| a simple flow cytometry based assay to determine in vitro antibody dependent enhancement of dengue virus using zika virus convalescent serum. | antibody dependent enhancement of infection has been shown to play a major role in dengue viral pathogenesis. traditional assays that measure the capacity of antibodies or serum to enhance infection in impermissible cell lines have relied on using viral output in the media followed by plaque assays to quantify infection. more recently, these assays have examined dengue virus (denv) infection in the cell lines using fluorescently labeled antibodies. both these approaches have limitations that res ... | 2018 | 29708542 |
| experimental evaluation of infection, dissemination, and transmission rates for two west nile virus strains in european aedes japonicus under a fluctuating temperature regime. | west nile virus (wnv) is continuously spreading in eastern and southern europe. however, the extent of vector competence of aedes japonicus (theobald, 1901) is controversial. in this work, we elucidated the dynamics of virus growth in this invasive mosquito species. females of ae. japonicus were reared from eggs collected in the field in switzerland and fed on bovine blood spiked with two wnv lineage 1 strains (fin, italy; ny99, usa). fully engorged females were incubated for 14 days under a flu ... | 2018 | 29705877 |
| central nervous system b-cell lymphoma in a bald eagle ( haliaeetus leucocephalus). | an adult bald eagle ( haliaeetus leucocephalus) presented for nystagmus and an inability to fly. on physical examination, the eagle was open-mouth breathing and tachycardic at 200 beats per minute, had a wrinkled cere and sunken eyes, and was an estimated 10% dehydrated. additionally, the eagle was extremely weak, with neurologic abnormalities including bilateral proprioceptive deficits, nystagmus, and no pupillary light reflex in the left eye. despite aggressive treatment, the eagle continued t ... | 2018 | 29698076 |
| does intra-individual neurocognitive variability relate to neuroinvasive disease and quality of life in west nile virus? | west nile virus (wnv) can be a neuroinvasive pathogen that may produce persistent mild-to-moderate neurocognitive impairments in some infected persons. intra-individual variability (iiv) is an index of a person's performance across a neuropsychological test or battery, which is an indicator of neurocognitive control and integrity of prefrontal systems. the present study examined possible associations of iiv to neurological health and well-being in wnv infection. participants included 84 adults w ... | 2018 | 29696579 |
| [human genetic predisposition to diseases caused by viruses from flaviviridae family]. | the identification of human predisposition genes to severe forms of infectious diseases is important for understanding the mechanisms of pathogenesis, as well as for the detection of the risk groups. this will allow one to carry out targeted vaccination and preventive therapy. the most common approaches to the genetic risk estimation include conducting association studies, in which the groups of patients and control individuals are compared using both preliminarily selected candidate genes and u ... | 2018 | 29695688 |
| seroprevalence of dengue virus, west nile virus, chikungunya virus, and zika virus in international travelers attending a travel and migration center in 2015-2017, southern italy. | international travelers to areas endemic for vector-borne diseases (vbds) may be at risk of contracting and spreading these diseases. the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of immunoglobulin m (igm) and immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies that are specific for dengue virus (dv), west nile virus (wnv), chikungunya virus (chikv), or zika virus (zv) in a cohort of international travelers. the study enrolled travelers who attended the travel medicine and migration outpatient service of l ... | 2018 | 29683399 |
| the immune responses of the animal hosts of west nile virus: a comparison of insects, birds, and mammals. | vector-borne diseases, including arboviruses, pose a serious threat to public health worldwide. arboviruses of the flavivirus genus, such as zika virus (zikv), dengue virus, yellow fever virus (yfv), and west nile virus (wnv), are transmitted to humans from insect vectors and can cause serious disease. in 2017, over 2,000 reported cases of wnv virus infection occurred in the united states, with two-thirds of cases classified as neuroinvasive. wnv transmission cycles through two different animal ... | 2018 | 29666784 |
| overwintering of west nile virus in a bird community with a communal crow roost. | in temperate climates, transmission of west nile virus (wnv) is detectable rarely during the coldest months (late fall through early spring), yet the virus has reappeared consistently during the next warm season. several mechanisms may contribute to wnv persistence through winter, including bird-to-bird transmission among highly viremic species. here we consider whether, under realistic scenarios supported by field and laboratory evidence, a winter bird community could sustain wnv through the wi ... | 2018 | 29666401 |
| factors contributing to and strategies to combat emerging arboviruses. | less than half a century ago infectious diseases appeared to be destined to be extinguished via as a culmination of medical triumphs. as focus turned towards combating non-communicable diseases, emerging and re-emerging diseases (eids) have bloomed from those ashes. five epidemic mosquito-borne arboviruses (yellow fever virus (yfv), dengue virus, west nile virus, chikungunya virus, and zika virus) have emerged in the recent past. arboviruses are of the utmost importance with respect to eids due ... | 2018 | 29663859 |
| co-circulation of flanders virus and west nile virus in culex mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) from chicago, illinois. | west nile virus (wnv) and flanders virus (flav) co-occur in regions of north america. because both viruses are maintained in a transmission cycle involving culex mosquitoes and birds, screening mosquitoes for flav has been suggested as an enhancement to wnv surveillance and epidemic prediction. using samples collected in 2010 and 2012 in chicago, il, usa, we demonstrate the presence of flav in four out of 287 (1.4%) culex pools. we estimated minimum infection rates for wnv and flav to be 5.66 an ... | 2018 | 29659921 |
| the effects of sampling location and predictor point estimate certainty on posterior support in bayesian phylogeographic generalized linear models. | the use of generalized linear models in bayesian phylogeography has enabled researchers to simultaneously reconstruct the spatiotemporal history of a virus and quantify the contribution of predictor variables to that process. however, little is known about the sensitivity of this method to the choice of the discrete state partition. here we investigate this question by analyzing a data set containing 299 sequences of the west nile virus envelope gene sampled in the united states and fifteen pred ... | 2018 | 29651124 |
| author correction: striking diflubenzuron resistance in culex pipiens, the prime vector of west nile virus. | a correction to this article has been published and is linked from the html and pdf versions of this paper. the error has not been fixed in the paper. | 2018 | 29650973 |
| turning up your nose for a flaviviral encephalitis cure. | sirna approaches have demonstrated promise in treating viral infections in animal models, but poor delivery limits clinical application. in this issue of cell host & microbe, beloor et al. (2018) report that nose-to-brain delivery of viral-targeted sirna cures mice from west nile virus encephalitis, with potential implications for human infection. | 2018 | 29649437 |
