| molecular cloning and functional characterization of eleven subtypes of interferon-α in amur tigers (panthera tigris altaica). | interferon has a broad-spectrum of antiviral effects and represents an ideal choice for the development of antiviral drugs. nonetheless, information about alpha interferon (ifn-α) is vacant in amur tiger (panthera tigris altaica), an endangered species and indigenous to northeast asia. herein, 11 ptifn-αs genes, which encoded proteins of 164-165 amino acids, were amplified. afterwards, expression and purification were conducted in escherichia coli. in physicochemical analysis, ptifn-αs were show ... | 2017 | 28751224 |
| pneumonia due to talaromyces marneffei in a dog from southern brazil with concomitant canine distemper virus infection. | the pathological and molecular findings associated with talaromyces marneffei-induced pneumonia with concomitant infection by canine distemper virus (cdv) are described in a dog. the principal pathological alteration occurred in the lungs. histopathology confirmed multifocal granulomatous pneumonia associated with numerous intralesional and intracellular septate fission cells consistent with t. marneffei. a molecular assay designed to amplify a partial fragment of the 18s rrna gene of t. marneff ... | 2017 | 28735673 |
| complete genomic sequence of canine distemper virus from an ethiopian wolf. | canine distemper virus (cdv) has been implicated in population declines of wildlife, including many threatened species. here we present the full genome of cdv from an ethiopian wolf, canis simensis, the world's rarest and most endangered canid. | 2017 | 28729263 |
| in vitro antiviral efficacy of caffeic acid against canine distemper virus. | canine distemper (cd) is a highly contagious disease caused by the canine distemper virus (cdv), and mortality can be as high as 100%. however, there is no specific treatment for cd. in this study, the antiviral activity of the caffeic acid against cdv was evaluated in vitro. the results showed that the ic50 of the caffeic acid against cdv at 1 and 2 h post infection (pi) is 23.3 and 32.3 μg/ml, respectively. consistently, at 1 and 2 h pi, the caffeic acid exhibited a reduced (23.3-57.0% and 37. ... | 2017 | 28687324 |
| genome sequences of three vaccine strains and two wild-type canine distemper virus strains from a recent disease outbreak in south africa. | canine distemper virus causes global multihost infectious disease. this report details complete genome sequences of three vaccine and two new wild-type strains. the wild-type strains belong to the south african lineage, and all three vaccine strains to the america 1 lineage. this constitutes the first genomic sequences of this virus from south africa. | 2017 | 28684581 |
| 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside, a thiopurine nucleoside with antiviral activity against canine distemper virus in vitro. | canine distemper (cd) is a widespread infectious disease that can severely impact a variety of species in the order carnivora, as well as non-carnivore species such as non-human primates. despite large-scale vaccination campaigns, several fatal outbreaks have been reported in wild and domestic carnivore populations. this, in association with expansion of the disease host range and the development of vaccine-escape strains, has contributed to an increased demand for therapeutic strategies synergi ... | 2017 | 28651549 |
| viral gut metagenomics of sympatric wild and domestic canids, and monitoring of viruses: insights from an endangered wolf population. | animal host-microbe interactions are a relevant concern for wildlife conservation, particularly regarding generalist pathogens, where domestic host species can play a role in the transmission of infectious agents, such as viruses, to wild animals. knowledge on viral circulation in wild host species is still scarce and can be improved by the recent advent of modern molecular approaches. we aimed to characterize the fecal virome and identify viruses of potential conservation relevance of diarrheic ... | 2017 | 28649326 |
| monoclonal antibodies against canine distemper virus. | | 2017 | 28636501 |
| prevalence of serum antibody titers against canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus in dogs hospitalized in an intensive care unit. | objective to determine the prevalence of dogs hospitalized in an intensive care unit (icu) with serum antibody titers against canine distemper virus (cdv) and canine parvovirus (cpv). design prospective observational study. animals 80 dogs. procedures dogs hospitalized in an icu for > 12 hours between february 1 and june 1, 2015, that had at least 0.25 ml of serum left over from diagnostic testing were eligible for study inclusion. dogs with serum antibody titers > 1:32 (as determined by serum n ... | 2017 | 28569640 |
| detection of morbillivirus infection by rt-pcr rflp analysis in cetaceans and carnivores. | morbillivirus genus comprises several members related to specific hosts, such as canine distemper virus (cdv) and cetacean morbillivirus (cemv) in which the dolphin morbillivirus (dmv) is included. both cdv and dmv are able to cause serious outbreak associated with high morbidity and mortality representing an important conservation threat for terrestrial and aquatic mammalian species. this paper describes a new rt-pcr rflp technique based on a rt-pcr with degenerate primers targeting a 287 bp fr ... | 2017 | 28528278 |
| development and characterization of canine distemper virus monoclonal antibodies. | five canine distemper virus monoclonal antibodies were developed by immunizing balb/c mice with a traditional vaccine strain snyder hill. among these monoclonal antibodies, four antibodies recognized both field and vaccine strains of canine distemper virus without neutralizing ability. one monoclonal antibody, 1a4, against hemagglutinin protein of canine distemper virus was found to react only with vaccine strain virus but not field isolates, and showed neutralizing activity to vaccine strain vi ... | 2017 | 28472594 |
| homologous recombination is a force in the evolution of canine distemper virus. | canine distemper virus (cdv) is the causative agent of canine distemper (cd) that is a highly contagious, lethal, multisystemic viral disease of receptive carnivores. the prevalence of cdv is a major concern in susceptible animals. presently, it is unclear whether intragenic recombination can contribute to gene mutations and segment reassortment in the virus. in this study, 25 full-length cdv genome sequences were subjected to phylogenetic and recombinational analyses. the results of phylogeneti ... | 2017 | 28394936 |
