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low ccr7-mediated migration of human monocyte derived dendritic cells in response to human respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) and, to a lesser extent, human metapneumovirus (hmpv) and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3), can re-infect symptomatically throughout life without significant antigenic change, suggestive of incomplete or short-lived immunity. in contrast, re-infection by influenza a virus (iav) largely depends on antigenic change, suggestive of more complete immunity. antigen presentation by dendritic cells (dc) is critical in initiating the adaptive immune respon ...201121731495
comparison of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs for the diagnosis of eight respiratory viruses by real-time reverse transcription-pcr assays.many acute respiratory illness surveillance systems collect and test nasopharyngeal (np) and/or oropharyngeal (op) swab specimens, yet there are few studies assessing the relative measures of performance for np versus op specimens.201121738731
characterization of human metapneumovirus from pediatric patients with acute respiratory infections in a 4-year period in beijing, china.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) was discovered by scientists in the netherlands as a novel respiratory virus in 2001 and had been found in children with acute respiratory tract infections (arti) in china. the objective of this study was to determine the importance of hmpv infection in children in beijing and the genotypes of the circulating virus by the surveillance during a four-consecutive-year period.201121740766
a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2a study of the safety and immunogenicity of a live, attenuated human parainfluenza virus type 3 vaccine in healthy infants.objective: to evaluate the safety, tolerability, immunogenicity, and viral shedding profiles of a recombinant, live, attenuated human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) vaccine, rhpiv3cp45, in healthy hpiv3-seronegative infants 6 to <12 months of age. methods: in this double-blind, multicenter study, subjects were randomized 2:1 to receive a 10(5)tcid(50) dose of rhpiv3cp45 (n=20) or placebo (n=10) at enrollment and at 2 and 4 months after the first dose. blood for evaluation of antibody to hpiv ...201121782874
[detection and clinical characteristics analysis of human bocavirus 1-3 in children for acute respiratory infection in lanzhou area].to study the clinical and molecular epidemiology characteristics of human bocavirus 1-3 (hbov1-3) in children for acute respiratory infection in lanzhou area.201121789841
premature activation of the paramyxovirus fusion protein before target cell attachment: corruption of the viral fusion machinery.paramyxoviruses, including the childhood pathogen human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3), enter host cells by fusion of the viral and target cell membranes. this fusion results from the concerted action of its two envelope glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) and the fusion protein (f). the receptor-bound hn triggers f to undergo conformational changes that render it competent to mediate fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. we proposed that if the fusion process could be ...201121799008
the cdna-derived investigational human parainfluenza virus type 3 vaccine rcp45 is well tolerated, infectious, and immunogenic in infants and young children.background:: human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) is an important yet underappreciated cause of lower respiratory tract illness in children, and a licensed vaccine is not yet available. methods:: a live-attenuated investigational hpiv3 vaccine virus designated rcp45 was derived from cdna by using reverse genetics. rcp45 is genetically similar to the biologically derived cp45 vaccine virus and contains all of the known attenuating mutations of cp45, but has the advantage of a short, well-char ...201121829138
progress in the development of human parainfluenza virus vaccines.in children under 5 years of age, human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) as a group are the second most common etiology of acute respiratory illness leading to hospitalization, surpassed only by respiratory syncytial virus but ahead of influenza viruses. using reverse genetics systems for hpiv serotypes 1, 2 and 3 (hpiv1, 2 and 3), several live-attenuated hpivs have been generated and evaluated as intranasal vaccines in adults and in children. two vaccines against hpiv3 were found to be well tolera ...201121859271
analysis of nucleotides 13-96 of the human parainfluenza virus type 3 antigenomic promoter reveals positive- and negative-acting replication elements.during replication of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3), the 96-nucleotide antigenomic promoter (agp) of hpiv3 directs the synthesis of genomic rna. previous work showed that nucleotides 1-12 were critical in promoting replication of an hpiv3 minireplicon, but nucleotides 13-96 were not investigated. in this study, the role of nucleotides 13-96 in agp function was analyzed by creating and assaying mutations in an hpiv3 minireplicon. a replication promoting element known as promoter elemen ...201121880340
treatment of parainfluenza 3 infection with das181 in a patient after allogeneic stem cell transplantation.parainfluenza virus (piv) can cause significant morbidity after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (sct). we report the first use of inhaled das181 for piv in an allogeneic sct recipient. symptoms, oxygenation, and pulmonary function tests improved. nasopharyngeal samples showed a reduction in viral load. das181 should be systematically evaluated for severe piv infection.201121880586
fixation of oligosaccharides to a surface may increase the susceptibility to human parainfluenza virus 1, 2, or 3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase.the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) protein of human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) both binds (h) and cleaves (n) oligosaccharides that contain n-acetylneuraminic acid (neu5ac). h is thought to correspond to receptor binding and n to receptor-destroying activity. at present, n's role in infection remains unclear: does it destroy only receptors, or are there other targets? we previously demonstrated that hpiv1 and 3 hns bind to oligosaccharides containing the motif neu5acα2-3galβ1-4glcnac (m. am ...201121917945
Phase 1 Study of the Safety and Immunogenicity of a Live, Attenuated Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Vaccine in Seronegative Children.BACKGROUND:: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) are important causes of lower respiratory tract illness and hospitalization in young children. Currently, there is no licensed vaccine against RSV or PIV3. METHODS:: In this randomized, phase 1, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalating study, 49 healthy RSV/PIV3-seronegative children 6 to <24 months of age were randomized 2:1 to receive 3 doses (at 104, 105, or 106 median tissue culture infective dose [ ...201121926667