| arbidol (umifenovir): a broad-spectrum antiviral drug that inhibits medically important arthropod-borne flaviviruses. | arthropod-borne flaviviruses are human pathogens of global medical importance, against which no effective small molecule-based antiviral therapy has currently been reported. arbidol (umifenovir) is a broad-spectrum antiviral compound approved in russia and china for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. this compound shows activities against numerous dna and rna viruses. the mode of action is based predominantly on impairment of critical steps in virus-cell interactions. here we demonstrate th ... | 2018 | 29642580 |
| west nile virus outbreak in humans and epidemiological surveillance, west andalusia, spain, 2016. | in andalusia, spain, west nile virus (wnv) surveillance takes place from april to november, during the active vector period. within this area seroconversion to this virus was evidenced in wild birds in 2004, affecting horses and two humans for the first time in 2010. since 2010, the virus has been isolated every year in horses, and national and regional surveillance plans have been updated with the epidemiological changes found. wnv is spreading rapidly throughout southern europe and has caused ... | 2018 | 29637890 |
| comparative vector competence of north american culex pipiens and culex quinquefasciatus for african and european lineage 2 west nile viruses. | west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that is phylogenetically separated into distinct lineages. lineage 1 (l1) and lineage 2 (l2) encompass all wnv isolates associated with human and veterinary disease cases. although l1 wnv is globally distributed, including north america, l2 wnv only recently emerged out of sub-saharan africa into europe and russia. the spread of l2 wnv throughout and beyond europe depends, in part, on availability of competent vectors. the vector competence of ... | 2018 | 29637885 |
| the neurocognitive and mri outcomes of west nile virus infection: preliminary analysis using an external control group. | to understand the long-term neurological outcomes resultant of west nile virus (wnv) infection, participants from a previously established, prospective wnv cohort were invited to take part in a comprehensive neurologic and neurocognitive examination. those with an abnormal exam finding were invited for mri to evaluate cortical thinning and regional brain atrophy following infection. correlations of presenting clinical syndrome with neurologic and neurocognitive dysfunctions were evaluated, as we ... | 2018 | 29636722 |
| are tree squirrels involved in the circulation of flaviviruses in italy? | west nile virus (wnv), usutu virus (usuv) and tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) are emerging zoonotic flaviviruses (family flaviviridae), which have circulated in europe in the past decade. a cross-sectional study was conducted to assess exposure to these antigenically related flaviviruses in eastern grey squirrels (sciurus carolinensis) in italy. seventeen out of 158 (10.8%; ci95% : 5.9-15.6) squirrels' sera tested through belisa had antibodies against flaviviruses. specific neutralizing ant ... | 2018 | 29635877 |
| high susceptibility of magpie (pica pica) to experimental infection with lineage 1 and 2 west nile virus. | west nile virus (wnv), a zoonotic pathogen naturally transmitted by mosquitoes whose natural hosts are birds, has spread worldwide during the last few decades. resident birds play an important role in flavivirus epidemiology, since they can serve as reservoirs and facilitate overwintering of the virus. herein, we report the first experimental infection of magpie (pica pica) with two strains of west nile virus, lineages 1 (ny-99) and 2 (srb novi-sad/12), which are currently circulating in europe. ... | 2018 | 29634743 |
| artificial blood feeders for mosquito and ticks-where from, where to? | mosquito and tick feeding activity represent a key threat for humans, livestock, pets and wildlife worldwide. rearing these vectors in laboratory conditions is extremely important to investigate basic facets of their biology, vector competence, new control strategies, as well as mechanisms of pesticide resistance. however, the use of animals or humans to provide blood for hematophagous arthropod feeding poses a strict limit to these researches, due to the accidental transmission of diseases, eth ... | 2018 | 29625092 |
| methodology and results of integrated wnv surveillance programmes in serbia. | studies conducted during the past few years have confirmed active west nile virus (wnv) circulation in serbia. based on these studies and the epidemiological situation, the veterinary directorate of the ministry of agriculture and environmental protection launched national wnv surveillance programmes in 2014 and 2015. the programmes encompassed the territory of serbia and were conducted by the veterinary service in collaboration with entomologists and ornithologists. the objective of the program ... | 2018 | 29624622 |
| recent advances in understanding west nile virus host immunity and viral pathogenesis. | west nile virus (wnv), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has been a significant public health concern in the united states for nearly two decades. the virus has been linked to acute viral encephalitis, neurological sequelae, and chronic kidney diseases. neither antiviral drugs nor vaccines are currently available for humans. in vitro cell culture and experimental animal models have been used to study wnv infection in humans. in this review, we will focus on recent findings and provide new insights in ... | 2018 | 29623197 |
| sensory and autonomic involvement in west nile virus-associated acute flaccid paralysis. | | 2017 | 29620087 |
| harnessing big data for communicable tropical and sub-tropical disorders: implications from a systematic review of the literature. | according to the world health organization (who), communicable tropical and sub-tropical diseases occur solely, or mainly in the tropics, thriving in hot, and humid conditions. some of these disorders termed as neglected tropical diseases are particularly overlooked. communicable tropical/sub-tropical diseases represent a diverse group of communicable disorders occurring in 149 countries, favored by tropical and sub-tropical conditions, affecting more than one billion people and imposing a drama ... | 2018 | 29619364 |
| association of spring-summer hydrology and meteorology with human west nile virus infection in west texas, usa, 2002-2016. | the emergence of west nile virus (wnv) in the western hemisphere has motivated research into the processes contributing to the incidence and persistence of the disease in the region. meteorology and hydrology are fundamental determinants of vector-borne disease transmission dynamics of a region. the availability of water influences the population dynamics of vector and host, while temperature impacts vector growth rates, feeding habits, and disease transmission potential. characterization of the ... | 2018 | 29618375 |
| predictive modeling for west nile virus and mosquito surveillance in lubbock, texas. | west nile virus (wnv) was first detected in north america during 1999, and has since spread throughout the contiguous usa. west nile virus causes west nile fever and the more severe west nile neuroinvasive disease. as part of a wnv vector surveillance program, we collected mosquitoes in lubbock, texas, using co2-baited encephalitic vector survey (evs) traps. during 219 wk from 2009 through 2017, evs traps were operated for 1,748 trap nights, resulting in more than 101,000 mosquitoes captured. we ... | 2018 | 31442123 |
