera including vesiculovirus, lyssavirus, ephemerovirus, novirhabdovirus, cytorhabdovirus, and nucleorhabdovirus. these viruses are not only morphologically similar but also genetically related. analysis of viral genes shows that rhabdoviruses are more closely related to each other than to viruses in other families. with the development of reverse genetics, the functions of many ci ...	2005	15981465
australian bat lyssavirus: a recently discovered new rhabdovirus.	australian bat lyssavirus (ablv), first identified in 1996, has been associated with two human fatalities. ablv is genetically and serologically distinct from, but is closely related to, classical rabies. it has a bullet-shaped morphology by electron microscopy. there are two strains of ablv known: one circulates in frugivorous bats, sub-order megachiroptera, and the other circulates in the smaller, mainly insectivorous bats, sub-order microchiroptera. each strain has been associated with one hu ...	2005	15981466
fish rhabdoviruses: molecular epidemiology and evolution.	rhabdoviruses may cause serious diseases in wild and farmed fish. within the rhabdoviridae six genera have been established: ephemerovirus, cytorhabdovirus, nucleorhabdovirus, lyssavirus, vesiculovirus, and novirhabdovirus. viruses that infect fish are official or tentative members of the genera vesiculovirus and novirhabdovirus, or are listed as unassigned rhabdoviruses. in this report, we summarize and discuss published and our own unpublished data on the molecular epidemiology and phylogeogra ...	2005	15981469
olfactory transmission of neurotropic viruses.	olfactory receptor neurons are unique in their anatomical structure and function. each neuron is directly exposed to the external environment at the site of its dendritic nerve terminals where it is exposed to macromolecules. these molecules can be incorporated into by olfactory receptor neurons and transported transsynaptically to the central nervous system. certain neurotropic pathogens such as herpes simplex virus and borna disease virus make use of this physiological mechanism to invade the ...	2005	16036791
phylogeography, population dynamics, and molecular evolution of european bat lyssaviruses.	european bat lyssaviruses types 1 and 2 (eblv-1 and eblv-2) are widespread in europe, although little is known of their evolutionary history. we undertook a comprehensive sequence analysis to infer the selection pressures, rates of nucleotide substitution, age of genetic diversity, geographical origin, and population growth rates of eblv-1. our study encompassed data from 12 countries collected over a time span of 35 years and focused on the glycoprotein (g) and nucleoprotein (n) genes. we show ...	2005	16051841
vaccines for lyssaviruses other than rabies.	several new lyssaviruses have emerged in the past decade and it is likely that more remain to be discovered. there are six recognized genotypes of lyssavirus other than the rabies virus (genotype 1). all but one of these has been associated with human cases, with the resulting disease clinically similar to rabies. rabies vaccines provide a means of pre- and postexposure prophylaxis against rabies and some of the other genotypes, but not all. those that are crossprotected fall into phylogroup 1 o ...	2005	16117710
defining the risk of human exposure to australian bat lyssavirus through potential non-bat animal infection.		2005	16119768
rabies as a traveler's risk, especially in high-endemicity areas.	rabies is a viral zoonosis, an animal disease transmissible to humans, caused by rhabdoviruses of the genus lyssavirus. it is almost invariably fatal in humans. rabies is widely distributed throughout the world and present in all continents. more than 99.,9 % of human deaths from rabies reported worldwide result from the bite of a rabid dog. prompt and thorough cleansing of the wound, together with administration of immunoglobulin in cases of severe exposure, and immunization with modern vaccine ...	2005	16225804
[bat lyssavirus in thailand].	a study of bat lyssavirus survey was done in thailand from 2001 to 2003. a total of 932 bats of 11 species were captured in 8 provinces for blood collection and testing for neutralizing antibodies against rabies virus (rabv), australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) and broader panel of other lyssaviruses (irkut, aravan and khujand). all thai bat samples were negative to rabv sixteen samples of 394 with sufficient volume of serum had detectable neutralizing antibodies against irkut, aravan, khujand and ...	2005	16241035
emerging zoonotic encephalitis viruses: lessons from southeast asia and oceania.	the last decade of the 20th century saw the introduction of an unprecedented number of encephalitic viruses emerge or spread in the southeast asian and western pacific regions (mackenzie et al, 2001; solomon, 2003a). most of these viruses are zoonotic, either being arthropod-borne viruses or bat-borne viruses. thus japanese encephalitis virus (jev), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has spread through the indonesian archipelago to papua new guinea (png) and to the islands of the torres strait of nort ...	2005	16287684
[epidemiology of rabies virus and other lyssaviruses].	rabies is a zoonosis that infects domestic and wild animals through close contacts with saliva from infected animals. the annual number of deaths worldwide caused by rabies is estimated approximately 55,000 by world health organization (who). there has been no indigenous rabies case in japan since 1957; however, there was only one imported case, a traveler who was bitten by a stray dog in nepal and died in 1970. dogs in asia and africa remain the main reservoir and transmitter of rabies to human ...	2005	16363690
public health concerns in bat rabies across europe.	rabies due to two independent and different genotypes of lyssaviruses - european bat lyssaviruses (eblv) type 1 and type 2 - is present in many european countries. infection is usually seen in bats, the primary reservoirs of the viruses but a few spillover infections have been seen in three other species: stone martens, sheep and humans. spillover infections (with the exception of the two human cases) were eblv-1 only. no eblv-2 spillover cases have been reported in terrestrial animals. the dise ...	2005	16371689