| cross-species transmission of canine distemper virus-an update. | canine distemper virus (cdv) is a pantropic morbillivirus with a worldwide distribution, which causes fatal disease in dogs. affected animals develop dyspnea, diarrhea, neurological signs and profound immunosuppression. systemic cdv infection, resembling distemper in domestic dogs, can be found also in wild canids (e.g. wolves, foxes), procyonids (e.g. raccoons, kinkajous), ailurids (e.g. red pandas), ursids (e.g. black bears, giant pandas), mustelids (e.g. ferrets, minks), viverrids (e.g. civet ... | 2015 | 28616465 |
| canine distemper viral infection threatens the giant panda population in china. | we evaluated exposure to canine distemper virus (cdv) in eight wild giant pandas (ailuropoda melanoleuca) and 125 unvaccinated domestic dogs living in and around foping national nature reserve (fnnr), china. seventy-two percent of unvaccinated domestic dogs (mixed breed) had neutralizing antibodies for cdv due to exposure to the disease. the eight wild giant pandas were naïve to cdv and carried no positive antibody titer. rt-pcr assays forhemagglutinin(h) gene confirmed the presence of cdv in 31 ... | 2017 | 29371956 |
| serologic response to canine distemper vaccination in captive linnaeus's two-toed sloths ( choloepus didactylus) after a fatal canine distemper virus outbreak. | canine distemper virus (cdv) affects many wild and captive, nondomestic species worldwide but has not been previously reported in xenarthra. paucity of information on vaccination safety and efficacy presents challenges for disease prevention in captive collections. cdv infections and subsequent mortalities in five captive linnaeus's two-toed sloths ( choloepus didactylus) in eastern tennessee are reported. clinical signs included oculonasal discharge, oral ulcerations, and diarrhea, and the diag ... | 2017 | 29297815 |
| introduction and establishment of raccoon rabies on islands: jekyll island, georgia as a case study. | the introduction of rabies virus (rabv) to barrier islands, which are often popular tourist destinations with resource-rich habitats and connectivity and proximity to the mainland, is especially concerning because it can easily become endemic due to factors like dense rabies-vector populations (e.g., raccoons [ procyon lotor]), high inter- and intraspecies contact rates, and anthropogenic activities such as supplemental feeding of feral cats ( felis catus). in january 2013, a neurologic raccoon ... | 2018 | 29369728 |
| evidence of two cocirculating canine distemper virus strains in mesocarnivores from northern colorado. | canine distemper virus (cdv) is a highly contagious pathogen that principally infects wildlife and domestic carnivores. peridomestic species such as raccoons ( procyon lotor) experience outbreaks with high mortality. clinical signs of infection include anorexia, fever, respiratory infection, and neurologic complications. although not zoonotic, cdv poses a high risk to unvaccinated domestic animals and the conservation of endangered species. during 2013-2016, we opportunistically collected wild a ... | 2018 | 29498900 |
| canine distemper in a vaccinated snow leopard ( panthera uncia). | a 6-yr-old male snow leopard ( panthera uncia) presented with acute seizures, hyperthermia, and tachypnea. because of a diagnosis of anuric renal failure, the animal was euthanized. on histopathologic examination, numerous intralesional intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions were found in the lungs, lymph nodes, and stomach. positive immunohistochemical staining for canine distemper virus (cdv) was found in the lungs and, to a lesser extent, in the lymph nodes and brain. molecular testing ... | 2017 | 29297812 |
| comparison of reverse-transcription real-time pcr and immunohistochemistry for the detection of canine distemper virus infection in raccoons in ontario, canada. | canine distemper virus (cdv) is a widespread morbillivirus that causes subclinical to fatal infections in domestic and wild carnivores. raccoons ( procyon lotor) are cdv reservoirs and suffer from associated disease. aspects of pathogenesis may lead to difficulty in the interpretation of commonly used testing modalities, such as reverse-transcription real-time (rt-rt)pcr and immunohistochemistry (ihc). the reliance upon such tests is greater for wildlife, which are often submitted as carcasses w ... | 2018 | 29284384 |
| canine distemper virus in a wild far eastern leopard ( panthera pardus orientalis). | the critically endangered population of far eastern leopards ( panthera pardus orientalis) may number as few as 60 individuals and is at risk from stochastic processes such as infectious disease. during may 2015, a case of canine distemper virus (cdv) was diagnosed in a wild leopard exhibiting severe neurologic disease in the russian territory of primorskii krai. amplified sequences of the cdv hemagglutinin gene and phosphoprotein gene aligned within the arctic-like clade of cdv, which includes ... | 2018 | 29053427 |
| serologic survey of selected viral pathogens in free-ranging eurasian brown bears ( ursus arctos arctos) from slovakia. | we tested sera of 24 free-ranging european brown bears ( ursus arctos) from six regions of slovakia for antibodies to 10 viral agents. we tested sera by an indirect fluorescence antibody test for antibodies to canine distemper virus (cdv), canine coronavirus (ccv), canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2), canine adenovirus, canine parainfluenza virus type 2 (cpiv-2), and canine herpesvirus type 1 (chv-1). we used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to hepatitis e virus, blu ... | 2019 | 30289326 |
| immunohistochemical identification of antigens of canine distemper virus in neotropical felids from southern brazil. | the pathologic and immunohistochemical findings associated with infections due to canine distemper virus (cdv) are described in the cougar (puma concolor), margay (leopardus wiedii) and jaguarundi (herpailurus yagouaroundi) from southern brazil. tissue sections of the neotropical felids (n = 3) that died at the bela vista sanctuary, paraná, southern brazil were routinely processed for histopathology to identify possible histopathologic patterns associated with infections due to cdv. selected for ... | 2020 | 31916410 |
