| antigenic relationship of the feline infections peritonitis virus to coronaviruses of other species. | utilizing the direct and indirect fluorescent antibody procedure, the antigenic relationship of the feline infectious peritonitis virus (fipv) to 7 other human and animal coronaviruses was studied. fipv was found to be closely related to transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) of swine. transmissible gastroenteritis virus and fipv were in turn antigenically related to human coronavirus 229e (hcv-229e) and canine coronavirus (ccv). an interesting finding in the study was that the 8 coronavirus ... | 1978 | 81044 |
| comparison of the morphology of three coronaviruses. | the morphology of three coronaviruses, avian infectious bronchitis virus strain connecticut (ibv conn), human coronavirus strain 229e (hcv 229e) and mouse hepatitis virus strain 3 (mhv3), were examined by negative staining. significant differences were found in the sizes of the three coronaviruses. furthermore, three types of surface projection of the same lengths, but varying widths and morphology, were observed. both ibv conn and hcv 229e had bulbous projections characteristic of coronaviruses ... | 1979 | 218534 |
| clones of cells from a human embryo lung: their growth and susceptibility to respiratory viruses. | colonies of cells were obtained from human fetal lung tissue and exposed to recently isolated respiratory viruses. there was a considerable variation in the number of rounded cells found in different colonies exposed to rhinovirus types 2 and 9 (rv2 and 9), human coronavirus 229e (hcv), adenovirus type 3 (ad3) and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). smaller colonies had more rounded cells than larger colonies. clones were established from 9 out of 11 colonies. they varied in their rate of growth ... | 1979 | 229795 |
| infection of cultured human type ii pneumonocytes with certain respiratory viruses. | human type ii alveolar pneumonocytes were grown either as monolayers derived from a clone or as organotypic cultures of fetal lung. the type ii cells in these cultures retained in their cytoplasm multilamellar bodies which were morphologically identical to similar organelles present in type ii cells of intact human fetal and adult lung. a number of respiratory viruses infected the cells and produced a cytopathic effect in the cultures. viral components were also detected in some of the infected ... | 1979 | 232693 |
| inhibition of coronavirus 229e replication by actinomycin d. | the yields of human coronavirus 229e grown in l132 cells were markedly inhibited by actinomycin d, the 50% inhibitory dose being 0.1 micron/ml. inhibition was maximal during the early phase of virus replication, did not appear to involve viral rna synthesis per se, and was shown to be dependent on the input multiplicity of infection. | 1979 | 430598 |
| purification and biophysical properties of human coronavirus 229e. | | 1976 | 824815 |
| isolation and morphology of the internal component of human coronavirus, strain 229e. | biochemical studies on human coronavirus, strain 229e, indicate that the rna is present in the virion in association with protein as a ribonucleoprotein (rnp) complex. morphological studies have revealed that this nucleocapsid is probably a continuous helical rnp. | 1975 | 1235860 |
| human aminopeptidase n is a receptor for human coronavirus 229e. | human coronaviruses (hcv) in two serogroups represented by hcv-229e and hcv-oc43 are an important cause of upper respiratory tract infections. here we report that human aminopeptidase n, a cell-surface metalloprotease on intestinal, lung and kidney epithelial cells, is a receptor for human coronavirus strain hcv-229e, but not for hcv-oc43. a monoclonal antibody, rbs, blocked hcv-229e virus infection of human lung fibroblasts, immunoprecipitated aminopeptidase n and inhibited its enzymatic activi ... | 1992 | 1350662 |
| sequence analysis of the membrane protein gene of human coronavirus 229e. | human coronaviruses (hcv) are ubiquitous pathogens which cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and possibly neurological disorders. to better understand the molecular biology of the prototype hcv-229e strain, the complete nucleotide sequence of the membrane protein (m) gene was determined from cloned cdna. the open reading frame is preceded by a consensus transcriptional initiation sequence ucuaaacu, identical to the one found upstream of the n gene. the m gene encodes a 225-amino acid polypeptid ... | 1990 | 2305554 |
| comparative susceptibility of respiratory viruses to recombinant interferons-alpha 2b and -beta. | intranasal recombinant interferon-alpha 2b (rifn-alpha 2b) protects against natural colds due to rhinoviruses, but apparently not against those caused by viruses. because rifn-beta serine17 (rifn-beta ser) appears less active than rifn-alpha 2b in preventing natural rhinovirus colds, we compared the two ifns in two in vitro assays against selected respiratory viruses. in a yield reduction assay, both ifns had comparable activity against rhinovirus types 39 and 1a and coronavirus 229e, which were ... | 1989 | 2545792 |
| chemical disinfection of non-porous inanimate surfaces experimentally contaminated with four human pathogenic viruses. | the chemical disinfection of virus-contaminated non-porous inanimate surfaces was investigated using coxsackievirus b3, adenovirus type 5, parainfluenza virus type 3 and coronavirus 229e as representatives of important nosocomial viral pathogens. a 10 microliter amount of the test virus, suspended in either faeces or mucin, was placed onto each stainless steel disk (about 1 cm in diameter) and the inoculum allowed to dry for 1 h under ambient conditions. sixteen disinfectant formulations were se ... | 1989 | 2737256 |
| effect of ph and temperature on the infectivity of human coronavirus 229e. | the stability of human coronavirus 229e infectivity was maximum at ph 6.0 when incubated at either 4 or 33 degrees c. however, the influence of ph was more pronounced at 33 degrees c. viral infectivity was completely lost after a 14-day incubation period at 22, 33, or 37 degrees c but remained relatively constant at 4 degrees c for the same length of time. finally, the infectious titer did not show any significant reduction when subjected to 25 cycles of thawing and freezing. these studies will ... | 1989 | 2819602 |
| sequence analysis of the nucleocapsid protein gene of human coronavirus 229e. | human coronaviruses are important human pathogens and have also been implicated in multiple sclerosis. to further understand the molecular biology of human coronavirus 229e (hcv-229e), molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the viral rna have been initiated. following established protocols, the 3'-terminal 1732 nucleotides of the genome were sequenced. a large open reading frame encodes a 389 amino acid protein of 43,366 da, which is presumably the nucleocapsid protein. the predicted protein ... | 1989 | 2922924 |
