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respiratory infections in norwegian dairy calves.the aims of this study were to estimate the seroprevalence of respiratory agents in norwegian dairy calves and to identify risk factors for respiratory disease. the participating 135 herds were randomly selected from those in the norwegian dairy herd recording system with at least 15 cow years. each herd was followed for 1 yr. blood samples from calves of >150 d of age (n = 1,348) were analyzed for antibodies against parainfluenza virus 3, bovine coronavirus (bcov), bovine respiratory syncytial ...200919762832
in vitro antiherpetic and antirotaviral activities of a sulfate prepared from mimosa scabrella galactomannan.a chemically sulfated galactomannan (brs) from seeds of mimosa scabrella had in vitro antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1), but not against simian rotavirus a/sa11 (sirv-a/sa11). it was examined by (13)c nmr spectroscopy, which showed the sulfate groups to be mainly at c-6 of galactose residues. brs had a selective inhibition against hsv-1 during its attachment step, having an ic(50) lower than 2.5microg/ml, determined by plaque reduction, and a selectivity index of greater ...200919751759
bovine respiratory disease research (1983-2009).bovine respiratory disease (brd) research has provided significant understanding of the disease over the past 26 years. modern research tools that have been used include monoclonal antibodies, genomics, polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry (ihc), dna vaccines and viral vectors coding for immunogens. emerging/reemerging viruses and new antigenic strains of viruses and bacteria have been identified. methods of detection and the role for cattle persistently infected bovine viral diarrhea ...200920003649
update on viral pathogenesis in brd.many viruses, including bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), parainfluenzavirus-3 (pi3), bovine coronavirus, bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine reovirus, have been etiologically associated with respiratory disease in cattle. this review focuses on the pathogenesis of bhv-1 and brsv, two very different agents that primarily cause disease in the upper and lower respiratory tract, respectively.200920003652
a single vaccination with an inactivated bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine primes the cellular immune response in calves with maternal antibody.the efficacy of a single dose of an inactivated bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv)--parainfluenaza type 3 (pi3)--mannheimia haemolytica (mh) combination vaccine, in calves positive for maternal antibodies, was established in a brsv infection study.201020064236
differential expression of cytokine transcripts in neonatal and adult ovine alveolar macrophages in response to respiratory syncytial virus or toll-like receptor ligation.alveolar macrophages (amvarphis) secrete regulatory molecules that are believed to be critical in maintaining normal lung homeostasis. however, in response to activating signals, amvarphis have been shown to become highly phagocytic cells capable of secreting significant levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. there is evidence to suggest that susceptibility of mvarphi subpopulations to viral infection, and their subsequent cytokine/chemokine response, is dependent on age of the host. in the prese ...201020207014
evaluation of a commercial real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction kit for the diagnosis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection.recently a commercial real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) kit has been marketed for the detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv). however, diagnostic interpretation of the results of this kit requires its comparison to commonly used methods. therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of this kit in comparison with the conventional direct fluorescent antibody test (fat). twenty brsv strains and 14 heterologous bovine viruses ...201020224083
a new subunit vaccine based on nucleoprotein nanoparticles confers partial clinical and virological protection in calves against bovine respiratory syncytial virus.human and bovine respiratory syncytial viruses (hrsv and brsv) are two closely related, worldwide prevalent viruses that are the leading cause of severe airway disease in children and calves, respectively. efficacy of commercial bovine vaccines needs improvement and no human vaccine is licensed yet. we reported that nasal vaccination with the hrsv nucleoprotein produced as recombinant ring-shaped nanoparticles (n(srs)) protects mice against a viral challenge with hrsv. the aim of this work was t ...201020307593
effects of prolonged formalin fixation on the immunohistochemical detection of infectious agents in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues.immunohistochemistry is commonly used to detect and characterize infectious agents in diagnostic pathology. the principal advantage of immunohistochemistry over other antigen detection techniques is the ability to identify antigen within the context of histologic lesions. although epitope masking attributed to formalin fixation, especially prolonged fixation, has been considered a limiting factor in diagnostic immunohistochemistry, only a few studies have evaluated the immunohistochemical detect ...201020332424
associations between bovine coronavirus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus infections and animal performance in swedish dairy herds.to assess the economic impact of bovine coronavirus (bcv) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) infections, accurate estimates of their associated effects on animal performance are needed. this study aimed to quantify the variation in individual test-day milk yield and somatic cell count, risk of reproductive failure after first service of dairy cows, and risk of death of calves and heifers according to the bcv and brsv status of the herd. three types of status were defined for bcv and b ...201020338429
bighorn sheep fetal lung cell line for detection of respiratory viruses.pneumonia is an important disease of bighorn sheep (bhs) that is primarily responsible for the drastic decline in numbers of these animals in north america. members of the genus mannheimia and pasteurella have frequently been isolated from the pneumonic lungs of bhs. antibodies to several respiratory viruses, including bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (bpiv-3), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), and bovine herpesvirus 1 (bohv-1), have been detected in herd ...201020357964
immunogenicity of a modified-live virus vaccine against bovine viral diarrhea virus types 1 and 2, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine parainfluenza-3 virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus when administered intranasally in young calves.the immunogenicity of an intranasally-administered modified-live virus (mlv) vaccine in 3-8 day old calves was evaluated against bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) types 1 and 2, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus, parainfluenza-3 (pi-3) virus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv). calves were intranasally vaccinated with a single dose of a multivalent mlv vaccine and were challenged with one of the respective viruses three to four weeks post-vaccination in five separate studi ...201020381643