who expert consultation on rabies.	more than 99% of all human rabies deaths occur in the developing world, and although effective and economical control measures are available, the disease has not been brought under control throughout most of the affected countries. given that a major factor in the low level of commitment to rabies control is a lack of accurate data on the true public health impact of the disease, this report of a who expert consultation begins by providing new data on the estimated burden of the disease and its ...	2005	16485446
european bat lyssaviruses, the netherlands.	to study european bat lyssavirus (eblv) in bat reservoirs in the netherlands, native bats have been tested for rabies since 1984. for all collected bats, data including species, age, sex, and date and location found were recorded. a total of 1,219 serotine bats, eptesicus serotinus, were tested, and 251 (21%) were positive for lyssavirus antigen. five (4%) of 129 specimens from the pond bat, myotis dasycneme, were positive. recently detected eblv rna segments encoding the nucleoprotein were sequ ...	2005	16485470
natural and experimental infection of sheep with european bat lyssavirus type-1 of danish bat origin.	in 1998 and 2002, european bat lyssavirus type-1 (eblv-1) was demonstrated in brain tissue of five danish sheep suffering from neurological disorders. four of the five sheep also had encephalic listeriosis. the animals originated from four flocks on pastures within a limited area of western jutland. in a serological investigation in two of the herds, from which three of the diseased animals originated, eblv-1 neutralizing antibodies were detected in only one of 69 sheep. in follow-up surveys, 21 ...	2006	16545840
airborne transmission of lyssaviruses.	in 2002, a scottish bat conservationist developed a rabies-like disease and subsequently died. this was caused by infection with european bat lyssavirus 2 (eblv-2), a virus closely related to rabies virus (rabv). the source of this infection and the means of transmission have not yet been confirmed. in this study, the hypothesis that lyssaviruses, particularly rabv and the bat variant eblv-2, might be transmitted via the airborne route was tested. mice were challenged via direct introduction of ...	2006	16687600
lyssavirus surveillance in bats, bangladesh.	lyssavirus surveillance in bats was performed in bangladesh during 2003 and 2004. no virus isolates were obtained. three serum samples (all from pteropus giganteus, n = 127) of 288 total serum samples, obtained from bats in 9 different taxa, neutralized lyssaviruses aravan and khujand. the infection occurs in bats in bangladesh, but virus prevalence appears low.	2006	16704789
lagos bat virus, south africa.	three more isolates of lagos bat virus were recently recovered from fruit bats in south africa after an apparent absence of this virus for 13 years. the sporadic occurrence of cases is likely due to inadequate surveillance programs for lyssavirus infections among bat populations in africa.	2006	16704795
experimental infection of big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) with eurasian bat lyssaviruses aravan, khujand, and irkut virus.	here we describe the results of experimental infections of captive big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) with three newly isolated bat lyssaviruses from eurasia (aravan, khujand, and irkut viruses). infection of e. fuscus was moderate (total, 55-75%). there was no evidence of transmission to in-contact cage mates. incubation periods for irkut virus infection were significantly shorter (p < 0.05) than for either aravan or khujand virus infections. in turn, quantification of viral rna by taqman pcr su ...	2006	16705370
rt-pcr for detection of all seven genotypes of lyssavirus genus.	the lyssavirus genus includes seven species or genotypes named 1-7. rabies genotypes correlate with geographical distribution and specific hosts. co-circulation of different lyssaviruses, imported cases, and the presence of unknown viruses, such as aravan, khujand, irkut and west caucasian bat virus, make it necessary to use generic methods able to detect all lyssaviruses. primer sequences were chosen from conserved regions in all genotypes in order to optimise a generic rt-pcr. serial dilutions ...	2006	16713633
specific infections, infection-related behavior, and risk of non-hodgkin lymphoma in adults.	infections were examined as possible risk factors for non-hodgkin lymphoma in a population-based case-control study in new south wales and the australian capital territory, australia. incident cases (n = 694) had no history of hiv infection or transplantation. controls (n = 694) were randomly selected from electoral rolls and frequency matched to cases by age, sex, and area of residence. a postal questionnaire and telephone interview measured history of specific infections, occupational exposure ...	2006	16775166
[chiroptera and zoonosis: an emerging problem on all five continents].	zoonosis is the cause of the vast majority of emerging diseases. bats that occupy the second place in the mammal class play an important role. whether they belong to the microchiroptera suborder or to the megachiroptera suborder, bats on all five continents have been implicated in transmission of numerous pathogens including not only viruses such as lyssavirus (e.g. rabies), hepanivirus (e.g. hendra and nipah virus) and recently coronavirus (e.g. sars-like coronavirus and ebola virus) but also f ...	2006	16775933
[a new case of bat rabies in france].	bat rabies represents an emerging zoonosis in europe and the only endemic cause of rabies in france.	2006	16797796
[progressive human viral encephalitis associated to a bat bite].	human rabies is a rapidly progressive encephalitis that is transmitted by the bites of an infected mammal.	2006	16832770
european bat lyssavirus type 2 rna in myotis daubentonii.	organ distribution of european bat lyssavirus type 2 viral rna in its reservoir host, myotis daubentonii (daubenton's bat), was measured with a novel quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. high levels of genomic rna were found in the brain and were also detectable in the tongue, bladder, and stomach.	2006	16836837
phylogenetic relationships of seven previously unclassified viruses within the family rhabdoviridae using partial nucleoprotein gene sequences.	partial nucleoprotein (n) gene sequences of the rhabdoviruses obodhiang (obov), kotonkon (kotv), rochambeau (rbuv), kern canyon (kcv), mount elgon bat (mebv), kolongo (kolv) and sandjimba (sjav) were generated and their phylogenetic positions within the family rhabdoviridae were determined. both obov and kotv were placed within the genus ephemerovirus. rbuv was joined to the same cluster, but more distantly. mebv and kcv were grouped into a monophyletic cluster (putative genus) with oita virus ( ...	2006	16847128
