Publications

multiplex rt-pcr and automated microarray for detection of eight bovine viruses.	microarrays can be a useful tool for pathogen detection as it allow for simultaneous interrogation of the presence of a large number of genetic sequences in a sample. however, conventional microarrays require extensive manual handling and multiple pieces of equipment for printing probes, hybridization, washing and signal detection. in this study, a reverse transcription (rt)-pcr with an accompanying novel automated microarray for simultaneous detection of eight viruses that affect cattle [vesicu ...	2016	27878975
enhanced immunosurveillance for animal morbilliviruses using vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) pseudotypes.	the measurement of virus-specific neutralising antibodies represents the "gold-standard" for diagnostic serology. for animal morbilliviruses, such as peste des petits ruminants (pprv) or rinderpest virus (rpv), live virus-based neutralisation tests require high-level biocontainment to prevent the accidental escape of the infectious agents. in this study, we describe the adaptation of a replication-defective vesicular stomatitis virus (vsvδg) based pseudotyping system for the measurement of neutr ...	2016	27742221
evolutionary characteristics of morbilliviruses during serial passages in vitro: gradual attenuation of virus virulence.	the genus morbillivirus is classified into the family paramyxoviridae, and is composed of 6 members, namely measles virus (mv), rinderpest virus (rpv), peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (pprv), canine distemper virus (cdv), phocine distemper virus (pdv) and cetacean morbillivirus (cemv). the mv, rpv, pprv and cdv have been successfully attenuated through their serial passages in vitro for the production of live vaccines. it has been demonstrated that the morbilliviral virulence in animals was pro ...	2016	27477502
the rna triphosphatase domain of l protein of rinderpest virus exhibits pyrophosphatase and tripolyphosphatase activities.	l protein of the rinderpest virus, an archetypal paramyxovirus possesses rna-dependent rna polymerase activity which transcribes the genome into mrnas as well as replicates the rna genome. the protein also possesses rna triphosphatase (rtpase), guanylyltransferase (gtase) and methyltransferase enzyme activities responsible for capping the mrnas in a conventional pathway similar to that of the host pathway. subsequent to the earlier characterization of the gtase activity of l protein and identifi ...	2016	27170418
the first report of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) in camels (camelus dromedarius) in iran.	in mid-july 2013, an outbreak of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) was observed in a herd of camels after they were imported from kuwait to the khuzestan province in southwest of iran. the clinical signs of the affected animals included sudden death, fever, oral erosion, and ecthyma like lesions, yellowish diarrhea, pneumonia and respiratory distress, enlargement of lymph node, severe dehydration, dermatitis, ulcerative keratitis, and conjunctivitis. necropsy findings included keratoconjunctiviti ...	2016	27155951
protection of cattle against rinderpest by vaccination with wild-type but not attenuated strains of peste des petits ruminants virus.	although rinderpest virus (rpv) has been eradicated in the wild, efforts are still continuing to restrict the extent to which live virus is distributed in facilities around the world and to prepare for any reappearance of the disease, whether through deliberate or accidental release. in an effort to find an alternative vaccine which could be used in place of the traditional live attenuated rpv strains, we have determined whether cattle can be protected from rinderpest by inoculation with vaccine ...	2016	26984722
mapping the evolutionary trajectories of morbilliviruses: what, where and whither.	morbilliviruses are pathogens of humans and other animals. live attenuated morbillivirus vaccines have been used to end endemic transmission of measles virus (mv) in many parts of the developed world and to eradicate rinderpest virus. entry is mediated by two different receptors which govern virus lymphotropism and epitheliotropism. morbillivirus transmissibility is unparalleled and mv represents the most infectious human pathogen on earth. their evolutionary origins remain obscure and their pot ...	2016	26921570
identifying and reducing remaining stocks of rinderpest virus.	in 2011, the world was declared free from rinderpest, one of the most feared and devastating infectious diseases of animals. rinderpest is the second infectious disease, after smallpox, to have been eradicated. however, potentially infectious rinderpest virus material remains widely disseminated among research and diagnostic facilities across the world and poses a risk for disease recurrence should it be released. member countries of the world organisation for animal health and the food and agri ...	2015	26584400
specific detection of peste des petits ruminants virus antibodies in sheep and goat sera by the luciferase immunoprecipitation system.	peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is a contagious and often fatal transboundary animal disease affecting mostly sheep, goats and wild small ruminants. this disease is endemic in most of africa, the middle, near east, and large parts of asia. the causal agent is peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv), which belongs to the genus morbillivirus in the family paramyxoviridae. this genus also includes measles virus (mv), canine distemper virus (cdv) and rinderpest virus (rpv). all are closely related ...	2016	26506137
evidence for n⁷ guanine methyl transferase activity encoded within the modular domain of rna-dependent rna polymerase l of a morbillivirus.	post-transcriptional modification of viral mrna is essential for the translation of viral proteins by cellular translation machinery. due to the cytoplasmic replication of paramyxoviruses, the viral-encoded rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) is thought to possess all activities required for mrna capping and methylation. in the present work, using partially purified recombinant rna polymerase complex of rinderpest virus expressed in insect cells, we demonstrate the in vitro methylation of capped ...	2015	26446666
complete genome sequence of japanese vaccine strain la-ako of rinderpest virus.	rinderpest vaccine strain la-ako, which is less virulent especially to highly susceptible asian cattle breeds, was established from a lapinized vaccine strain by further passages in rabbit and chick embryos. here, we report the genome sequence of la-ako, which currently remains active for the production of an emergent vaccine in japan.	2015	26337882