spring-loaded model revisited: paramyxovirus fusion requires engagement of a receptor binding protein beyond initial triggering of the fusion protein.during paramyxovirus entry into a host cell, receptor engagement by a specialized binding protein triggers conformational changes in the adjacent fusion protein (f), leading to fusion between the viral and cell membranes. according to the existing paradigm of paramyxovirus membrane fusion, the initial activation of f by the receptor binding protein sets off a spring-loaded mechanism whereby the f protein progresses independently through the subsequent steps in the fusion process, ending in membr ...201121976650
comparison of differing cytopathic effects in human airway epithelium of parainfluenza virus 5 (w3a), parainfluenza virus type 3, and respiratory syncytial virus.parainfluenza virus 5 (piv5) infects a wide range of animals including dogs, pigs, cats, and humans; however, its association with disease in humans remains controversial. in contrast to parainfluenza virus 3 (piv3) or respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), piv5 is remarkably non-cytopathic in monolayer cultures of immortalized epithelial cells. to compare the cytopathology produced by these viruses in a relevant human tissue, we infected an in vitro model of human ciliated airway epithelium and mea ...201121986028
RNAi screening reveals requirement for host cell secretory pathway in infection by diverse families of negative-strand RNA viruses.Negative-strand (NS) RNA viruses comprise many pathogens that cause serious diseases in humans and animals. Despite their clinical importance, little is known about the host factors required for their infection. Using vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a prototypic NS RNA virus in the family Rhabdoviridae, we conducted a human genome-wide siRNA screen and identified 72 host genes required for viral infection. Many of these identified genes were also required for infection by two other NS RNA viru ...201122065774
use of data linkage to investigate the aetiology of acute lower respiratory infection hospitalisations in children.aim:  to document the aetiology of acute lower respiratory infection (alri) hospitalisations in western australian children by linking population-based laboratory data with hospital morbidity data. methods:  data from all alri hospitalisations and laboratory records related to respiratory pathogens between 2000 and 2005 were extracted and linked through a population-based record linkage system. the proportion of specimens that were positive for each respiratory viral or bacterial pathogen was do ...201122077532
Mechanism of Fusion Triggering by Human Parainfluenza Virus Type III: COMMUNICATION BETWEEN VIRAL GLYCOPROTEINS DURING ENTRY.Parainfluenza viruses enter host cells by fusing the viral and target cell membranes via concerted action of their two envelope glycoproteins: the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and the fusion protein (F). Receptor-bound HN triggers F to undergo conformational changes that render it fusion-competent. To address the role of receptor engagement and to elucidate how HN and F interact during the fusion process, we used bimolecular fluorescence complementation to follow the dynamics of human parain ...201222110138
applications of pcr (real-time and masstag) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in diagnosis of respiratory infections and diarrheal illness among deployed u.s. military personnel during exercise balikatan 2009, philippines.laboratory-based surveillance for diarrheal and respiratory illness was conducted at the 2009 republic of the philippines-united states balikatan exercise to determine the presence of specific pathogens endemic in the locations where the military exercises were conducted. ten stool and 6 respiratory specimens were obtained from individuals meeting case definitions for diarrhea or respiratory illness. stool specimens were frozen in dry ice and remotely tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent ass ...201122128641
The paramyxovirus fusion (F) protein C-terminal region: mutagenesis indicates an indivisible protein unit.Paramyxoviruses enter host cells by fusing the viral envelope with a host cell membrane. Fusion is mediated by the viral fusion (F) protein and it undergoes large irreversible conformational changes to cause membrane merger. The C-terminus of PIV5 F contains a membrane-proximal 7-residue external region (MPER), followed by the transmembrane (TM) domain and a 20-residue cytoplasmic tail. To study the sequence requirements of the F protein C-terminus for fusion, we constructed chimeras containing ...201122171273
[Etiology survey on virus of acute respiratory infection in Guangzhou from 2006 to 2009].To investigate the pathogens of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in Guangzhou from 2006 to 2009.201122177307
evaluation of two chimeric bovine-human parainfluenza virus type 3 vaccines in infants and young children.human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) is an important cause of lower respiratory tract illness in children, yet a licensed vaccine or antiviral drug is not available. we evaluated the safety, tolerability, infectivity, and immunogenicity of two intranasal, live-attenuated hpiv3 vaccines, designated rhpiv3-n(b) and rb/hpiv3, that were cdna-derived chimeras of hpiv3 and bovine piv3 (bpiv3). these were evaluated in adults, hpiv3 seropositive children, and hpiv3 seronegative children. a total of ...201122178099
effect of injectable trace minerals on the humoral immune response to multivalent vaccine administration in beef calves.the objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of injectable trace minerals on humoral responses of calves receiving a viral vaccination. beef steer calves (n = 99; average bw = 316 ± 4.2 kg), seronegative for bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) and bovine viral diarrhea virus, genotypes 1 and 2 (bvdv-1 and bvdv-2) were sourced from 2 locations. all calves, except 15 non-vaccinated (sentinel) calves, received a single dose of a multivalent modified live vaccine (titanium 5; agrilabs, s ...201122178855
in vitro inhibition of influenza virus infection by a crude extract from isatis indigotica root resulting in the prevention of viral attachment.isatis indigotica root (iir) has been widely used as a chinese medicinal herb to treat regular seasonal influenza over the long history of traditional chinese medicinal practice. however, its inhibitory activities against influenza virus infections along with the associated mechanisms have not been investigated comprehensively. in this study, the chemical nature, mode of action and in vitro anti-influenza activities of a crude extract ( ...201122179315
Serological evaluation of relationship between viral pathogens (BHV-1, BVDV, BRSV, PI-3V, and Adeno3) and dairy calf pneumonia by indirect ELISA.In this study, viral pathogens associated with nine outbreaks of naturally occurring dairy calf pneumonia in Mashhad area of Khorasan Razavi province from September 2008 to May 2009 were assessed. Five diseased calves from each farm were chosen for examination. Acute and convalescent serum samples were taken from calves with signs of respiratory disease. Sera were analyzed for antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), bovine respiratory syncytial virus ...201122198538
