Publications

the morbillivirus receptor slam (cd150).	morbilliviruses are highly contagious pathogens that cause some of the most devastating viral diseases of humans and animals, including measles virus (mv), canine distemper virus (cdv), and rinderpest virus (rpv). they replicate mainly in lymphoid organs throughout the body and cause severe immunosuppression accompanied with lymphopenia. we have recently shown that human, canine, and bovine signaling lymphocyte activation molecules (slams; also known as cd150) act as cellular receptors for mv, c ...	2002	12008921
rinderpest virus h protein: role in determining host range in rabbits.	a major molecular determinant of virus host-range is thought to be the viral protein required for cell attachment. we used a recombinant strain of rinderpest virus (rpv) to examine the role of this protein in determining the ability of rpv to replicate in rabbits. the recombinant was based on the rbok vaccine strain, which is avirulent in rabbits, carrying the haemagglutinin (h) protein gene from the lapinized rpv (rpv-l) strain, which is pathogenic in rabbits. the recombinant virus (rrpv-laph) ...	2002	12029161
effect of immunization with plasmid dna encoding for rinderpest virus matrix protein on systemic rinderpest virus infection in rabbits.	plasmid vaccine pbk-cmvmpilc113 expressing the matrix (m) gene of rinderpest virus was assessed for its potential to protect rabbits against a lethal viral challenge. rabbits immunized with plasmids expressing the m gene were not protected when challenged with lapinized rinderpest virus, despite the production of anti-m antibodies, while rabbits immunized with rinderpest tissue culture vaccine were completely protected from a lethal challenge with lapinized rinderpest virus. the plasmid vaccine ...	2002	12090294
prevalence, distribution, and host range of peste des petits ruminants virus, turkey.	peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv, genus morbillivirus), which causes a severe disease in sheep and goats, has only recently been officially declared to be present in turkey. we carried out a study to determine the prevalence, distribution, and host range of pprv in turkey. a total of 1,607 animals, reared in 18 different locations, were monitored for the presence of antibodies to pprv and the related virus of large ruminants, rinderpest virus (rpv). only two farms had animals that were fre ...	2002	12095439
mapping of b-cell epitopes of hemagglutinin protein of rinderpest virus.	monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against secreted hemagglutinin (h) protein of rinderpest virus (rpv) expressed by a recombinant baculovirus were generated to characterize the antigenic sites on h protein and regions of functional significance. three of the mabs displayed hemagglutination inhibition activity and these mabs were unable to neutralize virus infectivity. western immunoblot analysis of overlapping deletion mutants indicated that three mabs recognize antigenic regions at the extreme carbo ...	2002	12127784
recent epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv).	peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is an economically important viral disease of goats and sheep first described in west africa in the 1940s. the virus has been circulating in parts of sub-saharan africa for several decades and in the middle east and southern asia since 1993, although the first description of the virus in india dates to 1987. to study the genetic relationship between isolates of distinct geographical origin, a selected region of the fusion (f) protein gene of the viruses was ampli ...	2002	12135634
induction of apoptotic cellular death in lymphatic tissues of cattle experimentally infected with different strains of rinderpest virus.	the presence, type, and extent of cellular death in lymphatic tissues of cattle experimentally infected with rinderpest virus strains of different virulence was investigated morphologically. cells with dna strand breaks were identified in histological sections of palatine tonsil, spleen, and mesenteric and mandibular lymph nodes by the tunel (terminal desoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dutp nick end labelling) assay. in addition, representative samples of lymphatic tissues were examined by t ...	2002	12354541
detection of antibodies against peste des petits ruminants virus in sera of cattle, camels, sheep and goats in sudan.	detection of antibodies against peste des petits ruminants virus in sera of cattle, camels, sheep and goats in sudan.	2002	12416868
rinderpest.	rinderpest, also known as cattle plague, was for centuries the most dreaded bovine plague known and one that changed the course of history and still seriously compromises trade. it can lay waste not only to farming communities but the wildlife heritage of countries also is threatened because its broad host spectrum extends across cattle, asian buffaloes, yaks, and many other artiodactyls, both domesticated and wild, including swine. this article provides a brief history of rinderpest before desc ...	2002	12442581
idiotype and anti-idiotype specific t cell responses on transplantation with hybridomas reactive to viral hemagglutinin and human tumor antigen.	b cell hybridomas expressing class i and ii mhc molecules and producing antibodies directed against hemagglutinin protein of rinderpest virus and human mucin-1 have been used as surrogate b cells to study t cell responses against the antigens. the observed ctl and lymphoproliferative response indicates that anti-idiotypic b cells termed jerne cells stimulate both t helper and t cytotoxic cells by virtue of their ability to present recycled or regurgitated peptido-mimics of antigen to t helper ce ...	2002	11750038
long-term sterilizing immunity to rinderpest in cattle vaccinated with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing high levels of the fusion and hemagglutinin glycoproteins.	rinderpest is an acute and highly contagious viral disease of ruminants, often resulting in greater than 90% mortality. we have constructed a recombinant vaccinia virus vaccine (v2rvfh) that expresses both the fusion (f) and hemagglutinin (h) genes of rinderpest virus (rpv) under strong synthetic vaccinia virus promoters. v2rvfh-infected cells express high levels of the f and h glycoproteins and show extensive syncytium formation. cattle vaccinated intramuscularly with as little as 10(3) pfu of ...	2002	11752138
recombinant hemagglutinin protein of rinderpest virus expressed in insect cells induces cytotoxic t-cell responses in cattle.	rinderpest virus (rpv), a member of the genus morbillivirus within the paramyxoviridae family, causes a highly contagious and often fatal disease known as rinderpest in wild and domestic ruminants. the envelope of the virus contains two surface glycoproteins, namely the hemagglutinin (h) and the fusion (f) proteins, both of which have been shown to confer protective immunity in animals. in this paper, we demonstrate that single administration of low doses of recombinant h protein of rpv expresse ...	2001	11792064
animal diseases and human populations in colonial zimbabwe: the rinderpest epidemic of 1896-1898.		2001	18561450
