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engineering, structure and immunogenicity of the human metapneumovirus f protein in the postfusion conformation.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a paramyxovirus that is a common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children less than five years of age. the hmpv fusion (f) glycoprotein is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies and is thus a critical vaccine antigen. to facilitate structure-based vaccine design, we stabilized the ectodomain of the hmpv f protein in the postfusion conformation and determined its structure to a resolution of 3.3 å by x-ray crystallography. the structure resembles an ...201627611367
clinical evaluation of a single-tube multiple rt-pcr assay for the detection of 13 common virus types/subtypes associated with acute respiratory infection.respiratory viruses are among the most important causes of human morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially for infants and young children. in the past years, a few commercial multiplex rt-pcr assays have been used to detect respiratory viruses in spite of the high cost. in the present study, an improved single-tube multiplex reverse transcription pcr assay for simultaneous detection of 13 respiratory viruses was evaluated and compared with a previously reported two-tube assay as the referenc ...201627043208
clinical evaluation of the new high-throughput luminex nxtag respiratory pathogen panel assay for multiplex respiratory pathogen detection.a broad range of viral and bacterial pathogens can cause acute respiratory tract infection. for rapid detection of a broad respiratory pathogen spectrum, multiplex real-time pcr is ideal. this study evaluated the performance of the new luminex nxtag respiratory pathogen panel (nxtag-rpp) in comparison with the biofire filmarray respiratory panel (fa-rp) or singleplex real-time pcr as reference. a total of 284 clinical respiratory specimens and 3 influenza a/h7n9 viral culture samples were tested ...201627122380
seroprevalence of respiratory viral pathogens of indigenous calves in western kenya.most studies of infectious diseases in east african cattle have concentrated on gastro-intestinal parasites and vector-borne diseases. as a result, relatively little is known about viral diseases, except for those that are clinically symptomatic or which affect international trade such as foot and mouth disease, bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease. here, we investigate the seroprevalence, distribution and relationship between the viruses involved in respiratory disease, infectious bovi ...201627663380
a reverse genetics approach for the design of methyltransferase-defective live attenuated avian metapneumovirus vaccines.avian metapneumovirus (ampv), also known as avian pneumovirus or turkey rhinotracheitis virus, is the causative agent of turkey rhinotracheitis and is associated with swollen head syndrome in chickens. ampv belongs to the family paramyxoviridae which includes many important human pathogens such as human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), human metapneumovirus (hmpv), and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv3). the family also includes highly lethal emerging pathogens such as nipah virus and hen ...201627076293
cyclopiazonic acid, an inhibitor of calcium-dependent atpases with antiviral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children worldwide, yet no vaccine or effective antiviral treatment is available. to search for new anti-rsv agents, we developed a cell-based assay that measures inhibition of rsv-induced cytopathic effect (cpe) and identified cyclopiazonic acid (cpa), an intracellular calcium atpase inhibitor as a rsv inhibitor (ec50 values 4.13 μm) by screening of natural product library. cpa i ...201627210812
human sentinel surveillance of influenza and other respiratory viral pathogens in border areas of western cambodia.little is known about circulation of influenza and other respiratory viruses in remote populations along the thai-cambodia border in western cambodia. we screened 586 outpatients (median age 5, range 1-77) presenting with influenza-like-illness (ili) at 4 sentinel sites in western cambodia between may 2010 and december 2012. real-time reverse transcriptase (rrt) pcr for influenza was performed on combined nasal and throat specimens followed by viral culture, antigenic analysis, antiviral suscept ...201627028323
recent advances in the development of vaccines for ebola virus disease.ebola virus is one of the most dangerous microorganisms in the world causing hemorrhagic fevers in humans and non-human primates. ebola virus (ebov) is a zoonotic infection, which emerges and re-emerges in human populations. the 2014 outbreak was caused by the zaire strain, which has a kill rate of up to 90%, though 40% was recorded in the current outbreak. the 2014 outbreak is larger than all 20 outbreaks that have occurred since 1976, when the virus was first discovered. it is the first time t ...201626596227