| modeling the measles paradox reveals the importance of cellular immunity in regulating viral clearance. | measles virus (mv) is a highly contagious member of the morbillivirus genus that remains a major cause of childhood mortality worldwide. although infection induces a strong mv-specific immune response that clears viral load and confers lifelong immunity, transient immunosuppression can also occur, leaving the host vulnerable to colonization from secondary pathogens. this apparent contradiction of viral clearance in the face of immunosuppression underlies what is often referred to as the 'measles ... | 2018 | 30592772 |
| assessing the health risks of reintroduction: the example of the amur leopard, panthera pardus orientalis. | translocation of wildlife as a means of reintroducing or reinforcing threatened populations is an important conservation tool but carries health risks for the translocated animals and their progeny, as well as wildlife, domestic animals and humans in the release area. disease risk analyses (dra) are used to identify, prioritize and design mitigation strategies to address these threats. here, we use a dra undertaken for amur leopards (panthera pardus orientalis) to illustrate how specific methodo ... | 2020 | 31833654 |
| exposure of alaska brown bears (ursus arctos) to bacterial, viral, and parasitic agents varies spatiotemporally and may be influenced by age. | we collected blood and serum from 155 brown bears (ursus arctos) inhabiting five locations in alaska, us during 2013-16 and tested samples for evidence of prior exposure to a suite of bacterial, viral, and parasitic agents. antibody seroprevalence among alaska brown bears was estimated to be 15% for brucella spp., 10% for francisella tularensis, 7% for leptospira spp., 18% for canine adenovirus type 1 (cav-1), 5% for canine distemper virus (cdv), 5% for canine parvovirus, 5% for influenza a viru ... | 2019 | 30557123 |
| harnessing genomics to trace the path of a viral outbreak in african lions. | predicting the emergence of novel infectious diseases requires an understanding of how pathogens infect and efficiently spread in alternative naïve hosts. a pathogen's ability to adapt to a new host (i.e. host shift) oftentimes is constrained by host phylogeny, due to limits in the molecular mechanisms available to overcome host-specific immune defences (longdon et al., 2014). some pathogens, such as rna viruses, however, have a propensity to jump hosts due to rapid mutation rates. for example, ... | 2020 | 33012001 |
| virome of crab-eating (cerdocyon thous) and pampas foxes (lycalopex gymnocercus) from southern brazil and uruguay. | crab-eating (cerdocyon thous) and pampas foxes (lycalopex gymnocercus) are wild canids distributed in south america. domestic dogs (canis lupus familiaris) and wild canids may share viral pathogens, including rabies virus (rabv), canine distemper virus (cdv), and canine parvovirus 2 (cpv-2). to characterize the virome of these wild canid species, the present work evaluated the spleen and mesenteric lymph node virome of 17 crab-eating and five pampas foxes using high-throughput sequencing (hts). ... | 2020 | 32580027 |
| unveiling patterns of viral pathogen infection in free-ranging carnivores of northern portugal using a complementary methodological approach. | pathogen surveillance in free-ranging carnivores presents challenges due to their low densitie and secretive nature. we combined molecular and serological assays to investigate infections by viral pathogens (canine parvovirus (cpv), canine distemper virus (cdv) and canine coronavirus (ccov)) in portuguese carnivores (canis lupus, vulpes vulpes, lutra lutra, martes foina, m. martes, meles meles, and genetta genetta) over a period of 16 years. additionally we explored spatio-temporal patterns of v ... | 2020 | 32062189 |
| genetic characteristics of canine distemper viruses circulating in wildlife in the united states. | canine distemper virus (cdv) is a highly contagious disease of wild and domestic mammals. maintenance of cdv among wildlife plays an important role in the disease epidemiology. wild animals, including raccoons (procyon lotor) and gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus), serve as reservoirs of cdv and hamper the control of the disease. recently, we discovered that at least three different cdv lineages (america-3 [edomex], america-4, and america-5] that are genetically different from the available v ... | 2020 | 31926508 |
| effect of canine parvovirus and canine distemper virus on the mexican wolf (canis lupus baileyi) population in the usa. | mexican wolves (canis lupus baileyi), classified as probably extinct in the wild in mexico and endangered in the us, were reintroduced into arizona in 1998. we combined annual serologic testing results from samples collected between 2003 and 2016 from 108 wolves and known survival data from 118 wolves born in the recovery area from 2003 to 2014 to evaluate whether exposure to canine distemper virus (cdv) or canine parvovirus (cpv) was associated with a greater risk of mortality before 2 yr of ag ... | 2019 | 30802181 |
| estimating distemper virus dynamics among wolves and grizzly bears using serology and bayesian state-space models. | many parasites infect multiple hosts, but estimating the transmission across host species remains a key challenge in disease ecology. we investigated the within and across host species dynamics of canine distemper virus (cdv) in grizzly bears (ursus arctos) and wolves (canis lupus) of the greater yellowstone ecosystem (gye). we hypothesized that grizzly bears may be more likely to be exposed to cdv during outbreaks in the wolf population because grizzly bears often displace wolves while scavengi ... | 2018 | 30271540 |
| comparative survey of canine parvovirus, canine distemper virus and canine enteric coronavirus infection in free-ranging wolves of central italy and south-eastern france. | diseases likely affect large carnivore demography and can hinder conservation efforts. we considered three highly contagious viruses that infect a wide range of domestic and wild mammals: canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2), canine distemper virus (cdv) and canine enteric coronaviruses (cecov). infection by either one of these viruses can affect populations through increased mortality and/or decreased general health. we investigated infection in the wolf populations of abruzzo, lazio e molise natio ... | 2014 | 32214941 |