| survival characteristics of airborne human coronavirus 229e. | the survival of airborne human coronavirus 229e (hcv/229e) was studied under different conditions of temperature (20 +/- 1 degree c and 6 +/- 1 degree c) and low (30 +/- 5%), medium (50 +/- 5%) or high (80 +/- 5%) relative humidities (rh). at 20 +/- 1 degree c, aerosolized hcv/229e was found to survive best at 50% rh with a half-life of 67.33 +/- 8.24 h while at 30% rh the virus half-life was 26.76 +/- 6.21 h. at 50% rh nearly 20% infectious virus was still detectable at 6 days. high rh at 20 +/ ... | 1985 | 2999318 |
| prevalence of antibody to human coronaviruses 229e, oc43 and neonatal calf diarrhea coronavirus (ncdcv) in patients of northern italy. | a seroepidemiological study for detection of antibody to human coronaviruses oc43, 229e, and neonatal calf diarrhea coronavirus (ncdcv), has been carried out using sera collected from hospitalized patients or healthy persons through routine laboratory tests in northern italy. patients tested were children and adults with different pathological diseases. antibody detection was performed by using an indirect immunoperoxidase staining technique (for all viruses) and, in the case of oc43 and ncdcv, ... | 1986 | 3021524 |
| in vitro antiviral activity and preliminary clinical trials of a new adamantane compound. | a compound, 1'-methyl spiro (adamantane-2,3'-pyrrolidine) maleate, chemically related to the antiviral drug amantadine, was tested for activity in vitro against a number of human respiratory viruses. by a variety of techniques, it was shown to be active against a wide range of human and animal influenza a viruses. the effect was, however, variable and ranged from high activity against two 1957 asian strains to no observable activity against a 1971 strain. like amantadine, the drug did not inhibi ... | 1973 | 4364762 |
| virologic studies of acute respiratory disease in young adults. v. coronavirus 229e infections during six years of surveillance. | | 1972 | 4626012 |
| antigenic studies on coronavirus. i. identification of the structural antigens of human coronavirus, strain 229e. | antigenic analysis of human coronavirus, strain 229e (hcv/229e), using a microimmunodiffusion technique, has resulted in the detection of six virion antigens. comparison of the effect of several different virus-disrupting agents has shown that sodium deoxycholate or triton x-100 were the best for hcv/229e disruption. of the six coronavirion antigens, three were identified as virus specific and the remainder as host antigens, which were present as either integrated or nonspecifically adsorbed hos ... | 1981 | 6165449 |
| establishment and maintenance of a persistent infection of l132 cells by human coronavirus strain 229e. | a persistent infection by human coronavirus 229e (hcv/229e) was established in a human continuous cell line (l132). following the initial infection with stock hcv/229e, several cultures were established of which two (hv1 and hv4) have been maintained by continuous passage for two years. these cultures have shed high titres of infectious virus continuously into the supernatant fluid since their initiation. the persistently infected cells were resistant to homologous super-infection but supported ... | 1981 | 6171237 |
| the polypeptides of human and mouse coronaviruses. brief report. | the polypeptide compositions of two coronaviruses, human coronavirus strain 229e (hcv229e) and mouse hepatitis virus strain 3 (mhv3), were characterised on polyacrylamide gels. similar polypeptide patterns were observed for both viruses consisting of large surface projection glycopolypeptides of mol. wt. 160,000 and 105,000 for hcv229e, and 170,000 and 90,000 for mhv3, two small polypeptides of mol. wt. varying from 24,000 to 20,000, and a polypeptide of mol. wt. 50,000. the results are discuss ... | 1980 | 6245634 |
| antibody to virus components in volunteers experimentally infected with human coronavirus 229e group viruses. | antibody rises to various virus subcomponents were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the paired sera of volunteers experimentally infected with human coronavirus 229e group viruses. most of the antibody made during infection was directed against the virus surface projections, with only small amounts of antibody made against membrane or ribonucleoprotein components. | 1981 | 6262250 |
| serological relationships of the subcomponents of human coronavirus strain 229e and mouse hepatitis virus strain 3. | antibodies were raised in rabbits against the structural components of human coronavirus strain 229e and mouse hepatitis virus strain 3, prepared from disrupted virus particles. hyperimmune sera to the subcomponents showed cross-reactions by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay between ribonucleoprotein antigens of these viruses, indicating the presence of a common antigen(s). none of the other virus structural components showed any cross-reactivity. | 1982 | 6174684 |
| detection of coronavirus 229e antibody by indirect hemagglutination. | tannic-acid treated sheep erythrocytes (fresh or glutaraldehyde preserved) were sensitized with 229e antigens from human embryonic lung (ru-1) cell cultures. indirect hemagglutination (iha) antigen titers in 229e-infected cell cultures paralleled virus infectivity and complement fixation (cf) antigen titers. the identity of the iha antigen was confirmed by testing extracts from inoculated and control cell cultures for ability to inhibit iha. also, significant increases in iha antibody were demon ... | 1972 | 4674373 |
| inhibition of the growth of human coronavirus 229e by leupeptin. | the protease inhibitor leupeptin prevented multiplication of the human coronavirus strain 229e in cultures of mrc-c cells. the ic50 of leupeptin in plaque reduction tests was 0.4 micrograms/ml, whereas growth of host cells was unaffected by leupeptin at 50 micrograms/ml. inhibition of plaque formation could be prevented by the addition of proteases to the overlay medium. in single-cycle growth experiments, leupeptin reduced virus yield only if added within 2 h of infection, indicating its action ... | 1985 | 3968542 |
| replication of human respiratory coronavirus strain 229e in human macrophages. | evidence for the replication of human coronavirus strain 229e (hcv 229e) in macrophages is presented. virus antigen was detected in macrophages by an immunofluorescent technique 24 h after infection and virus particles were observed in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum by electron microscopy. giant cells were observed by light and scanning electron microscopy, and large multinucleate cells were seen by thin-section electron microscopy, suggesting that hcv 229e can induce syncytial forma ... | 1982 | 7108490 |
| coronavirus isolates sk and sd from multiple sclerosis patients are serologically related to murine coronaviruses a59 and jhm and human coronavirus oc43, but not to human coronavirus 229e. | two coronaviruses (sk and sd), isolated from fresh autopsy brain tissue from two multiple sclerosis patients, were compared with known human and murine coronaviruses. in plaque neutralization assays, antisera prepared against multiple sclerosis isolates sk and sd demonstrated significant cross-reactivity to each other and to murine coronavirus a59, weak cross-reactivity to murine coronavirus jhm, but no cross-reactivity to the human coronavirus 229e. antiserum to sk or sd failed to inhibit hemag ... | 1981 | 7241654 |