a carboxy terminal domain of the l protein of rinderpest virus possesses rna triphosphatase activity - the first enzyme in the viral mrna capping pathway.	the large protein l of negative-sense rna viruses is a multifunctional protein involved in transcription and replication of genomic rna. it also possesses enzymatic activities involved in capping and methylation of viral mrnas. the pathway for mrna capping followed by the l protein of the viruses in the morbillivirus genus has not been established, although it has been speculated that these viruses may follow the unconventional capping pathway as has been shown for some viruses of rhabdoviridae ...	2015	26168720
molecular evolution of haemagglutinin (h) gene in measles virus.	we studied the molecular evolution of the haemagglutinin (h) gene (full length) in all genotypes (24 genotypes, 297 strains) of measles virus (mev). the gene's evolutionary timescale was estimated by the bayesian markov chain monte carlo (mcmc) method. we also analysed positive selection sites. the mcmc tree indicated that the mev h gene diverged from the rinderpest virus (same genus) about 250 years ago and that 24 mev genotypes formed 3 lineages dating back to a 1915 ancestor (95% highest post ...	2015	26130388
morbillivirus infections: an introduction.	research on morbillivirus infections has led to exciting developments in recent years. global measles vaccination coverage has increased, resulting in a significant reduction in measles mortality. in 2011 rinderpest virus was declared globally eradicated - only the second virus to be eradicated by targeted vaccination. identification of new cellular receptors and implementation of recombinant viruses expressing fluorescent proteins in a range of model systems have provided fundamental new insigh ...	2015	25685949
paramyxovirus glycoprotein incorporation, assembly and budding: a three way dance for infectious particle production.	paramyxoviruses are a family of negative sense rna viruses whose members cause serious diseases in humans, such as measles virus, mumps virus and respiratory syncytial virus; and in animals, such as newcastle disease virus and rinderpest virus. paramyxovirus particles form by assembly of the viral matrix protein, the ribonucleoprotein complex and the surface glycoproteins at the plasma membrane of infected cells and subsequent viral budding. two major glycoproteins expressed on the viral envelop ...	2014	25105277
peste des petits ruminants virus infection of small ruminants: a comprehensive review.	peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is caused by a morbillivirus that belongs to the family paramyxoviridae. ppr is an acute, highly contagious and fatal disease primarily affecting goats and sheep, whereas cattle undergo sub-clinical infection. with morbidity and mortality rates that can be as high as 90%, ppr is classified as an oie (office international des epizooties)-listed disease. considering the importance of sheep and goats in the livelihood of the poor and marginal farmers in africa and s ...	2014	24915458
morbillivirus vaccines: recent successes and future hopes.	the impact of morbilliviruses on both human and animal populations is well documented in the history of mankind. indeed, prior to the development of vaccines for these diseases, morbilliviruses plagued both humans and their livestock that were heavily relied upon for food and motor power within communities. measles virus (mev) was responsible for the death of millions of people annually across the world and those fortunate enough to escape the disease often faced starvation where their livestock ...	2014	24703852
the second eradication: rinderpest.	the eradication of rinderpest virus was less celebrated than the eradication of smallpox virus. however, this is only the second campaign to eradicate a virus worldwide which is successful. this gives the opportunity to recall how important rinderpest had been these past centuries for farmers and for public health.	2014	24566884
the risk of rinderpest re-introduction in post-eradication era.	in 2011, ten years after the last reported outbreak, the eradication of rinderpest was declared. however, as rinderpest virus stocks still exist, there remains a risk of rinderpest re-introduction. a semi-quantitative risk assessment was conducted to assess this risk, which was defined as the probability of at least one host becoming infected and infectious outside a laboratory anywhere in the world within a one-year period. pathways leading to rinderpest re-introduction were: deliberate or acci ...	2014	24299903
different functions of the common p/v/w and v-specific domains of rinderpest virus v protein in blocking ifn signalling.	the v proteins of paramyxoviruses are composed of two evolutionarily distinct domains, the n-terminal 75 % being common to the viral p, v and w proteins, and not highly conserved between viruses, whilst the remaining 25 % consists of a cysteine-rich v-specific domain, which is conserved across almost all paramyxoviruses. there is evidence supporting a number of different functions of the v proteins of morbilliviruses in blocking the signalling pathways of type i and ii ifns, but it is not clear ...	2014	24158397
[morbilliviruses].	the genus morbillivirus in the family paramyxoviridae contains many pathogens, which are important for medicine or veterinary medicine. because each morbillivirus has restricted host range and serologically monotypic, the virus infection and transmission is effectively controlled by vaccinations and surveillance. rinderpest virus has been eradicated in 2011, and elimination of measles virus progresses worldwide. recently, a new cell receptor for measles virus, nectin4 was identified. both slam, ...	2012	24153228
biochemical and structural studies of the oligomerization domain of the nipah virus phosphoprotein: evidence for an elongated coiled-coil homotrimer.	nipah virus (niv) is a recently emerged severe human pathogen that belongs to the henipavirus genus within the paramyxoviridae family. the niv genome is encapsidated by the nucleoprotein (n) within a helical nucleocapsid that is the substrate used by the polymerase for transcription and replication. the polymerase is recruited onto the nucleocapsid via its cofactor, the phosphoprotein (p). the niv p protein has a modular organization, with alternating disordered and ordered domains. among these ...	2013	24074578
modelling the expected rate of laboratory biosafety breakdowns involving rinderpest virus in the post-eradication era.	now that we are in the rinderpest post-eradication era, attention is focused on the risk of re-introduction. a semi-quantitative risk assessment identified accidental use of rinderpest virus in laboratories as the most likely cause of re-introduction. however there is little data available on the rates of laboratory biosafety breakdowns in general. in addition, any predictions based on past events are subject to various uncertainties. the aims of this study were therefore to investigate the pote ...	2013	24029703
fao and oie ease moratorium on research on rinderpest virus.		2013	23873452
[entry mechanism of morbillivirus family].	the genus morbillivirus includes measles virus, canine distemper virus and rinderpest virus. these are highly contagious and exhibit high mortality. these viruses have the attachment glycoprotein, hemagglutinin (h), at the virus surface, which bind to signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (slam) and nectin 4 as receptors for the entry. however, the molecular mechanism for this entry has been limitedly understood. here we summarize the current topics, (1) newly identified receptor, nectin 4, ( ...	2013	23649396