[a gexp based multiplex rt-pcr assay for simultaneous detection of twelve human respiratory viruses].a gexp based multiplex rt-pcr assay was developed to simultaneously detect twelve different respiratory viruses types/subtypes including influenza a virus, influenza b virus, influenza a virus sh1n1, parainfluenza virus type 1, parainfluenza virus type 2, parainfluenza virus type 3, human rhinovirus, human metapneumovirus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus a, respiratory syncytial virus b and human bocavirus. twelve sets of specific primers were designed based on the conserved sequences of ...201122263264
detection of antibodies and risk factors for infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus 3 in dual-purpose farms in colima, mexico.a cross-sectional study was carried out, from november 2007 to march 2008, to estimate the prevalence of and to determine risk factors associated with bovine syncytial respiratory virus (brsv) and parainfluenza 3 virus (piv3) in dual-purpose herds in colima, méxico. one hundred and seventy-six sera from 33 herds for piv3 and 232 sera from 44 herds for brsv were used. sera were analyzed by indirect elisa for the detection of antibodies against brsv and piv3 in cattle herds to determine the seropr ...201222270242
studies on the pathogenesis of a chinese strain of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 infection in balb/c mice.to date, three genotypes a, b, and c of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (bpiv3) have been isolated from cattle and only limited studies on the pathogenesis of the genotype a of bpiv3 infection in calves and laboratory animals have been conducted. the pathogenesis of the genotypes b and c of bpiv3 infection in calves and laboratory animals have not been reported. to alleviate the difficulties associated with sourcing suitable calves for infection studies, the establishment of bpiv3 infection mo ...201222391217
an outbreak of human parainfluenza virus 3 infection in an outpatient hematopoietic stem cell transplantation clinic.parainfluenza viruses cause respiratory tract infections in adults and children, with peak activity during the spring and summer months. human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv-3) can contribute to significant morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct).201222405748
[prokaryotic expression of hn gene of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 and the establishment of indirect elisa method].the prokaryotic expression plasmid pqe30-hn of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) protein gene of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (bpiv3) strain hj-1 was expressed by iptg induction in e. coli xl1blue. the recombinant hn protein(rhn) was purified by electroeluting method, and used as coated antigen. an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed to detect the antibody valence of bpiv3. the best working conditions of elisa were as follows: the antigen concentration was 6 micr ...201222416346
the second receptor binding site of the globular head of the newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase activates the stalk of multiple paramyxovirus receptor binding proteins to trigger fusion.the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) protein of paramyxoviruses carries out three distinct activities contributing to the ability of hn to promote viral fusion and entry: receptor binding, receptor cleavage (neuraminidase), and activation of the fusion protein. the relationship between receptor binding and fusion triggering functions of hn are not fully understood. for newcastle disease virus (ndv), one bifunctional site (site i) on hn's globular head can mediate both receptor binding and neuram ...201222438532
one-step multiplex real time rt-pcr for the detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine parainfluenza virus 3.detection of respiratory viruses in veterinary species has traditionally relied on virus detection by isolation or immunofluorescence and/or detection of circulating antibody using elisa or serum neutralising antibody tests. multiplex real time pcr is increasingly used to diagnose respiratory viruses in humans and has proved to be superior to traditional methods. bovine respiratory disease (brd) is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in housed cattle and virus infections can ...201222455597
broad respiratory virus detection in infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis by use of a multiplex rt-pcr dna microarray system.newly available molecular tools allow a sensitive detection of a broad panel of viruses in respiratory tract specimens. in the present study, the application of a multiplex rt-pcr dna microarray in diagnosis and epidemiological survey of viral infections in infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis was assessed. one hundred and thirty-eight nasopharyngeal aspirates collected from october 2007 to september 2008 were tested by direct immunofluorescence and viral culture, a combination of referenced r ...201222499022
parainfluenza virus type 3 outbreak in a neonatal nursery. 201322511200
epidemiology and clinical characteristics of parainfluenza virus 3 outbreak in a haemato-oncology unit.we describe molecular investigations of a large hospital outbreak of parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv3), in which 32 patients became infected. we outline infection control measures that successfully limited further spread of piv3 in a haemato-oncology unit.201222546619
development and evaluation of a multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies to bovine respiratory diseases on the meso scale discovery platform.a multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (bpv-3), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) was developed on the commercially available meso scale discovery (msd) platform. the multiplex elisa used the same antigens (relatively crude lysates of cultured virus) that are used in the current in-house separate elisas. testing a panel of field samples demonstrated th ...201222621944
mutations within the human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv 3) c protein affect viral replication and host interferon induction.human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv 3) encodes a multifunctional c protein that is capable of inhibiting viral replication and counteracting the host interferon (ifn) signaling pathway. we recently demonstrated that the c protein is phosphorylated both in vitro and in vivo and mutations within the phosphorylation sites exhibit differential inhibitory activities in vitro. in this study, we report for the first time the successful recovery of mutant hpiv 3 viruses containing mutations within th ...201222634035
adaptation of human parainfluenza virus to airway epithelium reveals fusion properties required for growth in host tissue.paramyxoviruses, a family of rna enveloped viruses that includes human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3), cause the majority of childhood croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia worldwide. infection starts with host cell receptor binding and fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane at the cell surface. the fusion process requires interaction of the two viral surface glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) and the fusion protein (f). we have previously shown that viruses with ...201222669629