autonomic dysfunction with early respiratory syncytial virus-related infection.apparent life-threatening events (alte) and/or prolonged apnoea have been well-documented during respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in infants less than 2 months of age but fundamental mechanisms remain unclear. the possibility of a central origin for the development of severe cardiac and respiratory events encouraged us, to explore the autonomic nervous system (ans) profile of infected infants, since ans activity may contribute to the constellation of symptoms observed during severe fo ...201020399711
response to experimentally induced infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus following intranasal vaccination of seropositive and seronegative calves.to determine whether a combination modified-live bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) vaccine can stimulate protective immunity in young brsv-seropositive calves following intranasal (in) administration.201020433400
ros mediate brassinosteroids-induced plant stress responses.brassinosteroids (brs) play important roles in the complex network of plant signal transduction that regulates plant growth and development. field and greenhouse trials have shown that exogenous brs can also improve plant tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress. we have recently shown that application of exogenous br enhances while inhibition of endogenous br biosynthesis compromises the tolerance to photo-oxidative and cold stresses and resistance to cucumber mosaic virus in cucumber plants. the ...201020436298
spatial patterns of bovine corona virus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus in the swedish beef cattle population.both bovine coronavirus (bcv) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) infections are currently wide-spread in the swedish dairy cattle population. surveys of antibody levels in bulk tank milk have shown very high nationwide prevalences of both bcv and brsv, with large variations between regions. in the swedish beef cattle population however, no investigations have yet been performed regarding the prevalence and geographical distribution of bcv and brsv. a cross-sectional serological survey ...201020492637
the relationship between antibody status to bovine corona virus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus and disease incidence, reproduction and herd characteristics in dairy herds.bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) and bovine corona virus (bcv) affects cattle worldwide. our objective was to evaluate the effects of these infections on general health and reproduction parameters measurable on herd level and to explore the association between antibody status and some herd characteristics.201020525326
age-dependent differences in the pathogenesis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infections related to the development of natural immunocompetence.the severity of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections appears to differ with age in both humans and bovines. a primary rsv infection in naïve infants and in young calves runs a more severe course when they are 1-6 months old than in their first month of life. the relative lack of clinical signs in the first month of age may be due to high levels of maternally derived neutralizing antibodies or low exposure to infectious virus. this study examined whether age-dependent differences in the p ...201020554798
bovine respiratory syncytial virus.bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) is a major cause of respiratory disease and a major contributor to the bovine respiratory disease (brd) complex. brsv infects the upper and lower respiratory tract and is shed in nasal secretions. the close relatedness of brsv to human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) has allowed researchers to use brsv and hrsv to elucidate the mechanisms by which these viruses induce disease. attempted vaccine production using formalin-inactivated vaccine resulted in ...201020619187
risk factors for seropositivity to bovine coronavirus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus in dairy herds.a cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the association between herd-level characteristics, management routines and farm-level antibody status of bovine coronavirus (bcv) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) in 257 swedish dairy herds. the possible spatial clustering of positive herds compared with negative herds was also investigated. for each herd, a pooled milk sample from five primiparous cows was analysed for the presence of antibodies to bcv and brsv. herd-level informat ...201020693503
microbiological and pathological examination of fatal calf pneumonia cases induced by bacterial and viral respiratory pathogens.the infectious origin of fatal cases of calf pneumonia was studied in 48 calves from 27 different herds on postmortem examination. lung tissue samples were examined by pathological, histological, bacterial culture, virus isolation and immunohistochemical methods for the detection of viral and bacterial infections. pneumonia was diagnosed in 47/48 cases and infectious agents were found in 40/47 (85%) of those cases. the presence of multiple respiratory pathogens in 23/40 (57.5%) cases indicated t ...201020713325
prevalence of pasteurella multocida and other respiratory pathogens in the nasal tract of scottish calves.the prevalence of pasteurella multocida, a cause of bovine respiratory disease, was studied in a random sample of beef suckler and dairy farms throughout scotland, by means of a cross-sectional survey. a total of 637 calves from 68 farms from six geographical regions of scotland were sampled between february and june 2008. deep nasal swabs were taken, and samples that were culture-positive for p multocida were confirmed by pcr. prevalence of p multocida was 17 per cent (105 of 616 calves); 47 pe ...201021257416
bovine respiratory syncytial virus seroprevalence and risk factors in endemic dairy cattle herds.the herd seroprevalence of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) was studied in 59 dairy cattle herds using serology on random selected animals stratified by two age classes (heifers, cows). risk factors for primary infections in heifers were investigated using a questionnaire on management conditions and data on bovine viral diarrhoea (bvd) status. at least one seropositive cow was present in all the herds. in 25% of the herds all individual were seropositive and 22% of herds had all heifer ...201019921456
intranasal immunization of mice with a bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine induces superior immunity and protection compared to those by subcutaneous delivery or combinations of intranasal and subcutaneous prime-boost strategies.bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) infects cells of the respiratory mucosa, so it is desirable to develop a vaccination strategy that induces mucosal immunity. to achieve this, various delivery routes were compared for formalin-inactivated (fi) brsv formulated with cpg oligodeoxynucleotide (odn) and polyphosphazene (pp). intranasal delivery of the fi-brsv formulation was superior to subcutaneous delivery in terms of antibody, cell-mediated, and mucosal immune responses, as well as reducti ...201019864487
acute phase protein changes in calves during an outbreak of respiratory disease caused by bovine respiratory syncytial virus.bovine acute phase proteins (apps), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (lbp), serum amyloid a (saa), haptoglobin (hp) and alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein (agp) were evaluated as inflammatory markers during an outbreak of bovine respiratory disease (brd) caused by bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv). calves (n = 10) presented mild to moderate signs of respiratory disease. secondary bacterial infections, pasteurella multocida and mycoplasma dispar as major species, were detected in tracheobronchi ...201119897247