morbillivirus v proteins exhibit multiple mechanisms to block type 1 and type 2 interferon signalling pathways.	morbilliviruses form a closely related group of pathogenic viruses which encode three non-structural proteins v, w and c in their p gene. previous studies with rinderpest virus (rpv) and measles virus (mev) have demonstrated that these non-structural proteins play a crucial role in blocking type i (ifnα/β) and type ii (ifnγ) interferon action, and various mechanisms have been proposed for these effects. we have directly compared four important morbilliviruses, rinderpest (rpv), measles virus (me ...	2013	23431397
early events following experimental infection with peste-des-petits ruminants virus suggest immune cell targeting.	peste-des-petits ruminants virus (pprv) is a viral pathogen that causes a devastating plague of small ruminants. pprv is an economically significant disease that continues to be a major obstacle to the development of sustainable agriculture across the developing world. the current understanding of pprv pathogenesis has been heavily assumed from the closely related rinderpest virus (rpv) and other morbillivirus infections alongside data derived from field outbreaks. there have been few studies re ...	2013	23418464
peste des petits ruminants, the next eradicated animal disease?	peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is a widespread viral disease caused by a morbillivirus (paramyxoviridae). there is a single serotype of ppr virus, but four distinct genetic lineages. morbidity and mortality are high when occurring in naive sheep and goats populations. cattle and african buffaloes (syncerus caffer) are asymptomatically infected. other wild ruminants and camels may express clinical signs and mortality. ppr has recently spread in southern and northern africa, and in central and f ...	2012	23313537
rinderpest virus sequestration and use in posteradication era.	after the 2011 declaration of rinderpest disease eradication, we surveyed 150 countries about rinderpest virus stocks. forty-four laboratories in 35 countries held laboratory-attenuated strains, field strains, or diagnostic samples. vaccine and reagent production and laboratory experiments continued. rigorous standards are necessary to ensure that stocks are kept under safe conditions.	2013	23260811
complete genome analysis of three live attenuated rinderpest virus vaccine strains derived through serial passages in different culture systems.	the genomes of three south korean rinderpest virus vaccine strains (l72, la77, and la96) were analyzed in order to investigate their genetic variability. these three vaccine strains were all derived from the same virus strain origin (fusan) through repeated passages in different culture systems. the full genome length of the three strains was 15,882 nucleotides, and the sequence similarity between the three south korean rpv strains at the nucleotide level was 98.1 to 98.9%. the genetic distance ...	2012	23118448
characterization of the chandipura virus leader rna-phosphoprotein interaction using single tryptophan mutants and its detection in viral infected cells.	the phosphoprotein (p protein) of the chandipura virus (chpv), a negative strand rna virus, is involved in both transcription and replication of the viral life cycle. interaction between the p protein and the viral leader (le) rna under in vitro conditions has been previously reported for chpv and other negative strand rna viruses such as the rinderpest virus (rpv). however, till date, the region of the p protein involved in le rna binding remains undefined. moreover, the in vivo occurrence of t ...	2013	23063516
fao and oie urge laboratories to destroy their stocks of rinderpest virus.		2012	22843737
rinderpest eradication: lessons for measles eradication?	in 2011 the food and agriculture organization formally announced that rinderpest was eradicated from the globe. rinderpest virus had long been associated with huge disease outbreaks among cattle. the disease not only had a devastating effect on cattle herds world-wide, but also on human populations that depended on them. rinderpest virus - a member of the genus morbillivirus of the family paramyxoviridae - is a close relative of measles virus. both viruses are highly infectious and share many ot ...	2012	22709518
[feasibility study on global peste des petits ruminants eradication based on rinderpest eradication].	eradication can be defined as permanent elimination of the occurrence of a given infectious disease. a joint fao/oie announcement of global rinderpest eradication was declared in 2011. the announcement from two international organizations indicates that the rinderpest virus, like the smallpox virus, will remain only in authorized laboratories. after rinderpest eradication, the relevant researchers shifted their focus on next target-peste des petits ruminants, since they mostly share similarities ...	2012	22416357
morbillivirus receptors and tropism: multiple pathways for infection.	morbilliviruses, which include measles virus (mev), canine distemper virus, and rinderpest virus, are among the most important pathogens in their respective hosts and cause severe syndromes. morbilliviruses are enveloped viruses with two envelope proteins, one of which is hemagglutinin (h) protein, which plays a role in binding to cellular receptors. during morbillivirus infection, the virus initially targets lymphoid cells and replicates efficiently in the lymph nodes. the principal cellular re ...	2012	22403577
the role of nuclear technologies in the diagnosis and control of livestock diseases--a review.	nuclear and nuclear-related technologies have played an important role in animal health, particularly in relation to disease diagnosis and characterization of pathogenic organisms. this review focuses primarily on how and where nuclear technologies, both non-isotopic and isotopic methods, have made their impact in the past and where it might be expected they could have an impact in the future. the review outlines the extensive use of radiation attenuation in attempts to create vaccines for a mul ...	2012	22286376
a novel approach to generating morbillivirus vaccines: negatively marking the rinderpest vaccine.	the eradication of rinderpest virus (rpv) from the globe was possible through the availability of a safe and effective live attenuated vaccine and a suitable companion diagnostic test. however, the inability to serologically 'differentiate between naturally infected and vaccinated animals' (diva) meant that both the time taken to complete the eradication programme and the economic burden on countries involved was significantly greater than if a vaccine and companion diagnostic test that fulfille ...	2012	22265946