three-dimensional structure of the inner core of rice dwarf virus.	rice dwarf virus (rdv) is a double-shelled icosahedral virus. using electron cryomicroscopy and computer reconstruction techniques, we have determined a 3.3 nm resolution three-dimensional (3d) structure of the inner shell capsid without the outer shell and viral rna. the results show that the inner shell is a thin, densely packed, smooth structure, which provides a scaffold for the full virus. a total of 120 copies of the major inner shell capsid protein p3 forms 60 dimers arranged in a t=1 ico ...	2001	18726437
the cattle plague in cheshire, 1865-1866.		2001	18630384
mapping of t-helper epitopes of rinderpest virus hemagglutinin protein.	rinderpest virus (rpv) is a highly contagious and often fatal disease of domestic and wild ruminants, caused by rinderpest virus of the genus morbillivirus under the family paramyxoviridae. hemagglutinin (h) and fusion (f) proteins of this enveloped virus confer protective immunity against experimental challenge with virulent rinderpest virus. we have earlier demonstrated that immunization with a single dose of recombinant extracellular baculovirus expressing h protein elicits h-specific humoral ...	2001	11270599
rinderpest virus c and v proteins interact with the major (l) component of the viral polymerase.	rinderpest virus, like other morbilliviruses, expresses three proteins from the single p gene. in addition to the p protein, which interacts both with the viral polymerase (l) and the nucleocapsid (n) protein, the virus expresses a c and a v protein from the same gene. the functions of these two proteins in the viral life cycle are not clear. although both c and v proteins are dispensable, in that viable viruses can be made that express neither, each seems to play a role in optimum viral replica ...	2001	11277692
the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein of peste des petits ruminants virus is biologically active when transiently expressed in mammalian cells.	the genes coding for the surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) of the peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) and hemagglutinin (h) of rinderpest virus (rpv) were cloned in a cytomagalovirus promoter driven expression vector and expressed transiently in mammalian cells. the protein expression was apparent 24 h after transfection and the expressed proteins were detected at the cell surface. the transiently expressed pprv hn protein was found to be biologically active in possessin ...	2001	11325471
rinderpest virus (rpv) iscom vaccine induces protection in cattle against virulent rpv challenge.	rinderpest virus (rpv), a member of genus morbillivirus in the family paramyxoviridae, causes an acute and often fatal disease in cattle and other large ruminants. a subunit rinderpest vaccine consisting of an immune-stimulating complex (iscom) incorporating the rpv haemaggulutinin (h) protein, was examined for its ability to induce protective immunity in cattle, the natural host of rpv. all of four cattle vaccinated with the iscom vaccine survived challenge with virulent virus. three were solid ...	2001	11348698
morbilliviruses use signaling lymphocyte activation molecules (cd150) as cellular receptors.	morbilliviruses comprise measles virus, canine distemper virus, rinderpest virus, and several other viruses that cause devastating human and animal diseases accompanied by severe immunosuppression and lymphopenia. recently, we have shown that human signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (slam) is a cellular receptor for measles virus. in this study, we examined whether canine distemper and rinderpest viruses also use canine and bovine slams, respectively, as cellular receptors. the onderstepoo ...	2001	11390585
idiotypic-anti-idiotypic b cell interactions generated against a protective antigen of a morbillivirus in mice.	the idiotypic network theory (n. k. jerne, ann. immunol. 125, 373-389, 1974) predicts that any antibody that can be made by an individual would have its preexisting specific complementary b cells in its germline repertoire. we transplanted syngeneic balb/c mice with live hybridoma cells and demonstrated the simultaneous presence of interacting idiotypic and anti-idiotypic b cells in an individual animal by immuno-cytoadherence assays. furthermore, we demonstrate that interacting b cells displayi ...	2001	11414732
recombinant hemagglutinin protein of rinderpest virus expressed in insect cells induces humoral and cell mediated immune responses in cattle.	rinderpest virus causes a highly contagious and often fatal disease in domestic and wild ruminants. the surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (h) and fusion (f) proteins of this enveloped virus are known to confer protective immunity in cattle. we have reported the generation of a recombinant baculovirus expressing h protein and studied its protective properties in cattle. in this report, we demonstrate that the recombinant baculovirus encoded h protein expressed in insect cells gets incorporated ...	2001	11427260
idiotype and antigen-specific t cell responses in mice on immunization with antigen, antibody, and anti-idiotypic antibody.	idiotypic determinants of immunoglobulin molecules can evoke both cd4(+) and cd8(+) t responses and exist not only as the integral components of a bona fide antigen binding receptor but also as distinct molecular entities in the processed forms on the cell surface of b lymphocytes. the present work provides experimental evidence for the concept that regulation of memory b cell populations can be achieved through the presentation of idiotypic and anti-idiotypic determinants to helper and cytotoxi ...	2001	11446743
molecular properties of the matrixprotein(m) gene of the lapinized rinderpest virus.	the nucleotide sequence of the matrixprotein (m) gene of the lapinized rinderpest virus (rpv-l) was determined. the full-length cdna of the rpv-l m gene is composed of 1460 base pairs and is supposed to contain an open reading frame of 1005 nucleotides encoding on m protein of 335 amino acids. the homology of the predicted amino acid among congeneric morbilliviruses such as rpv kabete 'o' strain (wild strain of rpv), rpv rbok strain (vaccine strain of rpv for cattle), measles virus (mv), and can ...	2001	11503909
immune responses in goats to recombinant hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein of peste des petits ruminants virus: identification of a t cell determinant.	peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv), a member of the genus morbillivirus within the family paramyxoviridae, causes a fatal disease 'peste des petits ruminants' in goats and sheep. this enveloped virus is antigenically closely related to rinderpest virus (rpv), which causes a similar but distinct disease in large ruminants. pprv harbors two major surface glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) and the fusion (f) proteins. the surface glycoproteins of morbilliviruses are highly imm ...	2001	11535334
