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exploring the antitumor effect of virus in malignant glioma.malignant gliomas are the most common type of primary malignant brain tumor with no effective treatments. current conventional therapies (surgical resection, radiation therapy, temozolomide (tmz), and bevacizumab administration) typically fail to eradicate the tumors resulting in the recurrence of treatment-resistant tumors. therefore, novel approaches are needed to improve therapeutic outcomes. oncolytic viruses (ovs) are excellent candidates as a more effective therapeutic strategy for aggress ...201726855472
an in vitro rna synthesis assay for rabies virus defines ribonucleoprotein interactions critical for polymerase activity.we report an in vitro rna synthesis assay for the rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) of rabies virus (rabv). we expressed rabv large polymerase protein (l) in insect cells from a recombinant baculovirus vector and the phosphoprotein cofactor (p) in escherichia coli and purified the resulting proteins by affinity and size exclusion chromatography. using chemically synthesized short rna corresponding to the first 19 nucleotides (nt) of the rabies virus genome, we demonstrate that l alone initiate ...201727795419
a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus ebola vaccine.background the worst ebola virus disease (evd) outbreak in history has resulted in more than 28,000 cases and 11,000 deaths. we present the final results of two phase 1 trials of an attenuated, replication-competent, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rvsv)-based vaccine candidate designed to prevent evd. methods we conducted two phase 1, placebo-controlled, double-blind, dose-escalation trials of an rvsv-based vaccine candidate expressing the glycoprotein of a zaire strain of ebola virus ( ...201725830322
generating recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses for use as vaccine platforms.the unique properties of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) make it a promising vaccine platform. with the advent of plasmid-based approaches to generate recombinant vsv viruses that express glycoproteins of other viruses, researchers now have the means to generate vaccine candidates targeting a variety of human pathogens. this chapter gives a general overview of the workings of vsv as a vaccine platform and provides a detailed protocol for the generation of recombinant vsv from plasmids.201728374251
inactivation of viruses by pasteurization at 60 °c for 10 h with and without 40% glucose as stabilizer during a new manufacturing process of α2-macroglobulin from cohn fraction iv.pasteurization is regularly used to inactivate viruses for the safety of plasma derivatives. influence of pasteurization at 60 °c for 10 h on α2-macroglobulin activity and virus inactivation were studied. with 40% sugar as stabilizers more than 70% α2-macroglobulin activity was reserved after pasteurization compared with 20% in control. glucose presented a better activity protection effect than sucrose and maltose. by pasteurization without stabilizer the virus titers of pseudorabies virus, sind ...201728215695
[establishment of esophageal squamous carcinoma cell lines stably over-expressing llgl2].objective to prepare a lentiviral vector expressing llgl2 and establish kyse450 and te-1 cell lines for the stable expression of llgl2. methods the full-length llgl2 sequence was amplified by high-fidelity pcr, and then it was inserted into pcdh-cmv-ires-gfp-ef1-puro vectors. the recombinant plasmid was confirmed by double enzyme digestion and sequencing. after co-infection of pcdh-cmv-llgl2-ires- gfp-ef1-puro with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (vsvg) and phr into hek293t cells, the le ...201728274313
ebola vaccines in clinical trial: the promising candidates.ebola virus disease (evd) has become a great threat to humans across the world in recent years. the 2014 ebola epidemic in west africa caused numerous deaths and attracted worldwide attentions. since no specific drugs and treatments against evd was available, vaccination was considered as the most promising and effective method of controlling this epidemic. so far, 7 vaccine candidates had been developed and evaluated through clinical trials. among them, the recombinant vesicular stomatitis viru ...201727764560
recombinant isfahan virus and vesicular stomatitis virus vaccine vectors provide durable, multivalent, single-dose protection against lethal alphavirus challenge.the demonstrated clinical efficacy of a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rvsv) vaccine vector has stimulated the investigation of additional serologically distinct vesiculovirus vectors as therapeutic and/or prophylactic vaccine vectors to combat emerging viral diseases. among these viral threats are the encephalitic alphaviruses venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) and eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev), which have demonstrated potential for natural disease outbreaks, yet no ...201728148802