| seasonal distribution, blood-feeding habits, and viruses of mosquitoes in an open-faced quarry in connecticut, 2010 and 2011. | seasonal abundance of mosquitoes, their viruses, and blood-feeding habits were determined at an open-faced quarry in north branford, ct, in 2010 and 2011. this unique habitat had not previously been sampled for mosquitoes and mosquito-borne viruses. thirty species of mosquitoes were identified from 41,719 specimens collected. coquillettidia perturbans, aedes trivittatus, and ae. vexans were the most abundant species and represented 34.5%, 17.7%, and 14.8% of the totals, respectively. jamestown c ... | 2018 | 31442119 |
| first record of aedes japonicus japonicus in oklahoma, 2017. | in spring 2017, mosquito larvae were collected from 25 sites across eastern oklahoma as part of a zika virus vector surveillance effort. aedes japonicus japonicus larvae were collected from horse troughs at 2 sites in ottawa county, ok. identification was made using 1 larva stored in 70% ethanol and 3 adult females reared from the larvae. another invasive mosquito species, culex coronator, was detected at 2 different sites, adding 2 additional counties to the 9 where the species had been previou ... | 2018 | 31442116 |
| first detection of zika virus infection in a croatian traveler returning from brazil, 2016. | in the last few years, several imported cases of zika virus (zikv) infection were reported in european countries. we report the first imported zikv infection case in a croatian traveler returning from brazil. the patient presented with a low-grade fever, pruritic rash, general weakness, myalgia, arthralgia and edema of the legs and recovered completely within a week. zikv infection was confirmed by detection of igm/igg antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and confirmed by p ... | 2017 | 31085829 |
| research on the mechanism of cross-species infection and transmission for animal-origin emerging and re-emerging zoonosis has won support by the national key research and development program of china. | emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases caused by pathogens such as middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), west nile virus (wnv) or chikungunya virus (chikv) pose considerable threats to public health worldwide. research on the mechanism of cross-species infection and transmission for animal-origin emerging and re-emerging zoonosis (2016yfd0500300) has won support by the national key research and development program of china. professor wenjie tan (national institute for vira ... | 2017 | 30702832 |
| spatiotemporal modeling of ecological and sociological predictors of west nile virus in suffolk county, ny, mosquitoes. | suffolk county, new york, is a locus for west nile virus (wnv) infection in the american northeast that includes the majority of long island to the east of new york city. the county has a system of light and gravid traps used for mosquito collection and disease monitoring. in order to identify predictors of wnv incidence in mosquitoes and predict future occurrence of wnv, we have developed a spatiotemporal bayesian model, beginning with over 40 ecological, meteorological, and built-environment c ... | 2017 | 30147987 |
| west nile fever/neuroinvasive disease caused by wnv. | west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that invaded new york city in 1999 and quickly spread and settled in all 48 contiguous united states and all 10 canadian provin- ces. wnv is still expanding its territory and is now headed towards latin american coun- tries. neuroinvasive disease caused by wnv develops in less than 1% of the affected popula- tion, but its mortality rate is approximately 10%. an imported wnv infection case occurred in japan in 2005. reservoir birds and mosquito ... | 2016 | 30550662 |
| [theoretical aspects of creation of specific preparations for etiotropic therapy and prophylaxis of west nile fever and crimean haemorrhagic fever]. | problematic issues on creation and practical introduction of specific immune biologic prepa- rations for therapy and prophylaxis of natural-foci arbovirus infections - west nile fever (wnf) and crimean hemorrhagic fever (chf), that are not available until now, are examined. persistent natural foci of wnf and.chf with epidemic manifestations have formed in southern and north caucasian federal districts of russia. markers of west nile virus are being detected in central regions of russia and siber ... | 2016 | 30695394 |
| emerging mosquito-borne bunyaviruses in canada. | california serogroup and cache valley viruses are arboviruses (tick- and mosquito-borne pathogens) belonging to the genus orthobunyavirus (family bunyaviridae). although the majority of exposures to these viruses result in asymptomatic or mild infections, both california serogroup and cache valley viruses can cause febrile and neurological diseases similar in nature to those associated with infections by west nile virus. california serogroup and cache valley viruses are widely distributed across ... | 2015 | 29769943 |
| west nile virus in canada: ever-changing, but here to stay. | the incidence of west nile virus (wnv) has waxed and waned in canada over the past 12 years, but it is unlikely to disappear. climate change models, which suggest warming temperatures and changing patterns of precipitation, predict an expansion of geographic range for wnv in some regions of canada, such as the prairie provinces. such projected changes in wnv distribution might also be accompanied by genetic changes in the virus and/or the range of bird and insect host species it infects. to addr ... | 2014 | 29769840 |
| molecular characterization of the re-emerging west nile virus in avian species and equids in israel, 2018, and pathological description of the disease. | in this report we describe the molecular and pathological characteristics of west nile virus (wnv) infection that occurred during the summer and fall of 2018 in avian species and equines. wnv is reported in israel since the 1950s, with occasional outbreaks leading to significant morbidity and mortality in birds, high infection in horses and humans, and sporadic fatalities in humans. | 2020 | 33092614 |
| west nile virus neutralizing antibody prevalence in donkeys from northern nigeria. | this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of anti-west nile virus (wnv) neutralizing antibodies in donkeys from two areas in northern nigeria. | 2020 | 33053581 |
| evidence of exposure to zoonotic flaviviruses in zoo mammals in spain and their potential role as sentinel species. | a serosurvey was carried out to assess emerging flavivirus exposure in zoo mammals in spain and to determine the dynamics of seropositivity in species that were longitudinally sampled during the study period. sera from 570 zoo animals belonging to 120 mammal species were collected at ten zoos (a-j) in spain between 2002 and 2019. twenty-one of these animals, belonging to ten different species, were sampled longitudinally at four of the zoos during the study period. antigenically-related flavivir ... | 2020 | 32768215 |
| serological evidence of west nile virus infection among birds and horses in some geographical locations of iran. | recent expansion of arboviruses such as west nile (wnv), usutu (usuv), and tick-borne encephalitis (tbev) over their natural range of distribution needs strengthening their surveillance. as common viral vertebrate hosts, birds and horses deserve special attention with routine serological surveillance. here, we estimated the seroprevalence of wnv, usuv and tbev in 160 migrating/resident birds and 60 horses sampled in mazandaran, golestan, north khorasan, kordestan provinces and golestan province ... | 2020 | 32858762 |
