| a canine distemper virus epidemic in serengeti lions (panthera leo). | canine distemper virus (cdv) is thought to have caused several fatal epidemics in canids within the serengeti-mara ecosystem of east africa, affecting silver-backed jackals (canis mesomelas) and bat-eared foxes (otocyon megalotis) in 1978 (ref. 1), and african wild dogs (lycaon pictus) in 1991 (refs 2, 3). the large, closely monitored serengeti lion population was not affected in these epidemics. however, an epidemic caused by a morbillivirus closely related to cdv emerged abruptly in the lion p ... | 1996 | 8559247 |
| new virus variant killed serengeti cats. | | 1996 | 8571120 |
| induction of systemic immune responses to measles virus synthetic peptides administered intranasally. | a systemic antibody response was induced when a chimeric peptide containing two copies of a promiscuous t-cell epitope and one copy of a b-cell epitope (ttb) from the fusion protein of measles virus (mv) was administered to mice intranasally without adjuvant. a higher antibody titre was produced when the peptide was administered intranasally with cholera toxin b subunit (ctb) as an adjuvant and these antibodies crossreacted with the mv. furthermore, splenocytes from intranasally immunized mice p ... | 1995 | 8578832 |
| canine bone marrow cell cultures infected with canine distemper virus: an in vitro model of paget's disease. | we have previously shown that the canine paramyxovirus, canine distemper virus (cdv), is a possible aetiologic agent in paget's disease of bone and in the canine bone disorder, metaphyseal osteopathy. more recently, we have examined the effects of cdv on the formation of multinucleated, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase positive, calcitonin receptor positive, osteoclast-like cells in cultures of canine bone marrow mononuclear cells, and shown that both in vitro and in vivo infection with cdv p ... | 1995 | 8579953 |
| the sequence of the n and l genes of rinderpest virus, and the 5' and 3' extra-genic sequences: the completion of the genome sequence of the virus. | we have sequenced the nucleocapsid (n) and polymerase (l) genes of the vaccine strain of rinderpest, and the 5' and 3' terminal domains of the genome. together with previously published data, this completes the sequence of the entire genome of rinderpest virus. the l gene is identical in length to that of measles virus, encoding a 2183 amino acid protein with a calculated molecular weight of 248,100. the l protein sequence of three morbilliviruses is highly conserved, greater than 76% of residue ... | 1995 | 8588311 |
| pathogenicity of morbilliviruses for terrestrial carnivores. | many different species of the order carnivora are susceptible to canine distemper and the mortality rate varies greatly between species. ailuridae, canidae, hyaenidae, mustelidae, procyonidae, ursidae, viverridae and now felidae have been reported to be susceptible to canine distemper virus infection. although distemper outbreaks in dogs, fur farms and in zoo carnivores have been greatly reduced in recent years due to vaccination, there are still regular outbreaks in free-living carnivores. unex ... | 1995 | 8588312 |
| distemper in wild carnivores: an epidemiological, histological and immunocytochemical study. | brain tissue from 236 wild carnivores, 146 mustelids and 90 foxes, originating from the same geographical area in southwest germany was collected over a 2 year period between may 1989 and may 1991 and studied for the presence of canine distemper virus (cdv) antigen by immunohistochemistry. cdv antigen was found in the brains of 54 (37%) mustelids, predominantly in the cerebellar grey matter. interestingly, no cdv infection was observed in foxes. an increasing number of cdv infections among muste ... | 1995 | 8588313 |
| metaphyseal bone lesions in young dogs with systemic canine distemper virus infection. | bone lesions, restricted to the metaphyses of long bones, were observed in young dogs with systemic distemper following experimental and spontaneous infection. canine distemper virus (cdv) antigen was found immunocytochemically in hematopoietic marrow cells, osteoclasts, osteoblasts and rarely in osteocytes. in experimentally infected dogs, viral antigen was demonstrated in the metaphysis between 5 and 36 days after infection. associated lesions, characterized by necrosis of osteoclasts, persist ... | 1995 | 8588314 |
| nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the nucleocapsid protein of the virulent a75/17-cdv strain of canine distemper virus. | virus persistence is essential in the chronic inflammatory canine distemper virus (cdv)-induced demyelinating disease. in the case of cdv there is a close association between persistence and virulence. virulent cdv isolated from dogs with distemper shows immediate persistence in primary dog brain cell cultures (dbcc) and in different cell lines. we have evidence that the nucleocapsid (np) protein plays an important role in the development of persistence. the np-protein, the most abundant structu ... | 1995 | 8588315 |
| morbillivirus infections of aquatic mammals: newly identified members of the genus. | several disease outbreaks, which have caused the deaths of many thousands of seals and dolphins during the last decade, have now been attributed to infections with newly identified morbilliviruses. outbreaks in the late eighties amongst harbour seals (phoca vitulina) and grey seals (halichoerus grypus) in northwestern europe and amongst baikal seals (phoca sibirica) in siberia were caused by the newly discovered phocine distemper virus and by a strain of canine distemper virus, respectively. alt ... | 1995 | 8588316 |
| morbillivirus infection in cetaceans of the western atlantic. | we report serologic evidence of morbillivirus infection in eleven of fifteen species of odontocete cetaceans from the western atlantic since 1986. blood samples were obtained both from free-ranging and stranded animals. virus neutralizing titers were higher against porpoise and dolphin morbilliviruses than against peste des petits ruminants virus, phocine distemper virus or canine distemper virus (cdv). serum from five species, tested in a heterologous immunoprecipitation assay using radiolabell ... | 1995 | 8588318 |
| characterisation of morbilliviruses isolated from lake baikal seals (phoca sibirica). | sequence analysis of the haemagglutinin protein (h) gene of the morbillivirus (pdv-2) isolated from a siberian seal (phoca sibirica) during the 1987/1988 epizootic in lake baikal revealed that it was most closely related to two recent isolates of canine distemper virus (cdv) from germany and different from cdv vaccines currently in use in that region. the virus continued to circulate in seals in lake baikal after the 1987/1988 epizootic since sera collected from culled seals in the spring of 199 ... | 1995 | 8588319 |
| the neurobiology of canine distemper virus infection. | canine distemper virus (cdv) invades the nervous system and replicates in neurons and glial cell of the white matter during a period of severe viral induced immunosuppression. demyelination occurs in infected white matter areas in the absence of inflammation. the mechanism of demyelination is not apparent because there is no ultrastructural evidence of viral replication in the oligodendrocytes, the myelin producing cells. however, brain tissue culture studies have shown that oligodendrocytes sup ... | 1995 | 8588322 |