| the distribution of human coronavirus strain 229e on the surface of human diploid cells. | the distribution of human coronavirus strain 229e (hcv 229e) particles on the surface of human diploid (mrcc) cells was examined. virus particles showed a totally random distribution on fixed cells and on cells to which virus had been adsorbed in the cold. a marked redistribution of virus particles was observed on warming virus-cell preparations to 33 degrees c for 20 min, the peripheral areas of the cell becoming relatively devoid of virus particles while the majority of particles were now loca ... | 1981 | 7264610 |
| characteristics of australian human enteric coronavirus-like particles: comparison with human respiratory coronavirus 229e and duodenal brush border vesicles. | the polypeptide profiles of highly purified coronavirus-like particles (cvlps) proved to be very different from that of human respiratory coronavirus 229e and showed the particles not to be coronaviruses. differences in polypeptide profiles and morphology between the cvlps and duodenal brush border vesicles suggested that the cvlps were also not such vesicles. although they shared some basic overall similarity, the polypeptide profiles of three different but possibly antigenically identical cvlp ... | 1987 | 3426398 |
| antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity against coronavirus 229e-infected cells. | an antibody dependent cellular cytotoxic (adcc) reaction was elicited using human mixed lymphocyte cultures against coronavirus 229e-infected c-16 cells. the response was assayed in microtitre plates by radioactive chromium release. optimal killing of target cells was achieved using cells labelled 22 h after infection. a prozone was present and the optimal dilution of sera was invariably 1:200. the majority (70%) of sera tested gave a positive adcc response. these included all sera judged positi ... | 1986 | 3017399 |
| olfactory threshold and nasal mucosal changes in experimentally induced common cold. | common cold is a most common disease in man accompanied by an experience of a diminished sense of smell. controlled studies of the sense of smell are lacking and the cause as well as degree of impairment of smell in common cold has not been satisfactorily evaluated. we have investigated whether impaired olfactory ability accompanies common cold and if the loss is related to nasal blockage and to the amount of nasal discharge. for this purpose we measured the threshold of olfaction in volunteers ... | 1995 | 7762392 |
| prophylactic efficacy of intranasal alpha 2-interferon against rhinovirus infections in the family setting. | in a double-blind evaluation of alpha 2-interferon as prophylaxis against naturally acquired respiratory infections, 120 adult members of 46 australian families used 325 courses of intranasal spray during a six-month period, applying 5 million iu to the anterior nasal mucosa daily for seven days when respiratory symptoms developed in another member of the family. used in this way, the alpha 2-interferon was well tolerated, and the rate of minor nasal bleeding (12 percent) did not increase with r ... | 1986 | 3001518 |
| experimental inoculation of cats with human coronavirus 229e and subsequent challenge with feline infectious peritonitis virus. | minimal-disease cats exposed to live human coronavirus 229e developed homologous antibody responses that suggested little or no replication of the virus in inoculated animals. oronasal and subcutaneous inoculation of coronavirus 229e did not elicit an antibody response by heterologous (transmissible gastroenteritis virus, canine coronavirus) neutralization or by heterologous (transmissible gastroenteritis virus) kinetics-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. no clinical signs attributable to ... | 1985 | 2994865 |
| complete sequence (20 kilobases) of the polyprotein-encoding gene 1 of transmissible gastroenteritis virus. | the entire nucleotide sequence of cloned cdnas containing the 5'-untranslated region and gene 1 of purdue-115 strain of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) was determined. this completes the sequence of the tgev genome, which is 28,579 nucleotides long. the gene 1 is composed of two large open reading frames, orf1a and orf1b, which contain 4017 and 2698 codons, respectively (stop excluded). a brief, three-codon-long orf is present upstream of orf1a. orf1b overlaps orf1a by 43 bases in the ... | 1995 | 7856095 |
| influence of atopy on the clinical manifestations of coronavirus infection in adult volunteers. | in an attempt to understand the relationship between viral upper respiratory tract infection and the underlying virological and immunological mechanisms, thirty-four volunteers were inoculated intranasally with coronavirus 229e; subsequent virus shedding and/or antibody rises, indicating active infection, were observed in twenty-nine. there was a greater increase in independently measured scores of clinical severity, e.g. cold symptoms, in those with detectable ige in nasal secretions (p less th ... | 1988 | 2835193 |
| nucleotide sequence and expression of the spike (s) gene of canine coronavirus and comparison with the s proteins of feline and porcine coronaviruses. | we have cloned, sequenced and expressed the spike (s) gene of canine coronavirus (ccv; strain k378). its deduced amino acid sequence has revealed features in common with other coronavirus s proteins: a stretch of hydrophobic amino acids at the amino terminus (the putative signal sequence), another hydrophobic region at the carboxy terminus (the membrane anchor), heptad repeats preceding the anchor, and a cysteine-rich region located just downstream from it. like other representatives of the same ... | 1994 | 8021609 |
| induction of interferon in human leukocyte cultures by natural pathogenic respiratory viruses. | some common viruses responsible for respiratory disease have been reported to be poor inducers of interferon (ifn). therefore, we have studied the induction of ifn in cultures of human leukocytes exposed under standardized conditions to various concentrations of adenovirus type 7a, coronavirus 229e, an influenza type a virus (h3n2), a rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). all five viruses induced substantial amounts of ifn at a multiplicity of infection of one infectious unit per ce ... | 1993 | 8151137 |
| neurotropism of human coronavirus 229e. | the 299e prototype strain of human coronavirus (hcv-229e) has so far been mainly associated with infections of the respiratory tract. in the present study, we show evidence for infection of the central nervous system (cns) by hcv-229e, both in vitro and in vivo. various human cell lines of cns origin were tested for their susceptibility to infection by hcv-229e. production of viral antigens was monitored by indirect immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies and infectious progeny virions by ... | 1993 | 8209751 |