complete genome sequence of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus pur46-mad clone and evolution of the purdue virus cluster.	the complete sequence (28580 nt) of the pur46-mad clone of the purdue cluster of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (tgev) has been determined and compared with members of this cluster and other coronaviruses. the computing distances among their s gene sequences resulted in the grouping of these coronaviruses into four clusters, one of them exclusively formed by the purdue viruses. three new potential sequence motifs with homology to the alpha-subunit of the polymerase-associated nucleoca ...	2001	11556396
the use of antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the diagnosis of rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants in ethiopia.	rinderpest had been reported in most parts of ethiopia when the pan african rinderpest campaign (parc) was launched. as a result of intensive disease investigation and strategic vaccination, most parts of the country are now considered provisionally free, and widespread vaccination has been replaced by clinical and serological surveillance. details of any episodes of disease are recorded and followed up after laboratory confirmation of suspected cass using antigen-capture elisa. this paper is ba ...	2001	11556621
the fusion protein of peste des petits ruminants virus mediates biological fusion in the absence of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein.	to study the process of membrane fusion in morbilliviruses, the fusion (f) glycoproteins of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) and rinderpest virus (rpv) were expressed transiently in mammalian cells. the recombinant f proteins were found to be localized at the surface of transfected cells. the fusion activity, as evident from cell fusion assays and lysis of chicken erythrocytes, documented that transiently expressed pprv f glycoprotein induces cell fusion in the absence of homotypic hemagg ...	2001	11601920
scanning mutagenesis identifies critical residues in the rinderpest virus genome promoter.	short regions at the 3' and 5' ends of the genome of rinderpest virus (rpv) contain signals that regulate transcription of the viral genome, known as the genome promoter and the (complement to the) antigenome promoter, respectively. an rpv minigenome construct carrying the cat coding sequence was used as a reporter to investigate residues in the 3'-terminal region of the genome important for these functions. single-base scanning mutagenesis showed that modifications to nucleotides 1, 3, 4, 10 an ...	2001	11714965
development of a thermoresistant tissue culture rinderpest vaccine virus.	the currently used plowright's tissue culture rinderpest vaccine (rbok strain) gives full protection and lifelong immunity, but it is highly thermolabile and requires maintenance of cold chain from vaccine production till delivery. keeping in view the need for a thermostabile vaccine in tropical developing countries with limited refrigeration facilities, we passaged serially the rbok strain of rinderpestvirus (rpv) at gradually elevated temperature up to 40 degrees c to obtain a thermoresistant ...	2001	11885930
[expression of rice dwarf virus outer coat protein gene(s8) in insect cells].	outer coat protein gene(s8) of rdv was cloned into the transfer vector pvl 1393 to construct a recombinant vector pvl1393-s8. the recombinant vector pvl1393-s8 and the linear baculovirus rp23. lacz were cotransfected into sf9 cells to produce the recombinant virus rp23-s8. rp23-s8 infected sf9 cells were collected and analysed by sds-page and western-blot. the results showed that the s8 gene of rdv was expressed in sf9 cells and the expression level of sf9 cells was higher between 72-96 h after ...	2001	12549020
[construction of rice dwarf virus genome database].	secondary database construction is an important subject in the field of bioinformatics. as the full genomic sequences of some organisms are being completed and followed by structural and functional studies, construction of secondary database becomes essential on the agenda. the rice dwarf virus (rdv) is a pathogen infecting rice in china, japan and the southeastern asia region and leading to considerable economic loss. based on the data generated from recent genomic research and earlier biochemi ...	2001	12549187
identification of a cytotoxic t-cell epitope on the recombinant nucleocapsid proteins of rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants viruses presented as assembled nucleocapsids.	the nucleocapsid protein (n) of morbilliviruses is not only a major structural protein but also the most abundant protein made in infected cells. we overexpressed the n proteins of rinderpest virus and peste des petits ruminants virus in e. coli, which assemble into nucleocapsids in the absence of viral rna that resemble nucleocapsids made in the virus-infected cells. employing these assembled structures resembling subviral particles, we studied the induction of both the antibody response and th ...	2001	11145903
[primary structure of the f-gene from rinderpest virus strain k].	synthesis, cdna cloning, and nucleotide sequencing of f gene of rinderpest virus strain k was carried out. analysis of nucleotide sequence showed the only open reading frame coding for protein from 546 a.o. with mol. weight 58.6 kda. the mean percentage of identical nucleotide residues between f genes of strains k, kabete o, and l is 76.4% for 5'-untranslated region and 90.5% for translated region, the share of similar amino acid residues in the respective proteins is 92.9%. the structure of res ...	2000	11186456
[significance of paramyxovirinae protein f in physiopathology and immunity].	the paramyxovirinae sub-family contains viruses of major importance for humans (measles and mumps viruses) and animals (newcastle disease virus, canine distemper virus, rinderpest virus) but also zoonotic viruses (hendra and nipah viruses). newcastle disease virus, a rubulavirus, which is specific of birds, can be used as a model for understanding the pathogenicity mechanisms of paramyxovirinae and for the study of vaccination against the diseases they cause. the f protein of pathogenic strains ...	2000	11268674
research collaborations on rinderpest.		2000	10649747
development of a genetically marked recombinant rinderpest vaccine expressing green fluorescent protein.	in order to effectively control and eliminate rinderpest, a method is required to allow serological differentiation between animals that have been vaccinated and those which have recovered from natural infection. one way of doing this would be to engineer the normal vaccine to produce a genetically marked rinderpest virus (rpv) vaccine. we constructed two modified cdna clones of the rpv rbok vaccine strain with the coding sequence of the green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene inserted as a potenti ...	2000	10675408
rinderpest viruses lacking the c and v proteins show specific defects in growth and transcription of viral rnas.	rinderpest virus is a morbillivirus and the causative agent of an important disease of cattle and wild bovids. the p genes of all morbilliviruses give rise to two proteins in addition to the p protein itself: use of an alternate start translation site, in a second open reading frame, gives rise to the c protein, while cotranscriptional insertion of an extra base gives rise to the v protein, a fusion of the amino-terminal half of p to a short, highly conserved, cysteine-rich zinc binding domain. ...	2000	10684274