Evidence of Endemic Hendra Virus Infection in Flying-Foxes (Pteropus conspicillatus)-Implications for Disease Risk Management.	This study investigated the seroepidemiology of Hendra virus in a spectacled flying-fox (Pteropus conspicillatus) population in northern Australia, near the location of an equine and associated human Hendra virus infection in late 2004. The pattern of infection in the population was investigated using a serial cross-sectional serological study over a 25-month period, with blood sampled from 521 individuals over six sampling sessions. Antibody titres to the virus were determined by virus neutrali ...	2011	22194920
biological feasibility of measles eradication.	because of the success of global measles control programs, the world health organization (who), along with its partner agencies, is once again considering the possibility of setting a target date for measles eradication. measles would be the fourth viral agent to be eradicated joining the successful programs to eradicate smallpox and rinderpest virus, and the continuing effort to eradicate polio virus. a description of the recent progress toward measles eradication was recently published as a su ...	2011	21963661
viral infection induces expression of novel phased micrornas from conserved cellular microrna precursors.	rna silencing, mediated by small rnas including micrornas (mirnas) and small interfering rnas (sirnas), is a potent antiviral or antibacterial mechanism, besides regulating normal cellular gene expression critical for development and physiology. to gain insights into host small rna metabolism under infections by different viruses, we used solexa/illumina deep sequencing to characterize the small rna profiles of rice plants infected by two distinct viruses, rice dwarf virus (rdv, dsrna virus) and ...	2011	21901091
rinderpest: the end of cattle plague.	this paper describes the demise of rinderpest, focussing on the 20th century and especially the period of the global rinderpest eradication programme, before proceeding to describe the process of accreditation of rinderpest freedom which is now virtually complete.	2011	21783268
peste des petits ruminants: a suitable candidate for eradication?	this year will see the final announcement, accompanied by much justifiable celebration, of the eradication from the wild of rinderpest, the 'cattle plague' that has been with us for so many centuries. the only known rinderpest virus (rpv) remaining is in a relatively small number of laboratories around the world, and in the stockpiles of vaccine held on a precautionary basis. as we mark this achievement, only the second virus ever eradicated through human intervention, it seems a good time to lo ...	2011	21724765
differentiating pestes des petits ruminants and rinderpest viruses by a novel monoclonal antibody.	peste des petits ruminant (ppr) is an acute, febrile, viral disease of small ruminants with great economic importance. ppr and rinderpest (rp) viruses are antigenically related and need to be differentiated serologically. the use of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) in elisa for specific diagnostics and separation of ppr and rpv is important. for this purpose, six balb/c mice were immunized with inactivated antigen from the nijeria strain. fusion cloning was performed 3 months later by directly using ...	2011	21707365
a novel sapelovirus-like virus isolation from wild boar.	a novel sapelovirus-like virus was isolated from a wild boar (sus scrofa). in this study, partial viral genomic nucleotide sequences were determined using the rapid determination system of viral nucleic acid sequences (rdv) ver. 3.1, which we recently developed for discovering novel viruses. phylogenetic analysis of vp1 and 3a proteins and their encoding nucleotide sequences of enteroviruses and sapeloviruses indicated that the isolated virus was closely related to porcine sapelovirus. rt-pcr de ...	2011	21643767
characterization of the complete genomic sequence of the rinderpest virus fusan strain cattle type, which is the most classical isolate in asia and comparison with its lapinized strain.	in this study, we characterized the rinderpest virus (rpv) fusan strain cattle type (b), which is the most classical isolate in asia, by complete genomic sequence analysis and compared it with its lapinized nakamura iii (l) strain. the transversion rates of the m, f, and h genes were higher than those of other genes. in contrast, the deduced amino acid (aa) substitution rates of the p, c, and v genes were higher than those of other genes, although their transversion rates were not higher. the ch ...	2011	21643766
sequential infection of rice dwarf virus in the internal organs of its insect vector after ingestion of virus.	confocal microscopy revealed that rice dwarf virus (rdv) initially accumulated in epithelial cells of the filter chamber of leafhopper vector nephotettix cincticeps 2 days after acquisition access feeding on diseased plants. subsequently, rdv accumulation progressed to the anterior midgut, and then spread to the nervous system before infection of other organs. furthermore, rdv accumulation progressed to the visceral muscles surrounding the anterior midgut. later, rdv accumulation was detected in ...	2011	21570430
two distinct conformations of a rinderpest virus epitope presented by bovine major histocompatibility complex class i n*01801: a host strategy to present featured peptides.	the presentation of viral peptide epitopes to host cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) is crucial for adaptive cellular immunity to clear the virus infection, especially for some chronic viral infections. indeed, hosts have developed effective strategies to achieve this goal. the ideal scenario would be that the peptide epitopes stimulate a broad spectrum of ctl responses with diversified t-cell receptor (tcr) usage (the tcr repertoire). it is believed that a diversified tcr repertoire requires a "fe ...	2011	21450819
relationship between symptoms and gene expression induced by the infection of three strains of rice dwarf virus.	rice dwarf virus (rdv) is the causal agent of rice dwarf disease, which often results in severe yield losses of rice in east asian countries. the disease symptoms are stunted growth, chlorotic specks on leaves, and delayed and incomplete panicle exsertion. three rdv strains, o, d84, and s, were reported. rdv-s causes the most severe symptoms, whereas rdv-o causes the mildest. twenty amino acid substitutions were found in 10 of 12 virus proteins among three rdv strains.	2011	21445363
improvement and development of rapid chromatographic strip-tests for the diagnosis of rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants viruses.	this paper describes the improvement of a rapid diagnostic test for the detection of rinderpest virus (rpv) at pen-side and the development of a similar test for the detection of another morbillivirus, peste de petits ruminants virus (pprv). using the svanova biotech format, prototype chromatographic strip test devices were developed for rpv and pprv detection. for the rp device, the incorporation of a monoclonal antibody (mab), which recognises additional rpv strains of rpv lineage 2, enhanced ...	2011	21419802