safety and immunogenicity of gamevac-combi, a heterologous vsv- and ad5-vectored ebola vaccine: an open phase i/ii trial in healthy adults in russia.ebola hemorrhagic fever, also known as ebola virus disease or evd, is one of the most dangerous viral diseases in humans and animals. in this open-label, dose-escalation clinical trial, we assessed the safety, side effects, and immunogenicity of a novel, heterologous prime-boost vaccine against ebola, which was administered in 2 doses to 84 healthy adults of both sexes between 18 and 55 years. the vaccine consists of live-attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and adenovirus ser ...201728152326
efficacy and effectiveness of an rvsv-vectored vaccine in preventing ebola virus disease: final results from the guinea ring vaccination, open-label, cluster-randomised trial (ebola ça suffit!).rvsv-zebov is a recombinant, replication competent vesicular stomatitis virus-based candidate vaccine expressing a surface glycoprotein of zaire ebolavirus. we tested the effect of rvsv-zebov in preventing ebola virus disease in contacts and contacts of contacts of recently confirmed cases in guinea, west africa.201728017403
curcumin inhibits zika and chikungunya virus infection by inhibiting cell binding.several compounds extracted from spices and herbs exhibit antiviral effects in vitro, suggesting potential pharmacological uses. curcumin, a component of turmeric, has been used as a food additive and herbal supplement due to its potential medicinal properties. previously, curcumin exhibited antiviral properties against several viruses, including dengue virus and hepatitis c virus, among others. here, we describe the antiviral effect of curcumin on zika and chikungunya viruses, two mosquito-born ...201728343845
multiplexed metagenomic deep sequencing to analyze the composition of high-priority pathogen reagents.laboratories studying high-priority pathogens need comprehensive methods to confirm microbial species and strains while also detecting contamination. metagenomic deep sequencing (mds) inventories nucleic acids present in laboratory stocks, providing an unbiased assessment of pathogen identity, the extent of genomic variation, and the presence of contaminants. double-stranded cdna mds libraries were constructed from rna extracted from in vitro-passaged stocks of six viruses (la crosse virus, ebol ...201727822544
structural intermediates in the fusion-associated transition of vesiculovirus glycoprotein.vesiculoviruses enter cells by membrane fusion, driven by a large, low-ph-induced, conformational change in the fusion glycoprotein g that involves transition from a trimeric pre-fusion toward a trimeric post-fusion state via monomeric intermediates. here, we present the structure of the g fusion protein at intermediate ph for two vesiculoviruses, vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and chandipura virus (chav), which is responsible for deadly encephalopathies. first, a chav g crystal structure show ...201728188244
development of a gexp-multiplex pcr assay for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of six cattle viruses.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), bluetongue virus (btv), vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), bovine viral diarrheal (bvdv), bovine rotavirus (brv), and bovine herpesvirus 1 (ibrv) are common cattle infectious viruses that cause a great economic loss every year in many parts of the world. a rapid and high-throughput genomelab gene expression profiler (gexp) analyzer-based multiplex pcr assay was developed for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of these six cattle viruses. six pairs ...201728166243
introduction of cationic virosome derived from vesicular stomatitis virus as a novel gene delivery system for sf9 cells.insect-derived cell lines are used extensively to produce recombinant proteins because they are capable of performing a range of post-translational modifications. due to their significance in biotechnological applications, various methods have been developed to transfect them. in this study, we introduce a virosome constructed from vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) as a new delivery system for sf9 cells. we labeled these vsv virosomes by fluorescent probe rhodamine b chloride (r18). by fluorescen ...201726981843