| pathogenicity of west nile virus lineage 1 to german poultry. | west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne virus that originates from africa and at present causes neurological disease in birds, horses, and humans all around the globe. as west nile fever is an important zoonosis, the role of free-ranging domestic poultry as a source of infection for humans should be evaluated. this study examined the pathogenicity of an italian wnv lineage 1 strain for domestic poultry (chickens, ducks, and geese) held in germany. all three species were subcutaneously injected ... | 2020 | 32899581 |
| seroprevalence of five zoonotic pathogens in wild ruminants in xinjiang, northwest china. | wild ruminants are at risk for zoonotic pathogen infection as a result of interactions with domestic animals and humans. one way to assess the level of a wild ruminant disease in a population is to determine the seroprevalence of the pathogen of interest. the objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of five zoonotic pathogens in wild ruminants in xinjiang, northwest china. in 2009 and 2011-2015, 258 wild ruminant sera samples were collected from various species. samples were o ... | 2020 | 32936059 |
| the role of different culex mosquito species in the transmission of west nile virus and avian malaria parasites in mediterranean areas. | vector-borne diseases, especially those transmitted by mosquitoes, have severe impacts on public health and economy. west nile virus (wnv) and avian malaria parasites of the genus plasmodium are mosquito-borne pathogens that may produce severe disease and illness in humans and birds, respectively, and circulate in an endemic form in southern europe. here, we used field-collected data to identify the impact of culex pipiens, cx. perexiguus and cx. modestus, on the circulation of both wnv and plas ... | 2020 | 32748497 |
| usutu virus infection of embryonated chicken eggs and a chicken embryo-derived primary cell line. | usutu virus (usuv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus, closely related to the west nile virus (wnv). similar to wnv, usuv may cause infections in humans, with occasional, but sometimes severe, neurological complications. further, usuv can be highly pathogenic in wild and captive birds and its circulation in europe has given rise to substantial avian death. adequate study models of this virus are still lacking but are critically needed to understand its pathogenesis and virulence spectrum. the chicke ... | 2020 | 32408481 |
| emerging diseases of avian wildlife. | climate change and the interaction with humans and domestic species influences disease in avian wildlife. this article provides updated information on emerging disease conditions such as the spread of an asian tick, haemaphysalis longicornis, and its associated diseases among migratory birds in the eastern united states; lymphoproliferative disease virus in wild turkeys in the united states; and salmonellosis, particularly among passerines, which has zoonotic potential. in addition, it includes ... | 2020 | 32327043 |
| study of usutu virus neuropathogenicity in mice and human cellular models. | usutu virus (usuv), an african mosquito-borne flavivirus closely related to west nile virus, was first isolated in south africa in 1959. usuv emerged in europe two decades ago, causing notably massive mortality in eurasian blackbirds. usuv is attracting increasing attention due to its potential for emergence and its rapid spread in europe in recent years. although mainly asymptomatic or responsible for mild clinical signs, usuv was recently described as being associated with neurological disorde ... | 2020 | 32324736 |
| serological evidence for japanese encephalitis and west nile virus infections in domestic birds in cambodia. | mosquito-borne flaviviruses with an enzootic transmission cycle like japanese encephalitis virus (jev) and west nile virus (wnv) are a major public health concern. the circulation of jev in southeast asia is well-documented, and the important role of pigs as amplification hosts for the virus is long known. the influence of other domestic animals especially poultry that lives in high abundance and close proximity to humans is not intensively analyzed. another understudied field in asia is the pre ... | 2020 | 32064271 |
| west nile virus and related flavivirus in european wild boar (sus scrofa), latium region, italy: a retrospective study. | a retrospective sero-survey for evidence of west nile virus (wnv) infection in european wild boar (sus scorfa) was conducted in the latium region, italy, on stored serum samples of the period november 2011 to january 2012. | 2020 | 32188017 |
| avian influenza, migratory birds and emerging zoonoses: unusual viral rna, enteropathogens and cryptosporidium in poultry litter. | the last decade has witnessed the emergence of several new viral infectious agents, most notably avian influenza h5n1, sars and west nile virus. the emergence of these agents is heavily associated with zonotic animal hosts, as well as migratory pathways of infected bird vectors. the environmental survival and persistence of nucleic acid associated with these viral agents may be important for both the detection as well as the occurrence of related diseases. our hypothesis suggests that nucleic ac ... | 2009 | 32362937 |
| interactions between the imperiled west indian manatee, trichechus manatus, and mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in everglades national park, florida, usa. | arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), including those vectored by mosquitoes, have recently been cited as potential emerging health threats to marine mammals. despite the fully aquatic habits of cetaceans, immunologic exposure to arboviruses including west nile virus and eastern equine encephalitis virus has been detected in wild atlantic bottlenose dolphins, and captive orcas have been killed by west nile virus and st. louis encephalitis virus. currently, there is no evidence of direct interac ... | 2020 | 32737372 |
| a pilot serosurvey for selected pathogens in feral donkeys (equus asinus). | recent removal and relocation of feral donkeys from vast public lands to more concentrated holding pens, training facilities, and offsite adoption locations raises several health and welfare concerns. very little is known regarding the common equid pathogens that are circulating within the feral donkey population in and around death valley national park, california, usa. the aim of this study was to utilize serologic assays to assess previous exposure of these donkeys to equine herpesvirus 1 (eh ... | 2020 | 33023217 |
| serological evidence of west nile virus infection in white-tailed deer in central texas. | white-tailed deer (wtd) are abundant mammals widely distributed across the united states. as a result, wtd are considered to be excellent sentinels for detecting arboviral activity in certain geographic areas. evidence of west nile virus (wnv) antibody in wtd has been reported previously in several states. however, wnv infection in wtd has not been reported from texas, where the incidence of human west nile (wn) cases is among the highest in the united states. therefore, the aim of this study wa ... | 2020 | 32746746 |