pathogenesis of acute respiratory illness caused by human parainfluenza viruses.human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) are a common cause of acute respiratory illness throughout life. infants, children, and the immunocompromised are the most likely to develop severe disease. hpiv1 and hpiv2 are best known to cause croup while hpiv3 is a common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia. hpivs replicate productively in respiratory epithelial cells and do not spread systemically unless the host is severely immunocompromised. molecular studies have delineated how hpivs evade and block ...201222709516
molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of human parainfluenza virus type 3 isolated from saudi arabia.human parainfluenza virus 3 (hpiv-3) is a leading cause of respiratory disease in children worldwide. previous sequence analyses of the entire virus genome, among different hpiv-3 strains, demonstrated that hn is the most variable gene. there is a dearth of data on hpiv-3 strains circulating in saudi arabia. in this report, hpiv-3 was screened in nasopharyngeal aspirates collected from hospitalized children with acute respiratory disease during two successive seasons (2007/08 and 2008/09) using ...201222711360
isolation and characterization of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 from water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) in argentina.parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv3) was isolated from dairy buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) naturally affected with respiratory and reproductive clinical conditions.201222716217
hospitalization due to human parainfluenza virus-associated lower respiratory tract illness in rural thailand.human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) are an important cause of acute respiratory illness in young children but little is known about their epidemiology in the tropics.201322716273
sulfatide negatively regulates the fusion process of human parainfluenza virus type 3.sulfatide (hso(3)-3-galactosylceramide), which enriched in lipid rafts of plasma membranes in various epithelial cell lines, is a critical component of host cells for effective production of influenza a virus. however, the function of sulfatide in other virus infections targeting epithelial cells remains unknown. in this study, the effect of sulfatide on infection of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) was demonstrated by using genetically produced sulfatide-enriched cells and by treatment ...201222821828
phylogenetic analysis of the bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 from cattle herds revealing the existence of a genotype a strain in china.in 2009, a bovine parainfluenza virus (bpiv3), named as nm09, was isolated using mdbk cell culture from the nasal swabs of normal cattle in china. the nm09 isolate was characterized by rt-pcr and nucleotide sequence analysis. its complete genome was 15,456 nucleotides in length. similar to other sequenced piv strains, the nm09 virus consisted of six non-overlapping genes, which were predicted to encode nine proteins with conserved and complementary 3' leader and 5' trailer regions, conserved gen ...201222923090
human parainfluenza virus-associated respiratory tract infection among children and genetic analysis of hpiv-3 strains in beijing, china.the relevance of human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) to the epidemiology of acute respiratory infections (ari) in china is unclear. from may 2008 to september 2010, 443 nasopharyngeal aspirates (npas) from hospitalized pediatric patients (age from 1 to 93 months) in beijing were collected and screened for hpivs and other common respiratory viruses by real-time rt-pcr. sixty-two of 443 samples were positive for hpivs with 4 positive for hpiv-2 and 58 positive for hpiv-3, indicating that hpiv-3 wa ...201222937119
epidemiology of parainfluenza virus types 1, 2 and 3 infections based on virus isolation between 2002 and 2011 in yamagata, japan.to clarify the epidemiology of viral acute respiratory infections (aris), 305 human parainfluenza virus types 1 (hpiv1), 154 hpiv2 and 574 hpiv3 strains were isolated from 16,962 nasopharyngeal swabs obtained between 2002 and 2011 at pediatric clinics in yamagata, japan. the total isolation frequency for hpiv1-3 was 6.1%. unlike hpiv1 infections, hpiv3 showed clear seasonality with yearly outbreaks in the spring-summer season. hpiv2 tended to appear biannually in autumn-winter. although no relia ...201222946520
the effects of viral vaccination of dairy heifer calves on the incidence of respiratory disease, mortality, and growth.bovine respiratory disease (brd) is one of the most common infectious causes of morbidity and mortality in young dairy cattle. the objective of this randomized clinical trial was to determine the effectiveness of 1 or 2 doses of a 5-way, modified-live viral vaccine, administered to heifer calves before weaning to aid in the prevention of brd. the hypotheses were that vaccination would reduce the incidence of brd and mortality, and that 2 doses would be more effective than 1. a total of 2,874 hei ...201222959931
respiratory viruses in neonates hospitalized with acute lower respiratory tract infections.the burden of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in neonates has not been clearly studied. the aims of this study were to determine the overall distribution of respiratory viruses in neonates hospitalized with acute lower respiratory tract infectiosns (alri) and to describe the clinical characteristics of rsv infections in these neonates.201322978535
coronavirus infection in intensively managed cattle with respiratory disease.a detailed laboratory investigation identified bovine coronavirus (bcov) as the aetiological agent in an outbreak of respiratory disease at a semi-intensive beef cattle feedlot in south-east australia. the outbreak caused 30% morbidity in the resident population and also affected two cohorts of cattle that were newly introduced to the property.201223004228
exposing the flexibility of human parainfluenza virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase.human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv-3) is a clinically significant pathogen and is the causative agent of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in children. in this study the solution dynamics of human parainfluenza type 3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) have been investigated. a flexible loop around asp216 that adopts an open conformation in direct vicinity of the active site of the apo-form of the protein and closes upon inhibitor binding has been identified. to date, no available x-ray crystal stru ...201223057491