| selective spread and reduced virus release leads to canine distemper virus persistence in the nervous system. | in primary dog brain cell cultures (dbcc) the attenuated canine distemper virus (cdv) is cytolytic, whereas virulent cdv is not. thus, the question why cytolysis does or does not occur appears to be intimately associated with the mechanism of persistence. persistence is most likely related to the way these viruses replicate. in the present study we used morphological and immunocytochemical approaches to compare several aspects of virus replication between a cytolytic and a virulent cdv strain us ... | 1995 | 8588323 |
| spot synthesis of overlapping peptides on paper membrane supports enables the identification of linear monoclonal antibody binding determinants on morbillivirus phosphoproteins. | in order to map antigenic domains on the p-protein of morbillivirus, a series of overlapping peptides, representing the p-protein sequences of phocid distemper virus strain 2558/han88 and canine distemper virus strain onderstepoort, were synthesized on a paper support by the spot-technique. the reactivity of six monoclonal antibodies with the peptides was tested in an enzyme immunoassay and compared to their reactivity in western blots and in an elisa using detergent extracts from virus-infected ... | 1995 | 8588324 |
| editing of morbillivirus p gene transcripts in infected animals. | rna editing in the morbillivirus genus in vivo was investigated by applying a polymerase chain reaction-based primer extension technique to measure the edited and non-edited mrna transcripts. in this genus of the paramyxoviridae the p gene transcript is altered by the co-transcriptional addition of one extra g residue to produce the mrna for the v non-structural protein. using tissues of phocine distemper virus (pdv) infected seals, canine distemper virus (cdv) infected dogs and rinderpest virus ... | 1995 | 8588325 |
| control of canine distemper. | control of canine distemper can realistically only be achieved by the use of vaccination. the types of vaccine in current use are described, together with some of the problems encountered such as interference by maternal antibodies, and usage in species other than dogs. modified live viral vaccines, as used for more than thirty years, have proved very effective. nevertheless there is scope for some improvement in vaccine efficacy and recent developments in genetic recombinant methods are describ ... | 1995 | 8588329 |
| vaccination of racing greyhounds: effects on humoral and cellular immunity. | greyhound kennel owners frequently employ multiple vaccination schedules in an attempt to reduce financial losses incurred as a result of infectious diseases. in order to determine the effects of multiple vaccination schedules on the immune system of racing greyhounds, three litters of greyhound pups raised in laboratory conditions were divided into two groups and subjected to either a maximum or a minimum vaccination schedule. blood samples were collected biweekly for 6 months beginning at 2 we ... | 1995 | 8588333 |
| histologic and immunocytochemical characterization of canine distemper-associated metaphyseal bone lesions in young dogs following experimental infection. | the proximal metaphyses of the humerus of weanling gnotobiotic dogs experimentally infected with canine distemper virus (cdv) were investigated histologically and immunocytochemically between 4 and 41 days after infection. viral antigen was demonstrated in hematopoietic marrow and bone cells at postinfection day (pid) 5 and pid 7, respectively. between pid 8 and 27, cdv antigen was abundantly present in marrow cells, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts and less frequently in osteocytes. immunopositive ... | 1995 | 8592806 |
| canine distemper virus from diseased large felids: biological properties and phylogenetic relationships. | specific pathogen free (spf) domestic cats were inoculated with tissue homogenate obtained from a chinese leopard (panthera pardus japonensis) that had died in a north american zoo from a natural infection with canine distemper virus (cdv). the cats developed a transient cell-associated cdv viraemia along with pronounced lymphopenia but did not show any clinical symptoms. plasma neutralizing-antibody titres against the homologous cdv (a92-27/4, isolated from the chinese leopard) were consistentl ... | 1996 | 8601773 |
| analysis of the contribution of ctl epitopes in the immunobiology of morbillivirus infection. | in balb/c (h-2d) mice, the nucleoprotein (np) of measles virus (mv) induces a mhc class i restricted-ctl response to a single 9-amino-acid epitope (aa 281--289). this l(d)-restricted epitope is also present in the np of the closely related canine distemper virus (cdv). to investigate whether this epitope is immunologically effective when it is present within the primary sequence of a nonviral protein, we have incorporated the 281--289 motif into the human cd36 protein. when cells are infected wi ... | 1996 | 8623522 |
| selective induction of cytokines in mouse brain infected with canine distemper virus: structural, cellular and temporal expression. | we have previously shown that, in experimentally inoculated mice, canine distemper virus (cdv), a neurotropic virus, selectively infects certain brain structures (hypothalamus, hippocampus, monoaminergic nuclei, etc). here we demonstrate that tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha, interleukin (il)-1 beta and il-6 transcripts are selectively expressed in these cdv-targeted structures, except in the dentate gyrus, where cytokines are induced without prior cdv replication. the time-course of tnf-alpha ... | 1996 | 8642058 |
| [ultrastructural analysis of pathological changes in ferrets with experimental canine distemper]. | morphologic study of the lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys of ferrets infected with canine distemper virus has been carried out. electron microscopy revealed virus reproduction in bronchial epithelial cells, types i and ii alveolocytes, bile duct epitheliocytes, and hepatocytes. mononuclear phagocyte system cells infected with the virus were found in all the examined organs. the most expressed pathological changes were observed in the lungs. | 1996 | 8669139 |
| [rt-pcr: a tool for the generation of clones for research on canine distemper]. | in the present work an adapted method of the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) is described. this procedure was an important tool for cloning a variety of gene sequences derived from oligodendrocytes and canine distemper virus (cdv). among other applications, the obtained clones were used to produce probes for in situ hybridization and to sequence the inserted dnas. due to these molecularbiological techniques new insights were gained into the pathogenesis of cdv-induced de ... | 1996 | 8720735 |