monkey cv1 cell line expressing the sheep-goat slam protein: a highly sensitive cell line for the isolation of peste des petits ruminants virus from pathological specimens.	peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is an important economically transboundary disease of sheep and goats caused by a virus which belongs to the genus morbillivirus. this genus, in the family paramyxoviridae, also includes the measles virus (mv), canine distemper virus (cdv), rinderpest virus (rpv), and marine mammal viruses. one of the main features of these viruses is the severe transient lymphopaenia and immunosuppression they induce in their respective hosts, thereby favouring secondary bacteri ...	2011	21371505
the detection of rinderpest virus rna extracted from a rapid chromatographic strip-test by rt-pcr.	the global rinderpest eradication program (grep) aimed to eradicate rinderpest by 2010 and it is widely believed to have been successful. an integral part of the program was the submission of samples from suspect rinderpest positive animals to a local reference laboratory for final confirmation. confirmation of rinderpest in field samples is often hampered because of poor quality of the sample upon receipt. as part of grep a rapid diagnostic strip test for the detection of rinderpest virus (rpv) ...	2011	21352855
a sero-survey of rinderpest in nomadic pastoral systems in central and southern somalia from 2002 to 2003, using a spatially integrated random sampling approach.	a cross-sectional sero-survey, using a two-stage cluster sampling design, was conducted between 2002 and 2003 in ten administrative regions of central and southern somalia, to estimate the seroprevalence and geographic distribution of rinderpest (rp) in the study area, as well as to identify potential risk factors for the observed seroprevalence distribution. the study was also used to test the feasibility of the spatially integrated investigation technique in nomadic and semi-nomadic pastoral s ...	2010	21309450
simultaneous detection of rift valley fever, bluetongue, rinderpest, and peste des petits ruminants viruses by a single-tube multiplex reverse transcriptase-pcr assay using a dual-priming oligonucleotide system.	the aim of this study was to develop a highly sensitive and specific one-step multiplex reverse transcriptase pcr assay for the simultaneous and differential detection of rift valley fever virus (rvfv), bluetongue virus (btv), rinderpest virus (rpv), and peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv). these viruses cause mucosal lesions in cattle, sheep, and goats, and they are difficult to differentiate from one another based solely on their clinical presentation in suspected disease cases. in this st ...	2011	21307219
novel dna virus isolated from samples showing endothelial cell necrosis in the japanese eel, anguilla japonica.	economic loss due to viral endothelial cell necrosis of eel (vecne) of anguilla japonica is a serious problem for the cultured japanese eel market. however, the viral genome responsible for vecne is unknown. we recently developed a rapid determination system for viral nucleic acid sequences (rdv) to determine viral genome sequences. in this study, viral dna fragments were obtained using rdv, and approximately 15-kbp circular full genome sequences were determined using a next-generation sequencin ...	2011	21277610
rice dwarf viruses with dysfunctional genomes generated in plants are filtered out in vector insects: implications for the origin of the virus.	rice dwarf virus (rdv), with 12 double-stranded rna (dsrna) genome segments (s1 to s12), replicates in and is transmitted by vector insects. the rdv-plant host-vector insect system allows us to examine the evolution, adaptation, and population genetics of a plant virus. we compared the effects of long-term maintenance of rdv on population structures in its two hosts. the maintenance of rdv in rice plants for several years resulted in gradual accumulation of nonsense mutations in s2 and s10, abse ...	2010	21191024
gene structures, classification and expression models of the ap2/erebp transcription factor family in rice.	we identified 163 ap2/erebp (apetala2/ethylene-responsive element-binding protein) genes in rice. we analyzed gene structures, phylogenies, domain duplication, genome localizations and expression profiles. conserved amino acid residues and phylogeny construction using the ap2/erf conserved domain sequence suggest that in rice the osap2/erebp gene family can be classified broadly into four subfamilies [ap2, rav (related to abi3/vp1), dreb (dehydration-responsive element-binding protein) and erf ( ...	2010	21169347
credit to plowright for rinderpest eradication.		2010	21148375
genetic characterization of the korean latc06 rinderpest vaccine strain.	we sequenced the genome of latc06 generated by in vitro passage in vero cells of the lapinized-avianized (la) strain and compared its sequence to those of other rinderpest viruses. the latc06 genome consists of 15882 nucleotides. its transcriptional regulatory control sequences (trss) at gene boundaries are identical to those of the kabete o strain. cleavage sites for generating f1/f2 proteins were identified in the same amino acid position (aa 108) as f proteins in latc06, l13, rbt1, kabete o, ...	2010	21053063
calcium phosphate coupled newcastle disease vaccine elicits humoral and cell mediated immune responses in chickens.	calcium phosphate (cap) particles were coupled with inactivated newcastle disease virus (ndv) vaccine. the surface morphology of cap particles coupled to ndv was found to be spherical, smooth and with a tendency to agglomerate. the mean (± se) size of cap particles was found 557.44±18.62nm. the mean percent encapsulation efficiency of cap particles coupled to ndv assessed based on total protein content and haemagglutination (ha) activity in eluate was found to be 10.72±0.89 and 12.50±2.09, respe ...	2010	20951398
multiple functions of rice dwarf phytoreovirus pns10 in suppressing systemic rna silencing.	rna silencing is a potent mechanism of antiviral defense response in plants and other organisms. for counterdefense, viruses have evolved a variety of suppressors of rna silencing (vsrs) that can inhibit distinct steps of a silencing pathway. we previously identified pns10 encoded by rice dwarf phytoreovirus (rdv) as a vsr, the first of its kind from double-stranded rna (dsrna) viruses. in this study we investigated the mechanisms of pns10 function in suppressing systemic rna silencing in the wi ...	2010	20926568
specific detection of rinderpest virus by real-time reverse transcription-pcr in preclinical and clinical samples from experimentally infected cattle.	a highly sensitive detection test for rinderpest virus (rpv), based on a real-time reverse transcription-pcr (rrt-pcr)system, was developed. five different rpv genomic targets were examined, and one was selected and optimized to detect viral rna in infected tissue culture fluid with a level of detection ranging from 0.59 to 87.5 50% tissue culture infectious doses (tcid(50)) per reaction depending on the viral isolate. the strain sensitivity of the test was validated on 16 rpv strains belonging ...	2010	20844216