| livestock challenge models of rift valley fever for agricultural vaccine testing. | since the discovery of rift valley fever virus (rvfv) in kenya in 1930, the virus has become widespread throughout most of africa and is characterized by sporadic outbreaks. a mosquito-borne pathogen, rvfv is poised to move beyond the african continent and the middle east and emerge in europe and asia. there is a risk that rvfv could also appear in the americas, similar to the west nile virus. in light of this potential threat, multiple studies have been undertaken to establish international sur ... | 2020 | 32528981 |
| multi-approach investigation regarding the west nile virus situation in hungary, 2018. | the west nile virus is endemic in multiple european countries and responsible for several epidemics throughout the european region. its evolution into local or even widespread epidemics is driven by multiple factors from genetic diversification of the virus to environmental conditions. the year of 2018 was characterized by an extraordinary increase in human and animal cases in the central-eastern european region, including hungary. in a collaborative effort, we summarized and analyzed the geneti ... | 2020 | 31968613 |
| clinical, pathological and virological aspects of fatal west nile virus infections in ten free-ranging goshawks (accipiter gentilis) in germany. | west nile virus (wnv), a zoonotic arbovirus, is a new epizootic disease in germany and caused increasing avian and equine mortality since its first detection in 2018. the northern goshawk (accipiter gentilis) is highly susceptible to fatal wnv disease and thus is considered as an indicator species for wnv emergence in european countries. therefore, information regarding clinical presentation and pathological findings is important for identifying suspect cases and initiating further virological d ... | 2020 | 32743905 |
| opossum cathelicidins exhibit antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of pathogens including west nile virus. | this study aimed to characterize cathelicidins from the gray short-tailed opossum in silico and experimentally validate their antimicrobial effects against various pathogenic bacteria and west nile virus (wnv). genome-wide in silico analysis against the current genome assembly of the gray short-tailed opossum yielded 56 classical antimicrobial peptides (amps) from eight different families, among which 19 cathelicidins, namely modocath1 - 19, were analyzed in silico to predict their antimicrobial ... | 2020 | 32194564 |
| serological evidence of west nile and usutu viruses circulation in domestic and wild birds in wetlands of mali and madagascar in 2008. | the geographical distribution and impact on animal and human health of both west nile and usutu viruses, two flaviviruses of the japanese encephalitis complex, have been increasing during the past two decades. both viruses circulate in europe and africa within a natural cycle between wild birds and mosquitoes, mainly from the culex genus. we retrospectively analyzed sera from domestic and wild birds sampled in 2008 in two wetlands, namely the inner niger delta, mali, and the lake alaotra area, m ... | 2020 | 32197367 |
| development and characterization of specific anti-usutu virus chicken-derived single chain variable fragment antibodies. | usutu virus belongs to the japanese encephalitis serogroup within the flaviviridae family. mammals may become incidental hosts after the bite of an infected mosquito while birds act as the main reservoir. human cases have become more common recently and elicit various outcomes ranging from asymptomatic to severe illness including encephalitis. problematically, antisera against usutu virus cross-react with other flaviviruses such as the co-circulating west nile virus. as an approach to generate u ... | 2020 | 32829514 |
| first serological evidence of west nile virus among equines and birds in kosovo, 2018-2019. | this study was conducted to assess the presence of west nile virus (wnv) in kosovo by serological testing of apparently healthy local horses and free-range chicken, and it attempted to detect viral nucleic acid in birds and mosquitoes. between january 2018 and june 2019, 260 equine serum samples were collected, additionally 580 adult mosquitoes (53 pools) were grouped in for genera, including culex spp. (226 individuals; 26 pools), aedes spp. (136 individuals; 16 pools), anopheles spp. (184 indi ... | 2020 | 33090084 |
| first serological evidence of west nile virus infection in wild birds in northern algeria. | while the epidemiology of flaviviruses has been extensively studied in most of the mediterranean basin, little is known about the current situation in algeria. in order to detect the circulation of west nile (wnv) and usutu viruses (usuv) in kabylia, 165 sera were collected from two wild birds species, namely the long distance migrant turdus philomelos (song thrush) (n = 92) and the resident passer domesticus (house sparrow) (n = 73). a total of 154 sera were first analyzed by commercial competi ... | 2020 | 31945717 |
| feeding habits of vector mosquitoes in harris county, tx, 2018. | mosquito-borne pathogens contribute significantly to the global burden of infectious diseases and are a continuing public health concern in the united states. blood feeding by vector mosquitoes is a critical step in the transmission of human pathogens. continuous surveillance of mosquito feeding patterns, especially in major population centers, is necessary for sustainable, effective control strategies. to better understand female feeding habits in harris county, tx, we trapped mosquitoes from v ... | 2020 | 32574364 |
| experimental usutu virus infection in domestic canaries serinus canaria. | usutu virus (usuv) is a neurotropic flavivirus closely related to west nile virus (wnv). its enzootic cycle mainly involves mosquitoes and birds. human infection can occur with occasional, but sometimes severe, neurological complications. since its emergence and spread in europe over the last two decades, usuv has been linked to significant avian outbreaks, especially among passeriformes, including european blackbirds (turdus merula). strikingly, no in vivo avian model exists so far to study thi ... | 2020 | 32023880 |
| bird species involved in west nile virus epidemiological cycle in southern québec. | despite many studies on west nile virus (wnv) in the us, including the reservoir role of bird species and the summer shifts of the culex mosquito, feeding from birds to mammals, there have been few equivalent studies in the neighboring regions of canada where wnv is endemic. here, a priority list of bird species likely involved in wnv transmission in the greater montréal area is constructed by combining three sources of data: (i) from wnv surveillance in wild birds (2002-2015); (ii) blood meal a ... | 2020 | 32585999 |
| pigeon rotavirus a genotype g18p17-associated disease outbreaks after fancy pigeon shows in germany - a case series. | pigeon rotavirus a (rva) isolates of genotype g18p[17] are causing disease outbreaks and fatalities in pigeon lofts in australia, germany, belgium, denmark and usa since 2016. most disease outbreaks have been reported from juvenile pigeons (columba livia forma domestica). however, reports on rva-associated disease outbreaks in fancy pigeons in connection with fancy pigeon shows in germany are rare. | 2021 | 33588462 |
| an integrated molecular approach to untangling host-vector-pathogen interactions in mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) from sylvan communities in mexico. | there are ~240 species of culicidae in mexico, of which some are vectors of arthropod-borne viruses such as zika virus, dengue virus, chikungunya virus, and west nile virus. thus, the identification of mosquito feeding preferences is paramount to understanding of vector-host-pathogen interactions that, in turn, can aid the control of disease outbreaks. typically, dna and rna are extracted separately for animal (insects and blood meal hosts) and viral identification, but this study demonstrates t ... | 2021 | 33778029 |