long-term protective immunity to rinderpest in cattle following a single vaccination with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the virus haemagglutinin protein.	a recombinant vaccine, produced by using a highly attenuated smallpox vaccine (lc16mo) as a vector and which expresses the rinderpest virus (rpv) haemagglutinin protein, has been developed. the properties of this vaccine, including its heat stability, efficacy in short-term trials, safety and genetic stability, have been confirmed in an earlier report. in the present study, the duration of the protective immunity generated by the vaccine in cattle was examined for up to 3 years following the adm ...	2000	10811927
identification of t-helper cell epitopes in the hypervariable region of the nucleocapsid (n) protein of rinderpest virus (rpv) in cattle.	the proliferative responses to synthetic peptides by lymphocytes derived from rinderpest virus (rpv)-infected cattle, the natural host for rpv, were assayed by determining [3h]thymidine incorporation into the dna. in eight out of twelve cattle tested, significant responses were detected to peptides representing amino acids 452-501 in the c-terminal hypervariable region of the virus nucleocapsid (n) protein. it appears that helper t-cell epitope(s) for cattle which can be broadly recognized withi ...	2000	10856786
rinderpest virus infection in primary bovine skin fibroblasts.	rinderpest virus (rpv) replicated to a high titre in primary bovine skin fibroblasts. the course of infection was similar to that seen in established cell lines. virulent field virus grew at a faster rate than the fully attenuated vaccine strain of the virus. virus antigen expression, as measured by facscan analysis, correlated with the time course of infection for the two strains in cell cultures. wild type virus, obtained directly from cattle, infected cells at a slower rate than virus passage ...	2000	10948995
vaccination of cattle with attenuated rinderpest virus stimulates cd4(+) t cell responses with broad viral antigen specificity.	the immune responses of cattle inoculated with either a virulent or an attenuated vaccine strain of rinderpest virus (rpv) were examined by measuring the proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) to whole rpv antigen preparations and to individual rpv major structural proteins expressed using recombinant adenoviruses. responses to the t cell mitogen concanavalin a (cona) were also measured as a control to monitor non-specific effects of infection with rpv on t cell responses. in ...	2000	10950969
recovery and characterization of a chimeric rinderpest virus with the glycoproteins of peste-des-petits-ruminants virus: homologous f and h proteins are required for virus viability.	rinderpest (rp) and peste-des-petits-ruminants (ppr) are two important diseases of domestic ruminants. to improve on currently available vaccines against ppr, we have created cdna copies of the rp virus genome in which either the fusion (f) or hemagglutinin (h) gene, or both, was replaced with the corresponding gene from ppr virus. it was necessary to develop a modified rescue system in which the t7 rna polymerase was provided by a recombinant fowlpox virus and the entire rescue procedure took p ...	2000	10982348
improved technique for transient expression and negative strand virus rescue using fowlpox t7 recombinant virus in mammalian cells.	the suitability of recombinant t7 polymerase produced using either the highly attenuated mva strain of vaccinia (mva-t7) or fowlpox virus (fp-t7) for transient expression and negative strand virus rescue was compared in two mammalian cell lines (mdbk and vero) and in primary cells of bovine, ovine and caprine origin. such primary cells are more permissive for the growth of wild type strains of morbilliviruses, such as rinderpest virus and peste des petits ruminants virus. mva-t7 was found to be ...	2000	10996645
assembly of double-shelled, virus-like particles in transgenic rice plants expressing two major structural proteins of rice dwarf virus.	rice dwarf virus (rdv) is a double-shelled particle that contains a major capsid protein (p8), a major core protein (p3), several minor core proteins, and viral genomic double-stranded rna. coexpression of p8 and p3 in transgenic rice plants resulted in formation of double-shelled, virus-like particles (vlps) similar to the authentic rdv particles. the vlps were not detected in transgenic rice plant cells expressing p8 alone. this in vivo result suggests that p8 interacted with p3 and that these ...	2000	11000259
recombinant rinderpest vaccines expressing membrane-anchored proteins as genetic markers: evidence of exclusion of marker protein from the virus envelope.	rinderpest virus (rpv) causes a severe disease of cattle resulting in serious economic losses in parts of the developing world. effective control and elimination of this disease require a genetically marked rinderpest vaccine that allows serological differentiation between animals that have been vaccinated against rinderpest and those which have recovered from natural infection. we have constructed two modified cdna clones of the vaccine strain rna genome of the virus, with the coding sequence o ...	2000	11024145
ribozyme-mediated resistance to rice dwarf virus and the transgene silencing in the progeny of transgenic rice plants.	a hammerhead ribozyme (rz) with long hybridizing arms targeting the mrna of rice dwarf virus (rdv) segment 5 and a mutated nonfunctional ribozyme (mrz) were constructed. as predicted, rz transcribed in vitro cleaved the target mrna of rdv segment 5 into two fragments of 138 and 238 nucleotides in length. the rz and mrz genes were each placed under the control of the camv 35s promoter and used to transform japonica rice variety 'tongling no. 1' via agrobacterium tumefaciens. a total of 32 indepen ...	2000	11032368
establishment of a rescue system for canine distemper virus.	canine distemper virus (cdv) has been rescued from a full-length cdna clone. besides measles virus (mv) and rinderpest virus, a third morbillivirus is now available for genetic analysis using reverse genetics. a plasmid p(+)cdv was constructed by sequential cloning using the onderstepoort vaccine strain large-plaque-forming variant. the presence of a t7 promoter allowed transcription of full-length antigenomic rna by a t7 rna polymerase, which was provided by a host range mutant of vaccinia viru ...	2000	11044118
development and evaluation of a monoclonal antibody based competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of rinderpest virus antibodies.	a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has been standardised for the detection of antibodies to rinderpest virus in sera from cattle, sheep and goats. the test uses a neutralising monoclonal antibody (mab) directed against the haemagglutinin protein of rinderpest virus. the test is specific for rinderpest, as it failed to detect antibodies to peste des petits ruminants virus in convalescent goat sera. a 45% inhibition of the binding of the mab to the antigen was used as the cut-off poin ...	2000	11107618