a serologic survey of viral infections in captive ungulates in turkish zoos.zoos and zoologic gardens make optimal environments for interspecies transmission of viral infections. there are seven zoos and several small zoologic collections in turkey. this study aimed to determine the current status of viral infections in captive ungulates living in these environments. blood samples were taken from 163 captive animals from two zoos. there were 39 cameroon sheep (ovis ammon f aries), 11 barbary sheep (ammotragus lervia), 57 pygmy goats (capra hircus), 9 angora goats (capra ...201122946369
development and evaluation of a luminex multiplex serology assay to detect antibodies to bovine herpes virus 1, parainfluenza 3 virus, bovine viral diarrhoea virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus, with comparison to existing elisa detection methods.detection of circulating antibodies to bovine herpes virus 1 (bhv-1), parainfluenza 3 virus (pi3v), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) using elisa is widely used for veterinary diagnostics and surveillance. in this paper, the potential of a multiplex serology test based on luminex technology, where all antibodies are simultaneously detected in a single assay was investigated. the performance of "in-house" separate elisas which use relatively crude l ...201121277304
rescue of newcastle disease virus from cloned cdna using an rna polymerase ii promoter.a new system was developed to improve the efficiency and simplify the procedure of recovery of newcastle disease virus (ndv) from cloned cdna. a full-length cdna clone of mesogenic ndv vaccine strain mukteswar was assembled from five subgenomic cdna fragments and cloned into a plasmid allowing transcription driven by cellular rna polymerase ii. the full-length viral cdna was flanked by hammerhead ribozyme (hamrz) and hepatitis delta virus ribozyme (hdvrz) sequences, resulted in the synthesis of ...201121327786
the probability of extinction in a bovine respiratory syncytial virus epidemic model.backward bifurcation is a relatively recent yet well-studied phenomenon associated with deterministic epidemic models. it allows for the presence of multiple subcritical endemic equilibria, and is generally found only in models possessing a reasonable degree of complexity. one particular aspect of backward bifurcation that appears to have been virtually overlooked in the literature is the potential influence its presence might have on the behaviour of any analogous stochastic model. indeed, the ...201121376734
acute-phase proteins: as diagnostic tool.the varied reactions of the host to infection, inflammation, or trauma are collectively known as the acute-phase response and encompass a wide range of pathophysiological responses such as pyrexia, leukocytosis, hormone alterations, and muscle protein depletion combining to minimize tissue damage while enhancing the repair process. the mechanism for stimulation of hepatic production of acute-phase proteins is by proinflammatory cytokines. the functions of positive acute-phase proteins (app) are ...201121430962
animal models of human respiratory syncytial virus disease.infection with the human pneumovirus pathogen, respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv), causes a wide spectrum of respiratory disease, notably among infants and the elderly. laboratory animal studies permit detailed experimental modeling of hrsv disease and are therefore indispensable in the search for novel therapies and preventative strategies. current animal models include several target species for hrsv, including chimpanzees, cattle, sheep, cotton rats and mice, as well as alternative animal pne ...201121571908
protection from persistent infection with a bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) type 1b strain by a modified-live vaccine containing bvdv types 1a and 2, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, parainfluenza 3 virus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus.recent studies showed that bvdv-1b subgenotype is dominant in north and south american field bvdv isolates. however, nearly all commercially available bvdv-1 vaccines contain bvdv-1a strains. in order to study the efficacy of bvdv-1a vaccine against bvdv-1b infection, this study was designed to evaluate a modified-live vaccine (mlv) containing bvdv-1a and bvdv-2 strains for its efficacy in prevention of persistent infection of fetuses against bvdv-1b strain, when the heifers were vaccinated prio ...201121596076
genes controlling vaccine responses and disease resistance to respiratory viral pathogens in cattle.farm animals remain at risk of endemic, exotic and newly emerging viruses. vaccination is often promoted as the best possible solution, and yet for many pathogens, either there are no appropriate vaccines or those that are available are far from ideal. a complementary approach to disease control may be to identify genes and chromosomal regions that underlie genetic variation in disease resistance and response to vaccination. however, identification of the causal polymorphisms is not straightforw ...201121621277
seroepidemiological study of bovine respiratory viruses (brsv, bohv-1, pi-3v, bvdv, and bav-3) in dairy cattle in central region of iran (esfahan province).respiratory diseases in calves are responsible for major economic losses in both beef and dairy production. several viruses, such as bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), bovine herpes virus-1 (bohv-1), bovine parainfluenza virus-3 (bpi-3v), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), and bovine adenoviruses (bav), are detected in most clinical cases with respiratory signs. the aim of this study is to define seroprevalences of five major viral causes of bovine respiratory infections in cattle in ce ...201121667075
respiratory syncytial virus infection is associated with an altered innate immunity and a heightened pro-inflammatory response in the lungs of preterm lambs.abstract:201121827668
prevalence of respiratory pathogens in diseased, non-vaccinated, routinely medicated veal calves.the prevalence of respiratory pathogens in diseased veal calves was determined in 24 respiratory disease outbreaks in 15 herds in belgium. bacteria were cultured from nasopharyngeal swabs and seroconversion against viruses and mycoplasma bovis was determined on paired sera. at the individual calf level, mycoplasma species, mannheimia haemolytica and pasteurella multocida, were isolated from 70.5 per cent, 21.5 per cent and 26.0 per cent of swabs, respectively. at the herd level, the presence of ...201121831999
establishment of a novel ovine kidney cell line for isolation and propagation of viruses infecting domestic cloven-hoofed animal species.a sheep kidney-derived cell line, flk-n3, was successfully established after serial (>100) passages. persistent infection of this cell line with viruses and mycoplasma was not detected. the cells grew well and showed susceptibility to a wide variety of viruses derived from ovine, bovine, and porcine species, including orf virus, maedi visna virus, bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine parainfluenza virus 3, bovine viral diarrhea viruses 1 and 2, bovine coronavirus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bov ...201121695582