| isolation of yersinia pseudotuberculosis and listeria monocytogenes serotype 4 from a gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus) with canine distemper. | in february 1993, clinical, pathological, and microbiological investigations were performed on an adult female gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus) from northern mississippi (usa). the fox had clinical signs consistent with canine distemper virus encephalitis. eosinophilic inclusions characteristic of canine distemper virus were in the nuclei and cytoplasm of cerebral neurons and glial cells and in the cytoplasm of urinary, gastric, pancreatic and biliary epithelial cells. the liver contained mul ... | 1996 | 8722280 |
| canine distemper virus in lake baikal seals (phoca sibirica). | the virus epizootic which resulted in significant mortality in siberian seals (phoca sibirica) in lake baikal during 1987/88 was caused by canine distemper virus. sequence analysis of the virus glycoprotein genes revealed that it was most closely related to recent european field isolates of canine distemper virus. this paper presents evidence that the same virus continued to circulate in seals in lake baikal after the initial epizootic. three out of 45 brain tissue samples collected from seals c ... | 1996 | 8735261 |
| the highly inducible member of the 70 kda family of heat shock proteins increases canine distemper virus polymerase activity. | the cellular stress response is characterized by the production of heat shock proteins (hsp) which serve important cytoprotective functions. paradoxically, in vitro induction of the stress response promotes cytopathic effect mediated by infection with canine distemper virus (cdv). the stress-mediated increase in cytopathic effect is correlated to the formation of complexes between the viral nucleocapsid (nc) and the major inducible member of the approximately 70 kda family of hsp (hsp72). the ob ... | 1996 | 8811012 |
| epidemiological observations on recent outbreaks of canine distemper in tokyo area. | recent outbreaks of canine distemper virus (cdv) infection in tokyo area were investigated on the basis of clinical features and serological test. the affected dogs were clinically classified into two groups; dog with respiratory and gastrointestinal signs associated with central nervous system (cns) signs, and those with cns signs alone. of 62 dogs examined, 34 belonged to the former and 28 to the latter. in immunoperoxidase assay, anti-onderstepoort strain of cdv serum reacted at a low level a ... | 1996 | 8811624 |
| vaccination of black-footed ferret (mustela nigripes) x siberian polecat (m. eversmanni) hybrids and domestic ferrets (m. putorius furo)against canine distemper. | an inactivated canine distemper vaccine with adjuvant and a modified-live virus (mlv) vaccine were evaluated using black-footed ferret (mustegla nigripes) x siberian polecat (mustela eversmanni) hybrids us surrogates for endangered black-footed ferrets. for comparative purposes, we also vaccinated domestic ferrets (mustela putorius furo) with the mlv vaccine. response to vaccination was measured by clinical observation, hematology, dynamics of serum virus neutralizing antibodies, and challenge w ... | 1996 | 8827666 |
| paget's disease of bone and unvaccinated dogs. | the etiology of paget's disease is unknown, but several observations suggest a viral cause. since canine distemper virus is among those proposed to be a causal agent, we investigated the hypothesis that dog ownership may increase the risk of paget's disease of bone by means of a case control study. one hundred and fifty patients with paget's disease and 185 controls were interviewed using a structured questionnaire administered by the same interviewer. participants were asked about their socioec ... | 1996 | 8830987 |
| canine distemper virus infection in serengeti spotted hyenas. | clinical signs suggestive of canine distemper virus (cdv) infection were observed among a group of spotted hyenas (crocuta crocuta) in the serengeti, tanzania. virus antigen was detected immunohistologically in a brain sample from a diseased cub. the presence of virus rna could be demonstrated in this brain as well as in intestine and lymph node of the animal by rt-pcr. sequence comparison of brain-derived amplicons showed that the virus was related to recent cdv field isolates. the closest homo ... | 1996 | 8861651 |
| the effect on chick osteoclasts of infection with paramyxoviruses. | the detection of virus in osteoclasts from pagetic patients is now well known, but it has yet to be shown convincingly that the presence of virus in pagetic osteoclasts influences their behaviour. in this study, osteoclasts from embryonic chick tibiae were infected with canine distemper virus or measles virus and compared with mock-infected controls. infection was confirmed using virus-specific fluorescent antibodies. it was found that virus infection did not alter osteoclast morphology or tartr ... | 1996 | 8869296 |
| up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex class ii antigen expression in the central nervous system of dogs with spontaneous canine distemper virus encephalitis. | major histocompatibility complex class ii (mhc ii) and canine distemper virus (cdv) antigen expression were compared by immunohistochemistry in the cerebellar white matter of ten dogs with naturally occurring canine distemper encephalitis. in addition, infiltrating mononuclear cells were characterized by employing poly- and monoclonal antibodies directed against human cd3, canine mhc ii, cd5, b cell antigen and cdv-specific nucleoprotein. positive antigen-antibody reaction was visualized by the ... | 1996 | 8870829 |
| applications of pox virus vectors to vaccination: an update. | recombinant pox viruses have been generated for vaccination against heterologous pathogens. amongst these, the following are notable examples. (i) the engineering of the copenhagen strain of vaccinia virus to express the rabies virus glycoprotein. when applied in baits, this recombinant has been shown to vaccinate the red fox in europe and raccoons in the united states, stemming the spread of rabies virus infection in the wild. (ii) a fowlpox-based recombinant expressing the newcastle disease vi ... | 1996 | 8876138 |
| serological analysis of canine distemper virus using an immunocapture elisa. | as a rapid and sensitive method to detect canine distemper virus (cdv), an immunocapture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was performed. the sensitivity and specificity of the immunocapture elisa were considered to be high enough. virus neutralizing (vn) test was also established using the immunocapture elisa. by using this test, the different cross vn titers between sera of dogs experimentally infected with the onderstepoort strain and those with a field isolate of cdv were observed. | 1996 | 8877982 |
| rinderpest and other animal morbillivirus infections: comparative aspects and recent developments. | the genus morbillivirus presently comprises measles virus of man, rinderpest virus (rpv), peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv), and canine distemper virus (cdv). 'emerging' morbilliviruses, such as phocid distemper virus (pdv) of seals, dolphin (dmv) and porpoise morbillivirus (pmv) have probably been present for a long period of time and outbreaks are possibly related to introduction into a highly susceptible population and/or be the result of interspecies transmission. in this review some c ... | 1996 | 8885706 |