xerovac: an ultra rapid method for the dehydration and preservation of live attenuated rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants vaccines.	the accepted procedure for the long-term preservation of live viruses and bacteria in vaccines has been lyophilisation. we show that thermolabile viruses can be dehydrated in vitro, within 18 h, in an excipient containing trehalose. we further demonstrate that in the resulting dehydrated state, where the viruses are captive in a metastable glass composed of trehalose, they are capable of resisting 45 degrees c for a period of 14 days with minimal loss of potency. the degree of thermotolerance ac ...	2000	11115706
protection of cattle against rinderpest by intranasal immunisation with a dry powder tissue culture vaccine.	dry powder tissue culture rinderpest vaccine containing 10(2.5) tcid(50) of virus per dose administered intranasally to cattle induced high titre circulating antibody responses and protection against challenge with a virulent strain of rinderpest virus. a reduction in the dose of virus to 10(1.1) tcid(50) resulted in a failure to elicit detectable antibody responses and a lack of protection. intranasal powder vaccine offers several advantages over conventional needle-administered aqueous rinderp ...	2000	11115707
a fast, sensitive and specific method for rice dwarf virus detection by northern blot hybridization.	based on stability of double-stranded (ds) rna, a new, fast, sensitive, and specific method for detection of genomic rice dwarf virus (rdv) dsrna by molecular hybridization was developed. in contrary to the commonly used, standard northern blot analysis, dsrna is denatured in the immobilized state on the blot. therefore, risk of degradation of single-stranded (ss) rna by ribonuclease (rnase) during sample preparation, electrophoresis and blotting is eliminated. this method overcomes disadvantage ...	1999	10825925
a newly identified horseshoe crab lectin with specificity for blood group a antigen recognizes specific o-antigens of bacterial lipopolysaccharides.	a 14-kda lectin, named tachylectin-3, was newly identified from hemocytes of the japanese horseshoe crab, tachypleus tridentatus. this lectin exhibited hemagglutinating activity against human a-type erythrocytes, but not against the b- and o-types of erythrocytes and animal erythrocytes, including those of sheep, rabbit, horse, and bovine. the hemagglutinating activity of tachylectin-3 was equivalent to that of a previously identified lectin, named tachylectin-2, with affinity for n-acetyl-d-glu ...	1999	9920866
structural and functional studies of the measles virus hemagglutinin: identification of a novel site required for cd46 interaction.	the entry of measles virus (mv) into human cells is mediated by the initial attachment of the viral hemagglutinin (ha) to the complement regulatory protein cd46. two subdomains, one each within cd46 short consensus repeats (scrs) 1 and 2, are responsible for this interaction. however, little is known about the regions within mv ha needed for a high-affinity cd46 interaction. to better define the ha-cd46 interaction, we took three approaches: chimeric domain swapping, peptide scanning, and alanin ...	1999	10087234
rinderpest: a case study of animal health emergency management.	the history of rinderpest and control of the disease in africa and asia is reviewed briefly. the present distribution of rinderpest virus in relation to its phylogenetic lineages is presented. rinderpest-free countries bordering rinderpest-infected countries are considered to be under permanent threat of a transboundary rinderpest incursion and therefore face continuous and serious emergency situations. the nature of these emergencies in relation to the remaining foci of the three lineages is de ...	1999	10190212
domains of rinderpest virus phosphoprotein involved in interaction with itself and the nucleocapsid protein.	the yeast two-hybrid system was used to identify domains involved in specific in vivo interactions between the rinderpest virus (rpv) phosphoprotein (p) and nucleocapsid protein (n). n and p genes were cloned in both the yeast gal4 dna-binding and gal4 activation domain vectors, which enabled analysis of self and interprotein interactions. mapping of the domain of p protein involved in its association with itself revealed that the cooh-terminal 32 amino acids (316-347) that forms a part of the h ...	1999	10366579
rinderpest vaccination and the incidence and development of trypanosomosis in cattle.	an investigation was made into whether recent vaccination of cattle with tissue culture rinderpest virus would cause immunosuppression and lead to more frequent or more severe infection with trypanosomes in animals grazing in tsetse-infested areas. herds of cattle on galana ranch in kenya were divided, with approximately half of each herd being vaccinated with tissue culture rinderpest virus strain kabete 'o', while the rest remained unvaccinated. the herds were then exposed to the risk of natur ...	1999	10371005
rinderpest antibody detected in sheep and goats before an outbreak of rinderpest reported in cattle in northern tanzania.	in january 1997, serum samples from 1346 adult sheep and goats were tested by a competitive elisa to determine the prevalence of rinderpest in the northern zone of tanzania. seroconversion rates of 20%, 13%, 9%, 7% and 3% in sheep and goats were recorded in ngorongoro, monduli, hai, arumeru and simanjiro districts, respectively. the low profile and insidious nature of the rinderpest virus involved caused very mild disease in cattle in some of these area. the mild signs associated with this outbr ...	1999	10399812
molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the phosphoprotein (p) gene of the lapinized rinderpest virus.	we determined the nucleotide sequence of the coding region for the phosphoprotein (p) gene of the l strain of rinderpest virus (rpv). the gene encodes two overlapping open reading frames of 1521 and 531 nucleotides. use of the first atg would produce a p polypeptide of 507 amino acids, while use of the second atg would produce a c polypeptide of 177 amino acids. in addition, the insertion of an extra g residue at the editing site generates an alternative mrna potentially encoding the v protein o ...	1999	10403704
cell-mediated immune responses in cattle vaccinated with a vaccinia virus recombinant expressing the nucleocapsid protein of rinderpest virus.	rinderpest virus (rpv) is a member of the genus morbillivirus in the family paramyxoviridae which causes an acute and often fatal disease in large ruminants. to examine the immune response to the virus nucleocapsid (n) protein, a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing rpv nucleocapsid protein (rvv-rpv-n) was used to vaccinate cattle. the recombinant vaccine induced low levels of non-neutralizing anti-n antibodies. rpv-specific cell-mediated immunity induced by the recombinant was assessed by meas ...	1999	10423130
expression in cattle of epitopes of a heterologous virus using a recombinant rinderpest virus.	we have investigated the bovine immune response to heterologous proteins expressed using a recombinant rinderpest virus (rpv). a new gene unit was created in a cdna copy of the genome of the vaccine strain of rpv, and an open reading frame inserted that encodes the polymerase (3dpol) and parts of the capsid protein vp1 from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). infectious recombinant rpv was rescued and shown to express the fmdv-derived protein at good levels in infected cells. the rescued virus ...	1999	10466801