rabies: epidemiological tendencies and control tools.	rabies encephalitis still generates 50,000 human deaths/year. it is due to neuron infection by lyssaviruses. seven genotypes (gt) are currently distinguished within the lyssavirus genus which segregate in two phylogroups (pg). this classification is constantly evolving due to isolation of new lyssaviruses within bat populations. functional differences exist between gts in term of neurotropism, pathogenesis, induction of apoptosis, immunogenicity, and their molecular basis are starting to be eluc ...	2006	16878455
occupational lyssavirus risks and post-vaccination monitoring.	in the uk, rabies pre-exposure vaccination involves a 3-dose course (do, 7 & 28) and reinforcing doses at a 2-3 year intervals. this booster schedule had been implemented following scientific evidence indicating that a reduction in the previous regime interval of 3-5 years was warranted. the regime changes were particularly relevant to high risk groups that may encounter rabies virus. those at known high risk of exposure to rabies and other lyssaviruses include laboratory staff and a diverse gro ...	2006	16878474
ability of rabies vaccine strains to elicit cross-neutralising antibodies.	two european bat lyssaviruses (eblv-1 and eblv-2) have been identified (n > 750 cases) in european bat species. in addition, eblvs have been detected as "spillover" cases in three humans, one stone marten and four sheep. a further concern is the interaction of companion animals with infected bats and the possibility of subsequent lyssavirus infection. cat-bat interactions represent approximately 32 % (n = 398) of passive lyssavirus surveillance submissions at the veterinary laboratories agency ( ...	2006	16878476
cross reactive antigenicity in orally vaccinated foxes and raccoon dogs against european bat lyssavirus type 1 and 2.	for the first time, the effectiveness of oral rabies vaccines against european bat lyssaviruses type 1 (eblv-1) and type 2 (eblv-2) by means of cross-neutralization assays was investigated. sera from orally vaccinated red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) with the street alabama dufferin (sad) b19 and sad p5/88 live-modified vaccine viruses were used to study the cross reactive antigenicity against cvs-11 (genotype 1), eblv-1 (genotype 5) and eblv-2 (genotype 6). ...	2006	16878477
pre-exposure rabies booster vaccinations: a literature review.	in europe, more attention is turning towards human infection with european bat lyssaviruses (eblvs). following the death of a bat conservationist from eblv in scotland, in 2002, the department of health in the united kingdom (uk) recommended that all bat workers receive prophylactic rabies vaccination. this systematic literature review aims to review the evidence base for current uk policy on rabies booster vaccination. ten papers met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. most of the papers ...	2006	16878478
bat rabies in europe: a review.	bats are legally protected in most european countries under some international treaties and national nature conservation legislations that prohibit deliberate capture and killing of bats except under permit from the competent authorities. however, bat rabies research is necessary to gain insight into whether bat rabies is a real problem for public health and whether bat conservation efforts are in conflict with public health interests. it is also important to know the incidence of rabies in diff ...	2006	16878482
eblv1 circulation in natural bat colonies of eptesicus serotinus: a six year survey.	the serotine bat (eptesicus serotinus) accounts for 95 % of cases of human exposition to eblv1. the aim of this study was to focus on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of eblv1 infection in the serotine bat. our first objective was the development of an rt-pcr technique for the specific detection of eblv1 rna in oro-pharyngeal swabs. this technique showed better performance than the classical immunofluorescence (if) on brain in detecting eblv1 in healthy flying bats. we have used this technique ...	2006	16878483
eblv-2 prevalence in the united kingdom as determined by surveillance testing.	five cases of eblv-2 have been detected in the uk since 1996, with all wildlife cases in the daubenton's bat: one on the south coast in sussex in 1996, one in lancashire in 2002, another in 2003, one in surrey in 2004 and a human fatality in angus, scotland, in 2002. as a result of the human case, a seroprevalence study, aimed primarily at the daubenton's bat was conducted in 2003 in scotland and at some sites in england. in scotland, 198 daubenton's, 20 natterer's and 6 pipistrelles were caught ...	2006	16878484
bat rabies surveillance in the former soviet union.	more than 3,000 bats were examined for lyssaviruses in the territory of the former soviet union (fsu) over the past 41 years (1964-2004). european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1) was registered in the ukraine and the european part of russia. lyssaviruses aravan (arav, kyrgyzstan, 1991), khujand (khuv, tajikistan, 2001), irkut (irkv, irkutsk region, 2002) and west caucasian bat virus (wcbv, krasnodar region, 2002) were proposed as new lyssavirus genotypes. all reports on rabies virus (rabv; seroty ...	2006	16878485
bat rabies surveillance in france, from 1989 through may 2005.	in france, the passive surveillance of lyssaviruses in bats started in 1989, with the first positive case found in the east of the country. in 2000, the french bat rabies surveillance network in france was improved on the basis of the one used for the surveillance of fox rabies. the objectives of this network are to improve bat rabies surveillance by increasing the number of specimens and to provide an estimation of rabies incidence in bat populations across the country. the surveillance network ...	2006	16878486
molecular diagnosis of lyssaviruses and sequence comparison of australian bat lyssavirus samples.	to evaluate and implement molecular diagnostic tests for the detection of lyssaviruses in australia.	2006	16879123