| characterization and comparison of slam/cd150 in free-ranging coyotes, raccoons, and skunks in illinois for elucidation of canine distemper virus disease. | canine distemper virus (cdv) is a cause of significant disease in canids and increasingly recognized as a multi-host pathogen, particularly of non-canid families within carnivora. cdv outbreaks in sympatric mesocarnivores are routinely diagnosed in the forest preserve district of cook county, illinois. cdv is diagnosed more commonly and the disease more severe in raccoons and striped skunks than in coyotes. research in other species suggests host cell receptors may play a role in variable diseas ... | 2020 | 32599844 |
| mamastrovirus 5 detected in a crab-eating fox (cerdocyon thous): expanding wildlife host range of astroviruses. | astroviruses are a common cause of gastroenteritis in children worldwide and can also cause infection in a range of domestic and wild animal species. canine astrovirus (formally named as mamastrovirus 5, mastv5) has been reported worldwide, and its role as an enteric pathogen is still controversial. herein, we describe the genomic characterization of a mastv5 (strain crab-eating fox/2016/bra) identified in a wild canid (cerdocyon thous) diagnosed with canine distemper virus (cdv) as causa mortis ... | 2018 | 30245049 |
| the effect of protected areas on pathogen exposure in endangered african wild dog (lycaon pictus) populations. | infectious diseases impact african wild dogs (lycaon pictus), but the nature and magnitude of this threat likely varies among populations according to different factors, such as the presence and prevalence of pathogens and land-use characteristics. we systematically evaluated these factors to assist development of locally appropriate strategies to mitigate disease risk. wild dogs from 16 sites representing five unconnected populations were examined for rabies virus, canine distemper virus (cdv), ... | 2012 | 32226083 |
| safety and serological response to multivalent canine distemper virus vaccine in red foxes (vulpes vulpes). | canine distemper virus (cdv) vaccination using commercial vaccines has been recommended as a useful preventive tool in zoological collections worldwide for the past 30 yr. zoological facilities have not conducted studies to assess the effectiveness and safety of the multivalent recombitek c6 and c8 in nondomestic carnivores. they are the only cdv recombinant vaccines available in latin america. seventeen clinically healthy red foxes born in buin zoo were divided into three groups and administere ... | 2019 | 31260198 |
| canine distemper virus as an emerging multihost pathogen in wild carnivores in northwest italy. | canine distemper (cd) may pose a serious threat to alpine wild carnivores and affect their population dynamics. since 2006, the strain europe wildlife 2006-09, a distinct cd virus subgroup within viral lineage europe 1 (eu1) characterized by increased virulence and host range expansion, has been linked to multiple cd outbreaks in alpine wild carnivores. the aim of this study was to fill knowledge gaps about ongoing alpine outbreaks of cd. to do this, we report on the circulation of canine distem ... | 2019 | 31021687 |
| a serosurvey of multiple pathogens in american black bears (ursus americanus) in pennsylvania, usa indicates a lack of association with sarcoptic mange. | infectious diseases, particularly of wildlife, are intrinsically linked to human and domestic animal health. reports of sarcoptic mange in black bears (ursus americanus) are increasing in multiple states in the usa and while the reason is unknown, mange in other species has been associated with immunosuppression from multiple causes. serum from bears across pennsylvania were collected to determine the seroprevalence of five pathogens important for animal and/or human health: canine distemper vir ... | 2019 | 31547006 |
| first demonstration of giant panda's immune response to canine distemper vaccine. | the canine distemper virus (cdv) is a high fatal virus to the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca), where cdv vaccination is a key preventative measure in captive giant pandas. however, the immune response of giant pandas to cdv vaccination has been little studied. in this study, we investigated the blood transcriptome expression profiles of five giant panda cubs after three inoculations, 21 days apart. blood samples were collected before vaccination (0 day), and 24 h after each of the three ino ... | 2020 | 31473266 |
| immunohistochemical evidence of canine morbillivirus (canine distemper) infection in coatis (nasua nasua) from southern brazil. | the pathological and immunohistochemical (ihc) findings associated with infection due to canine morbilivírus (canine distemper virus, cdv) are described in coatis (nasua nasua). tissue fragments of coatis (n = 13) that died at the bela vista sanctuary, paraná, southern brazil, were routinely processed for histopathology to identify the main histopathologic patterns as compared to that of the domestic dog. selected formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (ffpe) tissue fragments of the lungs, liver, urin ... | 2020 | 32080984 |
| canine distemper in neotropical procyonids: molecular evidence, humoral immune response and epidemiology. | canine distemper virus (cdv) can produce a fatal multisystem disease in carnivores and other mammals and is an important threat for wildlife conservation. however, integrative and comparative studies in wild carnivores are scarce and some areas of the world lack of genetic studies. we explore the dynamic of host-cdv in a procyonid community during an outbreak. this study reports for the first time an index case occurred in a common raccoon (procyon lotor) and for which a complete cdv diagnosis w ... | 2020 | 32949657 |
| phylodynamic analysis of two amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin protein of canine distemper virus strains detected in fur-bearing animals in china. | canine distemper virus (cdv) causes a highly contagious disease in a wide range of carnivores. the hemagglutinin (h) protein of viruses shows the highest variability and plays an important role in modulation of viral antigenicity, virulence, and receptor recognition. since 2012, canine distemper (cd) outbreaks in fur-bearing animals (minks, foxes, raccoon dogs) caused by cdv variants with i542n and y549h substitutions in the h protein have been frequently reported in china. to characterize the m ... | 2020 | 31802380 |