a rapid chromatographic strip test for the pen-side diagnosis of rinderpest virus.	rinderpest is a contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed domestic and wild animals. eradication of the virus following outbreaks depends on rapid and accurate diagnosis of infection and the implementation of control measures. reporting and confirmatory diagnosis precede the implementation of control measures. a number of techniques have been used for diagnosis such as agar gel immunodiffusion, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), molecular biological techniques such as polymerase chain re ...	1999	10488772
rinderpest epidemic in wild ruminants in kenya 1993-97.	a severe epidemic of rinderpest, affecting mainly wild ruminants, occurred between 1993 and 1997 in east africa. buffalo (syncerus caffer), eland (taurotragus oryx) and lesser kudu (tragelaphus imberbis) were highly susceptible. the histopathological changes, notably individual epithelial cell necrosis with syncytia formation, were consistent with an infection with an epitheliotrophic virus. serology, the polymerase chain reaction, and virus isolation confirmed the diagnosis and provided epidemi ...	1999	10579537
prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea virus antibodies in india.	a study was undertaken regarding the prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) antibodies in bovine sera which tested negative for rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants virus antibodies. the samples were collected between january 1996 and december 1997. a total of 439 samples (327 cattle and 112 buffalo from 17 states of india) were tested using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) kit. the mean prevalence of bvdv antibodies in cattle was 15.29% (50/327) in 16 state ...	1999	10588010
[molecular cloning and sequencing of outer capsid protein gene of rice dwarf virus and its expression in escherichia coli].	the s2 full-length cdna of rice dwarf phytoreovirus which enocodes the viral outer capsid protein was cloned and its complete nucleotide sequence was determined. the results showed that s2 is 3512 bp long with a large open reading frame which encodes a protein of 1116 amino acids. it shares 94.6% and 95.4% identity with rdv of japanese h isolate in terms of nucleotide and amino acid sequences, respectively, and it also shows some homology with vp2 of rotavirus at the level of amino acid sequence ...	1999	12555568
protection of rabbits against lapinized rinderpest virus with purified envelope glycoproteins of peste-des-petits-ruminants and rinderpest viruses.	haemagglutinin (ha) and fusion (f) proteins of peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (pprv) and rinderpest virus (rpv) were purified by immunoaffinity chromatography. the purified proteins were characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds-page). rabbit hyperimmune sera were raised against the purified ha and f proteins and assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), haemagglutination-inhibition (hai) and virus neutralization (vn) tests. ...	1998	10358730
preparation of monoclonal antibodies to n protein of rinderpest virus and their use in viral antigen detection.		1998	10358739
structure of double-shelled rice dwarf virus.	rice dwarf virus (rdv), a member of the reoviridae family, is a double-stranded rna virus. infection of rice plants with rdv reduces crop production significantly and can pose a major economic threat to southeast asia. a 25-a three-dimensional structure of the 700-a-diameter rdv capsid has been determined by 400-kv electron cryomicroscopy and computer reconstruction. the structure revealed two distinctive icosahedral shells: a t=13l outer icosahedral shell composed of 260 trimeric clusters of p8 ...	1998	9765392
the 42k protein of rice dwarf virus is a post-translational cleavage product of the 46k outer capsid protein.	the outer capsid protein (p8) heterogeneity of rice dwarf virus (rdv) exists not only in purified virus particles, but also in rdv-infected rice, transgenic rice expressing p8, e. coli expression of p8 product and the in vitro translation products of s8. n-terminal amino acid sequencing revealed that p8 is a cleavage product of p8'. the cleavage occurs specifically at the residues of asp362 and pro363. the function of the proteolytic processing is unknown.	1998	9787666
morbillivirus downregulation of cd46.	there is evidence that cd46 (membrane cofactor protein) is a cellular receptor for vaccine and laboratory-passaged strains of measles virus (mv). following infection with these mv strains, cd46 is downregulated from the cell surface, and consequent complement-mediated lysis has been shown to occur upon infection of a human monocytic cell line. the mv hemagglutinin (h) protein alone is capable of inducing this downregulation. some wild-type strains of mv fail to downregulate cd46, despite infecti ...	1998	9811778
recommended standards for epidemiological surveillance systems for rinderpest. office international des epizooties.	a process involving time-bound steps used to verify the transition from the status of freedom from rinderpest to that of freedom from infection with the rinderpest virus is described. the procedure, informally but widely known as the 'oie pathway' (oie: office international des epizooties), originated with the report of the 1989 expert consultation on rinderpest surveillance systems. the oie foot and mouth disease and other epizootics commission, with the assistance of experts on the disease, pr ...	1998	9850554
seroepidemiology of rinderpest in bovids in sri lanka using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) technique.	approximately 0.2% (n = 4397) of the bovids (cattle and buffalo) in sri lanka were sampled, from june 1992 using a multi-stage sampling procedure. serum antibodies for the rinderpest virus were detected using the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. the age, the agroclimatic zone, the management system practiced in the farms, and the vaccination history of the sampled bovids were studied as potential risk factors for being seropositive. the prevalence of rinderpest antibodies in non-va ...	1998	9879581
eradication of rinderpest from ethiopia.		1998	9881430
use of prokaryotically expressed nucleocapsid protein as positive antigen in elisa.	a cdna library of rinderpest vaccine virus was prepared in zap express vector (stratagene). the rinderpest 'n' gene specific clones were selected, characterized and thereafter expressed in e. coli xlolr strain. the expressed protein was found to be immunogenic in western blot with hyperimmune sera. it reacted with rinderpest and 'n' protein specific monoclonal antibodies in enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). prokaryotically expressed 'n' protein also gave precipitin band in counter immun ...	1998	9891841