| detection of measles virus nucleocapsid transcripts in circulating blood cells from patients with paget disease. | paget disease of bone is characterized by abnormalities in all phases of bone remodeling, but the fundamental cellular abnormality resides in the osteoclast (ocl). osteoclasts in bone involved by paget disease contain viral-like nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions that react with antibodies directed against paramyxovirus nucleocapsid proteins, such as measles virus, respiratory syncytial virus, or canine distemper virus. however, the identity of the virus or the mechanisms responsible for its per ... | 1996 | 8915767 |
| impaired immunity in harbour seals [phoca vitulina] fed environmentally contaminated herring. | in recent years, mass mortalities among seals and dolphins have been attributed to infections with different morbilliviruses. in all cases, these marine top predators were exposed to high levels of persistent lipophilic environmental contaminants accumulated through the food chain. this observation led to the hypothesis that a contaminant-related suppression of the immune system might have contributed to the severity of the virus outbreaks. we conducted a semi-field feeding experiment, in which ... | 1996 | 8933691 |
| gastric attaching and effacing escherichia coli lesions in a puppy with naturally occurring enteric colibacillosis and concurrent canine distemper virus infection. | a puppy suffering from chronic diarrhea was humanely killed at 90 days of age. numerous gram-negative bacilli were found adhering to the surface of as well as within epithelial cells from the stomach to the colon. canine distemper virus inclusions were in the epithelial cytoplasm of the esophageal, gastric, and intestinal mucosa. typical attaching and effacing ultrastructural lesions were in the stomach, and some bacilli were in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells. escherichia coli, isolated f ... | 1996 | 8952035 |
| cd9, a tetraspan transmembrane protein, renders cells susceptible to canine distemper virus. | canine distemper virus (cdv), a lymphotropic and neurotropic negative-stranded rna virus of the morbillivirus genus, causes a life-threatening disease in several carnivores, including domestic dogs. to identify the cellular receptor(s) involved in the uptake of cdv by susceptible cells, we isolated a monoclonal antibody (mab k41) which binds to the cell surface and inhibits the cdv infection of several cell lines from various species. pretreatment of cells with mab k41 reduces the number of infe ... | 1997 | 8985321 |
| canine distemper virus (cdv) infection of ferrets as a model for testing morbillivirus vaccine strategies: nyvac- and alvac-based cdv recombinants protect against symptomatic infection. | canine distemper virus (cdv) infection of ferrets causes an acute systemic disease involving multiple organ systems, including the respiratory tract, lymphoid system, and central nervous system (cns). we have tested candidate cdv vaccines incorporating the fusion (f) and hemagglutinin (ha) proteins in the highly attenuated nyvac strain of vaccinia virus and in the alvac strain of canarypox virus, which does not productively replicate in mammalian hosts. juvenile ferrets were vaccinated twice wit ... | 1997 | 8995676 |
| inhibition of measles virus infection and fusion with peptides corresponding to the leucine zipper region of the fusion protein. | measles virus (mv) infections are characterized by the induction of syncytia, i.e. the fusion of infected cells. two mv proteins, the haemagglutinin (ha) and fusion (f) proteins, are involved in this process. synthetic peptides representing two alpha-helical regions of the mv f protein were studied for their ability to inhibit mv fusion. a peptide corresponding to the leucine zipper region (amino acids 455-490) inhibited mv fusion, whereas a peptide to amino acids 148-177, corresponding to the a ... | 1997 | 9010292 |
| genetic diversity of the attachment (h) protein gene of current field isolates of canine distemper virus. | to characterize the variability of recent field isolates of canine distemper virus (cdv) from different hosts and geographical areas, we conducted nucleotide sequence analysis of the gene encoding the haemagglutinin (h), the attachment protein of this virus. pronounced differences between field isolates were revealed in comparison to the convac and onderstepoort vaccine strains. the diversity of cdv appeared to exceed that determined for measles virus. phylogenetic analysis also separated the fi ... | 1997 | 9018059 |
| molecular and phylogenetic analyses of the haemagglutinin (h) proteins of field isolates of canine distemper virus from naturally infected dogs. | we isolated three strains of canine distemper virus (cdv)--the ueno, hamamatsu, and yanaka strains--from dogs in japan and analysed the molecular properties of their haemagglutinin (h) proteins. immunoprecipitation of all three strains with a monoclonal antibody revealed h proteins with molecular masses of 84 kda, which differs from the molecular mass (78 kda) of the h protein of the onderstepoort vaccine strain. however, after tunicamycin treatment immunoprecipitation identified h proteins of i ... | 1997 | 9018060 |
| topical corticosteroids reverse the antiviral effect of topical cidofovir in the ad5-inoculated new zealand rabbit ocular model. | to determine how the addition of topical corticosteroids would affect the anti-adenoviral inhibitory effect of topical cidofovir (s-hpmpc) in the ad5 new zealand (ad5/nz) rabbit ocular model. | 1997 | 9019458 |
| massive filaroides hirthi infestation associated with canine distemper in a puppy. | | 1997 | 9023910 |
| serological survey for diseases in free-ranging coyotes (canis latrans) in yellowstone national park, wyoming. | from october 1989 to june 1993, we captured and sampled 110 coyotes (canis latrans) for various diseases in yellowstone national park, wyoming (usa). prevalence of antibodies against canine parvovirus (cpv) was 100% for adults (> 24 months old), 100% for yearlings (12 to 24 months old), and 100% for old pups (4 to 12 months old); 0% of the young pups (< 3 months old) had antibodies against cpv. presence of antibodies against canine distemper virus (cdv) was associated with the age of the coyote, ... | 1997 | 9027690 |
| expression of the nucleocapsid protein gene of the canine distemper virus. | we constructed a cdna clone of canine distemper virus (cdv) encoding an entire nucleoprotein (np) gene, by means of the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). the cloned np gene was inserted into the eucaryotic expression vector, prvsv. after transfection of the plasmid into vero cells, we examined the expression of cdv-specific np antigen by means of indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) and western blotting, using various antibodies against np of cdv and an antiserum again ... | 1997 | 9035079 |