| infection of eight mesocarnivores in new hampshire and vermont with a distinct clade of canine distemper virus in 2016-2017. | three fishers (martes pennanti), 2 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus), 1 mink (neovison vison), 1 skunk (mephitis mephitis), and 1 raccoon (procyon lotor), from vermont and new hampshire, had lesions on autopsy consistent with canine distemper virus (cdv) infections diagnosed in a 12-mo period in 2016-2017. lesions of cdv infection were most commonly noted in the lungs (8 of 8 animals), urothelium (5 of 8), biliary tract (5 of 8), gastrointestinal tract (4 of 7), and brain (4 of 6). splenic l ... | 2019 | 31023162 |
| genotyping and pathogenic characterization of canine distemper virus based on mutations in the hemagglutinin gene in chinese domestic dogs. | canine distemper virus (cdv) infects wild and domestic canidae worldwide. the hemag- glutinin (h) gene has the highest genetic variation in the genome of this virus. thus, the h gene is commonly used for lineage identification and genetic analyses. in order to study the genetic characteristics and pathogenicity of cdv strains prevalent in china, 132 samples were collected from domestic dogs with suspected cdv infection, 58 samples were confirmed to be positive, and the h gene was successfully am ... | 2018 | 30468340 |
| cross-species transmission and evolutionary dynamics of canine distemper virus during a spillover in african lions of serengeti national park. | the outcome of pathogen spillover from a reservoir to a novel host population can range from a "dead-end" when there is no onward transmission in the recipient population, to epidemic spread and even establishment in new hosts. understanding the evolutionary epidemiology of spillover events leading to discrete outcomes in novel hosts is key to predicting risk and can lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms of emergence. here we use a bayesian phylodynamic approach to examine cross-speci ... | 2020 | 32306443 |
| slow recovery from a disease epidemic in the spotted hyena, a keystone social carnivore. | predicting the impact of disease epidemics on wildlife populations is one of the twenty-first century's main conservation challenges. the long-term demographic responses of wildlife populations to epidemics and the life history and social traits modulating these responses are generally unknown, particularly for k-selected social species. here we develop a stage-structured matrix population model to provide a long-term projection of demographic responses by a keystone social predator, the spotted ... | 2018 | 30480102 |
| social status mediates the fitness costs of infection with canine distemper virus in serengeti spotted hyenas. | the extent to which the fitness costs of infection are mediated by key life-history traits such as age or social status is still unclear. within populations, individual heterogeneity in the outcome of infection is the result of two successive processes; the degree of contact with the pathogen (exposure) and the immune response to infection. in social mammals, because individuals holding high social status typically interact more frequently with group members, they should be more often in contact ... | 2018 | 32313354 |
| canine distemper virus may affect european wild cat populations in central spain. | the main objective of this brief communication is to inform about the exposure to certain pathogens of interest for mesocarnivores in wildcats (felis silvestris silvestris) that inhabit a human-domestic-wild ecotone located in a natural park (serranía de cuenca, central spain). blood and mucosal swabs (nasal, conjunctival and rectal) samples were collected from nine alive animals to detect canine distemper virus (cdv), parvovirus (cpv/fpv), feline leukaemia virus (felv), feline coronavirus (fcov ... | 2019 | 32218716 |
| tiger (panthera tigris) and domestic cat (felis catus) immune responses to canarypox-vectored canine distemper vaccination. | two methods for delivering a canarypox-vectored canine distemper vaccine to tigers (panthera tigris) and domestic cats (felis catus) were investigated. eight tigers were divided randomly into two vaccination groups: subcutaneous injection or topical tonsillar application. each tiger received 2 ml of canine distemper virus (cdv) vaccine (merial ferret distemper vaccine). blood was collected from tigers on days 0, 21, 35 or 37, and 112 post-initial vaccination (piv). domestic cats were divided ran ... | 2020 | 31926509 |
| molecular and serological survey of carnivore pathogens in free-roaming domestic cats of rural communities in southern chile. | owned, free-roaming domestic cats are abundant in the chilean countryside, having high probability of contact with wildlife and potentially participating as reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens. in the present study, 131 cats from two remote study areas (valdivia and chiloe island) in southern chile were analyzed for infection/exposure to eight pathogens. serum samples from 112 cats were tested for antigens against feline leukemia virus (felv antigen-elisa) and antibodies against feline immunodefici ... | 2019 | 31611482 |
| exposure to disease agents in the endangered iberian lynx (lynx pardinus). | the iberian lynx (lynx pardinus) is the most endangered felid species in the world. lynx populations have decreased dramatically in size and distribution in the last four decades, thus becoming increasingly vulnerable to catastrophic events such as epizooties. from 1989 to 2000, serum samples were obtained from 48 free-ranging lynx captured in the doñana national park (dnp, n = 31) and mountains of sierra morena (sm, n = 17) in southern spain. samples were tested for antibodies against toxoplasm ... | 2008 | 32214935 |
| identifying candidate genetic markers of cdv cross-species pathogenicity in african lions. | canine distemper virus (cdv) is a multi-host pathogen with variable clinical outcomes of infection across and within species. we used whole-genome sequencing (wgs) to search for viral markers correlated with clinical distemper in african lions. to identify candidate markers, we first documented single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) differentiating cdv strains associated with different clinical outcomes in lions in east africa. we then conducted evolutionary analyses on wgs from all global cdv l ... | 2020 | 33114123 |
| review of canine distemper vaccination use and safety in north american captive large felids (panthera spp.) from 2000 to 2017. | data on canine distemper virus (cdv) vaccination were collected on 812 large felids (351 tigers, panthera tigris; 220 lions, panthera leo; 143 snow leopards, panthera uncia; 50 leopards, panthera pardus; and 48 jaguars, panthera onca) from 48 institutions to assess vaccine use and safety. the documented individual vaccination events with multiple products numbered 2,846. canarypox-vectored cdv vaccines were the most commonly used vaccines (96.3% of all vaccinations) and the purevax® ferret diste ... | 2020 | 31926507 |