associations between exposure to viruses and bovine respiratory disease in australian feedlot cattle.bovine respiratory disease (brd) is the most important cause of clinical disease and death in feedlot cattle. respiratory viral infections are key components in predisposing cattle to the development of this disease. to quantify the contribution of four viruses commonly associated with brd, a case-control study was conducted nested within the national bovine respiratory disease initiative project population in australian feedlot cattle. effects of exposure to bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1 (bvdv ...201626972273
rapid detection of novel caprine parainfluenza virus type 3 (cpiv3) using a taqman-based rt-qpcr.parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv3) is one of the most important respiratory pathogens for humans and many animals. a novel caprine piv3 (cpiv3) was recently identified and isolated from chinese goat flocks with respiratory disease. in order to develop rapid and sensitive methods for cpiv3 detection in infected goats, a taqman rt-qpcr was established in this study based on the primers and probe designed to amplify a 150 nucleotide-long region located within the m gene of the virus. the method was ...201627448824
efficacy of intranasal vaccination with a multivalent vaccine containing temperature-sensitive modified-live bovine herpesvirus type 1 for protection of seronegative and seropositive calves against respiratory disease.objective to evaluate efficacy and duration of immunity of the bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1) fraction of a trivalent vaccine also containing parainfluenza virus-3 and bovine respiratory syncytial virus fractions administered intranasally (in) for protection of calves against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr). design controlled challenge study. animals 120 dairy calves (3 to 8 days old) seronegative for antibody against bhv-1 (experiments 1 and 2) or seropositive for maternally derived ...201627172345
development of a one-run real-time pcr detection system for pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease complex.bovine respiratory disease complex (brdc) is frequently found in cattle worldwide. the etiology of brdc is complicated by infections with multiple pathogens, making identification of the causal pathogen difficult. here, we developed a detection system by applying taqman real-time pcr (dembo respiratory-pcr) to screen a broad range of microbes associated with brdc in a single run. we selected 16 bovine respiratory pathogens (bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine coronavirus, bovine parainfluenza vi ...201728070089
disease complexity in a declining alaskan muskox (ovibos moschatus) population.the muskox ( ovibos moschatus ) population inhabiting the eastern north slope (ens) of alaska, us declined dramatically during 1999-2006, whereas populations in western alaska (wa) were stable or increasing. to understand morbidity and mortality factors contributing to the decline, alaska department of fish and game conducted pathologic investigations of carcasses from 2005 until 2008. additionally, archived sera from both ens and wa muskoxen collected during 1984-92, before the documented begin ...201728099077
bacterial and viral pathogen spectra of acute respiratory infections in under-5 children in hospital settings in dhaka city.the study aimed to examine for the first time the spectra of viral and bacterial pathogens along with the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated bacteria in under-5 children with acute respiratory infections (aris) in hospital settings of dhaka, bangladesh. nasal swabs were collected from 200 under-five children hospitalized with clinical signs of aris. nasal swabs from 30 asymptomatic children were also collected. screening of viral pathogens targeted ten respiratory viruses using rt-qpcr. b ...201728346512
etiology of severe pneumonia in ecuadorian children.in latin america, community-acquired pneumonia remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children. few studies have examined the etiology of pneumonia in ecuador.201728182741
pathogens, patterns of pneumonia, and epidemiologic risk factors associated with respiratory disease in recently weaned cattle in ireland.we examined the pathogens, morphologic patterns, and risk factors associated with bovine respiratory disease (brd) in 136 recently weaned cattle ("weanlings"), 6-12 mo of age, that were submitted for postmortem examination to regional veterinary laboratories in ireland. a standardized sampling protocol included routine microbiologic investigations as well as polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. lungs with histologic lesions were categorized into 1 of 5 morphologic patterns of pneu ...201728074713