pathogenesis of vesicular stomatitis new jersey virus infection in deer mice ( peromyscus maniculatus) transmitted by black flies ( simulium vittatum).the natural transmission of vesicular stomatitis new jersey virus (vsnjv), an arthropod-borne virus, is not completely understood. rodents may have a role as reservoir or amplifying hosts. in this study, juvenile and nestling deer mice ( peromyscus maniculatus) were exposed to vsnjv-infected black fly ( simulium vittatum) bites followed by a second exposure to naive black flies on the nestling mice. severe neurological signs were observed in some juvenile mice by 6 to 8 days postinoculation (dpi ...201727312365
tax1bp1 restrains virus-induced apoptosis by facilitating itch-mediated degradation of the mitochondrial adaptor mavs.the host response to rna virus infection consists of an intrinsic innate immune response and the induction of apoptosis as mechanisms to restrict viral replication. the mitochondrial adaptor molecule mavs plays critical roles in coordinating both virus-induced type i interferon production and apoptosis; however, the regulation of mavs-mediated apoptosis is poorly understood. here, we show that the adaptor protein tax1bp1 functions as a negative regulator of virus-induced apoptosis. tax1bp1-defic ...201727736772
preparation of vsv-g viral envelope glycoprotein from pichia pastoris enhances transfection of dna into animal cells.vesicular stomatitis virus g glycoprotein (vsv-g) has been widely used for pseudotyping retroviral, lentiviral and artificial viral vectors. the objective of this study was to establish a potential approach for large scale production of vsv-g. to this end, vsv-g was cloned with a n-terminal his-tag into pichia pastoris expression vector ppic3.5k. three clones (mut(s)) containing the vsv-g expression cassette were identified by pcr. all clones proliferated normally in expansion medium, while the ...201728297751
5'-phospho-rna acceptor specificity of gdp polyribonucleotidyltransferase of vesicular stomatitis virus in mrna capping.the gdp polyribonucleotidyltransferase (prntase) domain of the multifunctional l protein of rhabdoviruses, such as vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and rabies virus, catalyzes the transfer of 5'-phospho-rna (prna) from 5'-triphospho-rna (ppprna) to gdp via a covalent enzyme-prna intermediate to generate a 5'-cap structure (gpppa). here, using an improved oligo-rna capping assay with the vsv l protein, we showed that the michaelis constants for gdp and pppaacag (vsv mrna-start sequence) are 0.03 ...201728053102
mechanism of membrane fusion induced by vesicular stomatitis virus g protein.the glycoproteins (g proteins) of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and related rhabdoviruses (e.g., rabies virus) mediate both cell attachment and membrane fusion. the reversibility of their fusogenic conformational transitions differentiates them from many other low-ph-induced viral fusion proteins. we report single-virion fusion experiments, using methods developed in previous publications to probe fusion of influenza and west nile viruses. we show that a three-stage model fits vsv single-part ...201727974607
pseudo-typed semliki forest virus delivers egfp into neurons.semliki forest virus (sfv), a neurotropic virus, has been used to deliver heterologous genes into cells in vitro and in vivo. in this study, we constructed a reporter sfv4-fl-egfp and found that it can deliver egfp into neurons located at the injection site without disseminating throughout the brain. lacking of the capsid gene of sfv4-fl-egfp does not block its life cycle, while forming replication-competent virus-like particles (vlps). these vlps hold subviral genome by using the packaging sequ ...201727739033
the activation of the ifnβ induction/signaling pathway in porcine alveolar macrophages by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is variable.it has been recognized that the expression of type i interferon (ifnα/β) may be suppressed during infection with porcine reproductive, respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). this causes profound negative effects on both the innate and adaptive immunity of the host resulting in persistence of infection.201727896670
tetherin inhibits cell-free virus dissemination and retards murine leukemia virus pathogenesis.the relative contributions of cell-free virion circulation versus direct cell-to-cell transmission to retroviral dissemination and pathogenesis are unknown. tetherin/bst2 is an antiviral protein that blocks enveloped virion release into the extracellular milieu, but may not inhibit cell-to-cell virus transmission. we developed live-cell imaging assays which show that tetherin does not affect moloney murine leukemia virus (momlv) spread, and only minimally affects vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) ...201728381565