| sequence analysis of the nucleocapsid protein gene of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus. | the nucleotide (nt) sequence of 1.7 kbp cdna representing the 3' end of the pedv genome has been determined. viral rna was reverse transcribed and the cdna was amplified by polymerase chain reaction using degenerate primers. the sequences of the primers were based on conserved regions of coronaviral genomes. a 1323 nt open reading frame (orf) showed good homology to the nucleocapsid (n) gene of other coronaviruses. the greatest homologies at the amino acid and the nt levels were observed with hu ... | 1993 | 8209770 |
| genome organization of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus. | in order to study the organization of the genome of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (pedv), we constructed a cdna library in a phage expression vector by using poly(a) rna from pedv-infected vero cells. an anti-pedv hyperimmune serum was used to probe the library. the first isolated clone mapped within the n gene and was subsequently used for rescreening the library. the selected clones allowed us to establish the sequence of the 3'-most 7.4 kb of the pedv genome. analysis of the cdna sequences ... | 1993 | 8209771 |
| characterization of the human coronavirus 229e (hcv 229e) gene 1. | the sequence of the hcv 229e gene 1 has been determined and compared with the homologous sequences of the murine hepatitis virus and the avian infectious bronchitis virus. the coding sequence of gene 1 is 20,273 nucleotides in length. within this coding region are two large open reading frames, orf 1a (4,086 codons) and orf 1b (2,687 codons) which overlap by 40 nucleotides. in the overlapping region, the genomic rna can be folded into a pseudoknot structure, an element which is known to mediate ... | 1993 | 8209774 |
| molecular analysis of the human coronavirus (strain 229e) genome. | the nucleotide sequence of the human coronavirus strain 229e (hcv 229e) has been determined. this article describes the organization of the virus genome, the predicted viral gene products and the mechanisms which regulate viral gene expression. this information provides a basis to investigate the biology and pathogenesis of hcv. | 1993 | 8219814 |
| immunization against feline coronaviruses. | feline infectious peritonitis (fip) is caused by one of several strains of feline coronaviruses which are grouped into 2 general types of viruses. infection of cats with fip virus results in production of serum antibodies which may be protective in conjunction with cell mediated immunity, may provided no protection at all, or may produce an immune enhancement to subsequent exposure to another fip virus or a recrudescence of the original infecting virus. attempts at immunization of cats against f ... | 1987 | 2829570 |
| the use of nucleic acid hybridization to detect human coronaviruses. | we have applied an rna:rna hybridization test for the detection of human coronavirus 229e. this test is undergoing further development but already allows a diagnosis of hcv 229e infection within 48 hours. | 1989 | 2705880 |
| nucleotide sequence of the human coronavirus 229e rna polymerase locus. | the nucleotide sequence of the human coronavirus 229e (hcv 229e) rna polymerase gene and the 5' region of the genome has been determined. the polymerase gene is comprised of two large open reading frames, orf1a and orf1b, that contain 4086 and 2687 codons, respectively. orf1b overlaps orf1a by 43 bases in the (-1) reading frame. the in vitro translation of sp6 transcripts which include hcv 229e sequences encompassing the orf1a/orf1b junction show that expression of orf1b can be mediated by ribos ... | 1993 | 8337838 |
| sequence determination of the nucleocapsid protein gene of the porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus confirms that this virus is a coronavirus related to human coronavirus 229e and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus. | the nucleotide sequence of 1.7 kbp cdna, comprising the region nearest the 3' end of the genome of the porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (pedv), has been independently determined for two european isolates of pedv. almost identical results were obtained for the two isolates, which were derived from cases of pedv infection in belgium and britain in 1977 and 1987, respectively. the sequences contained a 1323 nucleotide (nt) open reading frame (orf), which showed moderate identity to the nucleocapsid ... | 1993 | 8397280 |
| detection of human coronavirus 229e-specific antibodies using recombinant fusion proteins. | human coronaviruses are known to be a common cause of respiratory infections in man. however, the diagnosis of human coronavirus infections is not carried out routinely, primarily because the isolation and propagation of these viruses in tissue culture is difficult and time consuming. the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of recombinant, bacterial expressed proteins in the serodiagnosis of coronavirus infections. two proteins were examined: the human coronavirus 229e nucleocapsid protein ... | 1995 | 8537456 |
| detection of human coronavirus 229e in nasal washings using rna:rna hybridisation. | a method is described for the detection of human coronavirus 229e (hcv 229e) in nasal washings using rna:rna filter hybridisation. volunteers were inoculated with hcv 229e, and daily nasal washings were collected. these washings were then examined for the presence of viral rna using a single-stranded rna probe. nucleic acid hybridisation is shown to be a sensitive technique for the diagnosis of hcv 229e infections. | 1989 | 2584959 |
| [acute respiratory disease caused by coronaviruses]. | serological evidence of coronavirus aetiology was found in 11 patients out of 218 persons examined (5%) in the period of 1986-1987, and in 23 cases out of 311 patients (7.4%) in the period of 1987-1988. antibody titres with a minimum of four-time elevated values in paired sera using the elisa method were considered conclusive. coronaviruses 229e and oc43 were employed. during the first period, more persons were infected by coronavirus 229e, while in the second period, by coronavirus oc43. the di ... | 1989 | 2551501 |
| characterization of a 105-kda polypeptide encoded in gene 1 of the human coronavirus hcv 229e. | gene 1 of the human coronavirus hcv 229e encompasses approximately 20.7 kb and contains two overlapping open reading frames, orf 1a and orf 1b. the downstream orf 1b is expressed by a mechanism involving (-1) ribosomal frameshifting. translation of mrna 1, which is thought to be equivalent to the viral genomic rna, results in the synthesis of two large polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab. these polyproteins contain motifs characteristic of papain-like and 3c-like proteinases, rna-dependent rna polymera ... | 1996 | 8806502 |
| characterization of human t cell clones specific for coronavirus 229e. | coronaviruses (cv) are pleomorphic enveloped rna viruses that are ubiquitous in nature, causing a variety of diseases in both man and domestic animals. in man, cv are generally associated with upper respiratory tract infections. the two prototype strains that are the best studied human cv isolates and which are thought to be responsible for most of the respiratory infections caused by cv are called 229e and oc43. humoral responses consisting of neutralizing antibodies to cv are present in most i ... | 1995 | 8830466 |