molecular characterization of a korean bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 isolate.bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (bpiv-3) was isolated from korean native cattle that presented clinical signs of mild pneumonia. the complete genome of a representative isolate (12q061) was sequenced. the newly identified strain, which was found to be distinct from the previously reported genotypes a (bpiv-3a) and b (bpiv-3b) and closely related to the chinese strain sd0835, was tentatively classified as genotype c (bpiv-3c). our results suggest a relationship between bpiv-3 genetic variation ...201323140940
prospective detection of respiratory pathogens in symptomatic children with cancer.: the data on human rhinovirus, coronavirus, bocavirus, metapneumovirus, chlamydophila pneumoniae, mycoplasma pneumoniae and bordetella pertussis infections in children with cancer is limited.201323190778
antiviral agents derived from novel 1-adamantyl singlet nitrenes.amantadine constitutes an interesting, diamond crystal lattice-shaped, antivirally active amine with an inhibitory effect on influenza a viruses causing common 'flu' in humans. unfortunately, amantadine forfeited most of its therapeutic potential because of resistance development in recent influenza a virus isolates. the antiviral efficacy of amantadine congeners can be chemically modified, resulting in re-constitution, improvement and/or extension of antiviral activities mediated by amino-adama ...201223234699
a successfully treated case of parainfluenza virus 3 pneumonia mimicking influenza pneumonia. 201323288130
development of a multiplex one step rt-pcr that detects eighteen respiratory viruses in clinical specimens and comparison with real time rt-pcr.rapid and accurate diagnosis of viral respiratory infections is crucial for patient management. multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (mrt-pcr) is used increasingly to diagnose respiratory infections and has shown to be more sensitive than viral culture and antigen detection. objective of the present study was to develop a one-step mrt-pcr that could detect 18 respiratory viruses in three sets. the method was compared with real time rt-pcr (rrt-pcr) for its sensitivity and sp ...201323313883
epidemiology and clinical presentation of the four human parainfluenza virus types.human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) are important causes of upper respiratory tract illness (urti) and lower respiratory tract illness (lrti). to analyse epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of the four types of human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs), patients with acute respiratory tract illness (arti) were studied in guangzhou, southern china.201323343342
polymicrobial acute respiratory infections in a hospital-based pediatric population.the clinical impact of polymicrobial respiratory infections remains uncertain. previous reports are contradictory regarding an association with severe disease.201323348811
use of rapid human respiratory syncytial virus strip tests for detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in experimentally vaccinated calves.three different rapid strip tests: tru rsv, binaxnow rsv and rsv respi-strip were compared with rt-pcr and elisa brsv ag for the ability to detect bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) in nasal swabs collected from calves experimentally vaccinated with live vaccine rispoval rs-pi3. the reference strains of brsv (375 and a51908) were detected by elisa brsv ag whereas the strains of human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) and bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (bpiv-3) were not. all rapid stri ...201223390751
antiviral activity of isatis indigotica root-derived clemastanin b against human and avian influenza a and b viruses in vitro.clemastanin b, 7s,8r,8'r-(-)-lariciresinol-4,4'-bis-o-β-d-glucopyranoside, is one of the major lignans extracted from isatis indigotica root (iir). in this study, the anti-influenza activities of clemastanin b were evaluated in vitro. clemastanin b was found to inhibit different subtypes of human (h1n1, including swine-origin h1n1; h3n2 and influenza b) and avian influenza viruses (h6n2, h7n3, h9n2) at different magnitudes of activity (ic50 0.087-0.72 mg/ml) while this compound was inactive agai ...201323403777
epidemiology of respiratory viral infection using multiplex rt-pcr in cheonan, korea (2006-2010).multiplex rt-pcr was used to detect respiratory viruses in 5,318 clinical samples referred to the laboratory of a tertiary teaching hospital from december 2006 to november 2010. the acquired data were analyzed with respect to types, ratio, and co-infection trends of infected respiratory viruses. trends in respiratory viral infection according to sex, age, and period of infection were also analyzed. of the 5,318 submitted clinical samples, 3,350 (63.0%) specimens were positive for at least one re ...201323412071
complete genome sequences of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 strain bn-1 and vaccine strain bn-ce.bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (bpiv3) is associated with upper respiratory disease in cattle in many countries. here, we report the complete genome sequences of the bpiv3 bn-1 strain, isolated from cattle in japan, and the bn-ce vaccine strain, derived from the bn-1 strain by passages in chicken embryo fibroblasts.201323469358
influence of antigen insertion site and vector dose on immunogenicity and protective capacity in sendai virus-based human parainfluenza virus type 3 vaccines.recombinant sendai virus (rsev) was used as a live, attenuated vaccine vector for intranasal inoculation and mucosal expression of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) surface glycoprotein of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3). two vaccine candidates rsev-hpiv3hn(p-m) and rsev-hpiv3(f-hn) were constructed in which the hpiv3 hn open reading frame and an additional gene junction was inserted in the p-m and f-hn gene junctions of rsev, respectively. the rsev-hpiv3hn(p-m) virus was attenuated ...201323514887
seasonal patterns of respiratory syncytial virus, influenza a virus, human metapneumovirus, and parainfluenza virus type 3 infections on the basis of virus isolation data between 2004 and 2011 in yamagata, japan.most acute respiratory infections (aris) are thought to be associated with respiratory viruses that cause similar symptoms. therefore, assessment of clinical and epidemiologic features of these viruses is important for diagnosing a viral infection. we collected 13,325 nasopharyngeal specimens from patients with aris and isolated the virus using a microplate method involving 7 cell lines between 2004 and 2011 in yamagata, japan. we isolated a total of 5,483 viruses. respiratory syncytial virus (r ...201323514911
[simultaneous detection of human parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, 3 by multiplex real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with lna probes].human parainfluenza virus (hpiv) types 1, 2 and 3 are major viral pathogens responsible for upper and lower respiratory tract infections. in this study, a real-time rt-pcr was developed using multiplex primers-probe (hpiv-1, 2, 3) for the simultaneous detection of both hpiv1, hpiv2 and hpiv3 genomes.201223547466