| nucleotide sequence analysis of the large (l) genes of phocine distemper virus and canine distemper virus (corrected sequence). | this paper corrects the previously published sequence of the l gene of canine distemper virus (cdv). errors in the published sequence (m. s. sidhu et al., 1993, virology 193, 50-65) led to frame shifts between residues 1021-1032, 1190-1219 and 1645-1650; a deletion of 21 amino acids between residues 1684-1705, and a single residue deletion at residue 1478. residue 237 is now found to be glycine rather than tryptophan and residue 1626 proline instead of threonine. the sequence of the l gene of ph ... | 1997 | 9049407 |
| distemper: not a new disease in lions and tigers. | in light of recent canine distemper virus (cdv) epidemics, we set out to determine the historical significance of cdv infection in captive lions and tigers in switzerland. the retrospective case material consisted of 42 lion and tiger necropsy cases from 1972 to 1992. necropsy reports for all lions and tigers were reviewed. all existing paraffin tissues were immunohistochemically examined with a polyclonal antibody raised against cdv. the results for 19 of the 42 lions and tigers were classified ... | 1997 | 9067652 |
| canine distemper virus--a morbillivirus in search of new hosts? | canine distemper morbillivirus (cdv) induces a multisystemic, often fatal disease in a wide and seemingly expanding host range among the carnivora. several genotypes of an otherwise monotypic virus species co-circulate in a geographically restricted pattern. interspecies transmissions frequently occur, often leading to devastating epizootics in highly susceptible or immunologically naive populations. | 1997 | 9080611 |
| electroencephalographic findings of encephalitis in beagle dogs experimentally infected with canine distemper virus (cdv). | the present research study had two goals. firstly, the effect of medetomidine/propofol on the electroencephalographic (eeg) recordings of nine spf dogs was analysed. it was found that the basic pooled pattern of eeg recordings was characterized by a mean amplitude of 28 uv (range = 15-70 uv) and mean frequency of 1.8 hz (range = 1-2.5 hz), with superimposed low voltage (amplitude range = 4-20 uv; mean 14 uv) and fast activity (frequency range = 10-27 hz; mean 18 hz). all results were significant ... | 1997 | 9084232 |
| serologic survey for selected viral pathogens in brown bears from italy. | blood samples were collected from six captive bears and nine free-ranging marsican brown bears (ursus arctos marsicanus) in the abruzzo national park, italy, between 1991 and 1995. sera were tested for evidence of exposure to canine distemper virus (cdv), canine adenovirus type 2, canine coronavirus, and canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2). serologic evidence of cdv and cpv-2-exposure was found in both captive and free-ranging bears. this may be the first report of cdv exposure in free-ranging bear ... | 1997 | 9131563 |
| abundant expression of viral nucleoprotein mrna and restricted translation of the corresponding viral protein in inclusion body polioencephalitis of canine distemper. | brain and other tissues of three dogs aged 4-21 months with inclusion body polioencephalitis caused by canine distemper virus (cdv) were examined for cdv nucleoprotein (n) antigen and mrna distribution. two animals (nos 3 and 1) had suddenly shown central nervous system (cns) signs 4 days and 5 months, respectively, after vaccination with a modified live cdv vaccine; animal no. 2 had shown similar signs 4 weeks after vaccination with an unknown product. lesions in the cns, which were restricted ... | 1997 | 9147247 |
| comparative antibody response in harbour and grey seals naturally infected by a morbillivirus. | the antibody response of free-ranging harbour and grey seals, naturally infected by a morbillivirus, was assessed using a virus neutralizing test and a radio-immunoprecipitation assay. the prevalence of antibody was similar between species, however, grey seals had significantly higher virus neutralizing titers. serum from clinically healthy grey seals precipitated the nucleocapsid (n) protein along with the hemagglutinin (h) and fusion (f) glycoproteins. by contrast, significantly fewer harbour ... | 1997 | 9151405 |
| analysis of the haemagglutinin gene of current wild-type canine distemper virus isolates from germany. | the haemagglutinin (h) gene sequences from three wild-type canine distemper viruses (cdv) isolated during 1994-1995 were sequenced to determine whether contemporary strains had undergone significant genetic changes relative to the currently used vaccine strains. the new isolates were closely related to each other (> 99%) and displayed about 90-91% sequence homology to the onderstepoort and convac vaccine strains. there were one to four additional potential glycosylation sites compared to the vac ... | 1997 | 9175255 |
| histopathological features of canine distemper recently observed in japan. | eleven dogs with canine distemper (cd) from the chubu region of japan and the tokyo area were examined. clinically, respiratory and neurological signs were present in all animals. histopathologically, all showed characteristic cd lesions of bronchopneumonia and demyelinating encephalitis. however, some differences in gastrointestinal abnormalities were observed. three out of four dogs from the chubu region had severe diarrhoea and gastroenteritis, associated with numerous eosinophilic inclusion ... | 1997 | 9179753 |
| inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase expression within the substantia nigra of mice infected with canine distemper virus. | experimental infection of mouse brain with a neuroadapted strain of canine distemper virus (cdv) leads to early acute encephalitis, followed by late neurological diseases such as motor pathologies (paralysis and turning behavior) or obesity syndrome. we have previously shown that, during the early stage of infection, cdv replicates transiently in selective structures of the brain including the substantia nigra, a structure known to play a critical role in motor control. in this study we demonstr ... | 1997 | 9184658 |
| phosphorylation of canine distemper virus p protein by protein kinase c-zeta and casein kinase ii. | transcription by nonsegmented negative-strand rna viruses is mediated by the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase and transcriptional cofactor p. the p protein is activated by phosphorylation, an event initiated by cellular kinases. the kinase used differs among this group of rna viruses; vesicular stomatitis virus and respiratory syncytial virus utilize casein kinase ii (ckii), whereas human parainfluenza virus type 3 utilizes pkc isoform zeta (pkc-zeta) for activation of its p protein. to identi ... | 1997 | 9185603 |
| protective vaccination of ferrets against canine distemper with recombinant pox virus vaccines expressing the h or f genes of rinderpest virus. | to investigate the ability of rinderpest virus (rpv) antigens, expressed in pox virus vectors, to protect against canine distemper virus (cdv) infection in ferrets. | 1997 | 9185963 |