| multiple receptor-dependent steps determine the species specificity of hcv-229e infection. | human coronavirus (hcv)-229e causes disease only in humans and grows in human cells and in cells of other species that express recombinant human aminopeptidase n (hapn), the receptor for hcv-229e. we compared the species specificity of hcv-229e infection with the species specificity of virus binding using immunofluorescence, assay of virus yields, fluorescence activated cell sorting and a monoclonal antibody directed against hapn that blocks infection. we found that hcv-229e binds to intestinal ... | 1995 | 8830504 |
| the time course of the immune response to experimental coronavirus infection of man. | after preliminary trials, the detailed changes in the concentration of specific circulating and local antibodies were followed in 15 volunteers inoculated with coronavirus 229e. ten of them, who had significantly lower concentrations of pre-existing antibody than the rest, became infected and eight of these developed colds. a limited investigation of circulating lymphocyte populations showed some lymphocytopenia in infected volunteers. in this group, antibody concentrations started to increase 1 ... | 1990 | 2170159 |
| dna probe for the human coronavirus oc43 also detects neonatal calf diarrhea coronavirus (ncdcv). | human coronaviruses (hcv) oc43 and 229e are the second most frequently isolated agents of common colds, and have also been associated with severe upper respiratory infections in children and with gastroenteritis of unknown etiology, such as infantile necrotizing enterocolitis. while hcv-oc43 and neonatal calf diarrhea coronavirus ncdcv cannot be held responsible for enteric infection in man, serological data suggest the possible existence of a human coronavirus, antigenically related to hcv-oc43 ... | 1996 | 8841041 |
| characterization of functional domains in the human coronavirus hcv 229e receptor. | human aminopeptidase n (hapn or cd13) and porcine aminopeptidase n (papn) are functional receptors for human coronavirus (hcv) 229e and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), respectively. however, hapn cannot function as a receptor for tgev and papn cannot function as a receptor for hcv 229e. in this study, we constructed a series of chimeric hapn/papn genes and expressed the corresponding proteins in transfected cells. subsequently, we identified the chimeric proteins that can fun ... | 1996 | 8887485 |
| characterization of a nucleic acid probe for the diagnosis of human coronavirus 229e infections. | a cdna copy of the hcv229e nucleocapsid protein gene was isolated and characterized. sequence analysis predicts a nucleocapsid polypeptide of 389 amino acids with a molecular weight (mol. wt.) of 43,450. single strand rna probes derived from the cdna copy hybridize specifically to hcv229e rna and approximately 50 pg of intracellular viral rna can be readily detected. the application of nucleic acid hybridization as a routine procedure for the diagnosis of hcv229e infection is discussed. | 1990 | 2167350 |
| feline aminopeptidase n serves as a receptor for feline, canine, porcine, and human coronaviruses in serogroup i. | two members of coronavirus serogroup i, human respiratory coronavirus hcv-229e and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), use aminopeptidase n (apn) as their cellular receptors. these viruses show marked species specificity in receptor utilization, as hcv-229e can utilize human but not porcine apn, while tgev can utilize porcine but not human apn. to determine whether feline apn could serve as a receptor for two feline coronaviruses in serogroup i, feline infectious peritonitis viru ... | 1996 | 8970993 |
| infection of primary cultures of human neural cells by human coronaviruses 229e and oc43. | we evaluated the ability of human coronaviruses to infect primary cultures of human neural cells. double immunofluorescence with antibodies to virus and cell markers showed infection of fetal astrocytes and of adult microglia and astrocytes by strain oc43. rna amplification revealed infection of fetal astrocytes, adult microglia, and a mixed culture of adult oligodendrocytes and astrocytes by strain 229e. infectious virus was released only from fetal astrocytes, with higher titers for oc43. huma ... | 1997 | 8985420 |
| biosynthesis, purification, and characterization of the human coronavirus 229e 3c-like proteinase. | coronavirus gene expression involves proteolytic processing of the gene 1-encoded polyprotein(s), and a key enzyme in this process is the viral 3c-like proteinase. in this report, we describe the biosynthesis of the human coronavirus 229e 3c-like proteinase in escherichia coli and the enzymatic properties, inhibitor profile, and substrate specificity of the purified protein. furthermore, we have introduced single amino acid substitutions and carboxyl-terminal deletions into the recombinant prote ... | 1997 | 9094676 |
| respiratory virus infection of monolayer cultures of human nasal epithelial cells. | the effect on nasal epithelial cells in monolayer cultures of infection with rhinovirus, coronavirus 229e, influenza type a, and adenovirus was studied. fragments (1 x 2 mm) of epithelium with adherent submucosa from nasal polyps, adenoids, or nasal turbinates were cultured in plastic dishes with media containing a serum supplement. within a week a monolayer of epithelial cells with interspersed ciliated cells surrounded each fragment. epithelial monolayers were exposed to 10(3) to 10(4) tcid50/ ... | 1990 | 2158258 |
| identification of an atpase activity associated with a 71-kilodalton polypeptide encoded in gene 1 of the human coronavirus 229e. | human coronavirus 229e gene expression involves proteolytic processing of the gene 1-encoded polyproteins pp1a and pp1ab. in this study, we have detected a 71-kda polypeptide in virus-infected cells that is released from pp1ab by the virus-encoded 3c-like proteinase and that has been predicted to contain both metal-binding and helicase domains. the polypeptide encompasses amino acids ala-4996 to gln-5592 of pp1ab and exhibits nucleic acid-stimulated atpase activity when expressed as a fusion pro ... | 1997 | 9188639 |
| antigenic homology among coronaviruses related to transmissible gastroenteritis virus. | the antigenic homology of 26 coronavirus isolates, of which 22 were antigenically related to transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), was determined with 42 monoclonal antibodies. type, group, and interspecies specific epitopes were defined. two group specific mabs distinguished the enteric tgev isolates from the respiratory variants. an antigenic subsite involved in neutralization was conserved in porcine, feline, and canine coronavirus. the classification of the human coronavirus 229e in a ... | 1990 | 1689525 |
| sequence analysis of human coronavirus 229e mrnas 4 and 5: evidence for polymorphism and homology with myelin basic protein. | human coronaviruses (hcv) are important pathogens responsible for respiratory, gastrointestinal and possibly neurological disorders. to better understand the molecular biology of the prototype hcv-229e strain, the nucleotide sequence of the 5'-unique regions of mrnas 4 and 5 were determined from cloned cdnas. sequence analysis of the cdnas synthesized from mrna 4 revealed a major difference with previously published results. however, polymerase chain reaction amplification of this region showed ... | 1992 | 1373555 |