| how to make more from exposure data? an integrated machine learning pipeline to predict pathogen exposure. | predicting infectious disease dynamics is a central challenge in disease ecology. models that can assess which individuals are most at risk of being exposed to a pathogen not only provide valuable insights into disease transmission and dynamics but can also guide management interventions. constructing such models for wild animal populations, however, is particularly challenging; often only serological data are available on a subset of individuals and nonlinear relationships between variables are ... | 2019 | 31330063 |
| serosurvey of mountain lions in southern arizona. | an understanding of the prevalence of diseases in free-ranging populations of felids is limited, and there is even less known about the overall health and diseases of wild felids that inhabit or utilize urban areas. we collected serum samples from 9 radiocollared mountain lions (puma concolor) in the mountains surrounding tucson, arizona, usa, from august 2005 to august 2008. we tested serum samples for evidence of exposure to 10 feline viruses: feline calicivirus (fcv), feline herpesvirus, feli ... | 2012 | 32327861 |
| serological surveillance of avian influenza virus and canine distemper virus in captive siberian tigers in northeastern china. | in order to understand infection of avian influenza a virus (aiv) and canine distemper virus (cdv) in the siberian tiger in northeast china, 75 siberian tiger serum samples from three cap- tive facilities in northeastern china were collected. aiv and cdv antibody surveillance was test- ed by using hemagglutination inhibition and serum neutralization methods. the results showed that the seroprevalence of h5 aiv, h9 aiv and cdv was respectively 9.33% (7/75), 61.33% (46/75) and 16% (12/75). in the ... | 2018 | 30468333 |
| the canine morbillivirus strain associated with an epizootic in caspian seals provides new insights into the evolutionary history of this virus. | canine morbillivirus (canine distemper virus; cdv) is a worldwide distributed morbillivirus that causes sporadic cases and recurrent epizootics among an increasing number of wild, feral, and domestic animal species. we investigated the evolutionary history of cdv strains involved in the 1988 lake baikal (cdvps88) and the 2000 caspian sea (cdvpc00) seal die-offs by recovery of full-length sequences from archived material using next-generation sequencing. bayesian phylogenetic analyses indicated t ... | 2019 | 31557833 |
| probing morbillivirus antisera neutralization using functional chimerism between measles virus and canine distemper virus envelope glycoproteins. | measles virus (mev) is monotypic. live virus challenge provokes a broadly protective humoral immune response that neutralizes all known measles genotypes. the two surface glycoproteins, h and f, mediate virus attachment and entry, respectively, and neutralizing antibodies to h are considered the main correlate of protection. herein, we made improvements to the mev reverse genetics system and generated a panel of recombinant mevs in which the globular head domain or stalk region of the h glycopro ... | 2019 | 31357579 |
| canine distemper virus in the sea otter (enhydra lutris) population in washington state, usa. | before 2001, all serosurveys for morbilliviruses in sea otters (enhydra lutris) in california, washington, and alaska, usa, documented a 0% seroprevalence. the first published serologic detections of morbillivirus in sea otters occurred in 2001-02 in live-captured washington sea otters, with a documented 80% seroprevalence. we conducted a retrospective study of sea otter cases from 1989 to 2010 compiled at the us geological survey, national wildlife health center to identify cases of morbillivir ... | 2020 | 32609600 |
| canine distemper virus active infection in order pilosa, family myrmecophagidae, species tamandua tetradactyla. | canine distemper virus (cdv) is a highly contagious disease pathogen which causes disease in the domestic dog and species classified in the canidae, procyonidae, mustelidae, hyaenidae, ursidae, viveridae, felidae, tayassuidae, and cercopithecidae families. a combined strategy that involved the direct sequencing of amplicons from genes coding for nucleocapsid, large polymerase, and hemagglutinin proteins of cdv, as well as the pathological findings and the immunohistochemical detection of viral n ... | 2018 | 29885804 |
| molecular evidence for vaccine-induced canine distemper virus and canine adenovirus 2 coinfection in a fennec fox. | a 61-d-old fennec fox (vulpes zerda), 11 d after receiving a multivalent, modified-live virus vaccine containing canine distemper virus (cdv), canine adenovirus 2 (cadv-2), parainfluenza virus, parvovirus, and canine coronavirus, developed oculonasal discharge, and subsequently convulsions, and hemoptysis, and died. microscopic changes in the cerebrum were evident, including neuronal degeneration and necrosis; intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies were observed in astrocytes. cdv was de ... | 2020 | 32560597 |
| first report of a canine morbillivirus infection in a giant anteater (myrmecophaga tridactyla) in brazil. | canine morbillivirus, also known as canine distemper virus (cdv), induces a contagious multisystemic disease caused by an enveloped rna virus belonging to the genus morbillivirus within the family paramyxoviridae. cdv replicates readily in epithelial, nerve and lymphoid tissues; it is excreted in urine, feces, saliva, oral and nasal discharge; and its major route of entry for infection is through the respiratory system. although the virus was originally believed to infect domestic dogs, new stud ... | 2020 | 32023667 |
| serum biochemistry values and select serologic screening of brown hyenas ( parahyaena brunnea) from the namib desert, namibia. | blood from 30 free-ranging brown hyenas ( parahyaena brunnea) was collected for biochemical analysis and select serologic screening in namibia from 1997 to 2010. age was found to have an influence on several biochemical parameters that may be related to growth, a developing immune system, and differences in diet. seasonal differences in diet of coastal brown hyenas also had an overall significant effect on lipemia values, and differences in stress due to varying capture methods could be associat ... | 2018 | 30592906 |