| a bacterially-expressed recombinant envelope protein from usutu virus induces neutralizing antibodies in rabbits. | recently, an emerging flavivirus, usutu virus (usuv), has caused an epidemic among birds in europe, resulting in a massive die-off in eurasian blackbirds. currently found only in europe and africa, it can be envisioned that usutu virus will follow the path of other flaviviruses, like west nile virus and zika virus, and will spread via its mosquito vectors and bird hosts to other parts of the world. several cases of human infections by usutu virus have already been published. anticipating this sp ... | 2021 | 33669414 |
| west nile and usutu virus infections in wild birds admitted to rehabilitation centres in extremadura, western spain, 2017-2019. | west nile virus (wnv) is an emerging flavivirus transmitted generally by mosquitoes of culex genus. it is maintained in an enzootic life cycle where birds act as reservoir hosts. humans and horses are also susceptible to infection, and occasionally, they suffer from neurological complications. however, they do not transmit the virus to other vectors, behaving as dead-end hosts. sporadic wnv outbreaks observed in horses and wild birds from extremadura (western spain) during 2016 and 2017 seasons ... | 2021 | 33677369 |
| co-infections: simultaneous detections of west nile virus and usutu virus in birds from germany. | the emergence of west nile virus (wnv) and usutu virus (usuv) in europe resulted in significant outbreaks leading to avifauna mortality and human infections. both viruses have overlapping geographical, host and vector ranges, and are often co-circulating in europe. in germany, a nationwide bird surveillance network was established to monitor these zoonotic arthropod-borne viruses in migratory and resident birds. in this framework, co-infections with wnv and usuv were detected in six dead birds c ... | 2021 | 33655706 |
| a sentinel serological study in selected zoo animals to assess early detection of west nile and usutu virus circulation in slovenia. | monitoring infectious diseases is a crucial part of preventive veterinary medicine in zoological collections. this zoo environment contains a great variety of animal species that are in contact with wildlife species as a potential source of infectious diseases. wild birds may be a source of west nile virus (wnv) and usutu (usuv) virus, which are both emerging pathogens of rising concern. the aim of this study was to use zoo animals as sentinels for the early detection of wnv and usuv in slovenia ... | 2021 | 33917545 |
| diplotriaena obtusa infection in an eurasian blue tit (cyanistes caeruleus) in germany. pathology and phylogenetic analysis. | diplotriaena obtusa is a nematode found in air sacs of a wide number of birds, including passerine species. during a period of increased mortality of blue tits (cyanistes caeruleus) in germany, we collected adult nematode worms from the air sacs of a deceased male blue tit. the nematodes showed morphological features consistent with diplotriaena ssp. a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay targeting the small subunit (ssu) 18s rrna gene identified the parasite species as diplotriaena obtusa. phy ... | 2020 | 33678381 |
| pathogenesis and shedding of usutu virus in juvenile chickens. | usutu virus (usuv; family: flaviviridae, genus: flavivirus), is an emerging zoonotic arbovirus that causes severe neuroinvasive disease in humans and has been implicated in the loss of breeding bird populations in europe. usuv is maintained in an enzootic cycle between ornithophilic mosquitos and wild birds. as a member of the japanese encephalitis serocomplex, usuv is closely related to west nile virus (wnv) and st. louis encephalitis virus (slev), both neuroinvasive arboviruses endemic in wild ... | 2021 | 33769213 |
| evidence of exposure to usuv and wnv in zoo animals in france. | west nile virus (wnv) and usutu virus (usuv) are zoonotic arboviruses. these flaviviruses are mainly maintained in the environment through an enzootic cycle involving mosquitoes and birds. horses and humans are incidental, dead-end hosts, but can develop severe neurological disorders. nevertheless, there is little data regarding the involvement of other mammals in the epidemiology of these arboviruses. in this study, we performed a serosurvey to assess exposure to these viruses in captive birds ... | 2020 | 33266071 |
| previous usutu virus exposure partially protects magpies (pica pica) against west nile virus disease but does not prevent horizontal transmission. | the mosquito-borne flaviviruses usuv and wnv are known to co-circulate in large parts of europe. both are a public health concern, and usuv has been the cause of epizootics in both wild and domestic birds, and neurological cases in humans in europe. here, we explore the susceptibility of magpies to experimental usuv infection, and how previous exposure to usuv would affect infection with wnv. none of the magpies exposed to usuv showed clinical signs, viremia, or detectable neutralizing antibodie ... | 2021 | 34372622 |
| west nile and usutu viruses' surveillance in birds of the province of ferrara, italy, from 2015 to 2019. | west nile (wnv) and usutu (usuv) viruses are mosquito-borne flaviviruses. thanks to their importance as zoonotic diseases, a regional plan for surveillance of arboviruses was implemented in emilia-romagna in 2009. the province of ferrara belongs to the emilia-romagna region, and it is an endemic territory for these viruses, with favorable ecological conditions for abundance of mosquitoes and wild birds. from 2015 to 2019, we collected 1842 dead-found birds at a wildlife rehabilitation center, wh ... | 2021 | 34372573 |
| pathogenesis of two western mediterranean west nile virus lineage 1 isolates in experimentally infected red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa). | west nile virus (wnv) is the most widespread flavivirus in the world with a wide vertebrate host range. its geographic expansion and activity continue to increase with important human and equine outbreaks and local bird mortality. in a previous experiment, we demonstrated the susceptibility of 7-week-old red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) to mediterranean wnv isolates morocco/2003 and spain/2007, which varied in virulence for this gallinaceous species. here we study the pathogenesis of the i ... | 2021 | 34199167 |
| west nile virus infection in ruffed grouse (bonasa umbellus) in pennsylvania, usa: a multi-year comparison of statewide serosurveys and vector indices. | eastern populations of ruffed grouse (bonasa umbellus) have been in a decades-long decline across the mid-atlantic and southern appalachian mountains of the us. west nile virus (wnv), which first arrived in the us in 1999, is suspected to have contributed to these declines based on decreased population indices since the arrival of wnv in pennsylvania as well as on high, experimentally induced wnv-associated morbidity rates. a 3-yr statewide survey was conducted across pennsylvania to measure fla ... | 2021 | 33635996 |
| assessing the humoral response to and safety of a commercially available equine west nile virus vaccine in a zoo-based conservation breeding population of endangered greater sage-grouse (centrocercus urophasianus). | greater sage-grouse (centrocercus urophasianus) are an endangered species in canada and have been extirpated from five states in the united states. infectious diseases can pose a challenge to conservation efforts, and the greater sage-grouse is susceptible to west nile virus (wnv). this study measured the humoral response to a commercially available wnv vaccine in a zoo-based conservation breeding population of greater sage-grouse. since the initiation of the conservation program in 2014, all sa ... | 2021 | 34130419 |