lyssavirus infection activates interferon gene expression in the brain.	to investigate the innate immune response within the brain to lyssavirus infection, key transcripts indicative of innate defences were measured in a mouse model system. following infection with rabies virus, transcript levels for type 1 interferons (ifn-alpha and -beta), the inflammatory mediator interleukin 6 (il-6) and the antiviral protein mx1 increased in the brains of mice. intracranial inoculation resulted in the early detection of virus replication and rapid expression within the brain of ...	2006	16894206
passive surveillance (1987 to 2004) of united kingdom bats for european bat lyssaviruses.	passive surveillance for european bat lyssaviruses (eblvs) in the uk began in 1987, and between 1987 and 2004, 4,883 bats of european origin (4,871 belonging to 17 uk resident species and 12 belonging to seven non-uk resident species) were tested. the proportions and numbers of each species submitted from different regions varied considerably, partly owing to inherent biases in the passive surveillance, and there were seasonal variations in the numbers, sex and age of the bats. contact with cats ...	2006	17012608
isolation of eblv-2 in a daubenton's bat (myotis daubentonii) found in oxfordshire.		2006	17041069
development of a real-time, differential rt-pcr taqman assay for lyssavirus genotypes 1, 5 and 6.	a number of rt-pcr methods have been reported for the detection of rabies and rabies-related viruses. here, a single, closed tube, non-nested rt-pcr taqman assay to distinguish between classical rabies virus and european bat lyssaviruses 1 and 2 in real time is described. the taqman assay is rapid, sensitive, specific and allows for the genotyping of unknown isolates concomitant with the rt-pcr. it can be applied quantitatively and the use of an internal control enables the quality of the isolat ...	2006	17058499
isolation of lagos bat virus from water mongoose.	a genotype 2 lyssavirus, lagos bat virus (lbv), was isolated from a terrestrial wildlife species (water mongoose) in august 2004 in the durban area of the kwazulu-natal province of south africa. the virus isolate was confirmed as lbv by antigenic and genetic characterization, and the mongoose was identified as atilax paludinosus by mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence analysis. phylogenetic analysis demonstrated sequence homology with previous lbv isolates from south african bats. studies perform ...	2006	17326944
fatal human infection with rabies-related duvenhage virus, south africa.	duvenhage virus was isolated from a patient who died of a rabies-like disease after being scratched by a bat early in 2006. this occurred approximately 80 km from the site where the only other known human infection with the virus had occurred 36 years earlier.	2006	17326954
current and future trends in the prevention, treatment and control of rabies.	rabies remains a global zoonosis of major public health, agricultural and economic significance. dogs are the major animal reservoirs in developing regions, wildlife maintain cycles of infection even in developed countries and new viral etiological agents continue to emerge. nearly all human rabies cases are related directly to animal bite and thus, primary disease prevention requires minimization of suspected exposures. once exposure occurs, modern prophylaxis entails immediate wound care, loca ...	2006	17181418
public health awareness of emerging zoonotic viruses of bats: a european perspective.	bats classified in the order chiroptera are the most abundant and widely distributed non-human mammalian species in the world. several bat species are reservoir hosts of zoonotic viruses and therefore can be a public health hazard. lyssaviruses of different genotypes have emerged from bats in america (genotype 1 rabies virus; rabv), europe (european bat lyssavirus; eblv), and australia (australian bat lyssavirus; ablv), whereas nipah virus is the most important recent zoonosis of bat origin in a ...	2006	17187565
a simple sandwich elisa (welyssa) for the detection of lyssavirus nucleocapsid in rabies suspected specimens using mouse monoclonal antibodies.	monoclonal antibody (mab)-based capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) were developed for the diagnosis of rabies-suspect specimens. a combination of four mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against the rabies virus nucleocapsid was selected and used for the detection. the test was optimized and standardized so that maximum concordance could be maintained with the standard procedures of rabies diagnosis recommended by the who expert committee. using prototype viruses from the differ ...	2007	17276082
comparative analysis of the full genome sequence of european bat lyssavirus type 1 and type 2 with other lyssaviruses and evidence for a conserved transcription termination and polyadenylation motif in the g-l 3' non-translated region.	we report the first full-length genomic sequences for european bat lyssavirus type-1 (eblv-1) and type-2 (eblv-2). the eblv-1 genomic sequence was derived from a virus isolated from a serotine bat in hamburg, germany, in 1968 and the eblv-2 sequence was derived from a virus isolate from a human case of rabies that occurred in scotland in 2002. a long-distance pcr strategy was used to amplify the open reading frames (orfs), followed by standard and modified race (rapid amplification of cdna ends) ...	2007	17374776
temporal dynamics of european bat lyssavirus type 1 and survival of myotis myotis bats in natural colonies.	many emerging rna viruses of public health concern have recently been detected in bats. however, the dynamics of these viruses in natural bat colonies is presently unknown. consequently, prediction of the spread of these viruses and the establishment of appropriate control measures are hindered by a lack of information. to this aim, we collected epidemiological, virological and ecological data during a twelve-year longitudinal study in two colonies of insectivorous bats (myotis myotis) located i ...	2007	17593965
antigenic characterisation of yeast-expressed lyssavirus nucleoproteins.	in europe, three genotypes of the genus lyssavirus, family rhabdoviridae, are present, classical rabies virus (rabv, genotype 1), european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1, genotype 5) and european bat lyssavirus type 2 (eblv-2, genotype 6). the entire authentic nucleoprotein (n protein) encoding sequences of rabv (challenge virus standard, cvs, strain), eblv-1 and eblv-2 were expressed in yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae at high level. purification of recombinant n proteins by caesium chloride gradi ...	2007	17619134