vesicular stomatitis virus-vectored multi-antigen tuberculosis vaccine limits bacterial proliferation in mice following a single intranasal dose.tuberculosis (tb) remains a serious health problem worldwide, and an urgent need exists to improve or replace the available vaccine, mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg). most vaccination protocols adapt two or three doses to induce long-term lasting immunity. our previous study showed that the naked dna encoding the triple-antigen fusion tfp846 (rv3615c-mtb10.4-rv2660c) induced robust t cellular immune responses accompanying four inoculations against mycobacteria infection. howeve ...201728224119
prime-boost using separate oncolytic viruses in combination with checkpoint blockade improves anti-tumour therapy.the anti-tumour effects associated with oncolytic virus therapy are mediated significantly through immune-mediated mechanisms, which depend both on the type of virus and the route of delivery. here, we show that intra-tumoral oncolysis by reovirus induced the priming of a cd8+, th1-type anti-tumour response. by contrast, systemically delivered vesicular stomatitis virus expressing a cdna library of melanoma antigens (vsv-asmel) promoted a potent anti-tumour cd4+ th17 response. therefore, we hypo ...201727779616
amp-activated kinase (ampk) promotes innate immunity and antiviral defense through modulation of stimulator of interferon genes (sting) signaling.the host protein stimulator of interferon genes (sting) has been shown to be essential for recognition of both viral and intracellular bacterial pathogens, but its regulation remains unclear. previously, we reported that mitochondrial membrane potential regulates sting-dependent ifn-β induction independently of atp synthesis. because mitochondrial membrane potential controls calcium homeostasis, and amp-activated protein kinase (ampk) is regulated, in part, by intracellular calcium, we postulate ...201727879319
curcumin promotes the oncoltyic capacity of vesicular stomatitis virus for the treatment of prostate cancers.vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) matrix (m) protein mutants have been studied as oncolytic agents due to their capacity to effectively kill cancer cells while exhibiting low virulence in vivo. despite encouraging results, many cancer cells maintain resistance to oncolytic vsv mutants in part due to residual antiviral responses. we sought to determine whether combination of vsv with natural agents with anti-tumor properties, such as curcumin, resveratrol, and flavokavain b, would enhance tumor ce ...201727865863
inducible rubicon facilitates viral replication by antagonizing interferon production.the run domain beclin-1-interacting cysteine-rich-containing (rubicon) protein is involved in the maturation step of autophagy and the endocytic pathway as a beclin-1-binding partner, but little is known regarding the role of rubicon during viral infection. here, we performed functional studies of the identified target in interferon (ifn) signaling pathways associated with rubicon to elucidate the mechanisms of viral resistance to ifn. the rubicon protein levels were elevated in peripheral blood ...201728392573
mechanisms of vesicular stomatitis virus inactivation by protoporphyrin ix, zinc-protoporphyrin ix and mesoporphyrin ix.virus resistance to antiviral therapies is an increasing concern that makes urgent the development of broad spectrum antiviral drugs. targeting viral envelope, a component shared by a large number of viruses, emerges as a promising strategy to overcome this problem. natural and synthetic porphyrins, due to their relative hydrophobicity and pro-oxidant character, are good candidates for antivirals' development. in the present work, we characterized the antiviral activity of protoprophyrin ix (ppi ...201728348154
codon optimization leads to functional impairment of rd114-tr envelope glycoprotein.lentiviral vectors (lvs) are a highly valuable tool for gene transfer currently exploited in basic, applied, and clinical studies. their optimization is therefore very important for the field of vectorology and gene therapy. a key molecule for lv function is the envelope because it guides cell entry. the most commonly used in transiently produced lvs is the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (vsv-g) envelope, whose continuous expression is, however, toxic for stable lv producer cells. in co ...201728344996