bovine respiratory syncytial virus iscoms-immunity, protection and safety in young conventional calves.bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) is a major cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in cattle and causes yearly outbreaks with high morbidity in europe. commercial vaccines against this virus needs improvement of efficacy, especially in calves with brsv-specific maternally derived antibodies (mda). we previously reported that an experimental brsv-iscom vaccine, but not a commercial vaccine, induced strong clinical and virological protection in calves with mda, immunized at 7-15 weeks of ag ...201121864616
Serological evaluation of relationship between viral pathogens (BHV-1, BVDV, BRSV, PI-3V, and Adeno3) and dairy calf pneumonia by indirect ELISA.In this study, viral pathogens associated with nine outbreaks of naturally occurring dairy calf pneumonia in Mashhad area of Khorasan Razavi province from September 2008 to May 2009 were assessed. Five diseased calves from each farm were chosen for examination. Acute and convalescent serum samples were taken from calves with signs of respiratory disease. Sera were analyzed for antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), bovine respiratory syncytial virus ...201122198538
comparison of four rt-pcr assays for detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus.rt-pcr assays for detection of brsv, based on four different sets of primers were optimized and evaluated for their sensitivity and specificity. primers used in this study were specific for genes encoding three brsv proteins, nucleoprotein n and glycoproteins f and g. our results indicated that rt-pcr with primers b7:b8 for g protein was the most efficient in detecting brsv. starters b7:b8 reacted specifically only with brsv strains, no cross-reaction with other closely related viruses to brsv w ...201121957740
reversible autonomic dysfunction during antiviral treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis c virus infection: anti-hcv therapy and autonomic function.the first clinical sign of chronic hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection can be one of the various extrahepatic manifestations. during antiviral treatment, symptoms of hcv-associated neuropathies usually improve, but can also worsen and lead to discontinuation of anti-hcv therapy. recently, we have reported autonomic dysfunction in patients with hcv infection.201122087127
association of herd bhv-1 seroprevalence with respiratory disease in youngstock in estonian dairy cattle.the associations between herd bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) seroprevalence, along with other infectious and farm management factors with bovine respiratory disease (brd) in dairy calves and heifers, were investigated. serum samples from 103 dairy cattle herds were analyzed for antibodies against bhv-1, bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), and mycoplasma bovis (m. bovis). a questionnaire was used to record herd management practices. a high occurrence of re ...201122100246
effect of injectable trace minerals on the humoral immune response to multivalent vaccine administration in beef calves.the objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of injectable trace minerals on humoral responses of calves receiving a viral vaccination. beef steer calves (n = 99; average bw = 316 ± 4.2 kg), seronegative for bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) and bovine viral diarrhea virus, genotypes 1 and 2 (bvdv-1 and bvdv-2) were sourced from 2 locations. all calves, except 15 non-vaccinated (sentinel) calves, received a single dose of a multivalent modified live vaccine (titanium 5; agrilabs, s ...201122178855
[Detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus by RT-PCR].The paper presents the results of studying the diagnostic efficiency of RT-PCR for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus in cattle of different ages. Glycoprotein F gene sequences were used as a target for amplification. The sensitivity of the reaction was 10 TCD50/ml and the virus detection rate in biomaterials averaged 19%. samples. That in RT-PCR correlated with the presence of clinical signs in sick animals.201122171476
Phylogenetic analysis of bovine respiratory syncytial viruses from recent outbreaks in feedlot and dairy cattle herds.Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is one of the major causes of bovine respiratory disease worldwide. In order to study the molecular epidemiology of the virus, samples from 30 BRSV outbreaks in cattle herds located in different parts of Sweden were collected from 2007 to 2011. The samples were analyzed by PCR, and the glycoprotein (G) gene was sequenced. BRSV was detected in outbreaks of respiratory disease in both dairy and feedlot herds most often during the winter period but also dur ...201122209787
[Diagnosis of bovine viral respiratory diseases].Enzootic bronchopneumonia (EBP) is an infectious, multifactorial respiratory disease of cattle. Different viruses may be involved in its pathogenesis. In this study an adapted method of endoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of caudal parts of the right cranial lung lobe was established and evaluated. The obtained bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) served as template for the detection of BRSV, BPIV-3 and BCoV specific nucleic acids by RT-PCR. BALF samples of 44 cattle affected with respiratory ...201121971671
[pilot study: serological research of bovine respiratory syncytial virus and mannheimia haemolytica in young cattle at dairy farms in the netherlands]. 201121870575
assessment of ige response and cytokine gene expression in pulmonary efferent lymph collected after ovalbumin inhalation during experimental infection of calves with bovine respiratory syncytial virus.to assess ige response and cytokine gene expressions in pulmonary lymph collected from bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv)-infected calves after ovalbumin inhalation.201121194346
use of rapid human respiratory syncytial virus strip tests for detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in experimentally vaccinated calves.three different rapid strip tests: tru rsv, binaxnow rsv and rsv respi-strip were compared with rt-pcr and elisa brsv ag for the ability to detect bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) in nasal swabs collected from calves experimentally vaccinated with live vaccine rispoval rs-pi3. the reference strains of brsv (375 and a51908) were detected by elisa brsv ag whereas the strains of human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) and bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (bpiv-3) were not. all rapid stri ...201223390751
neonatal calf infection with respiratory syncytial virus: drawing parallels to the disease in human infants.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common viral cause of childhood acute lower respiratory tract infections. it is estimated that rsv infections result in more than 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. bovine rsv is a cause of enzootic pneumonia in young dairy calves and summer pneumonia in nursing beef calves. furthermore, bovine rsv plays a significant role in bovine respiratory disease complex, the most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality among feedlot cattle. infection of cal ...201223342375
the pneumonia virus of mice (pvm) model of acute respiratory infection.pneumonia virus of mice (pvm) is related to the human and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) pathogens, and has been used to study respiratory virus replication and the ensuing inflammatory response as a component of a natural host—pathogen relationship. as such, pvm infection in mice reproduces many of the clinical and pathologic features of the more severe forms of rsv infection in human infants. here we review some of the most recent findings on the basic biology of pvm infection and it ...201223342367