| pathogen presence in wild birds inhabiting landfills in central iran. | wild birds are important in the transmission of many zoonotic pathogens such as salmonella and avian influenza virus (aiv). the current study investigated the presence of bacterial and viral pathogens in birds foraging at an open landfill located in central iran. we collected blood and intestinal samples from five abundant species, including rook (corvus frugilegus), european starling (sturnus vulgaris), house sparrow (passer domesticus), black-headed gull (chroicocephalus ridibundus) and slende ... | 2021 | 33783651 |
| the first study of west nile virus in feral pigeons (columba livia domestica) using conventional reverse transcriptase pcr in semnan and khorasane-razavi provinces, northeast of iran. | west nile virus (wnv) is an arboviral infection continuing to be as major threat to human health as well as the livestock industry all around the world. birds including pigeons are one of the potential reservoirs for wnv. this study aimed to detect the presence of wnv genome in feral pigeons circulating in semnan and khorasane-razavi provinces (iran) including 10 urban and 10 suburban areas. | 2021 | 34277862 |
| mosquito blood-feeding patterns and nesting behavior of american crows, an amplifying host of west nile virus. | although american crows are a key indicator species for west nile virus (wnv) and mount among the highest viremias reported for any host, the importance of crows in the wnv transmission cycle has been called into question because of their consistent underrepresentation in studies of culex blood meal sources. here, we test the hypothesis that this apparent underrepresentation could be due, in part, to underrepresentation of crow nesting habitat from mosquito sampling designs. specifically, we exa ... | 2021 | 34158103 |
| sentinel serosurveillance of backyard hens proved west nile virus circulation in the western provinces of turkey. | west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne virus of a re-emergence importance with a wide range of vertebrate hosts. granted, it causes asymptomatic infection, but fatal cases and neurologic disorders were also recorded, especially in humans, horses and some exposed birds. the virus is globally spread and birds are considered an amplifying and reservoir host of wnv, helping to spread the disease due to their close contact with main hosts. in this study, we aimed to detect the presence of antibodi ... | 2021 | 34323396 |
| surveillance of west nile virus infection in kashgar region, xinjiang, china, 2013-2016. | west nile virus (wnv) was first isolated in mainland china from mosquitoes in jiashi county, kashgar region, xinjiang in 2011, following local outbreaks of viral meningitis and encephalitis caused by wnv. to elaborate the epidemiological characteristics of the wnv, surveillance of wnv infection in kashgar region, xinjiang from 2013 to 2016 were carried out. blood and csf samples from surveillance human cases, blood of domestic chicken, cattle, sheep and mosquitoes in kashgar region were collecte ... | 2021 | 34234184 |
| evidence of west nile virus circulation in lebanon. | west nile virus (wnv) has never been reported from lebanon. yet, this country is located on the flyway of migratory birds in the middle east region. serological screening was conducted to assess the potential circulation of this virus. human, horse, and chicken sera were collected from the bekaa and north districts. specific igg and igy were first screened by elisa. then, positive samples were confirmed by plaque reduction neutralization test (prnt). besides this, adult mosquitoes were collected ... | 2021 | 34073485 |
| light pollution affects west nile virus exposure risk across florida. | emerging infectious diseases (eids) present global health threats, and their emergences are often linked to anthropogenic change. artificial light at night (alan) is one form of anthropogenic change that spans beyond urban boundaries and may be relevant to eids through its influence on the behaviour and physiology of hosts and/or vectors. although west nile virus (wnv) emergence has been described as peri-urban, we hypothesized that exposure risk could also be influenced by alan in particular, w ... | 2021 | 33757351 |
| vertebrate-aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus (diptera)-arbovirus transmission networks: non-human feeding revealed by meta-barcoding and next-generation sequencing. | aedes aegypti mosquito-borne viruses including zika (zikv), dengue (denv), yellow fever (yfv), and chikungunya (chikv) have emerged and re-emerged globally, resulting in an elevated burden of human disease. aedes aegypti is found worldwide in tropical, sub-tropical, and temperate areas. the characterization of mosquito blood meals is essential to understand the transmission dynamics of mosquito-vectored pathogens. | 2020 | 33382725 |
| west nile virus in california, 2003-2018: a persistent threat. | the california arbovirus surveillance program was initiated over 50 years ago to track endemic encephalitides and was enhanced in 2000 to include west nile virus (wnv) infections in humans, mosquitoes, sentinel chickens, dead birds and horses. this comprehensive statewide program is a function of strong partnerships among the california department of public health (cdph), the university of california, and local vector control and public health agencies. this manuscript summarizes wnv surveillanc ... | 2020 | 33206634 |
| west nile virus seroconversion in eastern loggerhead shrike (lanius ludovicianus migrans) after vaccination with a killed vaccine. | the loggerhead shrike (lanius ludovicianus migrans) is a migratory songbird that has undergone massive population declines in ontario since the 1950s. as part of a broad strategy of recovery, a captive breeding population was established in the late 1990s. this species appears to be extremely sensitive to west nile virus (wnv) infection, with prior outbreaks at ontario breeding facilities reaching a 100% mortality rate. this study aimed to investigate the humoral response to vaccination in juven ... | 2021 | 33827175 |
| a field test of the dilution effect hypothesis in four avian multi-host pathogens. | the dilution effect hypothesis (deh) argues that greater biodiversity lowers the risk of disease and reduces the rates of pathogen transmission since more diverse communities harbour fewer competent hosts for any given pathogen, thereby reducing host exposure to the pathogen. deh is expected to operate most intensely in vector-borne pathogens and when species-rich communities are not associated with increased host density. overall, dilution will occur if greater species diversity leads to a lowe ... | 2021 | 34161394 |
| characterization and host-feeding patterns of culex pipiens s.l. taxa in a west nile virus-endemic area in southeastern romania. | culex pipiens sensu lato has been documented as west nile virus (wnv) vector in southeastern romania. bucharest, the densely populated capital city of romania, and the surrounding ilfov county are wnv hotspots. in this area, the morphologically indistinguishable biotypes of cx. pipiens, namely pipiens and molestus, are usually differentiated by their behavioral and physiological traits. their involvement in wnv transmission, as suggested by entomological investigations, was not previously docume ... | 2021 | 34160283 |