| paget's disease of bone. | the highest incidence of paget's disease is in the united kingdom and is lower in other european countries. worldwide the incidence appears to be decreasing. some countries have observed a reduction in the severity at presentation, perhaps reflecting changes in migration of the uk population. evidence of a genetic susceptibility to paget's disease is accumulating, with chromosome 6 (the hla locus) and 18q emerging as strong candidates. use of molecular biology techniques has yielded evidence on ... | 1997 | 9229182 |
| determinants of persistence in canine distemper viruses. | viral persistence in the central nervous system is the driving force behind the chronic progressive disease caused by natural canine distemper virus (cdv) infection in dogs. persistence of cdv is associated with non-cytolytic spread and impaired viral budding. since budding is to a large extend dependent on the nucleocapsid-(n) and matrixproteins (m) of the virus, we analyzed the nucleotide- and deduced amino acid sequences of the corresponding genes of a spectrum of cdv strains, that differ wit ... | 1997 | 9231983 |
| antibody responses of red wolves to canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus vaccination. | twenty captive red wolves (canis rufus), including 16 intended for release into great smoky mountains national park, cades cove, tennessee (usa), and four housed at knoxville zoological gardens, inc., knoxville, tennessee, were evaluated for immunologic response to vaccination between june 1994 and april 1995. wolves were vaccinated with modified-live (mlv) canine distemper virus (cdv) and canine parvovirus type-2 (cpv2). sera were collected, and immunofluorescent staining was performed for dete ... | 1997 | 9249706 |
| protection of dogs against canine distemper by vaccination with a canarypox virus recombinant expressing canine distemper virus fusion and hemagglutinin glycoproteins. | to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a live canarypox virus recombinant-canine distemper virus (cdv) combination vaccine against virulent cdv challenge exposure, and to document lack of interference among the other modified-live virus (mlv) components. | 1997 | 9256965 |
| occurrence of pneumocystis carinii in canine distemper. | | 1997 | 9257457 |
| canine distemper virus and multiple sclerosis. | | 1997 | 9270694 |
| in vivo and in vitro detection of canine distemper virus nucleoprotein gene with digoxigenin-labelled rna, double-stranded dna probes and oligonucleotides by in situ hybridization. | a single-stranded rna, two double-stranded (ds) dna probes and 10 oligonucleotides labelled with digoxigenin were comparatively evaluated for their usefulness to detect canine distemper virus (cdv) nucleoprotein rna in in vitro infected vero cells and in tissues of dogs with spontaneous cdv infection by in situ hybridization (ish). in addition, results were compared to cdv nucleoprotein antigen distribution as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. the rna probe was derived from the virulent a75/ ... | 1997 | 9283284 |
| outbreak off canine distemper in vaccinated dogs in finland. | canine distemper reappeared in dogs in finland in 1990 after a 16-year absence. in 1994 to 1995 an outbreak occurred in areas with a high density dog population which involved dogs vaccinated against distemper. the estimated total number of cases was at least 5000, and 865 cases were confirmed by indirect fluorescent antibody testing of 3649 epithelial cell samples. the signs recorded by veterinary clinicians ranged from conjunctivitis, pyrexia and anorexia to signs of respiratory and gastrointe ... | 1997 | 9364705 |
| vaccine-induced canine distemper in european mink, mustela lutreola. | this report describes vaccine-induced canine distemper virus (cdv) infection in four european mink (mustela lutreola) induced by the administration of a multivalent, avian-origin vaccine. clinical signs consisting of seizures, ataxia, facial twitching, oculonasal discharge, hyperkeratosis of footpads, and anorexia developed 16-20 days postvaccination. conjunctival smears from one animal were positive for cdv antigen by direct fluorescent antibody testing, confirming the clinical diagnosis. the f ... | 1997 | 9365945 |
| serosurvey for selected viral diseases and demography of african wild dogs in tanzania. | african wild dogs (lycaon pictus) are endangered, with only 3,000-5,000 remaining in the wild. it is believed that wild dogs are unusually vulnerable to viral diseases, particularly rabies and canine distemper (cdv). however, canine distemper has been confirmed by laboratory diagnosis in only one free-living wild dog. the 43,000 km2 selous game reserve (sgr; tanzania) holds approximately 900 adult wild dogs. in a study area of 2,600 km2, the population maintained high density (> or = 1 dog/20.5 ... | 1997 | 9391968 |
| oligodendroglial pathology in canine distemper. | canine distemper virus (cdv) causes a multifocal demyelinating disease in dogs. the mechanism of acute demyelination in distemper is still poorly understood. the initial demyelinating lesion in distemper is directly virus induced, since there is a clear correlation between the occurrence of demyelination and cdv replication in the cells of the white matter. yet, there is little evidence for oligodendroglial infection. changes of these cells have been reported in vitro and in vivo. the in vitro s ... | 1998 | 9452824 |
| duration of antibodies elicited by canine distemper virus vaccinations in dogs. | | 1997 | 9466386 |
| alteration of cerebral blood flow in patients with bacterial and viral meningoencephalitis. | our purpose was to investigate cerebral blood flow disturbances in patients with bacterial and viral meningoencephalitis. | 1998 | 9541294 |
| immunohistochemical characterization of inflammatory cells in brains of dogs with granulomatous meningoencephalitis. | the inflammatory cells of eleven dogs with canine granulomatous meningoencephalitis were characterized immunohistochemically. macrophages were identified by antibodies directed against lysozyme and the dh82 antigen (expressed by cells of a malignant histiocytosis). t cells were demonstrated by cd3, cd43, and cd45r antigen, and b cells by immunoglobulin g and immunoglobulin m expression. furthermore, staining for the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii antigen was evaluated. diseased ... | 1998 | 9545134 |
| molecular analysis of the nucleocapsid protein of recent isolates of canine distemper virus in japan. | we analyzed the molecular properties of the nucleocapsid protein (np) of canine distemper viruses (cdv), isolated between 1992 and 1995 in japan. four cdv field isolates (yanaka, ueno, hamamatsu, and adachi strains) obtained were antigenically identical. sequence analysis of entire region of the np gene of a field isolate, the yanaka strain, revealed that the np gene contained 1683 nucleotides and was 93.2% homologous with a laboratory strain, the onderstepoort strain. the deduced amino acid seq ... | 1998 | 9549863 |