impaired virus replication and decreased innate immune responses to viral infections in nasal epithelial cells from patients with allergic rhinitis.the aim of this study was to assess the immune response to parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv3), rhinovirus 1b (rv1b) and intracellular toll-like receptors (tlr) agonists in nasal epithelial cells (necs) from patients with allergic rhinitis and healthy controls. necs were obtained from eight patients with allergic rhinitis (ar) and 11 non-atopic healthy controls (hc) by nasal scraping, grown to confluence and exposed to piv3, rv1b infection or tlr-3 and tlr-7/8 agonists. interferon (ifn)-λ1, ifn-α, ...201727667736
a parainfluenza virus type 3 outbreak at a residential aged care facility: the role of microbiologic testing in early identification and antimicrobial stewardship.we report an outbreak of parainfluenza 3, which had an attack rate of 30%, in a residential care facility in melbourne, australia. one-fifth of affected residents required hospitalization, but there were no deaths. the outbreak demonstrated the value of active surveillance and early microbiologic testing and the urgent need for antimicrobial stewardship programs in the aged care setting.201727665033
rapid metagenomic next-generation sequencing during an investigation of hospital-acquired human parainfluenza virus 3 infections.metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mngs) is increasingly used for the unbiased detection of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and eukaryotic parasites in clinical samples. whole-genome sequencing (wgs) of clinical bacterial isolates has been shown to inform hospital infection prevention practices, but this technology has not been utilized during potential respiratory virus outbreaks. here, we report on the use of mngs to inform the real-time infection prevention response to a cluster of hospital-ac ...201727795347
inclusion body fusion of human parainfluenza virus type 3 regulated by acetylated α-tubulin enhances viral replication.viral inclusion bodies (ibs), or replication factories, are unique structures generated by viral proteins together with some cellular proteins as a platform for efficient viral replication, but little is known about the mechanism underlying ib formation and fusion. our previous study demonstrated that the interaction between the nucleoprotein (n) and phosphoprotein (p) of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3), an enveloped virus with great medical impact, can form ibs. in this study, we found ...201727881643
epidemiology of parainfluenza infection in england and wales, 1998-2013: any evidence of change?human parainfluenza virus (hpiv) infections are one of the commonest causes of upper and lower respiratory tract infections. in order to determine if there have been any recent changes in hpiv epidemiology in england and wales, laboratory surveillance data between 1998 and 2013 were analysed. the uk national laboratory surveillance database, labbase, and the newly established laboratory-based virological surveillance system, the respiratory datamart system (rdms), were used. descriptive analysis ...201728095926
rule-out outbreak: 24-hour metagenomic next-generation sequencing for characterizing respiratory virus source for infection prevention.metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mngs) has been used to uncover unusual causes of infectious diseases but has not been used routinely for the investigation of putative nosocomial outbreaks. here, we describe the use of mngs during investigation of a cluster of human rhinovirus (hrv)-positive infections on a high-risk pulmonary ward.201728379561
5-hydroxytryptophan, a major product of tryptophan degradation, is essential for optimal replication of human parainfluenza virus.interferon (ifn) exerts its antiviral effect by inducing a large family of cellular genes, named interferon (ifn)-stimulated genes (isgs). an intriguing member of this family is indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (ido), which catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step of the main branch of tryptophan (trp) degradation, the kynurenine pathway. we recently showed that ido strongly inhibits human parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv3), a significant respiratory pathogen. here, we show that 5-hydoxytryptophan ( ...201728113063
genetic analyses of the fusion protein genes in human parainfluenza virus types 1 and 3 among patients with acute respiratory infections in eastern japan from 2011 to 2015.to genetically explore the fusion protein gene (f) in human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hpiv1) and type 3 (hpiv3) strains, we analysed them in patients with acute respiratory infections in eastern japan from 2011 to 2015.201728266286
genetic analyses of the fusion protein genes in human parainfluenza virus types 1 and 3 among patients with acute respiratory infections in eastern japan from 2011 to 2015.to genetically explorer the fusion protein gene (f) in human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hpiv1) and type 3 (hpiv3) strains, we analyzed them in the patients with acute respiratory infections (ari) in eastern japan from 2011 to 2015.201728109201