in vitro antiviral activity of brazilian plants (maytenus ilicifolia and aniba rosaeodora) against bovine herpesvirus type 5 and avian metapneumovirus.medicinal plants are well known for their use in traditional folk medicine as treatments for many diseases including infectious diseases.201222873798
end-stage liver disease: prevalence, risk factors and clinical characteristics in a cohort of hiv-hcv coinfected han chinese.since the advent of combined antiretroviral therapy (cart), liver-related mortality has become the leading cause of non-aids-related deaths in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infected patients in western countries.201222481087
nuclear translocation of adeno-associated virus type 2 capsid proteins for virion assembly.adeno-associated virus (aav) capsid assembly occurs in the nucleus. newly synthesized capsid proteins vp1, vp2 and vp3 contain several basic regions (brs), which may act as nuclear localization signals (nlss). mutation of br2 and br3, located at the vp1 and vp2 n termini, marginally reduced nuclear uptake of vp1 or vp2, but not of vp3, when expressed in the context of the whole aav type 2 (aav2) genome. combined mutation of br1, br2 and br3 resulted in capsids with slightly reduced amounts of vp ...201222694902
epidemiology, molecular epidemiology and evolution of bovine respiratory syncytial virus.the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) is an enveloped, negative sense, single-stranded rna virus belonging to the pneumovirus genus within the family paramyxoviridae. brsv has been recognized as a major cause of respiratory disease in young calves since the early 1970s. the analysis of brsv infection was originally hampered by its characteristic lability and poor growth in vitro. however, the advent of numerous immunological and molecular methods has facilitated the study of brsv enormou ...201223202546
investigation of the presence of human or bovine respiratory syncytial virus in the lungs of mink (neovison vison) with hemorrhagic pneumonia due to pseudomonas aeruginosa.hemorrhagic pneumonia is a disease of farmed mink (neovison vison) caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa. the disease is highly seasonal in danish mink with outbreaks occurring almost exclusively in the autumn. human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) has been shown to augment infection with p. aeruginosa in mice and to promote adhesion of p. aeruginosa to human respiratory cells.201223181342
coronavirus infection in intensively managed cattle with respiratory disease.a detailed laboratory investigation identified bovine coronavirus (bcov) as the aetiological agent in an outbreak of respiratory disease at a semi-intensive beef cattle feedlot in south-east australia. the outbreak caused 30% morbidity in the resident population and also affected two cohorts of cattle that were newly introduced to the property.201223004228
the effects of viral vaccination of dairy heifer calves on the incidence of respiratory disease, mortality, and growth.bovine respiratory disease (brd) is one of the most common infectious causes of morbidity and mortality in young dairy cattle. the objective of this randomized clinical trial was to determine the effectiveness of 1 or 2 doses of a 5-way, modified-live viral vaccine, administered to heifer calves before weaning to aid in the prevention of brd. the hypotheses were that vaccination would reduce the incidence of brd and mortality, and that 2 doses would be more effective than 1. a total of 2,874 hei ...201222959931
effects of gastrointestinal parasites on parasite burden, rectal temperature, and antibody titer responses to vaccination and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus challenge.thirty-three colostrum-deprived holstein bull calves (initial bw of 131 ± 4 kg) were used to determine the effect of timing of anthelmintic administration relative to vaccination on antibody titer response to vaccine component antigens. when calves were at least 3 mo of age, they were sorted randomly into individual pens and assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups, treatments consisted of 1) dewormed 2 wk before vaccination (dpv), 2) dewormed at the time of vaccination (dv), or 3) control, vaccinate ...201222648753
development and evaluation of a multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies to bovine respiratory diseases on the meso scale discovery platform.a multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (bpv-3), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) was developed on the commercially available meso scale discovery (msd) platform. the multiplex elisa used the same antigens (relatively crude lysates of cultured virus) that are used in the current in-house separate elisas. testing a panel of field samples demonstrated th ...201222621944
one-step multiplex real time rt-pcr for the detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine parainfluenza virus 3.detection of respiratory viruses in veterinary species has traditionally relied on virus detection by isolation or immunofluorescence and/or detection of circulating antibody using elisa or serum neutralising antibody tests. multiplex real time pcr is increasingly used to diagnose respiratory viruses in humans and has proved to be superior to traditional methods. bovine respiratory disease (brd) is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in housed cattle and virus infections can ...201222455597
association of herd brsv and bhv-1 seroprevalence with respiratory disease and reproductive performance in adult dairy cattle.the aim of this study was to detect the associations between bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) status of a herd and respiratory disease (brd) occurrence and reproductive performance in pregnant heifers and cows. the association between management-related factors and higher brd occurrence was also estimated.201222289165
[prokaryotic expression of hn gene of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 and the establishment of indirect elisa method].the prokaryotic expression plasmid pqe30-hn of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) protein gene of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (bpiv3) strain hj-1 was expressed by iptg induction in e. coli xl1blue. the recombinant hn protein(rhn) was purified by electroeluting method, and used as coated antigen. an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed to detect the antibody valence of bpiv3. the best working conditions of elisa were as follows: the antigen concentration was 6 micr ...201222416346
application of network analysis parameters in risk-based surveillance - examples based on cattle trade data and bovine infections in sweden.financial resources may limit the number of samples that can be collected and analysed in disease surveillance programmes. when the aim of surveillance is disease detection and identification of case herds, a risk-based approach can increase the sensitivity of the surveillance system. in this paper, the association between two network analysis measures, i.e. 'in-degree' and 'ingoing infection chain', and signs of infection is investigated. it is shown that based on regression analysis of combine ...201222265643