| seroepidemiological survey of sympatric domestic and wild dogs (lycaon pictus) in tsumkwe district, north-eastern namibia. | disease is a potential threat to many endangered populations and may originate from sympatric domestic species. this paper describes a cross-sectional serological survey of canine pathogens carried out in domestic (n = 70) and wild dogs (lycoan pictus) (n = 6), in tsumkwe district, northeastern namibia. evidence of past exposure to canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus and parainfluenza virus was evident in both wild and domestic dogs with this, the first, documented exposure of free-living ... | 1997 | 9551484 |
| cytological, immunocytochemical and biochemical cerebrospinal fluid investigations in selected central nervous system disorders of dogs. | cerebrospinal fluid (csf) obtained from 20 clinically healthy dogs and from 15 dogs affected by neurological disorders were examined for total and differential cell counts, immunocytochemistry for canine distemper virus antigen, total protein concentration and electrophoretic separation, and glucose and enzyme determination. dogs affected by canine distemper showed an increase in macrophages, presence of specific inclusion bodies, and an increase in total protein concentration and gamma-globulin ... | 1998 | 9557129 |
| the nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence of the fusion protein of recent isolates of canine distemper virus in japan. | analysis of the molecular properties of fusion (f) proteins of field isolates of canine distemper virus (cdv) by immunoprecipitation analysis revealed an identical molecular mass of f protein of 3 field isolates as well as the onderstepoort laboratory strain. sequencing showed that the f gene of a field isolate (the yanaka strain) shared 90.1% and 95.7% identities with the onderstepoort strain at nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. all of the 13 cysteine residues and 4 potential aspa ... | 1998 | 9560792 |
| assessment of immunization response to canine distemper virus vaccination in puppies using a clinic-based enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. | to study the response to vaccination, an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (elisa) immunoblot method was developed and tested to assay canine distemper virus (cdv) igg antibody in puppies and compared to a standard virus neutralization (vn) test (r2 = 0.748). ten litters of four puppies each were used in a vaccination study. seventy-six percent of vaccinated puppies immunized with a modified live vaccine were successfully protected against cdv at 6 weeks of age. one puppy remained seronegative a ... | 1998 | 9564270 |
| concurrent rabies and canine distemper encephalitis in a raccoon (procyon lotor). | | 1998 | 9576354 |
| viral antibodies in coyotes from california. | prevalence of antibodies against canine parvovirus (cpv), canine distemper virus (cdv), and canine adenovirus type 1 (cav) were determined among 152 coyotes (canis latrans) at the naval petroleum reserves (nprc; california, usa) from 1985 to 1990. overall prevalence of antibodies to cpv, cdv, and cav was 66%, 37%, and 68%, respectively. prevalence of cpv and cdv varied significantly among years. antibody prevalence did not differ between sexes for any disease, but did vary significantly among ag ... | 1998 | 9577772 |
| [incidence of antibodies in raccoon dogs and deer inhabiting suburban areas]. | we evaluated the incidence of antibodies against canine distemper (cd) virus, canine parvovirus, toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii), aujeszky's disease virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, rickettsia tsutsugamushi, rickettsia japonica, and coxiella burnetii in 30 raccoon dogs and 5 deer captured in suburban areas in kanagawa prefecture. among the raccoon dogs, anti-t. gondii antibody was detected in 1 animal (3.3%) and anti-cd virus antibody in 9 (30.0%). however, antibodies ag ... | 1998 | 9621559 |
| serum distemper virus and parvovirus antibody titers among dogs brought to a veterinary hospital for revaccination. | to determine serum canine distemper virus (cdv) and canine parvovirus (cpv) antibody titers in healthy dogs brought to a veterinary hospital for revaccination. | 1998 | 9656027 |
| canine distemper antibodies in lions of the masai mara. | canine distemper virus (cdv) has been implicated in some recent deaths of lions, which showed clinical signs of distemper, in the the serengeti plain. similar clinical findings have since been reported in lions of the masai mara. fifty-five per cent of serum samples obtained from wild lions of the masai mara have been found to contain neutralising antibody to cdv, indicating that they had been exposed to the virus. adult orphan lions kept in captivity, were vaccinated with the live attenuated on ... | 1998 | 9670445 |
| detection of canine distemper virus in 100% of paget's disease samples by in situ-reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. | previous evidence implicating paramyxoviruses in the aetiopathology of paget's disease of bone has been controversial. while several groups have demonstrated the presence of paramyxoviruses using electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and molecular biological techniques, others have found no evidence of viruses using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). we have previously provided evidence that canine distemper virus (cdv) is present in approximately 65% of samples of pa ... | 1998 | 9701477 |
| seroprevalence of selected disease agents from free-ranging black bears in florida. | sera obtained from 66 free-ranging florida black bears (ursus americanus floridanus) from three geographic areas of florida (usa) between november 1993 and august 1995 were tested for antibodies to 13 disease agents. antibody prevalences were 3 positive of 37 tested (8%) coxiella burnetti, 37 of 66 (56%) toxoplasma gondii, 3 of 61 (5%) bluetongue virus/epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (btv/ehdv), 4 of 66 (6%) canine adenovirus-type 1, 5 of 66 (8%) canine distemper virus (cdv), 10 of 62 (16%) ... | 1998 | 9706572 |
| bone-marrow changes in infectious diseases and lymphohaemopoietic neoplasias in dogs and cats--a retrospective study. | bone-marrow changes in infectious diseases due to feline infectious peritonitis virus (fipv), feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv), parvovirus (pv, canine and feline) and canine distemper virus (cdv), and in the lymphohaemopoietic neoplasias (lhns) usually associated with feline leukaemia virus infection were studied in samples obtained from 204 cats and 82 dogs at necropsy. the study demonstrated (1) no changes, (2) non-specific reactive changes, and (3) disease-specific changes (similar to thos ... | 1998 | 9717127 |
| a point mutation in the human cytomegalovirus dna polymerase gene selected in vitro by cidofovir confers a slow replication phenotype in cell culture. | in cell culture, cidofovir (cdv) was used to select a human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) strain with decreased drug susceptibility. the genotypic characterization of this virus revealed a single base substitution resulting in a k513n amino acid alteration in the viral dna polymerase (ul54). performed in parallel, the selection of hcmv for replication in the presence of ganciclovir (gcv) selected an m460v substitution in the phosphotransferase (ul97), as well as a k513n/v812l double substitution in dna ... | 1998 | 9721246 |