molecular detection of nine rice viruses by a reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay.	a reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay was established for the detection of nine viruses from infected rice plants, including rice black-streaked dwarf virus (rbsdv), rice dwarf virus (rdv), rice gall dwarf virus (rgdv), rice ragged stunt virus (rrsv), rice transitory yellowing virus (rtyv), rice stripe virus (rsv), rice grassy stunt virus (rgsv), rice tungro spherical virus (rtsv), and rice tungro bacilliform virus (rtbv). virus-specific primer sets were ...	2010	20837064
[genome sequencing and analysis of a peste des petits ruminants virus isolate, china/tib/07].	peste des petits ruminants virus is a member of morbillivirus paramyxoviridae. the complete genome of a peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) isolate, china/tib/07 was sequenced and molecular characteristics was analyzed. the internal sequences of the virus genome were amplified by rt-pcr with primers designed according to the published data in genbank, while the sequences of the 3' and 5' ends of the genome were determined by race. amplification products were directly sequenced,assembled and ...	2010	20836387
[construction and sequencing of full-length cdna of peste des petits ruminants virus].	to develop a reverse genetics system of peste des petits ruminants virus(pprv), five pairs of oligonucleotide primers were designed on the basis of the full-length genomic sequence of pprv nigeria 75/ 1 strain. using rt-pcr technique, five over-lapping cdna fragments, designated as jf1, jf2, jf3, jf4 and jf5, respectively, were amplified, followed by cloning into pcdna3.1(+)vector. an asci restriction enzyme site and a t7 promoter sequence were introduced immediately upstream of 5'-end, while a ...	2010	20836386
rapid detection of peste des petits ruminants virus by a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay.	peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) is the causative agent of peste des petits ruminants (ppr), an economically important viral disease of small ruminants. in this report, a one-step, single-tube, reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay was developed for the detection of pprv. a set of six lamp primers were designed based on the matrix gene sequence of pprv to amplify the target rna by incubation at 63°c for 60min with bst dna polymerase and reverse trans ...	2010	20813134
rinderpest virus expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein as a separate transcription unit retains pathogenicity for cattle.	a full-length dna clone of a virulent strain of rinderpest virus was constructed with the gene for the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) inserted as a separate transcription unit between the p and m genes. rescue of the virus from the modified clone using reverse genetics generated a virus that grew to the same levels as the virus rescued from the unmodified dna clone in cell culture. the recombinant virus expressed egfp to a high level and was used to follow virus replication in real-ti ...	2010	20719989
stable expression of rice dwarf virus pns10 suppresses the post-transcriptional gene silencing in transgenic nicotiana benthamiana plants.	rna silencing is a conserved mechanism that defends against viral infection and retrotransposon activity for protection of the genome. segment 10 (s10) of rice dwarf virus (rdv) encodes pns10 protein, a viral suppressor of rnai that suppresses the host rna silencing machinery. in this study, we obtained stable transgenic rdv-s10 nicotiana benthamiana plants expressing pns10. suppression of post-transcriptional gene silencing (ptgs) by pns10 supported the conclusion that this protein exhibited th ...	2010	20545438
rinderpest virus attenuated in eggs.		1947	20251213
origin of measles virus: divergence from rinderpest virus between the 11th and 12th centuries.	measles, caused by measles virus (mev), is a common infection in children. mev is a member of the genus morbillivirus and is most closely related to rinderpest virus (rpv), which is a pathogen of cattle. mev is thought to have evolved in an environment where cattle and humans lived in close proximity. understanding the evolutionary history of mev could answer questions related to divergence times of mev and rpv. we investigated divergence times using relaxed clock bayesian phylogenetics. our est ...	2010	20202190
host factor ebp1 inhibits rinderpest virus transcription in vivo.	erbb3 binding protein ebp1 has been shown to downregulate erbb3 receptor-mediated signaling to inhibit cell proliferation. rinderpest virus belongs to the family paramyxoviridae and is characterized by the presence of a non-segmented negative-sense rna genome. in this work, we show that rinderpest virus infection of vero cells leads to the down-regulation of the host factor ebp1, at both the mrna and protein levels. ebp1 protein has been shown to co-localize with viral inclusion bodies in infect ...	2010	20127373
the nac transcription factor rim1 of rice is a new regulator of jasmonate signaling.	jasmonates (jas) are lipid-derived regulators that play crucial roles in both host immunity and development. we recently identified the nac transcription factor rim1 as a host factor involved in multiplication of rice dwarf virus (rdv). here, we report that rim1 functions as a transcriptional regulator of ja signaling and is degraded in response to ja treatment via a 26s proteasome-dependent pathway. plants carrying rim1 mutations show a phenotype of root growth inhibition. the expression profil ...	2010	20015061
comparative and mutational analyses of promoter regions of rinderpest virus.	comparative and mutational analysis of promoter regions of rinderpest virus was conducted. minigenomic rnas harboring the genomic and antigenomic promoter of the lapinized virulent strain (lv) or an attenuated vaccine strain (rbok) were constructed, and the expression of the reporter gene was examined. the activities of the antigenomic promoters of these strains were similar, whereas the activity of the genomic promoter (gp) of the rbok strain was significantly higher than that of the lv strain, ...	2010	19913269
infection of bovine dendritic cells by rinderpest or measles viruses induces different changes in host transcription.	the morbilliviruses are a closely related genus which are very similar in their sequences and share a common receptor, but nevertheless show significant restriction in the host species in which they cause disease. one contribution to this restriction might be the nature of the hosts' responses to infection. we have used microarrays to study the changes in the transcriptome of bovine dendritic cells after infection with wild-type (pathogenic) and vaccine (apathogenic) strains of rinderpest virus ...	2009	19854460