are all lyssavirus genes equal for phylogenetic analyses?	individual lyssavirus genes were evaluated for phylogenetic studies from available full genome sequences. the full genome of the era rabies virus was sequenced and its accuracy was confirmed through virus recovery by reverse genetics. the full length of the era is 11,931 nucleotides (nt), with a leader sequence of 58 nt, the nucleoprotein (n) gene of 1350 nt, phosphoprotein (p) gene of 891 nt, matrix protein (m) gene of 606 nt, glycoprotein (g) gene of 1572 nt, rna-dependent rna polymerase (l) g ...	2007	17681631
[bat rabies in europe and the czech republic].	in 2005, six children were treated in our department who had been in contact with a bat infected with european bat lyssavirus 1 (ebl1). in the czech republic, this was the first confirmed case of rabies since 2002, but the fourth case of bat rabies since 1994. all the cases were related to southern moravia and bat species which almost do not migrate. this suggests only endemic prevalence of ebl1 in this country. bat rabies is different from rabies in terrestic mammals. based on genetic analyses, ...	2007	17703400
susceptibility of sheep to european bat lyssavirus type-1 and -2 infection: a clinical pathogenesis study.	european bat lyssaviruses (eblvs) have been known to cross the species barrier from their native bat host to other terrestrial mammals. in this study, we have confirmed eblv-1 and eblv-2 susceptibility in sheep (ovis ammon) following intracranial and peripheral (intramuscular) inoculation. notably, mild clinical disease was observed in those exposed to virus via the intramuscular route. following the intramuscular challenge, 75% of the animals infected with eblv-1 and 100% of those that were cha ...	2007	17706900
emergence of lyssaviruses in the old world: the case of africa.	rabies has a long history of occurrence throughout africa, spanning hundreds of years. at least four distinct lyssavirus species persist throughout the continent, among carnivores, bats and other mammals. rabies virus is the most cosmopolitan member, with primary reservoirs within dogs and mongoose, but other wildlife vectors are important in viral maintenance, such as jackals. besides a prominent toll on humans and domestic animals, the disease has an underappreciated role in conservation biolo ...	2007	17848065
isolation of european bat lyssavirus type 2 from a daubenton's bat (myotis daubentonii) in shropshire.		2007	17873269
european bat lyssavirus type 2: human exposure in england.		2007	17900428
lyssaviruses.	lyssaviruses are the etiological agents of rabies, one of the oldest viral diseases known to man and a disease that has persisted over many centuries. together with sound diagnostic methods and efficacious vaccines--both of which had been available for many decades, an understanding of the epidemiology of the disease have enabled its control and even elimination in some specific reservoir species in north america and western europe. however, worldwide rabies still radiates into new host species ...	2007	18033596
exotic animal diseases bulletin. australian bat lyssavirus(ablv).		2007	18080377
compendium of animal rabies prevention and control, 2007: national association of state public health veterinarians, inc. (nasphv).	rabies is a fatal viral zoonosis and a serious public health problem. the disease is an acute progressive encephalitis caused by a lyssavirus. multiple viral variants are maintained in wild mammal populations in the united states, but all mammals are believed to be susceptible to the disease. for purposes of this document, use of the term "animal" refers to mammals. the recommendations in this compendium serve as a basis for animal rabies-prevention and -control programs throughout the united st ...	2007	17410084
susceptibility of domestic dogs and cats to australian bat lyssavirus (ablv).	the susceptibility of cats and dogs to australian bat lyssavirus (ablv; genotype vii) was investigated by intramuscular (im) inoculation of 10(3.7)-10(5) 50% tissue culture infective doses (tcid(50)) of virus followed by observation of experimental animals for up to 3 months post-inoculation (pi). each experiment also included positive and negative controls, animals inoculated with a bat variant of rabies virus (eptesicus i, genotype i), or a 10% suspension of uninfected mouse brain, respectivel ...	2007	17449202
[lyssaviruses related to rabies virus].		2007	17491383
identification of european bat lyssavirus isolates with short genomic insertions.	molecular typing has consistently identified european bat lyssaviruses from germany as eblv type 1a (eblv-1a). this report confirms the presence of the closely related eblv-1b in southern germany, a group previously reported from the netherlands, france and spain. furthermore, two of three german eblv-1b isolates contain a 6 base pair insertion within the 3' untranslated region (utr) of the nucleoprotein gene. this feature was shared with a third eblv-1b isolate from a region of france adjacent ...	2007	17521764
epidemiology of bat rabies in germany.	rabies in european bats was first reported in germany in 1954. in concordance with denmark and the netherlands, germany has reported one of the highest numbers (n = 187) of european bat lyssavirus (eblv)-positive cases in bats in europe so far (1954-2005). a combined descriptive epidemiological and phylogenetic analysis on bat rabies and prevailing eblvs is presented, comprising the past 50 years. so far, only the two lineages of eblv-1 (genotype 5), a and b, have been detected. although only 50 ...	2007	17066249
a molecular epidemiological study targeting the glycoprotein gene of rabies virus isolates from china.	a group of 31 rabies viruses (rabvs), recovered primarily from dogs, one deer and one human case, were collected from various areas in china between 1989 and 2006. complete g gene sequences determined for these isolates indicated identities of nucleotide and amino acid sequences of >or=87% and 93.8%, respectively. phylogenetic analysis of these and some additional chinese isolates clearly supported the placement of all chinese viruses in lyssavirus genotype 1 and divided all chinese isolates bet ...	2007	17129631