| identification and subcellular localization of a 41 kda, polyprotein 1ab processing product in human coronavirus 229e-infected cells. | the translation products of the human coronavirus (hcv) 229e open reading frames 1a and 1b, the polyproteins 1a and 1ab, are processed by virus-encoded proteinases. one of the key enzymes in this process is a chymotrypsin-like enzyme, the 3c-like proteinase. in this study we have identified an orf 1b-encoded, 41 kda processing product in hcv 229e-infected cells by using a monoclonal antibody with defined specificity. we show that this polypeptide is released from polyprotein 1ab by 3c-like prote ... | 1997 | 9367364 |
| identification of residues critical for the human coronavirus 229e receptor function of human aminopeptidase n. | aminopeptidase n (apn) is the major cell surface receptor for group 1 coronaviruses. in this study, we have isolated and characterized a feline apn cdna and shown that the transfection of human embryonic kidney cells with this cdna renders them susceptible to infection with the feline coronavirus feline infectious peritonitis virus, the human coronavirus (hcv) 229e and the porcine coronavirus porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus. by using chimeric apn genes, assembled from porcine and fel ... | 1997 | 9367365 |
| cerebrospinal fluid antibodies to coronavirus in patients with parkinson's disease. | the etiology of parkinson's disease remains unknown, and a search for environmental agents continues. in 1985, fishman induced infection of the basal ganglia by a coronavirus in mice. although coronavirus is recognized primarily as a respiratory pathogen in humans, its affinity for the basal ganglia led us to investigate its possible role in human parkinson's disease. the cerebrospinal fluid of normal controls (ctl) (n = 18), and patients with parkinson's disease (pd (n = 20) and other neurologi ... | 1992 | 1316552 |
| cystatin d, a natural salivary cysteine protease inhibitor, inhibits coronavirus replication at its physiologic concentration. | this study was conducted to examine the effect of cystatin d, a newly discovered salivary cysteine protease inhibitor, on human coronavirus replication. when mrc-5, human diploid lung cells, were incubated with dilutions of recombinant human cystatin d from 0.65-10 microm for 1 h prior to, during and after infection with coronavirus oc43 and 229e strains, a decrease in virus yield was observed resulting in an ic50 of 0.8 microm for both virus strains. this dose is within the normal concentration ... | 1998 | 9573825 |
| characterization of determinants involved in the feline infectious peritonitis virus receptor function of feline aminopeptidase n. | feline aminopeptidase n (fapn) is a major cell surface receptor for feline infectious peritonitis virus (fipv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), human coronavirus 229e (hcv 229e) and canine coronavirus (ccv). by using chimeric molecules assembled from porcine, human and feline apn we have analysed the determinants involved in the coronavirus receptor function of fapn. our results show that amino acids 670-840 of fapn are critically involved in its fipv and tgev receptor function where ... | 1998 | 9634079 |
| involvement of aminopeptidase n (cd13) in infection of human neural cells by human coronavirus 229e. | attachment to a cell surface receptor can be a major determinant of virus tropism. previous studies have shown that human respiratory coronavirus hcv-229e uses human aminopeptidase n (hapn [cd13]) as its cellular receptor for infection of lung fibroblasts. although human coronaviruses are recognized respiratory pathogens, occasional reports have suggested their possible neurotropism. we have previously shown that human neural cells, including glial cells in primary cultures, are susceptible to h ... | 1998 | 9658094 |
| comparison of immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies and rt-pcr for the detection of human coronaviruses 229e and oc43 in cell culture. | human coronaviruses, with two known serogroups named 229e and oc43, cause up to one third of common colds and may be associated with serious diseases such as nosocomial respiratory infections, enterocolitis, pericarditis and neurological disorders. reliable methods of detection in clinical samples are needed for a better understanding of their role in pathology. as a first step in the design of such diagnostic procedures, the sensitivities and specificities of two viral diagnostic assays were co ... | 1998 | 9694322 |
| molecular analysis of the coronavirus-receptor function of aminopeptidase n. | aminopeptidase n (apn) is a major cell surface for coronaviruses of the serogroup i. by using chimeric apn proteins assembled from human, porcine and feline apn we have identified determinants which are critically involved in the coronavirus-apn interaction. our results indicate that human coronavirus 229e (hcv 229e) is distinct from the other serogroup i coronaviruses in that determinants located within the n-terminal parts of the human and feline apn proteins mediate the infection of hcv 229e, ... | 1998 | 9782265 |
| feline aminopeptidase n is a receptor for all group i coronaviruses. | human coronavirus hcv-229e and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), both members of coronavirus group i, use aminopeptidase n (apn) as their cellular receptors. these viruses show marked species specificity in receptor utilization as they can only use apn of their respective species to initiate virus infection. feline and canine coronaviruses are also group i coronaviruses. to determine whether feline apn could serve as a receptor for feline coronaviruses (fcovs), we cloned the cd ... | 1998 | 9782266 |
| replication and transcription of hcv 229e replicons. p6. | replicons based upon the human coronavirus 229e (hcv 229e) genome were transfected into hcv 229e infected cells. we demonstrate that a synthetic rna comprised of 646 nucloetides from the 5' end and 1465 nucloetides from the 3' end of the hcv 229e genome is replication competent. we conclude that the cis-acting elements necessary for replication are located in these 5' and 3' genomic regions. furthermore, we inserted the intergenic region of the hcv 229e nucleocapsid protein gene into this basic ... | 1998 | 9782271 |
| substrate specificity of the human coronavirus 229e 3c-like proteinase. | coronavirus gene expression involves proteolytic processing of the gene 1-encoded polyproteins and a key enzyme in this process is the virus-encoded 3c-like proteinase. in this study, we describe the biosynthesis of the human coronavirus 229e 3c-like proteinase in escherichia coli and the substrate specificity of the purified protein. using immunofluorescence microscopy, we have also investigated the subcellular localization of the 3c-like proteinase and have found a punctate, perinuclear distri ... | 1998 | 9782272 |