cutting edge: innate immune augmenting vesicular stomatitis virus expressing zika virus proteins confers protective immunity.zika virus (zikv) has become a serious public health concern because of its link to brain damage in developing human fetuses. recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rvsv) was shown to be a highly effective and safe vector for the delivery of foreign immunogens for vaccine purposes. in this study, we generated rvsvs (wild-type and attenuated vsv with mutated matrix protein [vsvm] versions) that express either the full length zikv envelope protein (zenv) alone or include the zenv precursor to the ...201728289159
the antiviral rna interference response provides resistance to lethal arbovirus infection and vertical transmission in caenorhabditis elegans.the recent discovery of the positive-sense single-stranded rna (ssrna) orsay virus (ov) as a natural pathogen of the nematode caenorhabditis elegans has stimulated interest in exploring virus-nematode interactions. however, ov infection is restricted to a small number of intestinal cells, even in nematodes defective in their antiviral rna interference (rnai) response, and is neither lethal nor vertically transmitted. using a fluorescent reporter strain of the negative-sense ssrna vesicular stoma ...201728262484
inhibitory receptors induced by vsv viroimmunotherapy are not necessarily targets for improving treatment efficacy.systemic viroimmunotherapy activates endogenous innate and adaptive immune responses against both viral and tumor antigens. we have shown that therapy with vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) engineered to express a tumor-associated antigen activates antigen-specific adoptively transferred t cells (adoptive cell therapy, act) in vivo to generate effective therapy. the overall goal of this study was to phenotypically characterize the immune response to vsv+act therapy and use the information gained ...201728237836
the role of alternative polyadenylation in the antiviral innate immune response.alternative polyadenylation (apa) is an important regulatory mechanism of gene functions in many biological processes. however, the extent of 3' utr variation and the function of apa during the innate antiviral immune response are unclear. here, we show genome-wide poly(a) sites switch and average 3' utr length shortens gradually in response to vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) infection in macrophages. genes with apa and mrna abundance change are enriched in immune-related categories such as the ...201728233779
the localization of a heterologous displayed antigen in the baculovirus-budded virion determines the type and strength of induced adaptive immune response.in the search of strategies of presentation of heterologous antigens to elicit humoral or cellular immune responses that modulate and properly potentiate each type of response, researchers have been studying baculovirus (bv) as vaccine vectors with promising results. for some years, several research groups explored different antigen presentation approaches using the bv acnpv by expressing polypeptides on the surface of budded virions or by de novo synthesis of heterologous antigens by transducti ...201728213733
arabidopsis hap2/gcs1 is a gamete fusion protein homologous to somatic and viral fusogens.cell-cell fusion is inherent to sexual reproduction. loss of hapless 2/generative cell specific 1 (hap2/gcs1) proteins results in gamete fusion failure in diverse organisms, but their exact role is unclear. in this study, we show that arabidopsis thaliana hap2/gcs1 is sufficient to promote mammalian cell-cell fusion. hemifusion and complete fusion depend on hap2/gcs1 presence in both fusing cells. furthermore, expression of hap2 on the surface of pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus results in ...201728137780
a new rna-based adjuvant enhances virus-specific vaccine responses by locally triggering tlr- and rlh-dependent effects.among innovative adjuvants conferring a th1-shift, rnadjuvant is a promising candidate. this adjuvant consists of a 547-nt uncapped noncoding ssrna containing polyu repeats that is stabilized by a cationic carrier peptide. whereas vaccination of mice with an influenza subunit vaccine induced moderate virus-specific igg1, vaccination together with rnadjuvant significantly enhanced this igg1 and additionally promoted the formation of igg2b/c, which is indicative of th1 responses. furthermore, such ...201728077601
fosl1 inhibits type i interferon responses to malaria and viral infections by blocking tbk1 and traf3/trif interactions.innate immune response plays a critical role in controlling invading pathogens, but such an immune response must be tightly regulated. insufficient or overactivated immune responses may lead to harmful or even fatal consequences. to dissect the complex host-parasite interactions and the molecular mechanisms underlying innate immune responses to infections, here we investigate the role of fos-like antigen 1 (fosl1) in regulating the host type i interferon (ifn-i) response to malaria parasite and ...201728049150