use of filter paper (fta) technology for sampling, recovery and molecular characterisation of rabies viruses.	this study evaluates the feasibility of the use of the fta gene guard system (a commercial product consisting of filter paper impregnated with patented chemicals supplied by the whatman company) for the shipment, storage and detection of rna rabies viruses by a simplified hemi-nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. hnrt-pcr of the rabies virus nucleoprotein gene with specific primers showed that viral rna extracted from crude infected tissues remained stable after fixation on th ...	2007	17157394
mokola virus in domestic mammals, south africa.	we recently identified 2 mokola viruses from domestic mammals (a dog and a cat) in south africa. these cases occurred 8 years after the last reported case of infection with this virus. our findings emphasize the endemicity of rabies-related lyssaviruses in south africa and the need to better understand the epidemiology of mokola viruses.	2007	18252112
lagos bat virus in kenya.	during lyssavirus surveillance, 1,221 bats of at least 30 species were collected from 25 locations in kenya. one isolate of lagos bat virus (lbv) was obtained from a dead eidolon helvum fruit bat. the virus was most similar phylogenetically to lbv isolates from senegal (1985) and from france (imported from togo or egypt; 1999), sharing with these viruses 100% nucleoprotein identity and 99.8 to 100% glycoprotein identity. this genome conservancy across space and time suggests that lbv is well ada ...	2008	18305130
mitochondrial dysfunction in lyssavirus-induced apoptosis.	lyssaviruses are highly neurotropic viruses associated with neuronal apoptosis. previous observations have indicated that the matrix proteins (m) of some lyssaviruses induce strong neuronal apoptosis. however, the molecular mechanism(s) involved in this phenomenon is still unknown. we show that for mokola virus (mok), a lyssavirus of low pathogenicity, the m (m-mok) targets mitochondria, disrupts the mitochondrial morphology, and induces apoptosis. our analysis of truncated m-mok mutants suggest ...	2008	18321977
phylogeny of lagos bat virus: challenges for lyssavirus taxonomy.	lagos bat virus (lbv) belongs to genotype 2 of the lyssavirus genus. the complete nucleoprotein (n), phosphoprotein (p), matrixprotein (m) and glycoprotein (g) genes of 13 lbv isolates were sequenced and phylogenetically compared with other lyssavirus representatives. the results identified three different lineages of lbv. one of these lineages demonstrated sufficient sequence diversity to be considered a new lyssavirus genotype (dakar bat lyssavirus). the suggested quantitative separation of ly ...	2008	18359532
expression, purification and crystallization of a lyssavirus matrix (m) protein.	the matrix (m) proteins of lyssaviruses (family rhabdoviridae) are crucial to viral morphogenesis as well as in modulating replication and transcription of the viral genome. to date, no high-resolution structural information has been obtained for full-length rhabdovirus m. here, the cloning, expression and purification of the matrix proteins from three lyssaviruses, lagos bat virus (lag), mokola virus and thailand dog virus, are described. crystals have been obtained for the full-length m protei ...	2008	18391421
compendium of animal rabies prevention and control, 2008: national association of state public health veterinarians, inc. (nasphv).	rabies is a fatal viral zoonosis and a serious public health problem. the disease is an acute, progressive encephalitis caused by a lyssavirus. although the united states has been declared free of canine rabies virus variant transmission, multiple viral variants are maintained in wild mammal populations, and there is always a risk of reintroduction of canine rabies. all mammals are believed to be susceptible to the disease, and for purposes of this document, use of the term "animal" refers to ma ...	2008	18418348
first isolation of eblv-2 in germany.	in europe, rabies in bats is caused by european bat lyssavirus (eblv) type 1 (eblv-1) or type 2 (eblv-2) which form two distinct genotypes (gt 5 and 6) within the genus lyssavirus of the family of rhadoviridae. spill-over infections of eblv in humans have caused fatal rabies encephalitis and highlighted the relevance of this wildlife disease for public health. the vast majority of the 831 european bat rabies cases reported between 1977 and 2006 were identified as eblv-1. only few virus isolates ...	2008	18424021
genomic diversity and evolution of the lyssaviruses.	lyssaviruses are rna viruses with single-strand, negative-sense genomes responsible for rabies-like diseases in mammals. to date, genomic and evolutionary studies have most often utilized partial genome sequences, particularly of the nucleoprotein and glycoprotein genes, with little consideration of genome-scale evolution. herein, we report the first genomic and evolutionary analysis using complete genome sequences of all recognised lyssavirus genotypes, including 14 new complete genomes of fiel ...	2008	18446239
emerging aspects of rabies infection: with a special emphasis on children.	increased awareness of the long-neglected rabies virus could promote the highly effective methods of preventing human deaths. rabies and rabies-related lyssaviruses have recently been appearing in unexpected places, sometimes with dire consequences. although rabies of canine origin remains 100% fatal in human beings, should the surprising recovery of a single unvaccinated child influence treatment now?	2008	18448969
antibodies against lagos bat virus in megachiroptera from west africa.	to investigate the presence of lagos bat virus (lbv)-specific antibodies in megachiroptera from west africa, we conducted fluorescent antibody virus neutralization tests. neutralizing antibodies were detected in eidolon helvum (37%), epomophorus gambianus (3%), and epomops buettikoferi (33%, 2/6) from ghana. these findings confirm the presence of lbv in west africa.	2008	18507903
complete genomes of aravan, khujand, irkut and west caucasian bat viruses, with special attention to the polymerase gene and non-coding regions.	the purpose of this study was to generate complete genome sequences of aravan (arav), khujand (khuv), irkut (irkv) and west caucasian bat (wcbv) viruses, and to compare them with genomes of other lyssaviruses. we focused on rna-dependent rna-polymerase (l) and non-coding regions, because other genes of these viruses have been described previously. the l protein is organized into six conserved blocks (i-vi), previously detected in all mononegavirales. furthermore, lyssaviruses have two additional ...	2008	18514350