parainfluenza virus-3-induced cytopathic effects on lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in a bone marrow transplant recipient: a case report.parainfluenza virus type 3(piv-3) commonly causes respiratory tract infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (hsct) patients. the majority of piv-3 infections develop in patients who have undergone stem cell transplantation from unrelated donors. from these patients, bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid and/or lung biopsies are often collected and sent for evaluation of infectious processes. however, cytologic findings associated with a piv-3 infection in bal fluid have not been reported i ...201423554422
role of n-linked glycosylation of the human parainfluenza virus type 3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein.human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv-3) is a major respiratory tract pathogen that affects infants and young children. the hpiv-3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) protein is a multifunctional protein mediating hemadsorption (had), neuraminidase (na), and fusion promotion activities, each of which affects the ability of hn to promote viral fusion and entry. the hpiv-3 hn protein contains four potential sites (n308, n351, n485 and n523) for n-linked glycosylation. electrophoretic mobility analys ...201323562646
strategic priorities for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine development.although rsv has been a high priority for vaccine development, efforts to develop a safe and effective vaccine have yet to lead to a licensed product. clinical and epidemiologic features of rsv disease suggest there are at least 4 distinct target populations for vaccines, the rsv naïve young infant, the rsv naïve child ≥ 6 months of age, pregnant women (to provide passive protection to newborns), and the elderly. these target populations raise different safety and efficacy concerns and may requi ...201323598484
implication of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) f transgene sequence heterogeneity observed in phase 1 evaluation of medi-534, a live attenuated parainfluenza type 3 vectored rsv vaccine.medi-534 is the first live vectored rsv vaccine candidate to be evaluated in seronegative children. it consists of the bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv3) genome with substituted human piv3 f and hn glycoproteins engineered to express rsv f protein. a phase 1 study of 49 healthy rsv and piv3 seronegative children 6 to <24 months of age demonstrated an acceptable safety profile at the following doses: 10(4), 10(5) and 10(6)tcid50. after 3 doses of medi-534 at 10(6)tcid50, administered at 0, ...201323602668
genetic stability of rsv-f expression and the restricted growth phenotype of a live attenuated piv3 vectored rsv vaccine candidate (medi-534) following restrictive growth in human lung cells.medi-534 is the first live, attenuated and vectored respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine to be evaluated in seronegative children. it consists of a bovine/human parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv3) backbone with the rsv fusion glycoprotein (rsv-f) expressed from the second position. the piv3 fusion and hemaglutinin-neuraminidase proteins are human-derived. no small animal appropriately replicates the restrictive growth of bovine piv3 (bpiv3) based viruses relative to human piv3 (hpiv3) observe ...201323623857
respiratory syncytial virus: co-infection and paediatric lower respiratory tract infections.comprehensive population-based data on the role of respiratory viruses in the development of lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) remain unclear. we investigated the incidence and effect of single and multiple infections with respiratory viruses on the risk of lrtis in vietnam. population-based prospective surveillance and a case-control study of hospitalised paediatric patients with acute respiratory infection (ari) were conducted from april 2007 through to march 2010. healthy controls we ...201323645407
human parainfluenza type 3 virus impairs the efficacy of glucocorticoids to limit allergy-induced pulmonary inflammation in guinea-pigs.viral exacerbations of allergen-induced pulmonary inflammation in pre-clinical models reportedly reduce the efficacy of glucocorticoids to limit pulmonary inflammation and airways hyper-responsiveness to inhaled spasmogens. however, exacerbations of airway obstruction induced by allergen challenge have not yet been studied. hpiv-3 (human parainfluenza type 3 virus) inoculation of guinea-pigs increased inflammatory cell counts in bal (bronchoalveolar lavage) fluid and caused hyper-responsiveness ...201323678868
deletion of the d domain of the human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) pd protein results in decreased viral rna synthesis and beta interferon (ifn-β) expression.the human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) phosphoprotein (p) gene is unusual as it contains an editing site where nontemplated ribonucleotide residues can be inserted. this rna editing can lead to the expression of the viral p, pd, putative w, and theoretical v protein from a single gene. although the hpiv3 pd protein has been detected, its function and those of the w and v proteins are poorly understood. therefore, we first used reverse genetics techniques to construct and rescue a recombina ...201323686695
transcriptional adaptation of pneumococci and human pharyngeal cells in the presence of a virus infection.viral upper respiratory tract infections are associated with increased colonization by streptococcus pneumoniae but the mechanisms underlying this relationship are unclear. the objective of this study is to describe a comprehensive picture of the cellular interaction between the adhering bacteria and host cells in the presence or absence of a viral co-infection.201323742656
spectrum of respiratory viruses circulating in eastern india: prospective surveillance among patients with influenza-like illness during 2010-2011.in developing countries, viruses causing respiratory disease are a major concern of public health. during january 2010-december 2011, 2,737 patients with acute respiratory infection from the outpatient departments as well as patients admitted to hospitals were screened for different respiratory viruses. nasal and or throat swabs were collected and transported to the laboratory where initial screening of influenza a and influenza b viruses was performed. the samples were tested further for influe ...201323765782
multiplex real-time pcr for prompt diagnosis of an outbreak of human parainfluenza 3 virus in children with acute leukemia.human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv-3) causes significant morbimortality in immunocompromised patients. outbreaks of severe pneumonitis have been previously described in this setting.201323821486
evaluation of a novel immunogenic vaccine platform based on a genome replication-deficient sendai vector.we developed a novel vaccine platform based on a paramyxoviral, genome replication-deficient sendai virus vector that can express heterologous genes inserted into the genome. to validate the novel approach in vivo, we generated a combined vaccine candidate against human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv3). the present study compares two different methods of displaying heterologous antigens: (i) the rsv fusion (f) protein, encoded as a secretable version ...201323831325