impact of viral respiratory pathogens on outcomes after pediatric cardiac surgery.viral respiratory infection is commonly considered a relative contraindication to elective cardiac surgery. we aimed to determine the frequency and outcomes of symptomatic viral respiratory infection in pediatric cardiac surgical patients.201728114162
reciprocal complementation of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 lacking either the membrane or fusion gene.two defective bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (bpiv3) strains were generated, one lacking the membrane (m) protein gene and expressing egfp (δm-egfp) and the other lacking the fusion (f) protein gene and expressing mstrawberry (δf-msb), by supplying deficient proteins in trans. when madin-darby bovine kidney (mdbk) cells were co-infected with δm-egfp and δf-msb at a multiplicity of infection (moi) of 0.1, complemented viruses were easily obtained. complemented viruses grew as efficiently as wi ...201728842134
characterizing the cellular immune response to parainfluenza virus 3.parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv3) infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals, with no approved therapies. our group has demonstrated the safety and efficacy of adoptively transferred virus-specific t cells for the prevention and treatment of a broad range of viral infections including bk virus, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, human herpesvirus 6, and epstein-barr virus. however, this approach is restricted to well-characterized viruses with known immuno ...201728472480
virus detection by pcr following vaccination of naive calves with intranasal or injectable multivalent modified-live viral vaccines.we evaluated duration of pcr-positive results following administration of modified-live viral (mlv) vaccines to beef calves. twenty beef calves were randomly assigned to either group 1 and vaccinated intranasally with a mlv vaccine containing bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (bohv-1), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), and bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (bpiv-3), or to group 2 and vaccinated subcutaneously with a mlv vaccine containing bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 and 2 (bvdv-1, -2), bohv-1, brs ...201728545321
improved prefusion stability, optimized codon usage, and augmented virion packaging enhance the immunogenicity of respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein in a vectored-vaccine candidate.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important viral agent of severe pediatric respiratory tract disease worldwide, but it lacks a licensed vaccine or suitable antiviral drug. a live attenuated chimeric bovine/human parainfluenza virus type 3 (rb/hpiv3) was developed previously as a vector expressing rsv fusion (f) protein to confer bivalent protection against rsv and hpiv3. in a previous clinical trial in virus-naive children, rb/hpiv3 was well tolerated but the immunogenicity of wild- ...201728539444
structure and organization of paramyxovirus particles.the paramyxovirus family comprises major human and animal pathogens such as measles virus (mev), mumps virus (muv), the parainfluenzaviruses, newcastle disease virus (ndv), and the highly pathogenic zoonotic hendra (hev) and nipah (niv) viruses. paramyxovirus particles are pleomorphic, with a lipid envelope, nonsegmented rna genomes of negative polarity, and densely packed glycoproteins on the virion surface. a number of crystal structures of different paramyxovirus proteins and protein fragment ...201728601688
efficacy and safety of ban huang oral liquid for treating bovine respiratory diseases.ban huang oral liquid was developed as a veterinary compound preparation by the lanzhou institute of husbandry and pharmaceutical sciences of the chinese academy of agricultural sciences (caas). the purpose of this study was to determine whether the oral liquid preparation of traditional chinese medicine, ban huang, is safe and effective for treating respiratory diseases in cattle.201728573221
cholesterol-rich lipid rafts play a critical role in bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (bpiv3) infection.lipid rafts are specialized lipid domains enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipid, which can be utilized in the lifecycle of numerous enveloped viruses. bovine parainfluenza virustype3 (bpiv3) entry to cell is mediated by receptor binding and membrane fusion, but how lipid rafts in host cell membrane and bpiv3 envelope affect virus infection remains unclear. in this study, we investigated the role of lipid rafts in the different stages of bpiv3 infection. the mdbk cells were treated by methyl-β ...201728654867
identification of candidate protein markers of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 infection using an in vitro model.bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (bpi3v) infections are often asymptomatic, causing respiratory tissue damage and immunosuppression, predisposing animals to severe bacterial pneumonia, the leading cause of bovine respiratory disease (brd) mortality. as with many pathogens, routine bpi3v serology does not indicate the presence of damaged respiratory tissue or active infection. in vitro proteomic marker screening using disease relevant cell models could help identify markers of infection and tiss ...201728619153