| characterization of a papain-like cysteine-proteinase encoded by gene 1 of the human coronavirus hcv 229e. | expression of the coronaviral gene 1 polyproteins, pp 1a and pp 1ab, involves a series of proteolytic events that are mediated by virus-encoded proteinases similar to cellular papain-like cysteine-proteinases and the 3c-like proteinases of picornaviruses. in this study, we have characterized, in vitro, the human coronavirus hcv 229e papain-like cysteine-proteinase pcp 1. we show that pcp 1 is able to mediate cleavage of an aminoterminal polypeptide, p9, from in vitro translation products represe ... | 1998 | 9782276 |
| a strategy for the generation of infectious rnas and autonomously replicating rnas based on the hcv 229e genome. | a strategy to generate in vitro transcripts representing infectious rnas and autonomously replicating rnas based on the hcv 229e genome is presented. pcr-dnas were ligated in vitro, resulting in 27 kbp and 22 kbp ligation products. these dnas can now be transcribed in vitro and the rnas tested for infectivity and their ability to replicate. | 1998 | 9782291 |
| long distance rt-pcrs of human coronavirus 229e rna. | the generation and cloning of cdna fragments longer than 10 kb is often a difficult and time consuming task. in this study, we have analysed the conditions necessary of produce reverse transcripts longer than 10 kb that can be amplified by polymerase chain reaction. thus, we isolated poly(a)-rna from human coronavirus 229e infected mrc-5 cells and did reverse transcription using a sequence-specific primer. subsequently, we amplified pcr products of varying length upstream of the primer position. ... | 1998 | 9782292 |
| persistent infection of neural cell lines by human coronaviruses. | human coronaviruses (hcv) have been associated mainly with infections of the respiratory tract. accumulating evidence from in vitro and in vivo observations is consistent with the neurotropism of these viruses in humans. to verify the possibility of a persistent infection within the central nervous system (cns), various human cell lines of neural origin were tested for their ability to maintain chronic infection by both known strains of hcv, oc43 and 229e. production of infectious progeny virion ... | 1998 | 9782332 |
| processing of the human coronavirus 229e replicase polyproteins by the virus-encoded 3c-like proteinase: identification of proteolytic products and cleavage sites common to pp1a and pp1ab. | replicase gene expression by the human coronavirus 229e involves the synthesis of two large polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab. experimental evidence suggests that these precursor molecules are subject to extensive proteolytic processing. in this study, we show that a chymotrypsin-like enzyme, the virus-encoded 3c-like proteinase (3clpro), cleaves within a common region of pp1a and pp1ab (amino acids 3490 to 4068) at four sites. trans-cleavage assays revealed that polypeptides of 5, 23, 12, and 16 kda ... | 1999 | 9847320 |
| seroepidemiologic survey of coronavirus (strain 229e) infections in a population of children. | the indirect hemagglutination (iha) test for coronavirus 229e antibodies was used for serodiagnostic and seroepidemiologic studies in a population of children. subjects ranged in age from 5 to 19 years and lived in a home which participated in a longitudinal surveilance of respiratory illness (1960-1968). during this period 1477 respiratory illnesses were observed; 63 (4%) were associated with sero-response (fourfold or greater antibody rises) to 229e. an additional 105 sero-responses were assoc ... | 1975 | 1115061 |
| the genome of human coronavirus strain 229e. | the genomic rna of human coronavirus strain 229e (hcv 229e) migrated on polyacrylamide gels as a single peak with a mol. wt. of 5.8 x 10(6). denaturation of the genome with formaldehyde did not alter its electrophoretic mobility, which suggests that the hcv 229e genome is a single-stranded molecule. at least 30% of the genomic rna was shown to contain covalently attached polyadenylic acid [poly(a)]sequences by binding the rna to an oligo(dt)-cellulose column. these poly(a) tracts were shown to b ... | 1978 | 660165 |
| characterization of the expression and immunogenicity of the ns4b protein of human coronavirus 229e. | sequencing of complementary dnas prepared from various coronaviruses has revealed open reading frames encoding putative proteins that are yet to be characterized and are so far only described as nonstructural (ns). as a first step in the elucidation of its function, we characterized the expression and immunogenicity of the ns4b gene product from strain 229e of human coronavirus (hcv-229e), a respiratory virus with a neurotropic potential. the gene was cloned and expressed in bacteria. a fusion p ... | 1998 | 9933919 |
| adaptation of human enteric coronavirus to growth in cell lines. | the existence of human enteric coronavirus (hec) has been debated since its first description in stool by electron microscopy (em) in 1975. needed to resolve the issue is its cultivation in readily available cell lines. | 1999 | 10073413 |
| rabbit cardiomyopathy associated with a virus antigenically related to human coronavirus strain 229e. | a new disease of rabbits is described. following an acute febrile course, animals die or recover by the 11th day postinoculation. the characteristic pathologic finding is multifocal myocardial degeneration and necrosis. the disease can be transmitted by various routes with tissue filtrates or with infectious sera diluted to 10(-6) and passed through 0.1 micron filters. virus particles with morphologic features characteristic of a coronavirus are present in infectious but not in normal rabbit ser ... | 1979 | 222151 |
| determination of coronavirus 229e antibody by an immune-adherence hemagglutination method. | | 1978 | 212526 |
| phylogenetic analysis of a highly conserved region of the polymerase gene from 11 coronaviruses and development of a consensus polymerase chain reaction assay. | viruses in the genus coronavirus are currently placed in three groups based on antigenic cross-reactivity and sequence analysis of structural protein genes. consensus polymerase chain reaction (pcr) primers were used to obtain cdna, then cloned and sequenced a highly conserved 922 nucleotide region in open reading frame (orf) 1b of the polymerase (pol) gene from eight coronaviruses. these sequences were compared with published sequences for three additional coronaviruses. in this comparison, it ... | 1999 | 10392726 |
| ribonucleoprotein-like structures from coronavirus particles. | the structure of the ribonucleoprotein (rnp) complex of three coronaviruses was investigated. a single-stranded helix of diam. 14 to 16 nm and up to 320 nm in length was released from disrupted particles of human coronavirus strain 229e and mouse hepatitis virus strain 3 after incubation in mild conditions. the helical complexes appeared to be composed of globular subunits with long axes of 5 to 7 nm surrounding a hollow core of diam. 3 to 4 nm. the complexes were shown to be sensitive to both p ... | 1978 | 207820 |
| detection of viral, chlamydia pneumoniae and mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in exacerbations of asthma in children. | a high frequency of virus infections has been recently pointed out in the exacerbations of asthma in children. | 1999 | 10443789 |