oral ribavirin for treatment of respiratory syncitial virus and parainfluenza 3 virus infections post allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.the prognosis for patients with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) or parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv3) respiratory tract infection post allogeneic haematopoietic progenitor cell transplant (hpct) is historically poor. the use of oral ribavirin (rbv) has not been widely studied in this patient population. we examined the outcomes of 15 consecutive patients (rsv, n=13 and piv3, n=2) treated with oral rbv post hpct. oral rbv was commenced at a starting dose of 10 mg/kg/day, increasing to a maximum ...201323912665
viruses detected among sporadic cases of parotitis, united states, 2009-2011.sporadic cases of parotitis are generally assumed to be mumps, which often requires a resource-intensive public health response. this project surveyed the frequency of viruses detected among such cases.201323935203
synthesis and metabolic studies of host directed inhibitors for anti viral therapy.targeting host cell factors required for virus replication provides an alternative to targeting pathogen components and represents a promising approach to develop broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics. high-throughput screening (hts) identified two classes of inhibitors (2 and 3) with broad-spectrum antiviral activity against ortho- and paramyxoviruses including influenza a virus (iav), measles virus (mev), respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3). hit-to-l ...201323956816
human parainfluenza virus type 3 in wild nonhuman primates, zambia.human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) genome was detected in 4 baboons in zambia. antibody for hpiv3 was detected in 13 baboons and 6 vervet monkeys in 2 distinct areas in zambia. our findings suggest that wild nonhuman primates are susceptible to hpiv3 infection.201323968816
an amino acid of human parainfluenza virus type 3 nucleoprotein is critical for template function and cytoplasmic inclusion body formation.the nucleoprotein (n) and phosphoprotein (p) interaction of nonsegmented negative-strand rna viruses is essential for viral replication; this includes n⁰-p (n⁰, free of rna) interaction and the interaction of n-rna with p. the precise site(s) within n that mediates the n-p interaction and the detailed regulating mechanism, however, are less clear. using a human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) minigenome assay, we found that an n mutant (n(l478a) did not support reporter gene expression. using ...201324027324
phylogenetic characterization of bovine parainfluenza 3 from contaminated cell cultures and field isolates from brazil.genomic fragments of the hn and l genes from brazilian bovine parainfluenza 3 virus (bpiv-3) isolated as contaminants from cell cultures and clinical specimens were amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), sequenced using specific degenerate primers and analyzed by phylogenetic comparison with reference strains of bpi3v. the brazilian isolates revealed a high degree of genomic when compared to sf4/32 prototype strain, within the recently proposed genotype a of bpiv- ...201124031776
seasonality of viral respiratory infections in southeast of brazil: the influence of temperature and air humidity.viruses are the major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in childhood and the main viruses involved are human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv), human metapneumovirus (hmpv), influenzavirus a and b (flua and flub), human parainfluenza virus 1, 2 and 3 (hpiv1, 2 and 3) and human rhinovirus (hrv). the purposes of this study were to detect respiratory viruses in hospitalized children younger than six years and identify the influence of temperature and relative air humidity on the detected ...201224031808
inhibition of primary clinical isolates of human parainfluenza virus by das181 in cell culture and in a cotton rat model.das181 is a novel drug in development for the treatment of influenza as well as human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs). previous studies demonstrated that das181 inhibited laboratory strains of hpiv, but no tests were conducted with primary clinical isolates of hpiv. to fill this gap, we studied six primary isolates including hpiv-2 and hpiv-3. first tests showed that the amplification of all viruses in vitro was reproducibly inhibited with das181 drug concentrations ranging between 0.1 and 1nm. an ...201324076357
safety and infectivity of two doses of live-attenuated recombinant cold-passaged human parainfluenza type 3 virus vaccine rhpiv3cp45 in hpiv3-seronegative young children.human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) is a common cause of upper and lower respiratory tract illness in infants and young children. live-attenuated cold-adapted hpiv3 vaccines have been evaluated in infants but a suitable interval for administration of a second dose of vaccine has not been defined.201324103895
[monitoring of viral pathogens in pediatric intensive care unit and analysis of clinical significance].to study the characteristics of viral spectrum and clinical features of children in pediatric intensive care unit (picu).201324131585
epidemiology and clinical presentation of parainfluenza type 4 in children: a 3-year comparative study to parainfluenza types 1-3.human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) are among the most common causes of respiratory tract infections in children. little is known about the epidemiology and clinical presentation of hpiv type 4.201424133181
a replication-incompetent influenza virus bearing the hn glycoprotein of human parainfluenza virus as a bivalent vaccine.influenza virus and human parainfluenza virus (hpiv) are major etiologic agents of acute respiratory illness in young children. inactivated and live attenuated influenza vaccines are approved in several countries, yet no vaccine is licensed for hpiv. we previously showed that a replication-incompetent pb2-knockout (pb2-ko) virus that possesses a reporter gene in the coding region of the pb2 segment can serve as a platform for a bivalent vaccine. to develop a bivalent vaccine against influenza an ...201324144478
interaction between the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and fusion glycoproteins of human parainfluenza virus type iii regulates viral growth in vivo.paramyxoviruses, enveloped rna viruses that include human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3), cause the majority of childhood viral pneumonia. hpiv3 infection starts when the viral receptor-binding protein engages sialic acid receptors in the lung and the viral envelope fuses with the target cell membrane. fusion/entry requires interaction between two viral surface glycoproteins: tetrameric hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) and fusion protein (f). in this report, we define structural correlates o ...201324149514