a single l288i substitution in the fusion protein of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 enhances virus growth in semi-suitable cell lines.the bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 bn-ce vaccine strain was obtained by serial passage of the bn-1 strain in chicken embryonic fibroblasts (cef). we previously identified a substitution (l288i) in the fusion (f) protein between the two strains. to examine the effect of the substitution on cef adaptation and attenuation, we generated a recombinant bn-1 strain with the l288i substitution in the f protein (f(l288i)-egfp). f(l288i)-egfp replicated more efficiently than a recombinant bn-1 strain ( ...201728451903
advances in vaccines to prevent viral respiratory illnesses in children.childhood vaccination has played a critical role in the reduction of morbidity and mortality from communicable diseases, including specific respiratory pathogens. acute lower respiratory infection (alri) of both bacterial and viral aetiology continues to impact global child health. key bacterial pathogens including streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenza type b are specifically targeted with current vaccination programmes, while at present there are less effective strategies for the p ...201728808938
antiviral lipopeptide-cell membrane interaction is influenced by peg linker length.a set of lipopeptides was recently reported for their broad-spectrum antiviral activity against viruses belonging to the paramyxoviridae family, including human parainfluenza virus type 3 and nipah virus. among them, the peptide with a 24-unit peg linker connecting it to a cholesterol moiety (vg-peg24-chol) was found to be the best membrane fusion inhibitory peptide. here, we evaluated the interaction of the same set of peptides with biomembrane model systems and isolated human peripheral blood ...201728714870
characterization of the nasopharyngeal viral microbiome from children with community-acquired pneumonia but negative for luminex xtag respiratory viral panel assay detection.in the present study, 50 nasopharyngeal swabs from children with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) but negative for 18 common respiratory viruses, as measured by the luminex xtag respiratory viral panel assay, were subjected to multiplex metagenomic analyses using a next-generation sequencing platform. taxonomic analysis showed that all sequence reads could be assigned to a specific species. an average of 95.13% were assigned to the bacteria kingdom, whereas, only 0.72% were potentially virus d ...201728671295
the role of next generation sequencing in infection prevention in human parainfluenza virus 3 infections in immunocompromised patients.respiratory viral infections are a significant problem in patients with hematologic malignancies. we report a cluster of hpiv 3 infections in our myeloma patients, and describe the utility of next generation sequencing (ngs) to identify transmission linkages which can assist in infection prevention.201728531552
parainfluenza virus 3-specific t cells: opportunity for intervention? 201728472318
genetic analysis of human parainfluenza virus type 3 obtained in croatia, 2011-2015.this study investigated the hpiv3 circulating strains in croatia and whether the other parts of hpiv3 genome (f gene and hn 582 nucleotides fragment) could be equally suitable for genetic and phylogenetic analysis.201728463659
the matrix protein of human parainfluenza virus type 3 induces mitophagy that suppresses interferon responses.mitophagy is a form of autophagy that selectively removes damaged mitochondria. impaired mitochondria can be tagged by the kinase pink1, which triggers recruitment of the e3-ubiquitin ligase parkin and subsequent mitochondrial sequestration within autophagosomes. we previously found that human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) infection induces autophagy, but the type and mechanisms of autophagy induction remain unknown. here, we show that matrix protein (m) of hpiv3 translocates to mitochondri ...201728407488
diva metabolomics: differentiating vaccination status following viral challenge using metabolomic profiles.bovine respiratory disease (brd) is a major source of economic loss within the agricultural industry. vaccination against brd-associated viruses does not offer complete immune protection and vaccine failure animals present potential routes for disease spread. serological differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (diva) is possible using antigen-deleted vaccines, but during virus outbreaks diva responses are masked by wild-type virus preventing accurate serodiagnosis. previous work by t ...201829621258