bronchopneumonia in two dairy calves associated with mannheimia species cluster v infection.the pathological, bacteriological, and molecular findings of two 3-week-old holstein calves with bronchopneumonia are presented. heavy pure growth of a mannheimia species most closely aligned with the unnamed cluster v strains on the basis of 16s ribosomal rna sequencing was detected in the lungs of both calves in association with bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection. while mannheimia species closely related to cluster v strains have occasionally been reported in association with pneumon ...201222956485
pre-existing virus-specific cd8(+) t-cells provide protection against pneumovirus-induced disease in mice.pneumoviruses such as pneumonia virus of mice (pvm), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) or human (h)rsv are closely related pneumoviruses that cause severe respiratory disease in their respective hosts. it is well-known that t-cell responses are essential in pneumovirus clearance, but pneumovirus-specific t-cell responses also are important mediators of severe immunopathology. in this study we determined whether memory- or pre-existing, transferred virus-specific cd8(+) t-cells provide pr ...201222940382
complete sequence of rna1 of grapevine anatolian ringspot virus.the nucleotide sequence of rna1 of grapevine anatolian ringspot virus (garsv), a nepovirus of subgroup b, was determined from cdna clones. it is 7,288 nucleotides in length excluding the 3' terminal poly(a) tail and contains a large open reading frame (orf), extending from nucleotides 272 to 7001, encoding a polypeptide of 2,243 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 250 kda. the primary structure of the polyprotein, compared with that of other viral polyproteins, revealed the presence o ...201222752842
quantitative trait loci associated with the immune response to a bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine.infectious disease is an important problem for animal breeders, farmers and governments worldwide. one approach to reducing disease is to breed for resistance. this linkage study used a charolais-holstein f2 cattle cross population (n = 501) which was genotyped for 165 microsatellite markers (covering all autosomes) to search for associations with phenotypes for bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) specific total-igg, igg1 and igg2 concentrations at several time-points pre- and post-brsv va ...201222438944
immunology of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection of cattle.bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) is a respiratory pathogen of cattle that causes severe disease in calves alone and as one of several viruses and bacteria that cause bovine respiratory disease complex. like human rsv this virus modulates the immune response to avoid stimulation of a vibrant cd8+ t cytotoxic cell response and instead promotes a th2 response. the th2 skew sometimes results in the production of ige antibodies and depresses production of the th1 cytokine interferon γ. innat ...201222410266
prevalence of and risk factors for bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) infection in non-vaccinated dairy and dual-purpose cattle herds in ecuador.a cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) infection in non-vaccinated dairy and dual-purpose cattle herds from ecuador. a total of 2,367 serum samples from 346 herds were collected from june 2008 to february 2009. a questionnaire, which included variables related to cattle, health, management measures, and the environment, was filled out in each herd. presence of antibodies against brsv was a ...201222270243
detection of antibodies and risk factors for infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus 3 in dual-purpose farms in colima, mexico.a cross-sectional study was carried out, from november 2007 to march 2008, to estimate the prevalence of and to determine risk factors associated with bovine syncytial respiratory virus (brsv) and parainfluenza 3 virus (piv3) in dual-purpose herds in colima, méxico. one hundred and seventy-six sera from 33 herds for piv3 and 232 sera from 44 herds for brsv were used. sera were analyzed by indirect elisa for the detection of antibodies against brsv and piv3 in cattle herds to determine the seropr ...201222270242
immunogenetic responses in calves to intranasal delivery of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) epitopes encapsulated in poly (dl-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles.bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) is the principal aetiological agent of the bovine respiratory disease complex. a brsv subunit vaccine candidate consisting of two synthetic peptides representing putative protective epitopes on brsv surface glycoproteins in soluble form or encapsulated in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (plg) microparticles were prepared. calves (10 weeks old) with diminishing levels of brsv-specific maternal antibody were intranasally administered a single dose of the differ ...201323890818
bovine respiratory syncytial virus and histophilus somni interaction at the alveolar barrier.our previous studies showed that histophilus somni and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) act synergistically in vivo to cause more severe bovine respiratory disease than either agent alone causes. since h. somni surface and secreted immunoglobulin binding protein a (ibpa) causes retraction of bovine alveolar type 2 (bat2) cells and invasion between bat2 cells in vitro, we investigated mechanisms of brsv-plus-h. somni infection at the alveolar barrier. brsv treatment of bat2 cells prior t ...201323649093
bovine viral diarrhea virus fetal persistent infection after immunization with a contaminated modified-live virus vaccine.the objective was to determine whether a multivalent modified-live virus vaccine containing noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) administered off-label to pregnant cattle can result in persistently infected fetuses and to assess whether vaccinal strains can be shed to unvaccinated pregnant cattle commingling with vaccinates. nineteen bvdv-naïve pregnant heifers were randomly assigned to two groups: cattle vaccinated near day 77 of gestation with modified-live virus vaccine containing ...201323561853
differential chemokine and cytokine production by neonatal bovine γδ t-cell subsets in response to viral toll-like receptor agonists and in vivo respiratory syncytial virus infection.γδ t cells respond to stimulation via toll-like receptors (tlr). bovine γδ t cells express tlr3 and tlr7, receptors that are key for the recognition of viruses such as bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv); however, responses of γδ t cells to stimulation via these receptors, and their role during viral infections, remains unclear. here, we demonstrate that neonatal bovine γδ t cells exhibit robust chemokine and cytokine production in response to the tlr3 agonist, poly(i:c), and the tlr7 agon ...201323368631
local and systemic immune responses in mice to intranasal delivery of peptides representing bovine respiratory syncytial virus epitopes encapsulated in poly (dl-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles.the potential of a microparticulate vaccine delivery system in eliciting a specific mucosal antibody response in the respiratory tract of mice was evaluated. two vaccine candidate peptides representing epitopes from the g attachment and f fusion antigens from bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) were encapsulated into poly(dl-lactide co-glycolide) biodegradable microparticles. the encapsulation process did not denature the entrapped peptides as verified by detection of peptide-specific anti ...201323312498