complete genome sequence of a raccoon rabies virus isolate.	the entire genome of a mid-atlantic raccoon strain rabies virus (rrv) isolated in canada was sequenced; this is the second north american wildlife rabies virus isolate to be fully characterized. the overall organization and length of the genome was similar to that of other lyssaviruses. the nucleotide sequence identity of the raccoon strain ranged between 32.7% and 85.0% when compared to other lyssaviruses, while the deduced amino acid sequence identity ranged between 22.9% and 94.2% with the nu ...	2008	18554740
spatial distribution of mitochondrial and microsatellite dna variation in daubenton's bat within scotland.	daubenton's bat (myotis daubentonii) is a known reservoir for european bat lyssavirus type 2 (eblv-2). an appreciation of the potential for epidemiological spread and disease risk requires an understanding of the dispersal of the primary host, and any large-scale geographical barriers that may impede gene flow. the spatial pattern of microsatellite and mitochondrial dna variation was examined to infer patterns of dispersal of bats among 35 populations across scotland. dna sequence variation at t ...	2008	18565113
up-regulation of chemokine gene transcripts and t-cell infiltration into the central nervous system and dorsal root ganglia are characteristics of experimental european bat lyssavirus type 2 infection of mice.	european bat lyssaviruses (eblv) types 1 and 2 are closely related to classical rabies virus (rabv), and are capable of causing rabies in terrestrial mammals, including humans. the authors have investigated the murine host innate immune response in the brain, salivary gland, spinal cord, and blood, following peripheral inoculation with eblv-2. in the brain, increases in toll-like receptor-3 (tlr-3) transcript preceded overt disease, with a range of inflammatory gene transcripts increasing during ...	2008	18569456
susceptibility of north american big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) to infection with european bat lyssavirus type 1.	the aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility of insectivorous bats (using the big brown bat as a model) to infection with european bat lyssavirus type 1a (eblv-1a), to assess the dynamics of host immune responses and to evaluate the opportunity for horizontal viral transmission within colonies. two isolates of eblv-1a, originating from slovakia (eblv-1ask) and germany (eblv-1age), were tested. four different routes of inoculation were used with isolate eblv-1ask [10(4.8) mouse intra ...	2008	18632972
can rabies be eradicated?	rabies, an acute progressive encephalitis, is an ancient zoonosis. its distribution encompasses all continents, except antarctica. agents consist of at least 11 species orgenotypes of rhabdoviruses, in the genus lyssavirus. susceptible natural hosts include all mammals. primary reservoirs reside in the orders carnivora and chiroptera. a plethora of variants, maintained by a diversity of abundant hosts, presents a challenge to a strict concept of true eradication. globally, the domestic dog remai ...	2008	18634470
molecular epidemiology of lyssaviruses in eurasia.	the lyssavirus genus, a member of the rhabdoviridae family, consists of seven established related viruses (genotypes 1-7). rabies cases in eurasia are principally attributed to three of these genotypes, namely genotype 1 (rabv, classical rabies) and to a lesser extent genotypes 5 and 6 (european bat lyssaviruses type-1 and -2). in addition, four newly identified divergent lyssaviruses have been isolated from insectivorous bats. the molecular diversity of classical rabies viruses (genotype 1, rab ...	2008	18634471
a random grid based molecular epidemiological study on eblv isolates from germany.	germany has reported one of the highest levels of eblv cases in bats in europe. so far, all isolates originating from germany have been identified as eblv-1, using monoclonal antibodies, and a preliminary epidemiological study has indicated that there is a distinct geographical distribution of eblv-1 in germany. to further investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of eblv-1 variants in germany and their impact on molecular epidemiology, isolates were selected using a random grid sampling ...	2008	18634492
asymptomatic rhabdovirus infection in meridional serotine bats (eptesicus isabellinus) from spain.	different rhabdoviruses have been found in healthy bats, suggesting asymptomatic infection. the aim of this study was to focus on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of eblv1 infection in the meridional serotine bat (eptesicus isabellinus), as well as to search for other rhabdoviruses in this bat, which is the responsible for more than 95% of cases of human exposure to lyssaviruses in europe. rt-pcr on oropharyngeal swabs was used together with antibody detection by the rapid fluorescent focus inh ...	2008	18634493
epidemiology and pathogenicity of african bat lyssaviruses.	lyssaviruses belonging to all four known african lyssavirus genotypes (gts) have been reported and isolated from southafrica over the past few decades. these are: (1) duvenhage virus (gt4), isolated again in 2006 from a human fatality; (2) mokola virus (gt3), isolated irregularly, mostly from cats; (3) lagos bat virus (gt2) continually isolated over the past four years from epomophorus fruit bats and from incidental terrestrial animals and (4) rabies virus (gt1) - with two virus biotypes endemic ...	2008	18634494
experimental infection of big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) with west caucasian bat virus (wcbv).	big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus), either recently captured individuals or survivors from previous experimental infection with irkut virus (irkv), were inoculated with west caucasian bat virus (wcbv), intramuscularly into the masseter (n=7) or neck (n=8) muscles, or orally (n=6). three bats inoculated into the neck muscles developed rabies and died between days 10 and 18. viral rna was detected in a number of tissues but isolation was successful only from the brain. an oral swab of one of these ...	2008	18634495