simultaneous outbreaks of respiratory disease in wild chimpanzees caused by distinct viruses of human origin.respiratory viruses of human origin infect wild apes across africa, sometimes lethally. here we report simultaneous outbreaks of two distinct human respiratory viruses, human metapneumovirus (mpv; pneumoviridae: metapneumovirus) and human respirovirus 3 (hrv3; paramyxoviridae; respirovirus, formerly known as parainfluenza virus 3), in two chimpanzee (pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) communities in the same forest in uganda in december 2016 and january 2017. the viruses were absent before the outb ...201930866768
the novel caprine parainfluenza virus type 3 showed pathogenicity in guinea pigs.caprine parainfluenza virus type 3 (cpiv3) is one of the important viral respiratory tract agents in goats. the pathogenicity of cpiv3 has been examined in goats but it has not been explored in other laboratory animals. in the present study, an experimental infection of guinea pigs with cpiv3 was performed. the virus-inoculated guinea pigs displayed clinical signs related to the respiratory disease at 2-12 days post inoculation (dpi). five infected guinea pigs died during 2 and 7 dpi. apparent g ...201931163247
novel avian paramyxovirus-based vaccine vectors expressing the ebola virus glycoprotein elicit mucosal and humoral immune responses in guinea pigs.paramyxovirus vaccine vectors based on human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv-3) and newcastle disease virus (ndv) have been previously evaluated against ebola virus (ebov) challenge. although both the viral vectored vaccines efficiently induce protective immunity, some concerns remain to be solved. since hpiv-3 is a common human pathogen, the human population has pre-existing immunity to hpiv-3, which may restrict the replication of the vaccine vector. for ndv, mesogenic (intermediate virulent) ...201930940854
antibody-mediated protective mechanisms induced by a trivalent parainfluenza virus-vectored ebolavirus vaccine.ebolaviruses zaire (ebov), bundibugyo (bdbv), and sudan (sudv) cause human disease with high case fatality rates. experimental monovalent vaccines, which all utilize the sole envelope glycoprotein (gp), do not protect against heterologous ebolaviruses. human parainfluenza virus type 3-vectored vaccines offer benefits, including needle-free administration and induction of mucosal responses in the respiratory tract. multiple approaches were taken to induce broad protection against the three ebolav ...201930518655
multi-pathogen serological survey of migratory caribou herds: a snapshot in time.pathogens can impact host survival, fecundity, and population dynamics even when no obvious disease is observed. few baseline data on pathogen prevalence and diversity of caribou are available, which hampers our ability to track changes over time and evaluate impacts on caribou health. archived blood samples collected from ten migratory caribou herds in canada and two in greenland were used to test for exposure to pathogens that have the potential to effect population productivity, are zoonotic ...201931365561
mycoplasma bovis and viral agents associated with the development of bovine respiratory disease in adult dairy cows.the etiology and pathologic findings of bovine respiratory disease (brd) in adult dairy cows (n = 35) from a commercial dairy herd in southern brazil were investigated. pulmonary samples were examined for histopathologic patterns and specific features within these patterns, while immunohistochemical (ihc) assays were designed to detect the intralesional antigens of viral infectious disease agents and mycoplasma bovis. pneumonia was diagnosed in 91.4% (32/35) of these cases; neither pneumonia nor ...202031232526
a parainfluenza virus vector expressing the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) prefusion f protein is more effective than rsv for boosting a primary immunization with rsv.live-attenuated pediatric vaccines for intranasal administration are being developed for human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), an important worldwide pediatric respiratory pathogen that lacks a licensed vaccine or suitable antiviral drug. we evaluated a prime-boost strategy in which primary immunization with rsv was boosted by secondary immunization with rsv or with a chimeric bovine/human parainfluenza virus type 3 (rb/hpiv3) vector expressing the rsv fusion f protein. the vector-expressed f ...202033115876
non-epidermidis coagulase-negative staphylococcus isolated from farm animals can inhibit the hemagglutinating activity of newcastle disease virus and bovine parainfluenza virus type 3.the embp protein of staphylococcus epidermidis inhibits the hemagglutination of the h1n1 influenza virus and protects birds from a viral respiratory infection. several species of coagulase-negative staphylococcus (cons) are present in the respiratory cavity, particularly in nostrils. we hypothesize that non-epidermidis cons found in animals can have the same function as observed in s. epidermidis. thirty non-epidermidis cons isolates were obtained from poultry, sheep, goat, pig, and dairy cow no ...202133892436
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