rice dwarf phytoreovirus segment s11 encodes a nucleic acid binding protein.	the function of rice dwarf virus segment 11 and the corresponding segments of other phytoreoviruses is not yet determined. the amino acid sequence of pns11, encoded by segment 11, contains a putative zinc finger and five flanking basic regions at the c-terminus. the full-length pns11 protein and three truncated derivatives, which lack the n-terminus, the zinc-finger or the c-terminal five basic regions were expressed in escherichia coli and their nucleic acid binding properties were studied. pns ...	1998	9454700
serological evidence of morbillivirus infection in small cetaceans from the southeast pacific.	the presence of morbillivirus-specific serum antibodies was examined by an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ielisa) and virus neutralization tests in serum samples from 30 dusky dolphins (lagenorhynchus obscurus), 8 long-snouted common dolphins (delphinus capensis), 2 inshore and 6 offshore bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus) and 20 burmeister's porpoises (phocoena spinipinnis) taken in fisheries off central peru in 1993-1995. the sera from six dusky dolphins, one common dolphin ...	1998	9549850
[nucleotide and protein sequence analysis of rice dwarf virus replicase(segment s1)].	the full length cdna of rice dwarf virus (rdv) fujian isolate genome segment s1 was cloned and full length sequence was determined. the results showed that s1 is 4422 bp in length and contains a major open reading frame which encodes a polypeptide with 1444 amino acids. the major orf contains the rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) consensus sequences, such as motif i (dxxxxd) motif ii (sgxxxtxxxn) and motif iii(gdd). in addition to the three motifs, a well-conserved region (exxkxy) is found fol ...	1998	12549398
immunizing effect of vaccinia virus expressing the nucleoprotein of rinderpest virus on systemic rinderpest virus infection in rabbits.	a recombinant vaccinia virus (rvv) expressing the nucleoprotein (np) of rinderpest virus (rpv) was examined in rabbits for the involvement of the np protein in protection from the rpv infection. despite their production of anti-np antibody, the rvv-immunized rabbits succumbed to the rpv challenge, although there was a slight delay in the onset of disease after the low-dose challenge. on the other hand, the animals immunized with rvv expressing the hemagglutinin (h) protein of the rpv were comple ...	1998	9611679
[primary structure of gene h of cattle plague virus strain k].	synthesis, cdna cloning, and identification of h gene nucleotide sequence of rinderpest virus (rpv) k strain are carried out. analysis of the identified nucleotide sequence has revealed the single open reading frame encoding a protein consisting of 609 amino acids with molecular weight of 68 kda. the mean nucleotide homology between h genes of k, kabete o and l strains in 88.0%, the mean amino acid homology of the corresponding proteins is 88.2%. rpv k strain hemagglutinin contains 5 potential g ...	1998	9611757
construction of recombinant vaccinia virus expressing rinderpest virus nucleocapsid protein and its immunogenicity in mice.	recombinant vaccinia virus (rvv) was constructed by inserting rinderpest virus (rpv) nucleocapsid (n) protein gene. the rvv expressed rpv-n protein in the rvv-infected cells. the rvv was shown to produce rpv-n-specific antibody in mice.	1998	9637306
rediscovery of the second african lineage of rinderpest virus: its epidemiological significance.		1998	9670447
rice ragged stunt oryzavirus genome segments s7 and s10 encode non-structural proteins of m(r) 68,025 (pns7) and m(r) 32,364 (pns10).	the nucleotide sequences of genome segments s7 and s10 of a thai-isolate of rice ragged stunt virus (rrsv) were determined. the 1938 bp s7 sequence contains a single large open reading frame (orf) spanning nucleotides 20 to 1843 that is predicted to encode a protein of m(r) 68,025. the 1,162 bp s10 sequence has a major orf spanning nucleotides 142 to 1,032 that is predicted to encode a protein of m(r) 32,364. this s10 orf is preceded by a small orf (nt 20-55) which is probably a minicistron. cou ...	1997	9672632
rinderpest virus isolates of different virulence vary in their capacity to infect bovine monocytes and macrophages.	three isolates of rinderpest virus (rpv) with different in vivo virulence were able to infect and productively replicate in bovine monocytic cells. they differed in their kinetics of replication and the morphological changes induced in infected cultures. the highly virulent rpv-saudi infected > 80% of cells within 6 days p.i. (m.o.i. = 0.1 tcid50 per cell). under identical conditions, > 50% of cells were infected by the 'mild' (causes minimal mortality in vivo) isolate rpv-egypt, whereas only 25 ...	1997	9266982
animal health risks associated with the transportation and utilisation of wildlife products.	the animal health risks associated with the movement of wildlife products are infinitely less than those associated with the movement of live animals. very few pathogens are sufficiently robust to survive the significant changes in temperature, ph, moisture content and osmolality which occur post mortem, or which are associated with preservation processes such as pickling, smoking or drying. certain pathogens, however, (e.g. foot and mouth disease, classical swine fever [hog cholera] and african ...	1997	9329110
molecular cloning, sequencing, functional analysis and expression in e. coli of major core protein gene (s3) of rice dwarf virus chinese isolate.	the complete nucleotide sequence of major core protein gene (segment s3) of rice dwarf virus (rdv) chinese isolate was determined after cdna cloning from the viral genomic rna. sequence analysis showed that the cloned fragment is 3195 bp in length and contains a single open reading frame (orf), encoding the major core protein (p3) which m(r) of 114 k. the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of s3 of this isolate share significant homology (94.1% and 97%, respectively) with those of s3 of ...	1997	9385405
the minor outer capsid protein p2 of rice gall dwarf virus has a primary structure conserved with, yet is chemically dissimilar to, rice dwarf virus p2, a protein associated with virus infectivity.	the nucleotide sequence of the genome segment 2 (s2) of rice gall dwarf virus (rgdv), a phytoreovirus, when compared with the amino acid sequence of a component protein of the virus, showed that s2 potentially encoded a 127k minor outer capsid protein. this 127k protein designated as p2 and the 127k minor outer capsid protein (also termed p2) of rice dwarf virus (rdv) are similar in size, located in the outer capsid, and have well-conserved predicted polypeptide sequences, suggesting similar fun ...	1997	9413509
a review of three pathology-based techniques for retrospective diagnosis of rinderpest, with comparison to virus isolation.	base of tongue, eyelid, and retropharyngeal lymph node were collected from three animals experimentally infected with rinderpest and utilised in a study comparing virus isolation with histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridisation to determine the usefulness of the latter three techniques as retrospective diagnostic aids for this disease. virus isolation was positive for all nine samples. histopathology was suggestive in all the tissues and definitive in some. immunohistochemist ...	1997	9429240