| measles virus fusion protein is palmitoylated on transmembrane-intracytoplasmic cysteine residues which participate in cell fusion. | [3h]palmitic acid was metabolically incorporated into the viral fusion protein (f) of edmonston or freshly isolated measles virus (mv) during infection of human lymphoid or vero cells. the uncleaved precursor f0 and the f1 subunit from infected cells and extracellular virus were both labeled, indicating that palmitoylation can take place prior to f0 cleavage and that palmitoylated f protein was incorporated into virus particles. [3h]palmitic acid was released from f protein upon hydroxylamine or ... | 1998 | 9733862 |
| constitutive overexpression of the major inducible 70 kda heat shock protein mediates large plaque formation by measles virus. | induction of the cellular stress response elevates cytoplasmic levels of heat shock proteins (hsps) belonging to multiple families. when infected with canine distemper virus or measles virus (mv), cells containing elevated hsps support increased viral gene expression and cytopathic effect. the present work tests the hypothesis that increases in the major inducible 70 kda hsp (hsp72) are sufficient to mediate the effect of stress response induction on infection phenotype. human astrocytoma cells ... | 1998 | 9747734 |
| interferon-alpha inhibits the emergence of cellular stress response-dependent morbillivirus large plaque variants. | cellular levels of heat shock proteins (hsps) are elevated in response to physiologic states accompanying acute virus infection (e.g. fever). the objective of the present work was to define the antiviral effect of purified human lymphoblastoid ifn in the presence of hsp over-expression. for this purpose, canine distemper virus (cdv) was used since the response of cdv transcription and persistent infection phenotype to elevated hsp is characterized. first, the effect of elevated hsp on cdv lytic ... | 1998 | 9754888 |
| canine distemper virus dna vaccination induces humoral and cellular immunity and protects against a lethal intracerebral challenge. | we have studied the immune responses to the two glycoproteins of the morbillivirus canine distemper virus (cdv) after dna vaccination of balb/c mice. the plasmids coding for both cdv hemagglutinin (h) and fusion protein (f) induce high levels of antibodies which persist for more than 6 months. intramuscular inoculation of the cdv dna induces a predominantly immunoglobulin g2a (igg2a) response (th1 response), whereas gene gun immunization with cdv h evokes exclusively an igg1 response (th2 respon ... | 1998 | 9765383 |
| vaccine injection-site sarcoma in a ferret. | | 1998 | 9776987 |
| cytokine mrna expression in whole blood samples from dogs with natural canine distemper virus infection. | cytokines are soluble polypeptides with many physiological functions and a special role during infection and inflammation. little is known about cytokine regulation in naturally occurring viral diseases of animals. especially the role of cytokines in the development and progression of lesions in canine distemper virus (cdv) infection in dogs is largely unknown. whole blood samples from 14 dogs with cdv infection and three dogs suffering from non-distemper diseases were examined for mrna of pro-i ... | 1998 | 9802573 |
| morbillivirus infections in aquatic mammals. | morbillivirus infections which were not documented in aquatic mammals until 1988, have caused at least five epizootics in these species during the last 10 years. affected populations include european harbour seals (phoca vitulina) and grey seals (halichoerus grypus) in 1998, baikal seals (phoca siberica) in siberia from 1987-1988, striped dolphins (stenella coeruleoalba) in the mediterranean sea from 1990-1992 and bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus) along the eastern coast of the united sta ... | 1998 | 9807724 |
| morbillivirus downregulation of cd46. | there is evidence that cd46 (membrane cofactor protein) is a cellular receptor for vaccine and laboratory-passaged strains of measles virus (mv). following infection with these mv strains, cd46 is downregulated from the cell surface, and consequent complement-mediated lysis has been shown to occur upon infection of a human monocytic cell line. the mv hemagglutinin (h) protein alone is capable of inducing this downregulation. some wild-type strains of mv fail to downregulate cd46, despite infecti ... | 1998 | 9811778 |
| experimental old dog encephalitis (ode) in a gnotobiotic dog. | experimental infection of a gnotobiotic beagle dog with the neurovirulent r252 strain of canine distemper virus (r252-cdv) resulted in long-term central nervous system (cns) infection; cerebral and brain stem lesions were consistent with old dog encephalitis (ode). eight clinical cycles of relapsing cortical and subcortical signs were documented over 33 months and were corroborated by the presence of both chronic and active inflammatory demyelinating lesions within the neuraxis. immunocytochemis ... | 1998 | 9823594 |
| primary central nervous system t-cell lymphoma in a cat. | a 5-year-old intact male persian cat was presented with progressive neurologic deficits, hyperesthesia, hyperreflexia, ataxia, and intention tremors, which resulted in death. serologic tests for feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infection were negative. neurohistologic examination revealed the presence of pleomorphic cellular infiltrates in cerebral leptomeninges and around parenchymal vessels. the majority of infiltrating cells were uniformly immunostained using an antiser ... | 1998 | 9823600 |
| survey on viral pathogens in wild red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in germany with emphasis on parvoviruses and analysis of a dna sequence from a red fox parvovirus. | the seroprevalence of canine parvovirus (cpv), canine distemper virus (cdv), canine adenovirus (cav) and canine herpesvirus (chv) infections in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) was determined in fox sera collected between 1991 and 1995. a total of 500 sera were selected and the seroprevalences were estimated to be 13% (65 of 500 sera) for cpv, 4.4% (17 of 383 sera) for cdv, 35% (17 of 485 sera) for cav, and 0.4% (2 of 485 sera) for chv, respectively. no statistically significant differences were observ ... | 1998 | 9825797 |
| genetic characterization of canine distemper virus in serengeti carnivores. | the lion (panthera leo) population in the serengeti ecosystem was recently afflicted by a fatal epidemic involving neurological disease, encephalitis and pneumonia. the cause was identified as canine distemper virus (cdv). several other species in the serengeti were also affected. this report presents cdv h and p gene sequences isolated from serengeti lions (panthera leo), spotted hyenas (crocuta crocuta), bat-eared fox (otocyon megalotis) and domestic dog (canis familiaris). sequence analyses d ... | 1998 | 9839878 |