| genetic characterization of a neurovirulent west nile virus variant associated with a fatal great grey owl infection. | this study reports on a fatal case of a captive great grey owl infected with the west nile virus (wnv) in the zoological garden košice, eastern slovakia (central europe). the tissue samples of the dead owl were used for virus isolation and genetic characterization. the novel isolate is genetically closer to hungarian, greek, and bulgarian strains from the central/southern european clade of lineage 2 than to the strains previously isolated in slovakia. interestingly, it carries ns3-249p, a molecu ... | 2021 | 33920598 |
| european starlings (sturnus vulgaris) as vectors and reservoirs of pathogens affecting humans and domestic livestock. | european starlings are an abundant, widespread avian species frequently found in close association with human development and agriculture. the ability of starlings to carry and disperse pathogens of humans and domesticated livestock has received considerable attention, including studies of enteric bacteria, viruses, and some fungi. to investigate the importance of european starlings as disease vectors, i reviewed and assessed the available literature, comprising several hundred published papers. ... | 2021 | 33578636 |
| evidence of west nile virus seropositivity in wild birds on the island of cyprus. | west nile virus (wnv)1 is an emerging pathogen in cyprus, with the first human case of infection reported in 2016, and another documented in 2018. a cluster of cases in humans was then reported in 2019. however, little is known regarding which avian species might bring wnv to cyprus. here, we investigated seroprevalence of wnv antibodies in migratory and resident birds, captured across cyprus to assess to what extent human populations might be exposed to wnv. we used enzyme-linked immunosorbent ... | 2020 | 33276289 |
| reservoir hosts experiencing food stress alter transmission dynamics for a zoonotic pathogen. | food limitation is a universal stressor for wildlife populations and is increasingly exacerbated by human activities. anthropogenic environmental change can significantly alter the availability and quality of food resources for reservoir hosts and impact host-pathogen interactions in the wild. the state of the host's nutritional reserves at the time of infection is a key factor influencing infection outcomes by altering host resistance. combining experimental and model-based approaches, we inves ... | 2021 | 34375559 |
| a scoping review of west nile virus seroprevalence studies among african equids. | west nile virus (wnv) is an emerging and re-emerging zoonotic flavivirus first identified in and endemic to africa. the virus is transmitted between birds by biting mosquitoes, with equids and humans being incidental hosts. the majority of infected incidental hosts display no or only mild clinical signs, but a fraction develop encephalitis. the aim of this scoping review was to identify and evaluate primary research on the presence of antibodies to wnv among african equids. three bibliographic d ... | 2021 | 34358049 |
| west nile virus seroprevalence in a selected donkey population of namibia. | west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne virus enzootically maintained in birds. however, it can incidentally infect other species, leading to sometimes severe clinical consequences like in horses and especially human beings. despite the topic relevance, the presence and distribution of wnv are currently unknown in namibia. several countries implement surveillance systems based on virus detection in birds, mosquitoes, and vertebrate species including horses. the present study aimed to fill this ... | 2021 | 34222404 |
| west nile virus impacts in american crow populations are associated with human land use and climate. | west nile virus (wnv) was first detected in the western hemisphere during the summer of 1999, reawakening us public awareness of the potential severity of vector-borne pathogens. since its new world introduction, wnv has caused disease in human, avian, and mammalian communities across the continent. american crows (corvus brachyrhynchos) are a highly susceptible wnv host and when modeled appropriately, changes in crow abundances can serve as a proxy for the spatio-temporal presence of wnv. we us ... | 2011 | 32214652 |
| serological evidence of west nile virus in wild birds in bangladesh. | west nile virus (wnv) is a vector-borne zoonotic disease maintained in a sylvatic cycle involving mosquito vectors and birds. to detect wnv and other flavivirus infections in wild resident and migratory birds, we tested 184 samples from 19 identified species within nine families collected during 2012-2016 from four districts in bangladesh. we tested serum samples for the immunoglobulin g (igg) antibody against wnv using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-elisa), whereas tracheal an ... | 2020 | 33126740 |
| pre-existing microfilarial infections of american robins (passeriformes: turdidae) and common grackles (passeriformes: icteridae) have limited impact on enhancing dissemination of west nile virus in culex pipiens mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae). | microfilariae (mf) are the immature stages of filarial nematode parasites and inhabit the blood and dermis of all classes of vertebrates, except fish. concurrent ingestion of mf and arboviruses by mosquitoes can enhance mosquito transmission of virus compared to when virus is ingested alone. shortly after being ingested, mf penetrate the mosquito's midgut and may introduce virus into the mosquito's hemocoel, creating a disseminated viral infection much sooner than normal. this phenomenon is know ... | 2020 | 33257996 |
| using data mining and network analysis to infer arboviral dynamics: the case of mosquito-borne flaviviruses reported in mexico. | given the significant impact of mosquito-borne flaviviruses (mbfvs) on both human and animal health, predicting their dynamics and understanding their transmission cycle is of the utmost importance. usually, predictions about the distribution of priority pathogens, such as dengue, yellow fever, west nile virus and st. louis encephalitis, relate abiotic elements to simple biotic components, such as a single causal agent. furthermore, focusing on single pathogens neglects the possibility of intera ... | 2021 | 33946977 |
| detection of tick-borne pathogens in red deer (cervus elaphus), united kingdom. | deer represent a major vertebrate host for all feeding stages of the hard tick ixodes ricinus in the united kingdom (uk), and could play a role in the persistence of tick-borne pathogens. however, there have been few studies reporting the presence of babesia spp. and anaplasma phagocytophilum in deer in the uk, and those that detected babesia were unable to confirm the species. to address this, we have investigated blood samples from red deer (cervus elaphus) for the presence of tick-borne patho ... | 2021 | 34070977 |
| exposure to select pathogens in an expanding moose (alces alces) population in north dakota, usa. | forty female moose (alces alces) captured in north dakota, us, in march 2014 were tested for antibodies to a variety of pathogens. antibodies to west nile virus (wnv) were detected in 39 (98%) moose following a year with a high number of human cases, suggesting the population accurately reflects wnv activity. fifteen percent of moose (6/40) had antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi, implying expansion of the tick vector into the area. antibodies to anaplasma spp. were detected in 55% of moose (22/4 ... | 2021 | 33857323 |