a disease-mediated trophic cascade in the serengeti and its implications for ecosystem c.	tree cover is a fundamental structural characteristic and driver of ecosystem processes in terrestrial ecosystems, and trees are a major global carbon (c) sink. fire and herbivores have been hypothesized to play dominant roles in regulating trees in african savannas, but the evidence for this is conflicting. moving up a trophic scale, the factors that regulate fire occurrence and herbivores, such as disease and predation, are poorly understood for any given ecosystem. we used a bayesian state-sp ...	2009	19787022
release of rice dwarf virus from insect vector cells involves secretory exosomes derived from multivesicular bodies.	plant reoviruses in insect vector cells are sequestered in spherical multivesicular compartments. we demonstrated previously that the plant-infecting reovirus rice dwarf virus (rdv) exploits multivesicular compartments for the transport and release of viral particles from infected insect vector cells. these multivesicular compartments contain small vesicles and, morphologically, they resemble previously reported endosomal multivesicular bodies (mvbs) exploited by enveloped rna viruses during bud ...	2009	19721879
lymphotropism and host responses during acute wild-type canine distemper virus infections in a highly susceptible natural host.	the mechanisms behind the in vivo virulence of immunosuppressive wild-type morbillivirus infections are still not fully understood. to investigate lymphotropism and host responses, we have selected the natural host model of canine distemper virus (cdv) infection in mink. this model displays multisystemic infection, similar to measles virus and rinderpest virus infections in their susceptible natural hosts. the wild-type cdvs investigated provoked marked virulence differences, inducing mild versu ...	2009	19494053
rna triphosphatase and guanylyl transferase activities are associated with the rna polymerase protein l of rinderpest virus.	rinderpest virus (rpv) large (l) protein is an integral part of the ribonucleoprotein (rnp) complex of the virus that is responsible for transcription and replication of the genome. previously, we have shown that recombinant l protein coexpressed along with p protein (as the l-p complex) catalyses the synthesis of all viral mrnas in vitro and the abundance of mrnas follows a gradient of polarity, similar to the occurrence in vivo. in the present work, we demonstrate that the viral mrnas synthesi ...	2009	19297608
a new phytoreovirus infecting the glassy-winged sharpshooter (homalodisca vitripennis).	a new virus species of the genus phytoreovirus was isolated from glassy-winged sharpshooter (gwss), homalodisca vitripennis germar (hemiptera: cicadellidae), in california and designated here as homalodisca vitripennis reovirus (hovrv). extraction of nucleic acid from gwss adults collected from three californian populations revealed an array of double-stranded (ds) rna species that was soluble in 2 m licl and resistant to degradation upon exposure to s1 nuclease and dnase. analysis of nucleic ac ...	2009	19239972
structural basis for the function of anti-idiotypic antibody in immune memory.	we had earlier proposed a hypothesis to explain the mechanism of perpetuation of immunological memory based on the operation of idiotypic network in the complete absence of antigen. experimental evidences were provided for memory maintenance through anti-idiotypic antibody (ab(2)) carrying the internal image of the antigen. in the present work, we describe a structural basis for such memory perpetuation by molecular modeling and structural analysis studies. a three-dimensional model of ab(2) was ...	2009	19157554
the rinderpest virus non-structural c protein blocks the induction of type 1 interferon.	the innate immune response, in particular the production of type 1 interferons, is an essential part of the mammalian host response to viral infection. we have previously shown that rinderpest virus, a morbillivirus closely related to the human pathogen measles virus, blocks the actions of type 1 and type 2 interferons. we show here that this virus can also block the induction of type 1 interferon. the viral non-structural c protein appears to be the active agent, since expressing this protein i ...	2009	19108859
novel virus discovery in field-collected mosquito larvae using an improved system for rapid determination of viral rna sequences (rdv ver4.0).	in this study, we improved a method for rapid determination of viral rna sequences (rdv) to overcome the limitations of previous versions. the rdv ver4.0 method can detect rna sequences with at least 1,000 copies as starting material. a novel virus, which was isolated from field-collected aedes aegypti larvae in the phasi charoen district of thailand using c6/36 cells, was identified using the rdv ver4.0 protocol. the virus was named phasi charoen virus (phav). we used a high-throughput pyrosequ ...	2009	19089585
real-time rt-pcr assays for the rapid and differential detection of dolphin and porpoise morbilliviruses.	real-time rt-pcr (rtrt-pcr) assays for identifying and differentiating infections caused by dolphin morbillivirus (dmv) and porpoise morbillivirus (pmv) were developed by targeting the hypervariable c-terminal domain of the nucleocapsid (n) gene. total dmv and pmv rna extracted from infected vero cells expressing the canine signaling lymphocyte-activation molecule (slam) produced positive cycle threshold (c(t)) values after the 17th and 25th cycles, respectively. the assays were then validated u ...	2009	19084557
pathogenesis and immunopathology of systemic and nervous canine distemper.	canine distemper is a worldwide occurring infectious disease of dogs, caused by a morbillivirus, closely related to measles and rinderpest virus. the natural host range comprises predominantly carnivores. canine distemper virus (cdv), an enveloped, negative-sense rna virus, infects different cell types, including epithelial, mesenchymal, neuroendocrine and hematopoietic cells of various organs and tissues. cdv infection of dogs is characterized by a systemic and/or nervous clinical course and vi ...	2009	19019458
disruption of a novel gene for a nac-domain protein in rice confers resistance to rice dwarf virus.	rice dwarf virus (rdv) is a serious viral pest that is transmitted to rice plants (oryza sativa l.) by leafhoppers and causes a dwarfism in infected plants. to identify host factors involved in the multiplication of rdv, we screened tos17 insertion mutant lines of rice for mutants with reduced susceptibility to rdv. one mutant, designated rim1-1, did not show typical disease symptoms upon infection with rdv. the accumulation of rdv capsid proteins was also drastically reduced in inoculated rim1- ...	2009	18980655
retention of rice dwarf virus by descendants of pairs of viruliferous vector insects after rearing for 6 years.	abstract rice dwarf virus (rdv) is characterized by its unusual ability to multiply in both plants and leafhopper vector insects and by its transovarial mode of transmission. colonies of nephotettix cincticeps, derived originally from pairs of leafhoppers infected with an ordinary strain of rdv, were maintained for 6 years in the laboratory and were found, at the end of this time, still to harbor rdv. moreover, the isolate of rdv, designated rdv-i, obtained from these colonies retained the abili ...	2007	18943602