| ribonucleoprotein of avian infectious bronchitis virus. | the ribonucleoprotein (rnp) of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was examined by electron microscopy after shadowing with carbon/platinum. linear rnp strands up to 6.7 microns in length, from three ivb strains, were sensitive to both pancreatic rnase and to proteases. these strands were obtained from spontaneously disrupted complete particles but not from disrupted incomplete particles that lacked rnp. they were also released from nonidet p40-disrupted particles and could be isolated on su ... | 1981 | 6268741 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibody in volunteers experimentally infected with human coronavirus strain 229 e. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for detecting antibody rises to human coronavirus strain 229e and related strains in paired sera from infected volunteers. there was a close correlation between development of colds infected volunteers. there was a close correlation between development of colds and significant antibody rises detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. furthermore, the assay was more sensitive than a neutralization assay. this enzyme-linked immunosorbent a ... | 1980 | 6252244 |
| human coronavirus 229e infects polarized airway epithelia from the apical surface. | gene transfer to differentiated airway epithelia with existing viral vectors is very inefficient when they are applied to the apical surface. this largely reflects the polarized distribution of receptors on the basolateral surface. to identify new receptor-ligand interactions that might be used to redirect vectors to the apical surface, we investigated the process of infection of airway epithelial cells by human coronavirus 229e (hcov-229e), a common cause of respiratory tract infections. using ... | 2000 | 10982370 |
| coronavirus 229e susceptibility in man-mouse hybrids is located on human chromosome 15. | human coronavirus 229e, n enveloped, rna-containing virus, causes respiratory illness in man and is serologically related to murine coronavirus jhm, which causes acute and chronic demyelination in rodents. 229e displays a species-specific host range restriction whose genetic basis was studied in human-mouse hybrids. 229e replicated in human wi-38 cells but not in three mouse cell lines tested (rag, lm/tk-, and a9). human coronavirus sensitivity (hcvs) was expressed as a dominant phenotype in hyb ... | 1982 | 6285532 |
| infectious rna transcribed in vitro from a cdna copy of the human coronavirus genome cloned in vaccinia virus. | the coronavirus genome is a positive-strand rna of extraordinary size and complexity. it is composed of approximately 30000 nucleotides and it is the largest known autonomously replicating rna. it is also remarkable in that more than two-thirds of the genome is devoted to encoding proteins involved in the replication and transcription of viral rna. here, a reverse-genetic system is described for the generation of recombinant coronaviruses. this system is based upon the in vitro transcription of ... | 2001 | 11369870 |
| viral replicase gene products suffice for coronavirus discontinuous transcription. | we have used vaccinia virus as a vector to clone a 22.5-kbp cdna that represents the 5' and 3' ends of the human coronavirus 229e (hcov 229e) genome, the hcov 229e replicase gene, and a single reporter gene (coding for green fluorescent protein [gfp]) located downstream of a regulatory element for coronavirus mrna transcription. when rna transcribed from this cdna was transfected into bhk-21 cells, a small percentage of cells displayed strong fluorescence. a region of the mrna encoding gfp was a ... | 2001 | 11413334 |
| infectivity of human coronavirus strain 229e. | the replication of human coronavirus strain 229e was observed by using indirect immunofluorescence in infected monolayers of mrc continuous cells. by 8 h after infection, bright cytoplasmic fluorescence was detected in cells infected with human coronavirus 229e. discrete foci of infection were observed from 8 to 16 h after infection in cells infected with high dilutions of human coronavirus 229e; each fluorescent focus corresponded to a single virus infection. a fluorescent focus assay is descri ... | 1980 | 7012180 |
| antigenic relationships of coronaviruses detectable by plaque neutralization, competitive enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay, and immunoprecipitation. | the antigenic relationships of mouse coronaviruses jhm and a59, human viruses oc43 and 229e, and multiple sclerosis (ms) isolates sd and sk have been investigated by plaque neutralization, competitive enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay, and immunoprecipitation. a59, sk, or sd plaques are neutralized by antiserum prepared against homologous as well as heterologous virus. plaque neutralization also demonstrated weak reactivity between sd or sk and mouse virus jhm but no reactivity with human coro ... | 1981 | 7337039 |
| characteristics of a long term in vitro persistent infection with human coronavirus 229e. | | 1981 | 7337040 |
| characterization of a human coronavirus (strain 229e) 3c-like proteinase activity. | the rna polymerase gene of human coronavirus (hcv) 229e encodes a large polyprotein that contains domains with motifs characteristic of both papain-like cysteine proteinases and proteinases with homology to the 3c proteinase of picornaviruses. in this study, we have, first, expressed the putative hcv 229e 3c-like proteinase domain as part of a beta-galactosidase fusion protein in escherichia coli and have shown that the expressed protein has proteolytic activity. the substitution of one amino ac ... | 1995 | 7769694 |
| molecular determinants of species specificity in the coronavirus receptor aminopeptidase n (cd13): influence of n-linked glycosylation. | aminopeptidase n (apn), a 150-kda metalloprotease also called cd13, serves as a receptor for serologically related coronaviruses of humans (human coronavirus 229e [hcov-229e]), pigs, and cats. these virus-receptor interactions can be highly species specific; for example, the human coronavirus can use human apn (hapn) but not porcine apn (papn) as its cellular receptor, and porcine coronaviruses can use papn but not hapn. substitution of papn amino acids 283 to 290 into hapn for the corresponding ... | 2001 | 11559807 |
| completion of the porcine epidemic diarrhoea coronavirus (pedv) genome sequence. | the sequence of the replicase gene of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (pedv) has been determined. this completes the sequence of the entire genome of strain cv777, which was found to be 28,033 nucleotides (nt) in length (excluding the poly a-tail). a cloning strategy, which involves primers based on conserved regions in the predicted orf1 products from other coronaviruses whose genome sequence has been determined, was used to amplify the equivalent, but as yet unknown, sequence of pedv. primary ... | 2001 | 11724265 |
| human coronavirus hcov-229e enters susceptible cells via the endocytic pathway. | | 2001 | 11774468 |