cleavage of dfna5 by caspase-3 during apoptosis mediates progression to secondary necrotic/pyroptotic cell death.apoptosis is a genetically regulated cell suicide programme mediated by activation of the effector caspases 3, 6 and 7. if apoptotic cells are not scavenged, they progress to a lytic and inflammatory phase called secondary necrosis. the mechanism by which this occurs is unknown. here we show that caspase-3 cleaves the gsdmd-related protein dfna5 after asp270 to generate a necrotic dfna5-n fragment that targets the plasma membrane to induce secondary necrosis/pyroptosis. cells that express dfna5 ...201728045099
early gene activation initiates neuroinflammation prior to vsv neuroinvasion: impact on antiviral responses and sleep.rapid eye movement (rem) sleep is rapidly and persistently suppressed during vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) encephalitis in c57bl/6j (b6) mice. rem sleep suppression was associated with a complex global brain chemokine/cytokine response with bimodal kinetics although regionally distinct cytokine profiles were readily identified. cytokine mrna was translated either immediately or suppressed until the pathogen was cleared from the cns. innate signaling pathway (tlrs, rig-i) activation occurred r ...201728041664
differential requirement for n-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor in endosomal trafficking of transferrin receptor from anterograde trafficking of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein g.n-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion factor (nsf) is an atpase that plays a crucial role in vesicular transport. here, we examined the effects of nsf knockdown on golgi structure and different vesicle trafficking pathways in mammalian cells. nsf knockdown caused golgi fragmentation and abolished transferrin receptor exocytosis, defects that were rescued by rnai-resistant nsf. strikingly, nsf deficiency in hela cells barely affected cell viability, anterograde trafficking of vesicular stomatitis vir ...201727995606
the brain parenchyma has a type i interferon response that can limit virus spread.the brain has a tightly regulated environment that protects neurons and limits inflammation, designated "immune privilege." however, there is not an absolute lack of an immune response. we tested the ability of the brain to initiate an innate immune response to a virus, which was directly injected into the brain parenchyma, and to determine whether this response could limit viral spread. we injected vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), a transsynaptic tracer, or naturally occurring vsv-derived defe ...201727980033
role for coronin 1 in mouse nk cell function.coronin 1, a member of the evolutionary conserved wd repeat protein family of coronin proteins is expressed in all leukocytes, but a role for coronin 1 in natural killer (nk) cell homeostasis and function remains unclear. here, we have analyzed the number and functionality of nk cells in the presence and absence of coronin 1. in coronin 1-deficient mice, absolute nk cell numbers and phenotype were comparable to wild type mice in blood, spleen and liver. following in vitro stimulation of the acti ...201727717523
role of tetanus neurotoxin insensitive vesicle-associated membrane protein in membrane domains transport and homeostasis.biological membranes in eukaryotes contain a large variety of proteins and lipids often distributed in domains in plasma membrane and endomembranes. molecular mechanisms responsible for the transport and the organization of these membrane domains along the secretory pathway still remain elusive. here we show that vesicular snare ti-vamp/vamp7 plays a major role in membrane domains composition and transport. we found that the transport of exogenous and endogenous gpi-anchored proteins was altered ...201726196023
emergency postexposure vaccination with vesicular stomatitis virus-vectored ebola vaccine after needlestick.safe and effective vaccines and drugs are needed for the prevention and treatment of ebola virus disease, including following a potentially high-risk exposure such as a needlestick.201725742465
the effects of ultraviolet light and riboflavin on inactivation of viruses and the quality of platelet concentrates at laboratory scale.this study investigated the effects of riboflavin (rb) combined with different doses of uv on platelet concentrate (pc) which was infected by three models of virus. platelet quality after treatment was also assessed.201726140182
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