experimental infection of foxes with european bat lyssaviruses type-1 and -2.	experimental studies have been undertaken to assess the susceptibility of silver foxes to bat variants of rabies virus, namely european bat lyssaviruses (eblvs). both eblv-1 and eblv-2 have been isolated in european bats since 1954, in eptesicus serotinus and myotis species, respectively. since 2000, the number of reported cases has increased largely due to the improvement of the surveillance of bat rabies virus throughout europe. although over >800 eblvs cases have been reported in bats in euro ...	2008	18634496
the application of genetic markers for eblv surveillance in european bat species.	the united kingdom has performed passive surveillance for european bat lyssaviruses (eblvs) since 1987, and species-targeted surveillance since 2003. one critical component of these studies is the accurate identification of bats either submitted for testing or sampled in the field. identification is dependent on numerous morphological characteristics. whilst this is an effective means of bat identification, a number of problems remain with this approach. it relies on the experience of bat specia ...	2008	18634497
active monitoring of eblv infection in natural colonies of the mouse-eared bat (myotis myotis).	bats are important reservoir hosts of rna viruses, including lyssaviruses, which can cross the species barrier to infect humans and other domestic and wild non-flying mammals. six of the seven lyssavirus genotypes described to date infect bats. in europe, two genotypes of lyssavirus, european bat lyssavirus types 1 and 2 (eblv-1 and eblv-2), circulate among several bat species and numerous bats are found infected every year. to provide epidemiologists and public health officials with data to eff ...	2008	18634518
welyssa: a simple tool using mouse monoclonal antibodies for the detection of lyssavirus nucleocapsid in rabies suspected specimens.	a monoclonal antibody (mab)-based capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) named welyssa was developed for the diagnosis of rabies suspected specimens using prototype viruses from the different genotypes of lyssavirus and from various geographic origins and phylogenetic lineages. it included a panel of 1,660 specimens received for rabies diagnostic testing, and was found to be highly specific (99.9%) and sensitive (97.0%) when compared to other recommended rabies diagnostic methods.	2008	18634519
australian bat lyssavirus: examination of post-exposure treatment in nsw.	ten years after the recognition of australian bat lyssavirus, it is timely to review the occurrence of the virus in native microbat and flying fox species in australia, and the effectiveness of post-exposure treatment in humans. differences between post-exposure treatment protocols adopted by state and territory health departments were examined. in queensland and the united states of america, post-exposure treatment is withheld in people who are bitten by bats that subsequently test negative for ...	2008	18638437
endemic circulation of european bat lyssavirus type 1 in serotine bats, spain.	to determine the presence of european bat lyssavirus type 1 in southern spain, we studied 19 colonies of serotine bats (eptesicus isabellinus), its main reservoir, during 1998-2003. viral genome and antibodies were detected in healthy bats, which suggests subclinical infection. the different temporal patterns of circulation found in each colony indicate independent endemic circulation.	2008	18680651
oral rabies vaccination of a northern ohio raccoon population: relevance of population density and prebait serology.	ohio's oral rabies vaccination (orv) program was established to prevent the westward spread of the raccoon (procyon lotor) rabies virus (lyssavirus, rhabdoviridae) in ohio, usa. the program, which targets raccoons, distributes vaccine-bait units (vbu) at a target density of 75 units/km2. few studies have examined the relationship of vbu density and target population density to the prevalence of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies (rvna). we conducted experimental vbu distributions in august 200 ...	2008	18689640
investigating antibody neutralization of lyssaviruses using lentiviral pseudotypes: a cross-species comparison.	cross-neutralization between rabies virus (rabv) and two european bat lyssaviruses (eblv-1 and -2) was analysed using lentiviral pseudotypes as antigen vectors. glycoprotein (g-protein) cdna from rabv challenge virus standard-11 (cvs-11) and eblv-1 and -2 were cloned and co-expressed with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) or murine leukemia virus (mlv) gag-pol and packageable green fluorescent protein (gfp) or luciferase reporter genes in human cells. the harvested lentiviral (hiv) vector infec ...	2008	18753230
a reassessment of the emergence time of european bat lyssavirus type 1.	the previous study of the evolutionary rates of european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1) used a strict molecular clock to estimate substitution rates of the nucleoprotein gene and in turn times of the most recent common ancestor (tmrca) of the entire genotype and the two major eblv-1 lineages (eblv-1a and eblv-1b). the results of that study suggested that the evolutionary rate of eblv-1 was one of the lowest recorded for rna viruses and that genetic diversity of eblv-1 arose 500-750 years ago. he ...	2008	18773973
experimental study of european bat lyssavirus type-2 infection in daubenton's bats (myotis daubentonii).	european bat lyssavirus type 2 (eblv-2) can be transmitted from daubenton's bats to humans and cause rabies. eblv-2 has been repeatedly isolated from daubenton's bats in the uk but appears to be present at a low level within the native bat population. this has prompted us to investigate the disease in its natural host under experimental conditions, to assess its virulence, dissemination and likely means of transmission between insectivorous bats. with the exception of direct intracranial inocula ...	2008	18931061
the origin and phylogeography of dog rabies virus.	rabies is a progressively fatal and incurable viral encephalitis caused by a lyssavirus infection. almost all of the 55 000 annual rabies deaths in humans result from infection with dog rabies viruses (rabv). despite the importance of rabies for human health, little is known about the spread of rabv in dog populations, and patterns of biodiversity have only been studied in limited geographical space. to address these questions on a global scale, we sequenced 62 new isolates and performed an exte ...	2008	18931062
rabies risk from contact with bats.		2008	18931360