| an eight-year survey for canine distemper virus indicates lack of exposure in the endangered darwin's fox (lycalopex fulvipes). | no evidence of exposure to canine distemper virus (cdv) was detected in 70 samples corresponding to 58 wild-trapped darwin's foxes (lycalopex fulvipes) in chile. given its current endangered status and it being immunologically naïve, in the event of a cdv spillover from dogs to foxes, high population mortality is expected. | 2020 | 31833816 |
| outbreaks of canine distemper in dutch and belgian mink farms. | vaccination of farmed minks against canine distemper virus (cdv) has proved to be very effective. in the netherlands, vaccination of farmed minks against cdv was mandatory until the closure of the local agricultural product boards at the end of 2014. | 2018 | 30675810 |
| morbillivirus-associated lipid pneumonia in arctic foxes. | we describe lipid pneumonia in 5 of 24 arctic foxes ( vulpes lagopus) in association with morbillivirus infection, and lymphoid depletion in 3 of these 5 foxes. canine distemper virus (cdv) immunohistochemistry yielded positive staining in lung, lymph nodes, spleen, adipose tissue, and renal pelvic urothelial cells in 5 cases. liver and bone marrow samples collected from these cases tested positive for morbillivirus by reverse-transcription pcr assay. strains belonged to the cdv arctic lineage b ... | 2018 | 30205787 |
| frequency of exposure of endangered caspian seals to canine distemper virus, leptospira interrogans, and toxoplasma gondii. | canine distemper virus (cdv), leptospira interrogans, and toxoplasma gondii are potentially lethal pathogens associated with decline in marine mammal populations. the caspian sea is home for the endangered caspian seal (pusa caspica). in the late 1990s and early 2000s, cdv caused a series of mortality events involving at least several thousand caspian seals. to assess current infection status in caspian seals, we surveyed for antibodies to three pathogens with potential to cause mortality in mar ... | 2018 | 29698496 |
| canine parvovirus is diagnosed and neutralized by chicken igy-scfv generated against the virus capsid protein. | canine parvovirus (cpv) can cause acute and highly contagious bloody enteritis in dog. to obtain antibodies against cpv, hens were immunized with virus-like particles (vlp) of cpv-vp2. the igy single chain fragment variables (scfv) were generated by t7 phage display system and expressed in e. coli system. the titer of the primary scfv library reached to 1.5 × 106 pfu/ml, and 95% of the phages contained the target fragments. the cpv-vlp and cpv-vp2 protein showed similar reaction values to the pu ... | 2020 | 32883344 |
| disease surveillance during the reintroduction of the iberian lynx (lynx pardinus) in southwestern spain. | the restoration of iberian lynx (lynx pardinus) populations in extremadura (southwestern spain) have been carried out since 2014. one of the measures to ensure the success of this program is to examine the effects that diseases may have on reintroduction. since diseases may be greatly located at certain sites because of the specific ecological requirements of the pathogens and/or vectors, reintroduced individuals may present a risk of infection once released. to determine which pathogens the rei ... | 2021 | 33669869 |
| generation and evaluation of igy-scfv based mimetics against canine parvovirus. | antibody mimetics may be used for various biomedical applications, especially those for which conventional antibodies are ineffective. in this study, we developed a smaller molecular chicken igy mimetic peptide (igy-peptide) based on the complementarity-determining regions (cdrs) of the anti-canine parvovirus (cpv) igy-scfv prepared previously. the mimetic peptide showed no cross-reactivity with canine distemper virus (cdv) and canine coronavirus (ccv) and showed excellent protective properties ... | 2021 | 33985573 |
| control theory helps to resolve the measles paradox. | measles virus (mv) is a highly contagious respiratory morbillivirus that results in many disabilities and deaths. a crucial challenge in studying mv infection is to understand the so-called 'measles paradox'-the progression of the infection to severe immunosuppression before clearance of acute viremia, which is also observed in canine distemper virus (cdv) infection. however, a lack of models that match in vivo data has restricted our understanding of this complex and counter-intuitive phenomeno ... | 2021 | 34007460 |
| sentinel coyote pathogen survey to assess declining black-footed ferret (mustela nigripes) population in south dakota, usa. | as part of the national recovery effort, endangered black-footed ferrets (mustela nigripes) were reintroduced to the cheyenne river sioux reservation in south dakota, us in 2000. despite an encouraging start, numbers of ferrets at the site have declined. in an effort to determine possible causes of the population decline, we undertook a pathogen survey in 2012 to detect exposure to west nile virus (wnv), canine distemper virus (cdv), plague (yersinia pestis), tularemia (francisella tularensis), ... | 2021 | 33822142 |
| development of recombinase polymerase amplification assays for rapid and visual detection of canine distemper virus infecting giant panda. | canine distemper virus (cdv) is an enveloped negative-strand rna virus that exhibits a high mutation rate and continuously expands the range of hosts. notably, cdv has infected giant panda with spill over from viral reservoirs in canines. giant pandas (ailuropoda melanoleuca), especially captive pandas, are known to be susceptible to natural infection with cdv. the high fatality rate of cdv poses a serious threat to the safety of the giant panda population. however, vaccines or drugs for canine ... | 2021 | 33892731 |
| changes in the microrna profile of the giant panda after canine distemper vaccination and the integrated analysis of microrna-messenger rna. | canine distemper (cd) is a significant threat to wild and captive giant panda populations. captive giant pandas are inoculated with canine distemper virus (cdv) vaccination to prevent the infection with the cdv. as an important regulator, microrna (mirna) plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression, including in disease immunity. to understand the role of mirna in immune response to cdv vaccination, we investigated the mirna expression profile in five giant panda cubs after two inoculatio ... | 2021 | 33769863 |