first-calving age and first-lactation milk production on dutch dairy farms.farmers attempting to reduce first-calving age (fca) need to understand which rearing management factors influence fca and first-lactation milk production (flp). reduced fca might be associated with lower flp. this study describes the association between herd fca, flp, and several herd-level health and rearing management variables and describes the association between fca and flp at the cow level. it uses data from a 2010 survey of 100 dutch dairy farms about general management, colostrum and mi ...201323219115
duration of immunity to experimental infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus following intranasal vaccination of young passively immune calves.to determine whether a combination modified-live bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) vaccine could stimulate protective immunity in young brsv-seropositive calves following intranasal administration and determine the duration of clinical immunity.201324261811
bovine respiratory syncytial virus: infection dynamics within and between herds.the infection dynamics of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) were studied in randomly selected norwegian dairy herds. a total of 134 herds were tested twice, six months apart. the herds were classified as positive for brsv if at least one animal between 150 and 365 days old tested positive for antibodies against brsv, thereby representing herds that had most likely had the virus present during the previous year. the prevalence of positive herds at the first and second sampling was 34 per ...201324158321
relationship of the extent of pulmonary lesions to the partial pressure of oxygen and the lactate concentration in arterial blood in calves experimentally infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus.bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) is a primary agent of pneumonia in calves that causes damage to pulmonary epithelium and results in respiratory distress. this retrospective cumulative analysis of data from 681 calves experimentally infected with brsv was undertaken to determine if there was an association of both the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (pao₂) and the lactate concentration in arterial blood with lung lesion severity, as well as to estimate the potential predict ...201324101797
population growth and damage caused by rhopalosiphum padi (l.) (hemiptera, aphididae) on different cultivars and phenological stages of wheat.among the aphids associated with wheat and other winter cereals, rhopalosiphum padi (l.) is currently the predominant species in the wheat growing region of southern brazil. the damage caused by this aphid occurs by direct feeding and/or by the transmission of pathogenic viruses, such as the barley/cereal yellow dwarf virus. in order to estimate the direct damage caused by r. padi on wheat, we evaluated the population growth of this aphid during the tillering and elongation stages and its effect ...201327023210
two novel circo-like viruses detected in human feces: complete genome sequencing and electron microscopy analysis.the application of viral metagenomic techniques and a series of pcrs in a human fecal sample enabled the detection of two novel circular unisense dna viral genomes with 92% nucleotide similarity. the viruses were tentatively named circo-like virus-brazil (clv-br) strains hs1 and hs2 and have genome lengths of 2526 and 2533 nucleotides, respectively. four major open reading frames (orfs) were identified in each of the genomes, and differences between the two genomes were primarily observed in orf ...201324055464
differential sensitivity of bat cells to infection by enveloped rna viruses: coronaviruses, paramyxoviruses, filoviruses, and influenza viruses.bats (chiroptera) host major human pathogenic viruses including corona-, paramyxo, rhabdo- and filoviruses. we analyzed six different cell lines from either yinpterochiroptera (including african flying foxes and a rhinolophid bat) or yangochiroptera (genera carollia and tadarida) for susceptibility to infection by different enveloped rna viruses. none of the cells were sensitive to infection by transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), a porcine coronavirus, or to infection mediated by the spi ...201324023659
bovine model of respiratory syncytial virus infection.bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), which is an important cause of respiratory disease in young calves, is genetically and antigenically closely related to human (h)rsv. the epidemiology and pathogenesis of infection with these viruses are similar. the viruses are host-specific and infection produces a spectrum of disease ranging from subclinical to severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia, with the peak incidence of severe disease in individuals less than 6 months of age. brsv infection in cal ...201324362697
cross-neutralization of four paramyxoviruses by a human monoclonal antibody.broadly neutralizing antibodies reactive against most and even all variants of the same viral species have been described for influenza and hiv-1 (ref. 1). however, whether a neutralizing antibody could have the breadth of range to target different viral species was unknown. human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) and human metapneumovirus (hmpv) are common pathogens that cause severe disease in premature newborns, hospitalized children and immune-compromised patients, and play a role in asthma ...201323955151
a longitudinal study of the dynamics of bovine corona virus and respiratory syncytial virus infections in dairy herds.the objective of this study was to examine the dynamics of bovine corona virus (bcv) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) infections in dairy herds over a 3-year period. the status of 79 dairy herds located in two northern and two southern regions of sweden were surveyed by measuring antibody concentrations to bcv and brsv in pooled milk samples from primiparous cows, and in bulk-tank milk twice annually. in the southern regions the percentage of antibody-positive herds remained persist ...201323481616
a study of the effectiveness of a needle-free injection device compared with a needle and syringe used to vaccinate calves against bovine viral diarrhea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis viruses.the aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a needle-free injection device (nf) with a needle and syringe (ns) when used to vaccinate calves against bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibrv). the study was conducted in two independent phases. ninety-six crossbred beef calves were vaccinated in the spring and 98 beef calves in the autumn. the calves were vaccinated using a nf or ns at 2 months of age (day 0) and again on day 119, with a mo ...201324011475
effect of calf age and administration route of initial multivalent modified-live virus vaccine on humoral and cell-mediated immune responses following subsequent administration of a booster vaccination at weaning in beef calves.to compare immune responses following modified-live virus (mlv) vaccination at weaning after intranasal or sc administration of an mlv vaccine to beef calves at 2 or 70 days of age.201323363363
silencing of tomato rboh1 and mpk2 abolishes brassinosteroid-induced h₂o₂ generation and stress tolerance.brassinosteroids (brs) are involved in the regulation of plant growth, development and stress responses. while the signalling pathways for br-regulated plant growth and development are well studied, the mechanisms by which brs regulate plant stress tolerance remain largely unclear. here we showed that 24-epibrassinolide (ebr), which induced tolerance to oxidative and heat stress in tomato, was also capable of elevating the transcript levels of rboh1, mpk1 and mpk2, increasing apoplastic h2 o2 ac ...201322994632