[not available].		1947	18902201
beta-defensin antibiotic peptides in the innate immunity of the buffalo: in vivo and in vitro studies.	beta-defensin antimicrobial peptides are multifunctional biomolecules, which are a major component of the oxygen-independent microbicidal system of buffalo polymorphonuclear (pmn) cells. they have great potential for use as proteomic biomarkers of host cell responses in the presence of microbial agents. on purifying these peptides by rp-hplc, four defensin peptides were revealed. the results from testing against escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pyogenes, candida albicans, r ...	2008	18826332
three-dimensional structure of the inner core of rice dwarf virus.	rice dwarf virus (rdv) is a double-shelled icosahedral virus. using electron cryomicroscopy and computer reconstruction techniques, we have determined a 3.3 nm resolution three-dimensional (3d) structure of the inner shell capsid without the outer shell and viral rna. the results show that the inner shell is a thin, densely packed, smooth structure, which provides a scaffold for the full virus. a total of 120 copies of the major inner shell capsid protein p3 forms 60 dimers arranged in a t=1 ico ...	2001	18726437
the detection of antibody against peste des petits ruminants virus in sheep, goats, cattle and buffaloes.	monoclonal antibody-based competitive elisa (c-elisa) has been used for the specific measurement of antibodies to peste des petits ruminants (ppr) viruses in sheep, goats, cattle and buffalo. serum samples from sheep (n = 232), goats (n = 428), cattle (n = 43), buffalo (n = 89) were tested. the animals had not been vaccinated against rinderpest or ppr. findings suggested that the sero-positive cases were significantly higher in sheep (51.29%) than in goats (39.02%) (p = 0.002). the overall sero- ...	2008	18716909
the structure of rice dwarf virus determined by small-angle neutron scattering measurements.	the structure of rice dwarf virus (rdv) has been investigated by small-angle neutron-scattering measurements using the contrast variation method. the contrast match point gave an rna content of about 20% by weight. the value of the neutron intensity scattered at zero angle in water divided by the virus concentration yielded a particle weight of 65.2 x 10(6). the data suggest that the viral rna is located at radii </= 230 a and the protein between radii 230 and 360 a. these results are in good ag ...	1985	18640559
identification and mapping of a region on the mrna of morbillivirus nucleoprotein susceptible to rna interference.	the morbillivirus genus includes important pathogens such as measles virus (mv), peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv), and rinderpest virus (rpv) and forms a group of antigenically related viruses. the viral nucleoprotein (n) is a well-conserved protein among the genus and plays a central role in the replication of the virus. using a comprehensive approach for sirna screening of the conserved sequences of the n gene, including sequence analysis and functional in vitro tests, we have identifie ...	2008	18634829
the cattle plague in cheshire, 1865-1866.		2001	18630384
ligation-mediated amplification for effective rapid determination of viral rna sequences (rdv).	emerging infectious diseases pose a significant risk to public health. methods for rapid detection of pathogens are needed to effectively treat these diseases. recently, we developed new methods for the rapid determination of viral rna sequences, rdv ver1.0 and ver2.0. we demonstrated that these methods were able to simultaneously detect cdna fragments of many different viruses without using sequence specific primers. however, some species of viruses, including the yokose virus (yokv), a flavivi ...	2008	18595773
receptor interactions, tropism, and mechanisms involved in morbillivirus-induced immunomodulation.	induction of immunomodulation and -suppression is a common feature of morbilliviruses such as measles virus (mv), rinderpest virus (rpv), and canine distemper virus (cdv) in their respective hosts. as major uptake receptor, signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (slam, cd150) essentially determines their tropism for immune cells, which is of considerable importance with regard to immunosuppression and the systemic spread to organs including secondary lymphoid organs, the skin, the respiratory ...	2008	18585529
animal diseases and human populations in colonial zimbabwe: the rinderpest epidemic of 1896-1898.		2001	18561450
recombinant l and p protein complex of rinderpest virus catalyses mrna synthesis in vitro.	rinderpest virus belongs to the family of paramyxoviridae, consisting of non-segmented negative sense rna viruses. viral transcription and replication are carried out by the rna dependent rna polymerase l protein which functions together with p protein as l-p complex. the exact events triggering the polymerase complex from transcription to replication function is poorly understood. in the present work, an in vitro transcription system has been described with partially purified l-p complex expres ...	2008	18430484
identification of functional domains of phosphoproteins of two morbilliviruses using chimeric proteins.	the paramyxovirus p protein is an essential component of the transcriptase and replicase complex along with l protein. in this article, we have examined the functional roles of different domains of p proteins of two closely related morbilliviruses, rinderpest virus (rpv) and peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv). the pprv p protein physically interacts with rpv l as well as rpv n protein when expressed in transfected cells, as shown by co-immunoprecipitation. the heterologous l-p complex is bi ...	2008	18427968
[establishment of a system for determination of emerging infectious diseases (rdv method), and its application].	we developed a new system for detection of viral nucleic acids because rapid detection of pathogens is necessary to prevent potential outbreaks of infectious diseases. this system, named rapid determination of viral rna sequences (rdv), involves whole-genome amplification and a new direct sequencing technique. using the rdv system, it is possible to obtain viral nucleic acid sequences within 2 days. the nucleic acid sequences of sars-cov and west nile virus, which represent emerging and re-emerg ...	2007	18357760
rinderpest. driven to extinction.		2008	18356500
development of one-step real-time rt-pcr assay for detection and quantitation of peste des petits ruminants virus.	in this study, a rapid and specific taqman-based, one-step real-time quantitative reverse transcription pcr (qrt-pcr) has been described for the detection of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv). primers and probe were designed based on the nucleocapsid protein gene sequence. the real-time qrt-pcr assay was able to detect pprv isolates from very distinct geographical areas (africa, middle east and asia). the specificity of the assay was assessed by including rinderpest virus and other morbill ...	2008	18243345