trial of a capripoxvirus-rinderpest recombinant vaccine in african cattle.	cattle were vaccinated with differing doses of an equal mixture of capripox-rinderpest recombinant viruses expressing either the fusion protein (f) or the haemagglutinin protein (h) of rinderpest virus. animals vaccinated with 2 x 10(4) p.f.u. or greater of the combined viruses were completely protected against challenge, 1 month later, with both virulent rinderpest and lumpy skin disease viruses. vaccination with any of the doses did not induce any adverse clinical response in the animals or tr ...	1997	9042036
nucleotide sequence analysis of the large (l) genes of phocine distemper virus and canine distemper virus (corrected sequence).	this paper corrects the previously published sequence of the l gene of canine distemper virus (cdv). errors in the published sequence (m. s. sidhu et al., 1993, virology 193, 50-65) led to frame shifts between residues 1021-1032, 1190-1219 and 1645-1650; a deletion of 21 amino acids between residues 1684-1705, and a single residue deletion at residue 1478. residue 237 is now found to be glycine rather than tryptophan and residue 1626 proline instead of threonine. the sequence of the l gene of ph ...	1997	9049407
rinderpest: at war with the disease of war.	rinderpest, the legendary cattle plague, has caused devastating losses for centuries and remains the biggest threat to sustainable livestock production in developing countries. strenuous efforts are now being made to achieve global eradication of this viral disease, a goal made feasible through the use of attenuated live vaccines developed in the 1950s. their use almost resulted in eradication in the 1970s but left several foci of disease from where the plague then re-emerged. recent mass vaccin ...	1997	9161126
immunogenic and protective properties of haemagglutinin protein (h) of rinderpest virus expressed by a recombinant baculovirus.	the hemagglutinin (h) protein of rinderpest virus expressed by a recombinant baculovirus used as a vaccine produced high titres of neutralizing antibody to rinderpest virus in the vaccinated cattle, comparable to the levels produced by live attenuated vaccine. the immunized cattle were protected against a vaccine-virus challenge, as demonstrated by the failure of development of antibodies to n protein of the vaccine virus. the lack of replication of vaccine virus in the immunized cattle indicate ...	1997	9178457
potency testing of tissue culture rinderpest vaccine in rabbits.	rinderpest (rp) vaccine potency testing requires virulent bovine rinderpest virus (rpv). use of virulent rpv is a biosafety hazard. in this study we had vaccinated rabbits with tissue culture rp vaccine at different doses and thereafter challenged with lapinized virus. no thermal reaction in vaccinated rabbits was observed. serum neutralizing antibody response to vaccine was dose dependent until the second week post-vaccination but by the fourth week post-vaccination all the rabbits had similar ...	1997	9178458
protective vaccination of ferrets against canine distemper with recombinant pox virus vaccines expressing the h or f genes of rinderpest virus.	to investigate the ability of rinderpest virus (rpv) antigens, expressed in pox virus vectors, to protect against canine distemper virus (cdv) infection in ferrets.	1997	9185963
cellular immune response to foot-and-mouth disease virus.		1997	9191319
use of dot-immunobinding assay for visual detection of rinderpest antibodies in vaccinated cattle.	a dot-immunobinding (dib) assay was used to detect rinderpest antibodies in cattle vaccinated with kabete 'o' strain vaccine, using purified rinderpest virus. of 120 serum samples from vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals, rinderpest antibodies were detected in 80%, 88.4% and 91.6% of samples at 2, 3 and 4 weeks postvaccination respectively. all the serum samples from non-vaccinated animals were negative. the dib results had a good correlation with those of the micro neutralisation test. the te ...	1997	9203306
sequence and structure alignment of paramyxoviridae attachment proteins and discovery of enzymatic activity for a morbillivirus hemagglutinin.	on the basis of the conservation of neuraminidase (n) active-site residues in influenza virus n and paramyxovirus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn), it has been suggested that the three-dimensional (3d) structures of the globular heads of the two proteins are broadly similar. in this study, details of this structural similarity are worked out. detailed multiple sequence alignment of paramyxovirus hn proteins and influenza virus n proteins was based on the schematic representation of the previousl ...	1997	9223510
characterization of membrane-bound and membrane anchor-less forms of hemagglutinin glycoprotein of rinderpest virus expressed by baculovirus recombinants.	the rinderpest virus (rpv) hemagglutinin (h) is a class 2 glycoprotein by means of which the virus attaches to the host cell receptor. a full length cdna coding for h protein was used to construct a recombinant baculovirus expressing the h protein, rech(m), on the surface of insect cells. the small n terminal cytoplasmic domain was deleted and the transmembrane domain which extends from amino acids 35 to 59 was replaced with a signal peptide derived from the ecdysteroid udp glycosyl transferase ...	1997	9237348
rescue of rinderpest virus from cloned cdna.	rinderpest virus is a morbillivirus and is the causative agent of a widespread and important disease of cattle. the viral genome is a single strand of rna in the negative sense. we have constructed plasmids containing cdna copies of the 5' and 3' termini of the virus separated by a reporter gene and have shown that antigenome-sense rna transcripts of these model genomes can be replicated, transcribed, and packaged by helper virus, both rinderpest virus and the related measles virus. further, the ...	1997	8995650
preliminary seromonitoring of rinderpest among cattle raised under different husbandry systems in saudi arabia.	using the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the seromonitoring of rinderpest in saudi arabia, antibodies were detected in 30% of the sera of 1,018 cattle slaughtered at riyadh abattoir during june and july 1995. the correlation between the detection of antibodies and the origins of the slaughtered animals was analysed. all the culled dairy cows had detectable antibodies. the proportions of bulls giving serologically positive results were as follows: 57% for animals imported from ...	1997	9567303
the genome sequence of the virulent kabete 'o' strain of rinderpest virus: comparison with the derived vaccine.	we have compared the complete genome sequences of the vaccine strain of rinderpest virus and the virulent strain from which it was derived. only 87 bases differed between the two genomes (0.55%). possibly significant differences in amino acid sequence were found in the n, p, f, h and l proteins. a number of differences were also found in the leader region (3' end of the genome), whilst the trailer region appears to be more conserved. in addition, the length of the genome was found in both cases ...	1996	9000095