prevalence of antibodies against parainfluenza virus type 3, respiratory syncitial virus and bovine herpesvirus type 1 in sheep from northern prefectures of japan.ovine sera collected in the prefectures of hokkaido, aomori and iwate in the northern japan were examined for the presence of antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis: ibr) and parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv3) using serum neutralisation (sn) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) tests. twenty-three animals (11.73%) out of the 196 tested were sero-positive to piv3. sixteen animals (8.69%) out of the 184 tested reac ...201324166480
antiviral activity of mycosynthesized silver nanoparticles against herpes simplex virus and human parainfluenza virus type 3.the interaction between silver nanoparticles and viruses is attracting great interest due to the potential antiviral activity of these particles, and is the subject of much research effort in the treatment of infectious diseases. in this work, we demonstrate that silver nanoparticles undergo a size-dependent interaction with herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 and with human parainfluenza virus type 3. we show that production of silver nanoparticles from different fungi is feasible, and their ant ...201324235828
human parainfluenza virus in patients with influenza-like illness from central and south america during 2006-2010.human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) are common viral causes of community-acquired pneumonia, particularly in children. the four types of hpiv have world-wide distribution; however, limited information exists about the epidemiological profile of hpiv in latin-america.201424286248
development of oligomannose-coated liposome-based nasal vaccine against human parainfluenza virus type 3.human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) are the etiologic agents of lower respiratory infections and pneumonia in infants, young children and immunocompromised hosts. the overarching goal for the prevention of hpiv infection is the development of an effective vaccine against hpivs. in the present study, we investigated the effectiveness of oligomannose-coated liposomes (omls) as an antigen-delivery system in combination with a synthetic double-stranded rna analog for the induction of mucosal and sys ...201324324462
[etiological structure of acute respiratory viral infections morbidity in novosibirsk and novosibirsk region in epidemic season 2011-2012].ari occupying the first place in the structure of total human morbidity. the aim of the study was to investigate the species diversity of the viruses causing ar among residents of the novosibirsk region during epidemic season (october to april).201324340631
[study on functions of n-carbohydrate chains in human parainfluenza virus type 3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein].to determine the functions of n-carbohydrate chains in human parainfluenza virus type 3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase(hn) protein, a pcr-based site-directed mutagenesis method was used to obtain n-glycan mutants. protein electrophoresis rate, cell surface expression,receptor binding activity, neuraminidase activity and cell fusion promotion activity were determined. the hn proteins of single mutants (g1, g2, and g4) and multiple mutants (g12, g14, g24 and g124) migrated faster than the wild-type ( ...201324386838
[genetic characterization of human parainfluenza virus 3 circulating in gansu and shaanxi provinces from 2009 to 2011].to investigate the genetic characterization of human parainfluenza virus-3 (hpiv-3) circulating in gansu and shaanxi provinces of china, 719 throat swabs were collected from pediatric patients with acute respiratory infections from 2009-2011. multiplex rt-pcr was used to screen common respiratory viral pathogens. for hpiv-3-positive specimens, nested rt-pcr was used to amplify the hn gene of hpiv-3. the nucleotides of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase(hn)gene of 13 hpiv-3 positive strains identified i ...201324386839
occurrence and phylogenetic analysis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in outbreaks of respiratory disease in norway.bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) is one of the major pathogens involved in the bovine respiratory disease (brd) complex. the seroprevalence to brsv in norwegian cattle herds is high, but its role in epidemics of respiratory disease is unclear. the aims of the study were to investigate the etiological role of brsv and other respiratory viruses in epidemics of brd and to perform phylogenetic analysis of norwegian brsv strains.201424423030
genetic analysis of human parainfluenza viruses circulating in korea, 2006.human parainfluenza viruses (hpiv) are important causes of respiratory tract infections in young children. to characterize the molecular epidemiology of an hpiv outbreak occurring in korea during 2006, genetic analysis of 269 cell culture isolates from hpiv-infected children, was conducted using nested reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr). hpiv-1 was detected in 70.3% of tested samples (189/269). the detection rate of hpiv-2 and hpiv-3 was 1.5% (4/269) and 9.3% (25/269), respectively. mixed hpiv-1 ...201424464425
molecular evolution of the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene in human parainfluenza virus type 3 isolates from children with acute respiratory illness in yamagata prefecture, japan.we conducted detailed genetic analyses of the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) gene in 272 human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) isolates from children with acute respiratory illness during the period 2002-2009 in yamagata prefecture, japan. a phylogenetic tree reconstructed by the bayesian markov chain monte carlo method showed that the strains diversified at around 1946 and that the rate of molecular evolution was 1.10×10(-3) substitutions per site per year. identity was high among the pre ...201424464692
chimeric bovine/human parainfluenza virus type 3 expressing respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) f glycoprotein: effect of insert position on expression, replication, immunogenicity, stability, and protection against rsv infection.a recombinant chimeric bovine/human parainfluenza type 3 virus (rb/hpiv3) vector expressing the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion f glycoprotein previously exhibited disappointing levels of rsv f immunogenicity and genetic stability in children (d. bernstein et al., pediatr. infect. dis. j. 31:109-114, 2012; c.-f. yang et al., vaccine 31:2822-2827, 2013). to investigate parameters that might affect vaccine performance and stability, we constructed and characterized rb/hpiv3 viruses expres ...201424478424
blood collected on filter paper for wildlife serology: detecting antibodies to neospora caninum, west nile virus, and five bovine viruses in reindeer.we compared nobuto filter paper (fp) whole-blood samples to serum for detecting antibodies to seven pathogens in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). serum and fp samples were collected from captive reindeer in 2008-2009. sample pairs (serum and fp eluates) were assayed in duplicate at diagnostic laboratories with the use of competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (celisas) for neospora caninum and west nile virus (wnv); indirect elisa (ielisas) for bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1), pa ...201424484497
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