patterns of detection of respiratory viruses in nasal swabs from calves in ireland: a retrospective study.a retrospective analysis was conducted to investigate the prevalence and seasonality of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv), bovine coronavirus (bocv), bovine herpesvirus-1 (bohv-1), bovine respiratory syncytical virus (brsv) and parainfluenza virus-3 (pi3v) in calves (aged three months and below) in ireland. results from real-time pcr testing, including cycle threshold values, conducted on nasal swabs (single or pooled) submitted from 1364 respiratory disease outbreaks between january 1, 2008 a ...201425037889
classification and characterization of a laboratory chicken rotavirus strain carrying g7p[35] neutralization antigens on the genotype 4 backbone gene configuration.the laboratory rotavirus strain, brs/115, has been used for more than two decades to monitor rotaviruses in specific pathogen free flocks of laying hens. however, the virus strain has not been characterized in detail. therefore we aimed at the description of molecular features of brs115 by using random primed reverse transcription-pcr of the genomic rna followed by massive parallel sequencing using the semiconductor sequencing technology. over 64,000 trimmed reads mapped to reference sequences o ...201425284347
evaluation of fast technology analysis (fta) cards as an improved method for specimen collection and shipment targeting viruses associated with bovine respiratory disease complex.in order to improve the analytic quality of respiratory specimens collected from cattle for nucleic acid-based diagnosis, a study was undertaken to verify realtime pcr efficiency of specimens collected and stabilized on fta cards™, filter paper which is treated chemically. nucleic acids collected using fta cards without the need for a cold-chain or special liquid media handling provided realtime pcr results consistent (96.8% agreement, kappa 0.923 [95% ci=0.89-0.96]) with the same specimens coll ...201424657552
occurrence and phylogenetic analysis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in outbreaks of respiratory disease in norway.bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) is one of the major pathogens involved in the bovine respiratory disease (brd) complex. the seroprevalence to brsv in norwegian cattle herds is high, but its role in epidemics of respiratory disease is unclear. the aims of the study were to investigate the etiological role of brsv and other respiratory viruses in epidemics of brd and to perform phylogenetic analysis of norwegian brsv strains.201424423030
inhibition of priming for bovine respiratory syncytial virus-specific protective immune responses following parenteral vaccination of passively immune calves.the effect of maternal antibodies (matab) on immunological priming by neonatal parenteral vaccination for bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) was addressed for the first time in experimental infection in 34 holstein calves. both vaccinated and control calves developed moderate to severe respiratory disease characteristic of acute brsv infection. there were no differences in clinical signs, brsv shed, arterial oxygen concentrations, or mortality between vaccinated and control calves after b ...201425477547
vaccine safety and efficacy evaluation of a recombinant bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) with deletion of the sh gene and subunit vaccines based on recombinant human rsv proteins: n-nanorings, p and m2-1, in calves with maternal antibodies.the development of safe and effective vaccines against both bovine and human respiratory syncytial viruses (brsv, hrsv) to be used in the presence of rsv-specific maternally-derived antibodies (mda) remains a high priority in human and veterinary medicine. herein, we present safety and efficacy results from a virulent brsv challenge of calves with mda, which were immunized with one of three vaccine candidates that allow serological differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (diva): an s ...201424945377
association between the level of antibodies in bulk tank milk and bovine respiratory syncytial virus exposure in the herd.antibody levels in bulk tank milk (btm) against bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) are used to classify brsv status of herds. the aim of this study was to investigate how these levels correspond with the time at which the herds were infected. bulk tank milk, individual milk and serum samples from cows and young stock were investigated using an indirect elisa. screenings of btm from 89 dairy herds during two winter seasons revealed a prevalence of positive herds from 82 per cent to 85 per ...201424864076
induction of interleukin-8 and interleukin-12 in neonatal ovine lung following experimental inoculation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus.this study aimed to determine the immunohistochemical expression of interleukin (il)-1β, tumour necrosis factor alpha (tnf)-α, interferon (ifn)-γ, il-4, il-6, il-8, il-10 and il-12 and to measure the concentrations of these cytokines in lung tissue from lambs infected experimentally with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv). lambs (n = 15) were inoculated at 2 days of age with 20 ml of viral inoculum (1.26 × 10(6) tcid50 per ml) or sterile medium (n = 15). rectal temperature, pulse and resp ...201424854063
chloroplastic thioredoxin-f and thioredoxin-m1/4 play important roles in brassinosteroids-induced changes in co2 assimilation and cellular redox homeostasis in tomato.chloroplast thioredoxins (trxs) and glutathione function as redox messengers in the regulation of photosynthesis. in this work, the roles of chloroplast trxs in brassinosteroids (brs)-induced changes in cellular redox homeostasis and co2 assimilation were studied in the leaves of tomato plants. brs-deficient d (^im) plants showed decreased transcripts of trx-f, trx-m2, trx-m1/4, and trx-x, while exogenous brs significantly induced co2 assimilation and the expression of trx-f, trx-m2, trx-m1/4, a ...201424847092
characterization of an experimental vaccine for bovine respiratory syncytial virus.bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) and human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) are major causes of respiratory disease in calves and children, respectively, and are priorities for vaccine development. we previously demonstrated that an experimental vaccine, brsv-immunostimulating complex (iscom), is effective in calves with maternal antibodies. the present study focuses on the antigenic characterization of this vaccine for the design of new-generation subunit vaccines. the results of our ...201424828093
use of different cell lines for in vitro cultures of bovine respiratory syncytial virus.this study compared the use of different cell lines for in vitro cultures of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv). the brsv 375 strain and 3 nasal swabs obtained from simmental calves were used for this study. the culture was performed on 3 cell lines: bovine kidney cells (llc-pk1), bovine tracheal cells (tbtr) and primary chicken embryo-related cells (cer). a comparative analysis of titres was performed using a microplate agglutination test with human group o erythrocytes and bovine erythr ...201424747584
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