| canine distemper outbreak by natural infection in a group of vaccinated maned wolves in captivity. | canine distemper virus (cdv) is one of the most significantinfectious disease threats to the health and conservation of free-ranging and captive wild carnivores. cdv vaccination using recombinant canarypox-based vaccines has been recommended for maned wolf (chrysocyon brachyurus) after the failure of modified live vaccines that induced disease in vaccinated animals. here, we report a cdv outbreak in a captive population of maned wolves that were previously vaccinated. five juveniles and one adul ... | 2021 | 33429927 |
| modified live distemper vaccines carry low mortality risk for captive african wild dogs, lycaon pictus. | recently, canine distemper virus (cdv) has been linked to population declines in the endangered african wild dog (lycaon pictus). as cdv appears able to persist in wildlife, threats to free-ranging wild dogs cannot be eliminated by vaccinating domestic dogs. conservation managers may therefore consider cdv vaccination of wild dogs in highly threatened populations. for use in field conservation, the ideal cdv vaccine would be safe, immunogenic, and readily available in africa. the cdv vaccine typ ... | 2021 | 33827174 |
| drivers of canine distemper virus exposure in dogs at a wildlife interface in janos, mexico. | human population expansion has increased the contact between domestic animals and wildlife, thereby increasing the transmission of infectious diseases including canine distemper virus (cdv). here, we investigated the risk factors associated with cdv exposure in domestic and wild carnivores from the janos biosphere reserve (jbr), mexico. | 2021 | 33981441 |
| natural distemper infection in stone martens (martes foina): from infection to neutralizing antibodies. | we report an outbreak of canine distemper virus (cdv) among stone martens (martes foina) in italy. after being rescued in northern italy between april and june 2018, six subjects were kept in a wildlife and exotic animal rescue center in bologna province. subjects have been monitored for 15 months in captivity. within this time-lapse, two subjects died, while among the remaining four, only one showed clinical symptoms referable to distemper. surviving subjects have been regularly tested for cdv ... | 2021 | 34171543 |
| mink slam v-region v74i substitutions contribute to the formation of syncytia induced by canine distemper virus. | the signal lymphatic activation molecule (slam, also known as cd150) as the cellular receptor of canine distemper virus (cdv) plays an important role in the virus-host interaction. however, it is still unknown whether amino acid differences in the slam variable (v) region affect the formation of syncytia. here, using raccoon dog slam (rslam) and mink slam (mslam), we performed slam-v homologous modeling, site-directed mutagenesis, and surface expression analysis, as well as a cell fusion assay, ... | 2021 | 33585591 |
| sylvatic canine morbillivirus in captive panthera highlights viral promiscuity and the need for better prevention strategies. | canine distemper virus (cdv) is a multi-host morbillivirus that infects virtually all carnivora and a few non-human primates. here we describe a cdv outbreak in an exotic felid rescue center that led to the death of eight felids in the genus panthera. similar to domestic dogs and in contrast to previously described cdv cases in panthera, severe pneumonia was the primary lesion and no viral antigens or cdv-like lesions were detected in the central nervous system. four tigers succumbed to opportun ... | 2021 | 33946447 |
| molecular survey of selected viral pathogens in wild leopard cats (prionailurus bengalensis) in taiwan with an emphasis on the spatial and temporal dynamics of carnivore protoparvovirus 1. | the leopard cat (prionailurus bengalensis) was listed as an endangered species under the wildlife conservation act in taiwan in 2009. however, no study has evaluated the possible direct or indirect effects of pathogens on the taiwanese leopard cat population. here, we targeted viral pathogens, including carnivore protoparvovirus 1 (genus protoparvovirus), feline leukemia virus (felv), feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv), coronaviruses (covs), and canine distemper virus (cdv), through molecular s ... | 2021 | 33389172 |
| exposure of wild sumatran tiger (panthera tigris sumatrae) to canine distemper virus. | canine distemper virus (cdv) is recognized as a conservation threat to amur tigers (panthera tigris altaica) in russia, but the risk to other subspecies remains unknown. we detected cdv neutralizing antibodies in nine of 21 wild-caught sumatran tigers (42.9%), including one sampled on the day of capture, confirming exposure in the wild. | 2021 | 33822169 |
| distemper, extinction, and vaccination of the amur tiger. | canine distemper virus (cdv) has recently emerged as an extinction threat for the endangered amur tiger (panthera tigris altaica). cdv is vaccine-preventable, and control strategies could require vaccination of domestic dogs and/or wildlife populations. however, vaccination of endangered wildlife remains controversial, which has led to a focus on interventions in domestic dogs, often assumed to be the source of infection. effective decision making requires an understanding of the true reservoir ... | 2020 | 33229566 |
| comparison of two surveillance components for investigating the epidemiology of canine distemper virus in raccoons (procyon lotor). | canine distemper virus (cdv) has a broad mammalian host range. in ontario, canada, cdv is frequently encountered in wild carnivores and is the most common infectious cause of death for raccoons (procyon lotor). the isolation of wild-type cdv strains genetically distinct from vaccine strains in north america has renewed interest in the epidemiological patterns of this virus. however, wildlife surveillance is challenging and often utilizes a combination of surveillance methods with aggregation of ... | 2021 | 33635985 |
| long-term increases in pathogen seroprevalence in polar bears (ursus maritimus) influenced by climate change. | the influence of climate change on wildlife disease dynamics is a burgeoning conservation and human health issue, but few long-term studies empirically link climate to pathogen prevalence. polar bears (ursus maritimus) are vulnerable to the negative impacts of sea ice loss as a result of accelerated arctic warming. while studies have associated changes in polar bear body condition, reproductive output, survival, and abundance to reductions in sea ice, no long-term studies have documented the imp ... | 2021 | 34292654 |